Methods, UE and Access Node for Handling System Information Signatures
The present disclosure relates to a method performed by a UE (102) for handling validity of a SI signature in a com-munication system. The UE (102) obtains, from an access node (103, 104), SI and an associated SI signature for a cell served by the access node (103, 104) and which the UE (102) can use. The UE (102) determines if the obtained SI signature is valid or invalid. The UE (102) determines that the cell is valid if the SI signature is determined to be valid. The UE (102) determines that the cell is invalid if the SI signature is determined to be invalid. The UE (102) provides information indicating the invalid cell to the access node (103, 104) or to another node if the SI signature is determined to be invalid.
Embodiments herein relate generally to a User Equipment (UE), a method performed by the UE, an access node and a method performed by the access node. The embodiments herein relate to handling System Information (SI) signatures.
The embodiments herein relate to enabling UE reporting of system information signature verification failure.
BACKGROUND Wireless Communication Systems in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)Consider an example of a communication system as illustrated in
For communication systems pursuant to 3GPP Evolved Packet System, EPS (also referred to as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or Fourth Generation (4G) standard specifications, such as specified in 3GPP TS 36.300 and related specifications, the access nodes 103, 104 corresponds typically to an Evolved NodeB (eNB) and the network node 106 corresponds typically to either a Mobility Management Entity (MME) and/or a Serving Gateway (SGW). The eNB is part of the access network 100, which in this case is the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), while the MME and SGW are both part of the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. The eNBs are inter-connected via the X2 interface, and connected to EPC via the S1 interface, more specifically via S1-C to the MME and S1-U to the SGW.
For communication systems pursuant to 3GPP Fifth Generation (5G) System (5GS) , also referred to as New Radio (NR) or 5G, standard specifications, such as specified in 3GPP TS 38.300 and related specifications, on the other hand, the access nodes 103, 104 corresponds typically to an 5G NodeB (gNB) and the network node 106 corresponds typically to either a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) and/or a User Plane Function (UPF). The gNB is part of the access network 100, which in this case is the Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN), while the AMF and UPF are both part of the 5G Core Network (5GC). The gNBs are inter-connected via the Xn interface, and connected to 5GC via the NG interface, more specifically via NG-C to the AMF and NG-U to the UPF.
To support fast mobility between NR and LTE and avoid change of core network, LTE eNBs can also be connected to the 5G-C via NG-U/NG-C and support the Xn interface. An eNB connected to 5GC is called a next generation eNB (ng-eNB) and is considered part of the NG-RAN. LTE connected to 5GC will not be discussed further in this document; however, it should be noted that most of the solutions/features described for LTE and NR in this document also apply to LTE connected to 5GC. In this document, when the term LTE is used without further specification it refers to LTE-EPC.
System Information in NRSystem Information (SI) is information that is repeatedly broadcast by the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104 and which needs to be acquired by UEs 102 in order for them to be able to access and, in general, operate properly within the network and within a specific cell.
In NR, SI is delivered using two different mechanisms relying on two different transport channels:
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- A limited amount of SI, corresponding to the so-called Master-Information Block (MIB), is transmitted using the Broadcast Channel (BCH).
- The main part of the SI, corresponding to different so-called System-Information Blocks (SIBs), is transmitted using the Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH).
The MIB comprises the most essential SI parameters needed to bootstrap the UE 102 and to obtain the rest of the SI. Unlike the SIBs, the MIB has a fixed size and the only way to add new information is use to one of the spare bits in MIB that have been reserved for future use.
The first SIB, SIB1, comprises the SI that the UE 102 needs to know before it can access the system. SIB1 is always periodically broadcast over the entire cell area. An important task of SIB1 is to provide the information the UE 102 needs to carry out initial random access. SIB1 also comprises scheduling information for the remaining SIBs. MIB and SIB1 together forms what is known as the Minimum SI.
The remaining SIBs, not including SIB1, is known as the Other SI and comprises the SI that the UE 102 does not need to know before accessing the system. These SIBs can also be periodically broadcast similar to SIB1. Alternatively, these SIBs can be transmitted on demand, that is, only transmitted when explicitly requested by the UE 102. This implies that the network can avoid periodic broadcast of these SIBs in cells which no UE 102 uses, e.g. is connected to, has selected, is currently camping on etc., thereby allowing for enhanced network energy performance. Currently, at least the following SIBs are defined:
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- SIB2 comprises cell re-selection information, mainly related to the serving cell;
- SIB3 comprises information about the serving frequency and intra-frequency neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection, including cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-selection parameters;
- SIB4 comprises information about other NR frequencies and inter-frequency neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection. including cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-selection parameters;
- SIB5 comprises information about Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) frequencies and E-UTRA neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection selection, including cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-selection parameters;
- SIB6 comprises an Earthquake & Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification;
- SIB7 comprises an ETWS secondary notification;
- SIB8 comprises a Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS) warning notification;
- SIB9 comprises information related to Global Positioning System (GPS) time and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
Three types of Radio Resource Control (RRC) message listed above are used to transfer SI: the MIB message, the SIB1 message and SI messages. An SI message, of which there may be several, comprises one or more SIBs which have the same scheduling requirements, i.e. the same transmission periodicity. The mapping of SIBs into SI messages as well as the scheduling information for those SI messages are defined in SIB1.
Signed SI in NRToday in NR SI is transmitted without integrity protection which means that an attacker may attempt to manipulate the SI without the UE 102 being able to detect it. As a result, UE 102 may use that manipulated SI and be tricked to camp on a rogue cell leading to Denial of Service (DoS) e.g. if the UE 102 tries to access a cell generated by a fake access node. The UE 102 may also end up reporting false/incorrect information about neighbor cells to the genuine network which in turn could impact various Self Organizing Networks (SON) functions. For example, the UE 102 may send a measurement report with a Physical Cell Identifier (PCI) associated to a cell generated by a fake access node that is unknown to the source node. That source node may then request the UE 102 to report the Cell Global Identifier (CGI) so that it can establish a neighbour relation. However, that would not work as that is a cell generated by a fake access node. To mitigate this type of attacks one solution is to digitally sign the SI using public key cryptography.
Selective Deployment of Signed SIOne general problem with signed SI is that only a subset of the operators may choose to deploy such a solution, and the ones that do might only do so in a limited part of their network. It is also possible that only parts of the SI are signed. For example, to avoid having to re-generate the signature all the time, SIBs that are updated often, e.g. SIB9 which comprises time information, can be excluded from the signature generation. There are existing methods for how an operator can inform the UE 102 in a secure way whether a network uses signed SI or not and which parts of the SI that are covered by the signature.
Supporting Large Signatures Using Late DetectionIdeally the signature should be comprised already in Minimum SI, i.e. MIB or SIB1, since this is the first SI that the UE 102 acquires and it is also the only SI that is required to access the system.
Since the size of the signature is large it can be difficult to fit it into the Minimum SI. Using MIB is ruled out since MIB has fixed size and the free space that is available is very limited. Also the size of SIB1 is limited in practice as cell edge UEs 102 need to be able to decode it within the SI transmission window. The exact size limit depends on factors such as transmission power, cell size and frequency band, etc. but is typically around 1000 bits. Since SIB1 also comprises other information there may not be enough space left to fit the signature. SIB1 is also time critical and to reduce the acquisition time it should preferably be as small as possible.
One way to solve the size problem is to transmit the signature in a separate SIB. However, if the UE 102 is required to acquire the separate SIB and verify the signature before it can start using the information in the Minimum SI there is a risk of increased delays. For example, cell search could take a very long time if the UE 102 is required to verify the signature in every cell that it discovers. Another example is when the network re-directs the UE 102 to another cell and the UE 102 needs to quickly setup a connection. To solve this issue, a “late detection” approach involves that the UE 102 applies the Minimum SI as soon as it has been acquired and where the signature verification is done afterwards once the signature is acquired. The same approach can be used also for the other parts of SI that is covered by the signature.
Indicating Support of Signed SIIn order to configure the necessary parameters for signed SI e.g. public keys, the network must first know if the UE 102 supports signed SI, which may be referred to as performing a SI protection negotiation. An SI protection negotiation mechanism may involve that the UE 102 could signal its capabilities and where the network could configure the signature verification parameters. The SI protection negotiation can either be performed as part of an existing Non-Access Stratum (NAS) procedure, e.g. network registration, or it could be performed using a dedicated NAS procedure, see
The UE 102 sends a NAS message to the Serving CN. The NAS message may comprise the SI capability.
Step 11The Serving CN determines that, for an UE 102 that has proper SU capabilities, it shall send SI protection information to the UE 102.
Step 12The Serving CN sends a NAS message to the UE 102. The NAS message comprises SI protection information. The NAS message may comprise at least one of: Tracking Area Identities (TAI), Physical Cell Identities (PCI), Cell IDs, SI numbers, public keys etc.
One aspect of signed SI that has not yet been addressed is the signature verification failure handling. In particular, it is important that the UE 102 can recover from a SI signature verification failure so that it does not get stuck on a fake/rogue access node.
One aspect of signed SI that has not yet been addressed is the lack of understanding at the network side, e.g. the access node 103, 104, when that happens. In particular, it is important that the network is aware of a potential failure in the security mechanism to enable the feature and/or the potential presence of a fake access node 103, 104 pretending to be an access node 103, 104 and transmitting SI. Du to this lack of information and understanding, there could be for example, UEs 102 in the network camping on cells associated to fake access node 103, 104, i.e. sort of a denial of service attack.
Therefore, there is a need to at least mitigate or solve this issue.
SUMMARYAn objective of embodiments herein is therefore to obviate at least one of the above disadvantages and to provide improved handling of SI signatures. The embodiments herein provide improved UE recovery at SI signature verification failure. The embodiments herein provide improved UE reporting of SI signature verification failure.
According to a first aspect, the object is achieved by a method performed by a UE for handling validity of a SI signature in a communication system. The UE obtains, from an access node, SI and an associated SI signature for a cell served by the access node and which the UE can use. The UE determines if the obtained SI signature is valid or invalid, and determines that the cell is valid if the SI signature is determined to be valid. The UE determines that the cell is invalid if the SI signature is determined to be invalid. The UE provides information indicating the invalid cell to the access node or to another node if the SI signature is determined to be invalid.
According to a second aspect, the object is achieved by a UE adapted to handle validity of a SI signature in a communication system. The UE is adapted to obtain, from an access node, SI and an associated SI signature for a cell served by the access node and which the UE can use. The UE is adapted to determine if the obtained SI signature is valid or invalid, and to determine that the cell is valid if the SI signature is determined to be valid. The UE is adapted to determine that the cell is invalid if the SI signature is determined to be invalid. The UE is adapted to provide information indicating the invalid cell to the access node or to another node if the SI signature is determined to be invalid.
According to a third aspect, the object is achieved by a method performed by an access node for handling validity of a SI signature in a communication system. The access node provides, to a UE, SI and an associated SI signature for a cell served by the access node and selectable by the UE. The access node obtains information indicating an invalid cell from the UE. The cell is invalid if the SI signature is invalid. The access node acts according to the obtained information.
According to a fourth aspect, the object is achieved by an access node adapted for handling validity of a SI signature in a communication system. The access node is adapted to provide, to a UE, SI and an associated SI signature for a cell served by the access node and selectable by the UE. The access node is adapted to obtain information indicating an invalid cell from the UE. the cell is invalid if the SI signature is invalid. The access node is adapted to act according to the obtained information.
Embodiments herein afford many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows:
One advantage of the embodiments herein is that they allow the UE to recover from SI signature verification failure by temporarily barring the cell with invalid/signature and selecting another cell. By also allowing the network to disable barring and instead let the UE report the cells which failed SI signature verification, testing/troubleshooting can be simplified and prevents that UEs become unreachable when signed SI is deployed in a network. A cell may be considered barred if it is so indicated in the system information. A barred cell is a cell the UE is not allowed to use, e.g. connected to, to select, camp on etc.
One advantage of the embodiments herein is that they allows the network, e.g. the access node, to identify that UEs detected SI signature verification failure, which may either indicate a problem in the generation of signatures and/or the presence of fake base stations.
Thanks to the embodiments herein, the network, e.g. the access node, would become aware of a potential failure in the security mechanism to enable the feature of signed SI so that future failures could be avoided. In addition, network operator would also learn about the potential presence of a fake access node pretending to be a base station and transmitting SI. That could prevent UEs in the network to use, e.g. connected to, select, camp on etc., cells associated to fake access nodes, and thereby avoiding denial of service attacks.
The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.
The embodiments herein will now be further described in more detail by way of example only in the following detailed description by reference to the appended drawings illustrating the embodiments and in which:
The drawings are not necessarily to scale and the dimensions of certain features may have been exaggerated for the sake of clarity. Emphasis is instead placed upon illustrating the principle of the embodiments herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe communication system exemplified in
The communications system comprises one or a plurality of access nodes, whereof a first access node 103 and a second access node 104 is depicted in the non-limiting example of
The communications system may cover a geographical area which may be divided into cell areas, wherein each cell area may be served by an access node 103, 104, although, one access node 103, 104 may serve one or several cells. Note that any n number of cells may be comprised in the communications system, where n is any positive integer. A cell is a geographical area where radio coverage is provided by the access node 103, 104 at an access node site. Each cell is identified by an identity within the local access node area, which is broadcast in the cell. In
The access node 103, 104 may be directly or indirectly connected to one or more CNs, e.g. represented by a network node 106 in
One or a plurality of UEs 102 is located in the communication system. Only one UE 102 is exemplified in
The UE 102 is enabled to communicate wirelessly within the communications system. The communication may be performed e.g. between two UEs, between a UE 102 and a regular telephone, between the UE 102 and an access node 103, 104, between network nodes 106, and/or between the UE 102 and a server via the access network and 100 possibly one or more core networks and possibly the internet.
The access node 103, 104 may be configured to communicate in the communications system with the UE 102 over a communication link, e.g., a radio link.
It should be noted that the communication links in the communications system may be of any suitable kind comprising either a wired or wireless link. The link may use any suitable protocol depending on type and level of layer (e.g. as indicated by the OSI model) as understood by the person skilled in the art.
To enable the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, to detect a potential failure in the security framework for the SI signatures and/or to enable the access node 103, 104 to identify fake access node 103, 104, e.g. base stations, and consequently, avoiding UEs 102 to camp on fake access node 103, 104, e.g. base stations, or perform measurements on fake access node 103, 104, e.g. base stations, the embodiments herein comprises a method at a wireless terminal (also called user equipment—UE 102), the method comprising at least one of the following steps, which step may be performed in any suitable order than described below:
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- Determining SI signature verification failure;
- Storing information associated to the occurrence of a SI signature verification failure, possibly including associated information enabling the network, e.g. the acces node 103, 104, to take counter-measures e.g. location information of where the failure occurred, measurements around the time where the failure has occurred, etc.
- Reporting information associated to the occurrence of a SI signature verification failure to the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, possibly including associated information enabling the network to take counter-measures e.g. location information of where the failure occurred, measurements around the time where the failure has occurred, etc.
As part of the SI protection negotiation, the UE 102 may be configured with SI protection parameters, including the public key for SI signature verification. That may include potentially other parameters associated to actions to be taken upon failure detection. To give an example, there could be an intra-frequency cell selection allowed indication, a barring timer, and an indication of whether cells with invalid SI signature should be barred or not. If the public key and the other parameters are pre-configured or hardcoded into the UE 102 by the standard this step 201 can be skipped.
Step 202The UE 102 obtains, e.g. it acquires, the SI and the associated signature in a cell. This step may be performed when the UE 102 is in RRC_IDLE state, or RRC_INACTIVE state or any other power saving state and searches for a suitable cell to use, e.g. connect to, to select, to camp on etc., in the cell selection/re-selection procedure. It could also be performed by a UE 102 in RRC_CONNECTED state when cell selection is triggered as part of the RRC connection re-establishment procedure, after a handover to a new cell when the UE 102 reads the SI the target cell or upon the UE 102 being configured to report a Cell Global Identifier (CGI) of a cell that is not the Primary Cell (PCell) e.g. a neighbour cell, etc. In general, any action requiring the UE 102 to acquire SI could benefit from this step.
Step 203The UE 102 determines if the SI signature is valid or invalid.
Step 214This step is performed if step 203 in indicates that the SI signature is valid. If the SI signature is valid, indicated with yes in
This step is performed if step 203 in indicates that the SI signature is invalid. If the UE 102 determines that the SI signature is invalid, indicated with no in
Note that a SI signature may be considered invalid when the SI signature does not match the expected SI signature calculated using the public key. It also includes the case when the SI signature is missing or malformed. An invalid SI signature may be sometimes also referred to as an integrity protection failure.
In case the UE 102 is in RRC_CONNECTED mode and SI verification failure is detected after a handover to a new cell, the UE 102 may also trigger RRC re-establishment and/or NAS recovery in addition to barring the cell. Hence, the reporting of the logged information may occur when these procedures are being executed or after the UE 102 re-connects.
The access node 103, 104 may provide, to the UE 102, an indication of that it wants a failure report when the UE 102 has detected a failure.
Step 402The access node 103, 104 obtains information associated to the occurrence of a SI signature verification failure from the UE 102, possibly including associated information enabling the access node 103, 104 to take counter-measures e.g. location information of where the failure occurred, measurements around the time where the failure has occurred, etc.
Step 403The access node 103, 104 acts according to the obtained information.
Further DetailsThe embodiments herein relate to a method executed by a UE 102, the method comprising at least one of the following steps:
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- Determining a SI signature verification failure;
- Storing information associated to the occurrence of a SI signature verification failure, possibly including associated information enabling the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, to take counter-measures e.g. location information of where the failure occurred, measurements around the time where the failure has occurred, etc.
- Reporting information associated to the occurrence of a SI signature verification failure to the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, possibly including associated information enabling network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, to take counter-measures e.g. location information of where the failure occurred, measurements around the time where the failure has occurred, etc.
Determining SI signature verification failure may be done in different manners. The detection of the verification failure could either be done by the RRC layer or by lower layer, i.e. Physical (PHY) layer/Medium Access Control (MAC) layer/Radio Link Control (RLC) layer/Packet Data Convergence Control (PDCP) layer. In the latter case lower layers may provide an indication to the RRC layer that integrity protection of SI failed. In the case RRC layer is responsible for that verification, the SI signature would be something like a short MAC-I or resume MAC-I transmitted by the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, in SI in the RRC message i.e. in the SI itself. In the embodiments herein, an Information Element (IE) named SysInfoMAC-I may be used to indicate a security token that may be included in SI.
The detection process may be done per SI block e.g. MIB or SIB-X.
SysInfoMAC-IThe IE SysInfoMAC-I is used to identify and verify the network upon SI acquisition.
SysInfoMAC-I Information Element:
Upon detecting a verification failure in SI, the UE 102 logs information, e.g. stores, obtains, receives etc., associated to that failure detection.
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- This logging may be done every time that verification failure occurs. This could be implemented in the specification by a new UE variable, e.g., a SysInfolntegrityFailure-report. It may also be implemented as an existing report. e.g. like the Radio Link Failure (RLF)-report, that would be in the proposed method triggered by a new cause i.e. the SI integrity verification failure, or
- This logging may be done based on network configuration. That configuration is an indication that the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, wants a failure report when the failure is detected. The configuration may be provided when the SI signature procedure is configured;
When it comes to the exact information to be stored, the information may be an indication of the occurrence of the failure event i.e. the detecting a verification failure in SI. There may be different solutions depending how the scheme is used in SI. If a single SI signature is used for any or all SI, i.e. MIB and SIBs, the UE 102 includes an indication. If multiple signatures are used e.g. for different SI parts, e.g. one for MIB and another for SIB(s), the UE 102 includes an indication of which SI signature verification has failed, in a more granular manner.
Other information to be stored may comprise the broadcasted SI that failed the verification such as MIB, SIB1, any other SIB, or information within MIB or any SIB e.g. cell identifiers, Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) identifiers, CN identifiers like Tracking Area Identifiers, RAN identifiers, e.g. RAN-based Notification Area Code (RANAC) identifiers, etc. Typical parts of SI to comprise are the one in cell access related information, as shown below:
CellAccessRelatedInfoThe IE CellAccessRelatedInfo indicates cell access related information for this cell.
CellAccessRelatedInfo Information Element:
The IE PLMN-IdentityInfoList includes a list of PLMN identity information.
PLMN-IdentityInfoList Information Element:
The IE CellAccessRelatedInfo-EUTRA-5GC indicates cell access related information for an LTE cell connected to 5GC.
CellAccessRelatedInfo-EUTRA-5GC Information Element:
The IE CellAccessRelatedInfo-EUTRA-EPC indicates cell access related information for an LTE cell connected to EPC.
CellAccessRelatedInfo-EUTRA-EPC Information Element:
It may also be logged security related information such as the exact signature, e.g. something like a short MAC-I, e.g., SysInfoMAC-I as shown below, the protocol PDUs/packets that have failed the SI signature, the algorithms being used at the time, the security keys being used by the UE 102, etc.
It is also logged information enabling the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, to figure out the location of a possibly fake access node 103, 104, e.g. base station, and in which frequency it is operating such as frequency information, e.g. Absolute radio-frequency channel number (ARFCN) of the cell that failed the verification, measurements for other cells in the same frequency and/or other frequency, other location information (e.g. GPS), etc.
It is also logged information enabling the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, to perform root cause analyses such as:
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- Measurements. e.g. Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), on the cell where the failure has been detected, e.g. called measResultsLastServCell, on cell level and/or beam level, e.g. per Synchronisation Signal Block (SSB) and/or per Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) resource; and/or
- Measurements, e.g. RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, on neighbour cells, e.g. called measResultNeighCells, on cell level and/or beam level, e.g. per SSB and/or per CSI-RS resource—That may possibly comprise neighbour Radio Access Technologies (RAT)/frequencies such as NR, EUTRA, etc., and/or
- Location information, e.g. locationInfo, and/or
- Information related to the cell where the failure is detected, e.g. failedCellId; and/or
- Information related to the cell where the UE 102 regains the connectivity e.g. cell the UE re-establishes or resumes after the failure, e.g. reestablishmentCellId; and/or
- Time information regarding when the failure has occurred e.g. time stamp or time elapsed since a certain procedure, possibly requiring the UE 102 to read SI, has occurred; and/or
- An indication that a specific type of failure associated to the SI signature verification failure has occurred, and/or
- Information related to the source cell of the last handover before the SI signature verification failure detection; and/or
- Other information, as shown below in the example signalling and field description.
The content of these logs may be included in a new report, e.g., defined by a UE 102 variable, called SysInfoSignatureFailure-Report. Alternatively, the content of these logs may be included in an existing report, like RLF report, with the difference that the information included has a meaning for the new use case of SI signature verification failure and that a new cause value for logging the report is included i.e. related to the new use case.
The content of these logs may have also information equivalent to what is also reported in an RLF report, as shown below:
The IE Location Info may be used to transfer detailed location information available at the UE 102 to correlate measurements and UE position information.
LocationInfo Information Element:
Below is an example where the UE 102 is in IDLE or INACTIVE state or any other power saving state that could be possibly defined, and determines the SI signature verification failure. Then, upon that, among other actions, it logs the relevant information as described herein.
Essential SI Missing or Indication from Lower Layers of an Integrity Protection Failure from Lower Layers (or SI Verification Signature Failure)The UE 102 may:
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- 1>if in RRC_IDLE or in RRC_INACTIVE or in RRC_CONNECTED while T311 is running:
- 2>if the UE 102 is unable to acquire the MIB or;
- 2>if lower layers indicate an integrity protection failure of SI:
- 3>consider the cell as barred; and
- 3>perform barring as if intraFreqReselection is set to allowed;
- 3>log further information enabling the network to detect a fake base station e.g. SI that failed integrity protection verification;
- 2>else if the UE 102 is unable to acquire the SIB1:
- 3>consider the cell as barred.
- 3>if intraFreqReselection in MIB is set to notAllowed:
- 4>consider cell re-selection to other cells on the same frequency as the barred cell as not allowed.
- 3>else:
- 4>consider cell re-selection to other cells on the same frequency as the barred cell as allowed.
- 1>if in RRC_IDLE or in RRC_INACTIVE or in RRC_CONNECTED while T311 is running:
The method comprises the UE 102 reporting that logged information to the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, upon a successful connection to a verified network. That may be request by the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, e.g. in a UE Information
Request like message, when the UE 102 is in Connected state.
The different actions performed by the UE 102 regarding reporting may depend on which state the UE 102 is in. For example, in the case the UE 102 is in RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE state or any other power saving state when the failure is detected the UE 102 can store a failure report.
In the case this occurs while the UE 102 is in Inactive state and assuming the UE 102 remains in Inactive state, when the UE 102 succeeds in connecting to the network, e.g. via resume inactive to connected transition, the UE 102 may include an indication that there is this failure report available e.g. in an RRC Resume Complete like message.
RRCResumeCompleteThe RRCResumeComplete message is used to confirm the successful completion of a RRC connection resumption.
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- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: DCCH
- Direction: UE to Network
The example of procedure may be as follows:
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- set the content of RRCResumeComplete message as follows:
- if the UE 102 has SI signature verification failure information available in VarSysInfoSignatureFailure-Report:
- include the sysInfoSignatureFailure-ReportAvailable;
- set the content of RRCResumeComplete message as follows:
In the case this occurs while the UE 102 is in Idle state, when the UE 102 succeeds in connecting to the network, e.g. via setup/establishment procedure, the UE 102 may include an indication that there is this failure report available e.g. in an RRC Setup Complete like message.
In the case this occurs while the UE 102 is in Inactive state, but fallback to Idle occurs, i.e. the UE 102 receives an RRC Setup like message in response to an RRC Resume Request like message, when the UE 102 succeeds in connecting to the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, e.g. via setup/establishment procedure, the UE 102 may include an indication that there is this failure report available e.g. in an RRC Setup Complete like message.
RRCSetupCompleteThe RRCSetupComplete message is used to confirm the successful completion of an RRC connection establishment.
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- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: DCCH
- Direction: UE 102 to Network, e.g. access node 103, 104.
An example of a method may be as follows:
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- set the content of RRCSetupComplete message as follows:
- if the UE 102 has SI signature verification failure information available in VarSysInfoSignatureFailure-Report:
- include the sysInfoSignatureFailure-ReportAvailable;
- set the content of RRCSetupComplete message as follows:
For example, in the case the UE 102 is in RRC_CONNECTED state, the method comprises the UE 102 storing a failure report. An indication is included when the UE 102 sends a message trying to reconnect to the network e.g. via re-establishment. Then, network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, may request the UE 102 to report the failure report and, upon that, UE 102 includes the failure report in a message. When the UE 102 succeeds in connecting to the network, e.g. via re-establishment procedure, the UE 102 may include an indication that there is this failure report available e.g. in an RRC Reestablishment Complete like message.
RRCReestablishmentCompleteThe RRCReestablishmentComplete message is used to confirm the successful completion of an RRC connection re-establishment.
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- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: DCCH
- Direction: UE 102 to access node 103, 104.
An example of a method may be as follows:
-
- set the content of RRCReestablishmentComplete message as follows:
- if the UE 102 has SI signature verification failure information available in VarSysInfoSignatureFailure-Report:
- include the sysInfoSignatureFailure-ReportAvailable;
- set the content of RRCReestablishmentComplete message as follows:
Another possibly UE action for recovery when the UE 102 is in Connected and detects a system information failure signature, could be NAS recovery i.e. UE 102 goes to IDLE and performs an IDLE to CONNECTED transition. In that case, the indication of availability of report may be included in the RRCSetupComplete like message.
For any of these cases, the UE 102 may receive the request to report the failure in an UE Information Request, with an indication for this specific report, e.g. SI signature verification failure report. This UE information procedure is shown in
The UE information procedure is used by the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, to request the UE 102 to report information.
InitiationThe network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, initiates the procedure by sending the UEInformationRequest message of the UE 102 in step 501 in
Upon receiving the UEInformationRequest message, the UE 102 may, only after successful security activation:
. . .
-
- 1>if sysInfoSignatureFailure-ReportReq is set to true, set the contents of the sysInfoSignatureFailure-ReportReq in the UEInformationResponse message according to the defined field descriptions.
. . .
-
- 1>else:
2>submit the UEInformationResponse message to lower layers for transmission via SRB1;
UEInformationRequestThe UEInformationRequest is the command used by the access node 103, 104, e.g. ht e E-UTRAN, to retrieve information from the UE 102.
-
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
Logical channel: DCCH Direction: Access node 103, 104, e.g. E UTRAN, to UE 102
UEInformationRequest Message:
The UEInformationResponse message may be used by the UE 102 to transfer the information requested by the E-UTRAN, e.g. the access node 103, 104 in a UE information response message in step 503 in
-
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1 or SRB2, when logged measurement information is included
- RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: DCCH
Direction: UE 102 to access node 103, 104, e.g. E-UTRAN
UEInformationResponse Message:
Another use case where a SI verification failure may occur in Connected state, and where the method comprises the reporting of failure information, is in the CGI report procedure. The UE 102 may be configured to report the CGI associated to a PCI provided by the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, in the configuration. Upon that the UE 102 needs to acquire SI associated to that PCI. However, according to the embodiments herein, an action is that before acquiring SI where the CGI related information is transmitted, the UE 102 verifies the SI signature, at least for the SI to be acquired e.g. SIB1. Part of the solution also comprises the UE 120 having longer time to obtain SI, in case of a SI signature is expected to be transmitted and verified.
Then, the UE 102 may perform the following actions depending on some conditions:
-
- If the UE 102 succeeds the verification of the SI signature, the UE 102 obtains the CGI related information and includes in the CGI report to be provided to the source cell, e.g. PCell or Primary Secondary Cell (PSCell);
- Else, there could be different alternative solutions:
- In a first solution, if the UE 102 fails the verification of the SI signature, e.g. SysInfoMAC-I broadcasted does not match the one the UE 102 has computed, the UE 102 obtains the CGI related information anyway, includes that in the CGI report to be provided to the source cell, e.g. PCell or PSCell, e.g. the access node 103, 104 serving the source cell, and in addition includes the SI signature that has failed, as shown below. The UE 102 may also include further information that may assist the network, e.g. the access node 103, 104, to counter-measure the failure or avoid the cells where the failure has occurred. An example of what could be reported even in the case the UE 102 has failed the signature verification is shown below.
The IE CGI-InfoNR indicates cell access related information, which is reported by the UE 102 as part of report CGI procedure to the access node 103, 104.
CGI-InfoNR Information Element:
One example of a method is shown below:
Measurement Identity Addition/ModificationThe network, e.g. the access node 103, 104 may perform the following procedure:
-
- Configure a measId only if the corresponding measurement object, the corresponding reporting configuration and the corresponding quantity configuration, are configured.
The UE 102 may:
- 1>for each measId included in the received measIdToAddModList:
- 2>if an entry with the matching measId exists in the measIdList within the VarMeasConfig:
- 3>replace the entry with the value received for this measId;
- 2>else:
- 3>add a new entry for this measId within the VarMeasConfig;
- 2>remove the measurement reporting entry for this measId from the VarMeasReportList, if included;
- 2>stop the periodical reporting timer or timer T321, whichever one is running, and reset the associated information, e.g. timeToTrigger, for this measId;
- 2>if the reportType is set to reportCGI in the reportConfig associated with this measId:
- 3>if the measObject associated with this measId concerns E-UTRA:
- 4>start timer T321 with the timer value set to 1 second for this measId;
- 3>if the measObject associated with this measId concerns NR:
- 4>if the measObject associated with this measId concerns FR1:
- 5>start timer T321 with the timer value set to 2 seconds for this measId;
- 4>if the measObject associated with this measId concerns FR2:
- 5>start timer T321 with the timer value set to 16 seconds for this measId.
- 4>if the configured PCI associated with this measId has is expected to have a system information signature:
- 5>increment X seconds the previous timer T321 value for this measId.
- 4>if the measObject associated with this measId concerns FR1:
- 3>if the measObject associated with this measId concerns E-UTRA:
- 2>if an entry with the matching measId exists in the measIdList within the VarMeasConfig:
The UE 102 may:
- 1>for each measId included in the measIdList within VarMeasConfig:
- 2>if the reportType for the associated reportConfig is set to reportCGI:
- 3>perform the corresponding measurements on the frequency and RAT indicated in the associated measObject using available idle periods;
- 3>if the cell indicated by reportCGI field for the associated measObject is an NR cell and that indicated cell is broadcasting SIB1:
- 4>perform system information signature verification, e.g. check if the transmitted security token matches the security token calculated by the UE 102;
- 4>try to acquire SIB1 in the concerned cell;
- 3>if the cell indicated by reportCGI field is an E-UTRA cell:
- 4>perform SI signature verification, e.g. check if the transmitted security token matches the security token calculated by the UE 102;
- 4>try to acquire SystemInformationBlockType1 in the concerned cell;
- 2>if the reportType for the associated reportConfig is set to reportCGI:
- 2>if reportType is set to reportCGI:
- 3>if the UE 102 acquired the SIB1 or SystemInformationBlockType1 for the requested cell; or
- 3>if SI signature verification has failed; or
- 3>if the UE 102 detects that the requested NR cell is not transmitting SIB1:
- 4>stop timer T321;
- 4>include a measurement reporting entry within the VarMeasReportList for this measId;
- 4>initiate the measurement reporting procedure;
- 2>upon the expiry of T321 for this measId:
- 3>include a measurement reporting entry within the VarMeasReportList for this measId;
- 3>set the numberOfReportsSent defined within the VarMeasReportList for this measId to 0;
- 3>initiate the measurement reporting procedure.
An example of measurement reporting is illustrated in
- 2>else:
- 3>if the cell indicated by cellForWhichToReportCGI is an NR cell:
- 4>if plmn-IdentityInfoList of the cgi-Info for the concerned cell has been obtained:
- 5>include the plmn-IdentityInfoList including plmn-IdentityList, trackingAreaCode, if available, ranac. if available and cellIdentity for each entry of the plmn-IdentityInfoList;
- 5>include frequencyBandList if available;
- 4>else if MIB indicates the SIB1 is not broadcast:
- 5>include the noSIB1 including the ssb-SubcarrierOffset and pdcch-ConfigSIB1 obtained from MIB of the concerned cell;
- 4>if SI signature verification has failed:
- 5>include the sysInfoSignatureFailure for the concerned cell;
- 5>include other information of the concerned cell such as information in SysInfoSignatureFailure-Report;
- 4>if plmn-IdentityInfoList of the cgi-Info for the concerned cell has been obtained:
- 3>if the cell indicated by cellForWhichToReportCGI is an E-UTRA cell:
- 4>if all mandatory fields of the cgi-Info-EPC for the concerned cell have been obtained:
- 5>include in the cgi-Info-EPC the fields broadcasted in E-UTRA SystemInformationBlockType1 associated to EPC;
- 4>if the UE is E-UTRA/5GC capable and all mandatory fields of the cgi-Info-5GC for the concerned cell have been obtained:
- 5>include in the cgi-Info-5GC the fields broadcasted in E-UTRA SystemInformationBlockType1 associated to 5GC;
- 4>if the mandatory present fields of the cgi-Info for the cell indicated by the cellForWhichToReportCGI in the associated measObject have been obtained:
- 5>include the freqBandIndicator,
- 5>if the cell broadcasts the multiBandInfoList, include the multiBandInfoList;
- 5>if the cell broadcasts the freqBandIndicatorPriority, include the freqBandIndicatorPriority;
- 4>if SI signature verification has failed:
- 5>include the sysInfoSignatureFailure for the concerned cell;
- 5>include other information of the concerned cell such as information in SysInfoSignatureFailure-Report;
- 4>if all mandatory fields of the cgi-Info-EPC for the concerned cell have been obtained:
- 3>if the cell indicated by cellForWhichToReportCGI is an NR cell:
In a second solution, if the UE 102 fails the verification of the SI signature, e.g. SysInfoMAC-I broadcasted does not match the one the UE 102 has computed, the UE 102 does not obtain the CGI related information, and includes information indicating the Si signature failure, e.g., the failed SI signature itself or a flag. An advantage here may be to avoid the UE 102 to spend time and efforts obtaining SI that will not be valid.
Performing Measurements GeneralThe UE 102 may:
- 1>for each measId included in the measIdList within VarMeasConfig:
- 2>if the reportType for the associated reportConfig is set to reportCGI:
- 3>perform system information signature verification, e.g. check if the transmitted security token matches the security token calculated by the UE 102;
- 4>if the SI signature verification for the cellForWhichToReportCGI succeeds:
- 5>perform the corresponding measurements on the frequency and RAT indicated in the associated measObject using available idle periods;
- 5>if the cell indicated by reportCGI field for the associated measObject is an NR cell and that indicated cell is broadcasting SIB1:
- 6>try to acquire SIB1 in the concerned cell;
- 5>if the cell indicated by reportCGI field is an E-UTRA cell:
- 6>try to acquire SystemInformationBlockType1 in the concerned cell;
- 4>if the SI signature verification for the cellForWhichToReportCGI succeeds:
- 3>perform system information signature verification, e.g. check if the transmitted security token matches the security token calculated by the UE 102;
- 2>if the reportType for the associated reportConfig is set to reportCGI:
- 2>if reportType is set to reportCGI:
- 3>if the UE 102 acquired the SIB1 or SystemInformationBlockType1 for the requested cell; or
- 3>if SI signature verification has failed; or
- 3>if the UE 102 detects that the requested NR cell is not transmitting SIB1:
- 4>stop timer T321;
- 4>include a measurement reporting entry within the VarMeasReportList for this measId;
- 4>initiate the measurement reporting procedure.
- 2>upon the expiry of T321 for this measId:
- 3>include a measurement reporting entry within the VarMeasReportList for this measId;
- 3>set the numberOfReportsSent defined within the VarMeasReportList for this measId to 0;
- 3>initiate the measurement reporting procedure.
An example of measurement reporting is illustrated in
- 2>else:
- 3>if the cell indicated by cellForWhichToReportCGI is an NR cell:
- 4>if system information signature verification has suceeded:
- 5>if plmn-IdentityInfoList of the cgi-Info for the concerned cell has been obtained:
- 6>include the plmn-IdentityInfoList including plmn-IdentityList, trackingAreaCode, if available, ranac ,if available, and cellIdentity for each entry of the plmn-IdentityInfoList;
- 6>include frequencyBandList if available;
- 5>else if MIB indicates the SIB1 is not broadcast:
- 6>include the noSIB1 including the ssb-SubcarrierOffset and pdcch-ConfigSIB1 obtained from MIB of the concerned cell;
- 5>if plmn-IdentityInfoList of the cgi-Info for the concerned cell has been obtained:
- 4>else if SI signature verification has failed:
- 5>include the sysInfoSignatureFailure for the concerned cell;
- 5>include other information of the concerned cell such as information in SysInfoSignatureFailure-Report;
- 4>if system information signature verification has suceeded:
- 3>if the cell indicated by cellForWhichToReportCGI is an NR cell:
In a third solution, if the UE 102 fails the verification of the SI signature, e.g.
SysInfoMAC-I broadcasted does not match the one the UE 102 has computed, the UE 102 does not obtain the CGI related information, and considers the cell as not applicable for CGI reporting;
- 2>else if the corresponding reportConfig includes a reportType set to reportCGI:
- 3>consider the cell detected on the associated measObject which has a physical cell identity matching the value of the cellForWhichToReportCGI included in the corresponding reportConfig within the VarMeasConfig to be applicable, except if the SI signature verification has failed;.
On the network side, e.g. the access node 103, 104, for example, one action upon detection of a SI signature verification failure, e.g., based on the proposed reports from the UE 102, could be to black list certain cells for measurement reporting.
Another action upon detection of a SI signature verification failure, e.g., based on the proposed reports from the UE 102, could be to investigate if there is any problem in the SI signature generation function.
Note that although the methods herein may, in some places, be described in the context of NR, the same methods may be applied to any access technologies that make use of SI like LTE or Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT).
The embodiments herein in the UE 102 may be implemented through one or more processors, such as a processor 3001 in the UE 102 depicted in
The UE 102 may further comprise a memory 3003 comprising one or more memory units. The memory 3003 is arranged to be used to store obtained information, store data, configurations, schedulings, and applications etc. to perform the methods herein when being executed in the UE 102.
In some embodiments, the UE 102 may receive information from, e.g., the access node 103, 104, through a receiving port 3004. In some embodiments, the receiving port 3004 may be, for example, connected to one or more antennas in UE 102. In other embodiments, the UE 102 may receive information from another structure in the communications system through the receiving port 3004. Since the receiving port 3004 may be in communication with the processor 3001, the receiving port 3004 may then send the received information to the processor 3001. The receiving port 3004 may also be configured to receive other information.
The processor 3001 in the UE 102 may be further configured to transmit or send information to e.g. access node 103, 104 or another structure in the communications network, through a sending port 3005, which may be in communication with the processor 3001, and the memory 3003.
The UE 102 may comprise an obtaining unit 3015, a determining unit 3017, a triggering unit 3020, a selecting unit 3023, a providing unit 3025 other units 3040.
Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that obtaining unit 3015, a determining unit 3017, a triggering unit 3020, a selecting unit 3023, a providing unit 3025 other units 3040 described above may refer to a combination of analog and digital circuits, and/or one or more processors configured with software and/or firmware, e.g., stored in memory, that, when executed by the one or more processors such as the processor 3001, perform as described above. One or more of these processors, as well as the other digital hardware, may be comprised in a single Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or several processors and various digital hardware may be distributed among several separate components, whether individually packaged or assembled into a System-on-a-Chip (SoC).
Also, in some embodiments, the different units 3015-3040 described above may be implemented as one or more applications running on one or more processors such as the processor 3001.
Thus, the methods according to the embodiments described herein for the UE 102 may be respectively implemented by means of a computer program 3010 product, comprising instructions, i.e. software code portions, which, when executed on at least one processor 3001, cause the at least one processor 3001 to carry out the actions described herein, as performed by the UE 102. The computer program 3010 product may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium 3008. The computer-readable storage medium 3008, having stored thereon the computer program 3010, may comprise instructions which, when executed on at least one processor 3001, cause the at least one processor 3001 to carry out the actions described herein, as performed by the UE 102. In some embodiments, the computer-readable storage medium 3008 may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as a CD ROM disc, or a memory stick. In other embodiments, the computer program 3010 product may be stored on a carrier comprising the computer program 3010 just described, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or the computer-readable storage medium 508, as described above.
The UE 102 may comprise a communication interface configured to facilitate communications between the UE 102 and other nodes or devices, e.g., the access node 103, 104 or another structure. The interface may, for example, comprise a transceiver configured to transmit and receive radio signals over an air interface in accordance with a suitable standard.
In other embodiments, the UE 102 may comprise the following arrangement depicted in
Hence, embodiments herein also relate to the UE 102 operative to operate in the communications system. The UE 102 may comprise the processing circuitry 3011 and the memory 3003, said memory 3003 comprising instructions executable by the processing circuitry 3011, whereby the UE 102 is further operative to perform the actions described herein in relation to the UE 102, e.g., in
The embodiments herein in the access node 103, 104 may be implemented through one or more processors, such as a processor 3101 in the access node 103, 104 depicted in
The access node 103, 104 may further comprise a memory 3103 comprising one or more memory units. The memory 3103 is arranged to be used to store obtained information, store data, configurations, schedulings, and applications etc. to perform the methods herein when being executed in the access node 103, 104.
In some embodiments, the access node 103, 104 may receive information from, e.g. the UE 102 and/or another network node, through a receiving port 3104. In some embodiments, the receiving port 3104 may be, for example, connected to one or more antennas in access node 103, 104. In other embodiments, the access node 103, 104 may receive information from another structure in the communications system the receiving port 3104. Since the receiving port 3104 may be in communication with the processor 3101, the receiving port 3104 may then send the received information to the processor 3101. The receiving port 3104 may also be configured to receive other information.
The processor 3101 in the access node 103, 104 may be further configured to transmit or send information to e.g. the UE 102, or another structure in the communications system, through a sending port 3105, which may be in communication with the processor 3101 and the memory 3103.
The access node 103, 104 may comprise a obtaining unit 3113, an acting unit 3115, a providing unit 3118, a determining unit 3120, a performing unit 3123, other units 3140 etc.
The communications system may be a 2G network, a 3G network, a 4G network, a 5G network, a 6G network or any other legacy, current of future network.
The access node 103, 104 may be e.g. a base station, node B, eNB, gNB, RNC etc, or a network node 106 as exemplified above.
Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the obtaining unit 3113, an acting unit 3115, a providing unit 3118, a determining unit 3120, a performing unit 3123, other units 3140 etc. described above may refer to a combination of analog and digital circuits, and/or one or more processors configured with software and/or firmware, e.g., stored in memory, that, when executed by the one or more processors such as the processor 3101, perform as described above. One or more of these processors, as well as the other digital hardware, may be comprised in a single Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or several processors and various digital hardware may be distributed among several separate components, whether individually packaged or assembled into a System-on-a-Chip (SoC).
Also, in some embodiments, the different units 3113-3140 described above may be implemented as one or more applications running on one or more processors such as the processor 3101.
Thus, the methods according to the embodiments described herein for the access node 103, 104 may be respectively implemented by means of a computer program 3110 product, comprising instructions, i.e., software code portions, which, when executed on at least one processor 3101, cause the at least one processor 3101 to carry out the actions described herein, as performed by the access node 103, 104. The computer program 3110 product may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium 3108. The computer-readable storage medium 3108, having stored thereon the computer program 3110, may comprise instructions which, when executed on at least one processor 3101, cause the at least one processor 3101 to carry out the actions described herein, as performed by the access node 103, 104. In some embodiments, the computer-readable storage medium 3110 may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as a CD ROM disc, or a memory stick. In other embodiments, the computer program 3110 product may be stored on a carrier comprising the computer program 3110 just described, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or the computer-readable storage medium 3108, as described above.
The access node 103, 104 may comprise a communication interface configured to facilitate communications between the access node 103, 104 and other nodes or devices, e.g., the UE 102, or another structure. The interface may, for example, comprise a transceiver configured to transmit and receive radio signals over an air interface in accordance with a suitable standard.
In other embodiments, the access node 103, 104 may comprise the following arrangement depicted in
Hence, embodiments herein also relate to the access node 103, 104 to operate in the communications system. The access node 103, 104 may comprise the processing circuitry 3111 and the memory 3103. The memory 3103 comprises instructions executable by said processing circuitry 3111, whereby the access node 103, 104 is further operative to perform the actions described herein in relation to the access node 103, 104, e.g.,
Telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments.
With reference to
Telecommunication network 3210 is itself connected to host computer 3230, which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer 3230 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections 3221 and 3222 between telecommunication network 3210 and host computer 3230 may extend directly from core network 3214 to host computer 3230 or may go via an optional intermediate network 3220. Intermediate network 3220 may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network 3220, if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network 3220 may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown).
The communication system of
In relation to
The UE 102 and the access node 103, 104, e.g., a access node and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to
Communication system 3300 further comprises the access node 103, 104 exemplified in
Communication system 3300 further comprises a UE 3330 already referred to. It's hardware 3335 may comprise a radio interface 3337 configured to set up and maintain wireless connection 3370 with a access node serving a coverage area in which UE 3330 is currently located. Hardware 3335 of UE 3330 further comprises a processing circuitry 3338, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, ASICs, FPGAs or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE 3330 further comprises software 3331, which is stored in or accessible by UE 3330 and executable by processing circuitry 3338. Software 3331 comprises a client application 3332. Client application 3332 may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE 3330, with the support of host computer 3310. In host computer 3310, an executing host application 3312 may communicate with the executing client application 3332 via OTT connection 3350 terminating at UE 3330 and host computer 3310. In providing the service to the user, client application 3332 may receive request data from host application 3312 and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection 3350 may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application 3332 may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides.
It is noted that host computer 3310, access node 3320 and UE 3330 illustrated in
In
Wireless connection 3370 between UE 3330 and access node 3320 is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE 3330 using OTT connection 3350, in which wireless connection 3370 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the spectrum efficiency, and latency, and thereby provide benefits such as reduced user waiting time, better responsiveness and extended battery lifetime.
A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection 3350 between host computer 3310 and UE 3330, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection 3350 may be implemented in software 3311 and hardware 3315 of host computer 3310 or in software 3331 and hardware 3335 of UE 3330, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection 3350 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software 3311, 3331 may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection 3350 may comprise information indicating message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect access node 3320, and it may be unknown or imperceptible to access node 3320. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer 3310's measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software 3311 and 3331 causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection 3350 while it monitors propagation times, errors etc.
Some embodiments may be summarized as follows:
A access node 103, 104 configured to communicate with a UE 102, the access node 103, 104 comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the access node 103, 104.
A communication system comprising a host computer comprising:
-
- processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and
- a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a UE 102,
- wherein the cellular network comprises an access node 103, 104 having a radio interface and processing circuitry, the access node's processing circuitry configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the access node 103, 104.
The communication system may further comprise the access node 103, 104.
The communication system may further comprise the UE 102, wherein the UE 102 is configured to communicate with the access node 103, 104.
The communication system, wherein:
-
- the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and
- the UE 102 comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.
A method implemented in an access node 103, 104, comprising one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the access node 103, 104.
A method implemented in a communication system comprising a host computer, an access node 103, 104 and a UE 102, the method comprising:
-
- at the host computer, providing user data; and
- at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE 102 via a cellular network comprising the access node 103, 104. The access node 103, 104 performs one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the access node 103, 104.
The method may further comprise:
-
- at the access node 103, 104, transmitting the user data.
The user data may be provided at the host computer by executing a host application, and the method may further comprise:
-
- at the UE 102, executing a client application associated with the host application.
A UE 102 configured to communicate with an access node 103, 104, the UE 102 comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
A communication system comprising a host computer comprising:
-
- processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and
- a communication interface configured to forward user data to a cellular network for transmission to a UE 102,
- the UE 102 comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE's processing circuitry configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
The communication system may further comprise the UE 102.
The communication system further comprising an access node 103, 104 configured to communicate with the UE 102.
The communication system, wherein:
-
- the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and
- the UE's processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.
A method implemented in a UE 102, comprising one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
A method implemented in a communication system comprising a host computer, an access node 103, 104 and a UE 102, the method comprising:
-
- at the host computer, providing user data; and
- at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE 102 via a cellular network comprising the access node, wherein the UE 102 performs one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
The method may further comprise:
-
- at the UE 102, receiving the user data from the access node 103, 104.
A UE 102 configured to communicate with an access node 103, 104, the UE 102 comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
A communication system comprising a host computer comprising:
-
- a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a UE 102 to an access node 103, 104,
- the UE 102 comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE's processing circuitry configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
The communication system may further comprise the UE 102.
The communication system may further comprise the access node 103, 104, wherein the access node 103, 104 comprises a radio interface configured to communicate with the UE 102 and a communication interface configured to forward to the host computer the user data carried by a transmission from the UE 102 to the access node 103, 104.
The communication system, wherein:
-
- the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and
- the UE's processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data.
The communication system, wherein:
-
- the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing request data; and
- the UE's processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data in response to the request data.
A method implemented in a UE 102, comprising one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
The method may further comprise:
-
- providing user data; and
- forwarding the user data to a host computer via the transmission to the access node 103, 104.
A method implemented in a communication system comprising a host computer, an access node 103, 104 and a UE 102, the method comprising:
-
- at the host computer, receiving user data transmitted to the access node 103, 104 from the UE 102, wherein the UE 102 performs one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
The method may further comprise:
-
- at the UE 102, providing the user data to the access node 103, 104.
The method may further comprise:
-
- at the UE 102, executing a client application, thereby providing the user data to be transmitted; and
- at the host computer, executing a host application associated with the client application.
The method may further comprise:
-
- at the UE 102, executing a client application; and
- at the UE 102, receiving input data to the client application, the input data being provided at the host computer by executing a host application associated with the client application,
- the user data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data.
A access node 103, 104 configured to communicate with a UE 102, the access node 103, 104 comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the access node 103, 104.
A communication system comprising a host computer comprising a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a UE 102 to a access node 103, 104, wherein the access node 103, 104 comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the network node's processing circuitry configured to perform one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the access node 103, 104.
The communication system may further comprise the access node 103, 104.
The communication system may further comprise the UE 102. The UE 102 is configured to communicate with the access node 103, 104.
The communication system wherein:
-
- the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application;
- the UE 102 is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data to be received by the host computer.
A method implemented in an access node 103, 104, comprising one or more of the actions described herein as performed by any of the access node 103, 104.
A method implemented in a communication system comprising a host computer, an access node 103, 104 and a UE 102, the method comprising:
-
- at the host computer, receiving, from the access node 103, 104, user data originating from a transmission which the access node has received from the UE 102, wherein the UE 102 performs one or more of the actions described herein as performed by the UE 102.
The method may further comprise:
-
- at the access node 103, 104, receiving the user data from the UE 102.
The method may further comprise:
-
- at the access node 103, 104, initiating a transmission of the received user data to the host computer.
Some embodiments will be summarized below:
The communications system may be a 2G network, a 3G network, a 4G network, a 5G network, a 6G network or any other legacy, current of future network.
The access node 103, 104 may be a base station, node B, eNB, gNB, MeNB, RNC, access node, radio access node etc.
The embodiments herein relate to 5G, 4G, false access node, SI, broadcast message, digital signature etc.
The embodiments herein relate to UE recovery at SI signature verification failure.
Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step.
Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.
In general, the usage of “first”, “second”, “third”, “fourth”, and/or “fifth” herein may be understood to be an arbitrary way to denote different elements or entities, and may be understood to not confer a cumulative or chronological character to the nouns they modify, unless otherwise noted, based on context.
Several embodiments are comprised herein. It should be noted that the examples herein are not mutually exclusive. Components from one embodiment may be tacitly assumed to be present in another embodiment and it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art how those components may be used in the other exemplary embodiments
The embodiments herein are not limited to the above described embodiments. Various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be used. Therefore, the above embodiments should not be taken as limiting the scope of the embodiments. A feature from one embodiment may be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment.
The term “at least one of A and B” should be understood to mean “only A, only B, or both A and B.”, where A and B are any parameter, number, indication used herein etc.
It should be emphasized that the term “comprises/comprising” when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof. It should also be noted that the words “a” or “an” preceding an element do not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements.
The term “configured to” used herein may also be referred to as “arranged to”, “adapted to”, “capable of” or “operative to”.
It should also be emphasised that the steps of the methods may, without departing from the embodiments herein, be performed in another order than the order in which they appear herein.
ABBREVIATIONS3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
5G 5th Generation
5GS 5G System
5GC 5G Core network
AMF Access and Mobility Management Function
CN Core Network
DL Downlink
eNB Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network
EPC Evolved Packet Core network
gNB 5G Node B
LTE Long-term Evolution
MME Mobility Management Entity
NG The interface/reference point between the RAN and the CN in 5G/NR.
NG-C The control plane part of NG (between a gNB and an AMF).
NG-U The user plane part of NG (between a gNB and a UPF).
NG-RAN Next Generation Radio Access Network
NR New Radio
RAN Radio Access Network
RRC Radio Resource Control
Rx Receive
S1 The interface/reference point between the RAN and the CN in LTE.
S1-C The control plane part of S1 (between an eNB and a MME).
S1-U The user plane part of S1 (between an eNB and a SGW). SGW Serving Gateway
TS Technical Specification
UE User Equipment
UL Uplink
UPF User Plane Function
X2 The interface/reference point between two eNBs.
X2AP X2 Application Protocol
Xn The interface/reference point between two gNBs.
XnAP Xn Application Protocol
Claims
1-24. (Canceled)
25. A method performed by a User Equipment (UE) for handling validity of a System Information (SI) signature in a communication system, the method comprising:
- obtaining, from an access node, System Information (SI) and an associated SI signature for a cell served by the access node and which the UE can use;
- determining whether the obtained SI signature is valid or invalid; and
- in response to determining that the SI signature is valid, determining that the cell is valid; or
- in response to determining that the SI signature is invalid: determining that the cell is invalid; and providing information indicating the invalid cell to the access node or to another node, the information comprising failure information indicating at least one of: location information associated with the cell or measurements made by the UE for the cell.
26. The method according to claim 25, comprising:
- obtaining one or multiple SI protection parameters used for determining if the SI signature is valid or invalid and associated to actions to be taken upon determining that the SI signature is invalid.
27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the one or multiple SI protection parameters comprises at least one of: one or more public key s associated with determining if the SI signature is valid or invalid, an indication of allowed intra-frequency cell selection, barring timer, an indication of whether a cell with invalid SI signature should be barred or not.
28. The method according to claim 25, wherein the SI and the associated SI signature for the cell is obtained for any one or more of the following circumstances:
- when the UE is in Radio Resource Control IDLE, RRC_IDLE, or RRC_INACTIVE state or any other power saving state and searches for a suitable cell to use in the cell selection/re-selection procedure;
- when the UE is in RRC_CONNECTED state when cell selection is triggered as part of a RRC connection re-establishment procedure, after a handover to a target cell when the UE reads the SI of the target cell;
- when the UE is being configured to report a Cell Global Identifier, CGI, of a cell that is not a Primary Cell, PCell; or
- during any action requiring the UE to obtain the SI.
29. The method according to claim 25, wherein when the UE determines the cell as valid, then the UE uses the cell.
30. The method according to claim 25, wherein, when the UE is in connected state and is configured for Cell Global Identifier (CGI) reporting, the method comprises:
- obtaining cell access related information; and
- providing the cell access related information to the access node.
31. The method according to claim 25, wherein the method includes any one or more of providing the information indicating the invalid cell to the access node immediately after the determining, logging the information indicating the invalid cell and providing the logged information to the access node at a later time, or providing the information indicating the invalid cell to the access node in response to the UE receiving polling from the access node.
32. The method according to claim 25, wherein the SI signature is determined to be invalid responsive to at least one of: the SI signature not matching an expected or predetermined SI signature calculated using a public key, or the SI signature being missing or malformed.
33. A User Equipment (UE) comprising:
- radio circuitry configured for communicating with access nodes of a communication system; and
- processing circuitry operatively associated with the radio circuitry and configured to control the UE to:
- determine whether a System Information (SI) signature is valid, the SI signature obtained from an access node of the communication system for a cell that is associated with the access node and usable by the UE; and
- provide information indicating SI signature invalidity to the access node or to another node of the communication system, responsive to determining that the SI signature is not valid.
34. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer program instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a User Equipment (UE) configured for communicating with a communication system, configure the UE to:
- determine whether a System Information (SI) signature is valid, the SI signature obtained from an access node of the communication system for a cell that is associated with the access node and usable by the UE; and
- provide information indicating SI signature invalidity to the access node or to another node of the communication system, responsive to determining that the SI signature is not valid.
Type: Application
Filed: May 26, 2020
Publication Date: Aug 25, 2022
Inventors: Icaro Leonardo Da Silva (Solna), Prajwol Kumar Nakarmi (Sollentuna), Oscar Ohlsson (Bromma)
Application Number: 17/618,935