VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE HAVING PRESSURE SENSOR EMBEDDED DURABLE DISPLACEMENT BLOOD PUMP
A ventricular assist device is provided, including a blood pump, a driveline and a feedthrough. The blood pump includes a pump housing, an axi-symmetric oval-shaped blood sac and stem assembly received in the pump housing, and a pressure sensing system embedded in the pump housing. The driveline includes a pneumatic lumen, at least one electric wire and a tether included in a wall of the driveline, wherein the electric wires and the tether are disposed on the pneumatic lumen. The feedthrough connects the driveline to the pump housing.
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The present invention relates to a ventricular assist device (VAD), in particular to a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) having a valveless and long-duration blood pump for fulfilling blood pressure sensing and mechanical circulatory support.
Description of the Related ArtPulsatile circulatory support typically involves displacement of a blood volume into and out of a bounded space in a blood pump. Energy transport is associated with the filling and ejection motion of the moved blood volume in the blood pump. Such energy converter that imparts externally generated kinetic energy into blood stream to assist human circulation has been known as displacement pump, and often, the energized blood flow is pulsatile. Historically, pulsatile blood pumps were categorized into pump with valves and pump without valves. The former usually has separated inflow and outflow tracts, each equipped with a prosthetic heart valve, to achieve a uni-directional flow transport in the blood pump.
To maximize the efficacy of pulsatile support, the employed blood pump is better to function in synchronization to the heart rhythm. Most often, the blood pump delivers blood in a counter-pulsatile manner when anastomosed to an artery. Counterpulsatile circulatory support has been clinically demonstrated effective and therapeutic, which provides contraction unloading to the myocardium during systole and enhances coronary and organ perfusion during diastole. To date, almost all long-term implantable pulsatile pumps executed counterpulsation based on electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform as reference signal to trigger pump ejection and fill of blood. For long-term circulatory support, a reliable ECG waveform is of paramount importance in commanding the pumping action. Often, electric leads have to be implanted and externalized together with the pneumatic driveline. Surgical complexity and invasiveness hence elevated, and the bore size and stiffness of driveline increased accordingly. As a result, the mechanical failure or infection morbidity rate associated with driveline and ECG leads exacerbated.
A great portion (20-30%) of advanced heart failure patients is afflicted with arrhythmia. The ECG waveform is irregular for arrhythmic patients, thereby posing difficulty in deciding the correct timings to trigger counter-pulsatile pumping. A wrongly executed counter-pulsatile support may do harm to rather than salvage the failing heart. The utilization of counter-pulsatile support, hence, has been restrained only to the non-arrhythmic advanced heart failure cohort.
The role played by the blood pump pressure is two-fold. First, it is used as the reference for real-time pumping control. Second, the recorded pressure data can reflect the disease development after device intervention, and used for the long-term health monitoring and trending purpose. For real-time pumping control, as referenced to the instantaneously detected pressure waveform, particular beat-to-beat filtering procedure and control logic has to be incorporated to command the pump fill and eject motion to facilitate counterpulsation circulatory support.
The pressure sensed by the blood pump sensor is a superimposed signal of the native arterial pressure and the driver delivered pressure. As pumping action stops the sensed pressure almost equals the native arterial pressure. For long-term health condition monitoring application, the pumping control can be arranged to have certain beats without device in action; for example, in a one-minute assist period, one or two consecutive beats can be programmed to be unassisted so true arterial pressure can be obtained and registered as an ensemble. Therefore, there will be 1440 pressure waveform ensembles collected per day, which is sufficient for trending the arterial pressure behavior for long-term disease condition monitoring and diagnosis.
Displacement blood pumps were generally deemed less durable when compared to rotary pumps. Of the failure modes, blood sac membrane rupture has been mostly seen causing catastrophe in support. Displacement type pumping is facilitated by a cyclic, alternate fill and eject stroke motion on the blood volume stored in the sac space. External pumping energy is supplied via a driveline by a driver. Usually, low-energy supply is involved in sac fill phase whereas high-energy supply in eject phase to propel the stored blood volume against arterial pressure into human circulation. The fatigue life of sac is determined by the maximum strain occurring either in the creases of the folded membrane or over the suspension area where membrane is attached to the rigid housing. Aside from structural strength criteria in sac design, the hemodynamic vortex washout effect in the sac is also critical. Lower residual volume at pump eject phase represents a better empty of blood out of the sac and a stronger vortex formation in the next pump fill phase. However, low residual volume leads to a more strained sac deformation over the creases and/or suspension interface area. These contradictory design criteria often forced designer to choose a compromised design perspective favorable to hemodynamic consideration. This is one of the main reasons associated with the durability issue of the membrane type displacement blood pumps. Therefore, how to provide a better ventricular assist device with a durable and thrombo-resistant blood pump is an important issue in regard to support safety and efficacy.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTIONTo address the deficiencies of conventional products, an embodiment of the invention provides a ventricular assist device, including a blood pump, a driveline and a feedthrough. The blood pump includes an axi-symmetric oval-shaped blood sac and stem assembly, including a flexible membrane sac, proximal stem, and a distal stem, wherein the flexible membrane sac is attached with the proximal stem and the distal stem as a stress-relief suspension mechanism; a pump housing, including a proximal shell and a distal shell, wherein the stress-relief suspension mechanism is coupled to the pump housing; and a pressure sensing system, embedded in the proximal shell, wherein the pressure sensing system includes a pressure sensor and a pressure sensing chamber which is filled with an incompressible fluid for pressure transmission. The driveline includes a pneumatic lumen, at least one electric wire and a tether included in a wall of the driveline, wherein the electric wires and the tether are disposed next to the pneumatic lumen. The feedthrough connects the driveline to the pump housing.
In some embodiments, a de-airing port is installed in the proximal shell.
In some embodiments, a channel is communicated with the de-airing port, and the channel extends alongside a centerline of the axi-symmetric oval-shaped blood sac and stem assembly and located above the flexible membrane sac.
In some embodiments, the flexible membrane sac has an inverted membrane located at a distal end of the flexible membrane sac, and the distal stem is wrapped and bonded with the inverted membrane; wherein the proximal stem is located at a proximal end of the flexible membrane sac.
In some embodiments, the ventricular assist device further comprises an aortic connector having an interface adapter; wherein the distal shell has a distal shell adapter to facilitate a connection of the blood pump to a human artery; wherein the distal shell adapter has a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is interfaced with an inlet of the flexible membrane sac, and the second end is interfaced with the interface adapter to connect to the human artery.
In some embodiments, the distal shell adapter has a beak, and the beak has a flange structure coupled with the interface adapter.
In some embodiments, the ventricular assist device further comprises a driver, wherein the driveline connects the blood pump to the driver.
In some embodiments, the pressure sensor is hermetically housed in a metal canister, and includes a first space for fluid communication.
In some embodiments, the pressure sensor further includes a second space which is closer to the driveline than the first space, wherein the second space is configured for accommodating a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) pressure transducer and electronic circuit.
In some embodiments, the pressure sensing chamber is situated in the proximal shell and adjacent to the first space, and the pressure sensing chamber is configured to allow a sensing fluid be enclosed in.
In some embodiments, the pressure sensing chamber has a first arm and a second arm, wherein the first arm is used for installation of pressure sensor, and the second arm is used for filling and sealing a sensing medium.
In some embodiments, the feedthrough is integrated with the proximal shell; wherein the feedthrough has a first portion as an extension of the proximal shell in which the pneumatic lumen, the tether and the electric wires of the driveline are coupled; wherein the feedthrough further has a second portion interlocked with the first portion working as a bend relief of the driveline.
In some embodiments, the driveline further includes a middle pneumatic tubing and a coil, wherein the pneumatic lumen is received in the middle pneumatic tubing, and the coil is located between the pneumatic lumen and the middle pneumatic tubing.
In some embodiments, the driveline further includes an outer layer tubing, wherein the pneumatic lumen and the middle pneumatic tubing are received in the outer layer tubing, and the electric wires are covered by the outer layer tubing.
In some embodiments, the tether is disposed on the outer layer tubing.
In some embodiments, the driveline further includes a rigid driver connector located at a proximal end of the driveline; wherein ventricular assist device further comprises a driver, and the driveline is connected to the driver, wherein the rigid driver connector is connected to the driver.
In some embodiments, the rigid driver connector is flush mounted with a plurality of electrodes soldered with the electric wire.
In some embodiments, the feedthrough is integrated with the distal shell, and the feedthrough has a first portion as an extension of the distal shell in which the pneumatic lumen, the tether and the electric wires of the driveline are coupled, and a second portion is interlocked with the first portion working as a bend relief of the driveline.
In some embodiments, the proximal shell and distal shell have an overlapped bonding area, and the pump housing has a superficial trench formed above the overlapped bonding area.
In some embodiments, the trench is sealed by a potting waterproof material.
There are four embodiments that can be employed to realize the present para-aortic blood pump invention, as described below.
With reference to
The driver 18 comprises a battery power system 11 and a redundant battery power system (the battery power systems 21, 31, 41 in the
In
With reference to
The first embodiment has a cleaner driveline configuration and disposes electronic signal processor in the driver, hence minimizing the risk of environmental contamination (water ingress or moisture condensation) of the sensed pressure signal and the air leak incurred at the joint, both associated with the driveline interconnector 33. Nevertheless, this long driveline is more vulnerable to contact damage such as wear, kink, cut, abrasion arising from the contact with foreign objects in daily activities. Any major damage to the driveline 16 of the first or second embodiment, either electronically or mechanically, may warrant surgical blood pump replacement that is highly undesirable in view of surgical redo risk and the associated medical costs. The third or fourth embodiment, by employing a mid-way connector (driveline interconnector), mitigates such driveline damage-related blood pump replacement drawback. In general, the length of externalized distal driveline 37 is short and the interconnector 33 is protected better by the coverage of the skin dressing and/or the patient vest. In the extreme case of severe damage of the driveline beyond repairable, the most possibly damaged proximal driveline 39 can be easily exchanged without resorting to surgery. In addition, the third or fourth embodiment is more immune to electromagnetic interference because the analog-to-digital signal conversion is already accomplished in the circuitry in the interconnector 33. The fidelity of pressure signals can be better assured in the third or fourth embodiment because digital signal transmission in the proximal driveline 39 is less susceptible to the electromagnetic interferences.
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
The implant subsystem is described further below.
Implantation is achieved through a relatively small thoracic opening by using less invasive surgical techniques via a left thoracotomy. A thoracic incision is made, for example, at the 7th intercostal space as the primary opening to allow placement of the aortic adapter and the blood pump. Two other small incisions are made at the 6th and 8th intercostal spaces, respectively, to introduce proximal and distal aortic cross clamps. The cross-clamped segment of aorta allows aortic adapter be inserted into the implant site through an excess hole made in the aortic wall. The aortic adapter is flexible and is able to be crimped and constrained into a smaller delivery configuration prior to insertion. Upon completion of delivery into aorta, the crimped aortic adapter shall be released and restore back to its original form with predetermined oversize to the implant site lumen diameter. The material of the aortic adapter hence is important, which shall be flexible but possessing sufficient radial strength to make the delivered adapter conduit remain circular without wall buckling. Candidate aortic adapter construct may include that made by silicone or polyurethane elastomers, or those polymeric constructs reinforced with embedment.
The functional requirements of the aortic adapter of each of the aforementioned embodiments is further described below.
Hemodynamically, the aortic adapter plays a role of flow communication between the blood pump and human systemic circulation. Besides this role, the aortic adapter also serves as a mechanical base to hold the blood pump in place when connected to the aortic adapter. The structure of the aortic adapter has to be elastic but kink resistant, and strong enough to withstand the internal blood pressure and the external contact forces, exerted via contact with the surrounding lung tissue or diaphragm associated with respiratory and thoracic movement.
The aortic adapter 54 is implanted inside the aorta with its two conduit ends 545, 645 interfaced with the aortic lumen forming a host/graft boundary in the blood stream (see
The driver of each of the aforementioned embodiments is further described below.
Illustrated in
Critical information in operation and alarm warning of device malfunction and aortic pressure conditions will be displayed on the user interface panel 73 of the driver 78. The primary battery can be exchanged through the battery access door 71 when primary battery power is exhausted. An electric cable is used to power the driver 78 via a connection through the AC receptacle 77 when patient is bedridden and power from wall outlet can be utilized in a long-term manner. The proximal driveline 99, 993 end is connected to the driver 78 through the driveline receptacle 75, through which both electric sensor signal and pneumatic pressure pulse are communicated. A pair of ventilation windows 79 are installed on the opposite sides of the driver 78 to allow ambient air to flow through the interior of the driver 78 for cooling purpose.
The driver 78 can be coupled externally to a clinical monitor, wherein the clinical monitor is provided for collecting and displaying real-time clinical waveform data and stores patient data for long-term condition monitoring and diagnosis. Further, a clinical monitor unit provides a user interface to the clinician for displaying device monitoring/diagnostic information and for accessing to driver parameter settings in order to initiate and optimize a patient-specific operational mode.
The EMA is a pneumatic actuator consisting of a brushless servo motor, a ball screw unit, a piston and a cylinder assembly. Atmospheric air is used as a driving medium to reciprocally eject and fill the blood pump.
The EMA module is housed within the driver carried by the implant recipient. The EMA consists of a brushless servo motor, a piston and cylinder assembly and a ball screw unit which comprises a ball screw rod and a nut. The piston is firmly mounted on top of the ball screw rod which is in rotational coupling with the nut of the ball screw unit. The servo motor includes a stator and a rotor and the rotor is integrated with the nut of the ball screw unit. Through the electromagnetic coupling of the rotor/stator induction, the rotor can be rotated in both clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, thereby driving the ball screw rod back-and-forth in a rectilinear manner to result in a reciprocating piston stroke motion in a cylinder. The stroke motion of the piston drives air to and from the implanted blood pump via a driveline connecting the blood pump and the cylinder.
There are two air driving problems associated with the present EMA pneumatic actuator design; namely, the air leak and the condensation of water vapor permeated from the blood through the blood sac wall. The former will impair the pump eject and fill function and driver power consumption leading to degradation of support effectiveness, and the latter will cause bacteria invasion risk to the driveline interior. To solve these two problems, the present EMA incorporates a pressure equalization valve installed in the cylinder chamber wall for air replenishment and moisture reduction. The pressure equalization valve is opened periodically at a predetermined frequency, allowing air mass transport between the cylinder and the ambient until the air pressure in the cylinder chamber equals the atmospheric pressure. The EMA incorporates position and optical sensors to acquire reference trajectory signals for the electronic controller to generate coordinated control commands to drive the piston stroke motion as well as to operate the pressure equalization valve. Hence, the timing and frequency for pressure equalization valve to be activated for air exchange can be programmed in the controller. With such pressure equalization valve incorporated the driving air medium can be constantly maintained in full and dry in the pneumatic actuator to guarantee a long-term safe and effective pumping support of the blood pump.
As illustrated in
The blood pump pressure sensor is built into the proximal blood pump shell and immersed in a small pressure sensing chamber filled with sensing medium, allowing a continuous monitoring of the blood pump pressure. A distal driveline is attached to the pump housing and provides timed air pressure pulses to command ejection and filling of the blood sac. The distal and proximal drivelines provide a pneumatically driven pressure pulse, generated by the EMA inside the driver, to the blood pump; and transmits an electrical blood pressure signal, generated by the pressure blood pump pressure sensor, to the driver. A driving air path (indicated by a dotted arrow line) and an electrical signal path (indicated by a solid-line) is illustrated in
With reference to
The driver receives blood pump pressure signal (electric signal) and processes the signal using trigger detection algorithm to generate trigger signal that commands the EMA actuation in synchronization with the heart rhythm. Upon receiving the assigned trigger timing, the micro controller unit sends commands to the motor controller unit to drive the piston, from eject-to-fill or from fill-to-eject courses, to provide counter-pulsatile circulatory support.
The architecture of the electronic controller incorporates three functional blocks, namely, a micro controller unit (MCU), a motor control block (motor controller unit), and a power management unit. The following Table provides descriptive outlines for each functional block of the driver 78.
The signal acquisition, transmission, processing, and the control logic and command generation and EMA actuation to produce pressure pulse to drive the blood pump is illustrated in
When the MCU loses the BPP signal (electrical signal) sent from the blood pump, a washout mode is launched automatically by MCU to drive the EMA, operating at a predetermined pumping rate and driver stroke volume. The washout mode is used to prevent the formation of thrombus in the blood sac, which is a device protection mode instead of providing synchronous circulatory support.
The para-aortic blood pump device of the present invention, with its non-occlusive para-aortic feature, in principle, has a better counter-pulsatile support efficacy as compared to the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Unlike the bedridden or ambulatory IABP patients who have to stay in hospital, the portable para-aortic blood pump device allows the patients to leave the hospital and have ambulatory capability to live a better life at home. Hence, the para-aortic blood pump device of the present invention may further improve patient’s disease conditions and quality of life, in addition to the economic benefits gained from a shorter hospital stay.
The trend of LVAD use has been plateaued in recent years, mainly because its application is only indicated to the terminal-stage heart failure patient cohort. Applying early intervention LVAD therapy to the less-sick heart failure patients has long been a clinical objective, which is expected to imposing substantial impact on the future cardiac medicine advancement provided by the broadened use of LVAD therapy. Clinical evidences have shown that certain non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients supported by LVAD, administered in moderate-to-severe heart failure stage, can be improved with myocardial reverse remodeling toward functional upgrade or sustained myocardial recovery. Nevertheless, this intention of early intervention must be ushered by two enabling factors: an easy and safe surgical procedure, and an effective and adaptive support scheme accompanying disease development. Continuous-flow VAD support is non-physiologic, which deranges the supported heart away from a normal course of recovery. The counter-pulsatile support, however, is physiologic and meets the therapeutic requirement by providing systolic contraction unloading and diastolic perfusion augmentation to promote myocyte reverse remodeling. In summary, the treatment strategy provided by this para-aortic blood pump invention aligns with the early intervention trend development in cardiac medicine. Salutary attributes provided by the para-aortic blood pump device, such as adaptive partial-support, less invasive surgery and counter-pulsatile therapeutics will collectively make the present invention a prospective candidate to contribute to the future advancement of heart failure treatment.
The blood pump of each of the aforementioned embodiments is further described below.
With reference to
With reference to
Referring to
A miniaturized pressure sensor 527 is built into the pump shell 523 and fluid communicated to the enclosed pressure sensing chamber 528. This arrangement allows a continuous monitoring of the blood pressure contained in the blood sac 529. Since the pressure sensor 527 is not blood-contacting, the long-term sensor reliability and fidelity is assured by the protection of the pump housing 52h that isolates the sensor 527 and its electric circuit from the influence of chemical corrosion and protein adherence arising from the direct blood contact.
A driveline 57 end is attached to the pump shell 525 to provide timed air pressure pulses for actuating the eject or fill stroke of blood out of or into the blood pump 52. The driveline design can be multi-luminal or multi-layered so as to accommodate the electrical wires for pressure signal transmission. Metallic coil or fabric mesh can be adopted as the wall reinforcement to enhance the anti-kink capability of the driveline 57. The overall geometry of the blood flow passage in the present blood pump is wide, along with the valveless aortic adapter design and pulsatile pumping operation, constituting a superior blood handling property that avoids high shear-induced hemolysis as well as low flow speed generated thrombus formation or thromboembolism.
The blood sac 529 of the blood pump 52 includes an innovative design to make the sac membrane 526 durable. The blood sac 529 is an oval-shaped membrane body of revolution to the centerline of the blood pump 52. There are two polymeric stems (proximal stem 530, distal stem 540) bonded at both housing 52h ends, configured respectively to be in a circular disc or an annulus shape, and working as a flexing/stretching relief mechanism to alleviate stress concentration when attached to the rigid housing 52h. During pump ejection, the sac membrane 526 will be compressed or folded into a tri-lobe shape where the highest strain often occurs at the creased folding line near the rim of the stem attachment (proximal stem 530, distal stem 540). This local high membrane stress/strain arising from large membrane deformation is substantially reduced or absorbed by the deformation of the flexible stem rim as a bendable suspension. Notice that the tri-lobe folding pattern is non-stationary, with creases changing from place to place as influenced by the gravitational direction. In fact, a patient’s body posture and orientation including the positions of standing, sleeping, sitting, exercising, etc. may change from time to time in daily activities. The gravitational effect or the body force acting on the stored blood volume in the blood pump 52 is hence constantly changing, resulting in a non-stationary crease line initiation and formation. Such running membrane folding line constitutes a unique fatigue resistance feature of the present invention. It is anticipated that the present blood pump 52 will possess a much longer durability than that of the conventional fixed folding line membrane design.
Membrane folding and expansion are intimately related to the vortex flow pattern contained in the blood sac 529. The aforementioned sac design features a running folding line formation that makes the vortex structure pattern alternatingly change in response to the folded membrane pattern. The washout effect in the blood pump 52 is thus strong and non-stationary, characterized by a random walk-like vortical flow movement. Such randomness in the pump vortex flow structure helps washout the entire blood-contacting surface without creating any fixed low-speed zone near the membrane wall or in the crease area. It has been observed in animal trails that the present blood pump is very thromboresistant.
The (distal) driveline of each of the aforementioned embodiments is further described below.
Referring to
The (distal) driveline 991, 971 and its connector are designed to withstand the tensile loads applied during surgical externalization. Post-operatively, the (distal) driveline 991, 971 is constantly influenced by muscular motion-induced loads, and the (distal) driveline 991, 971 is designed to withstand these loads for their intended service life. The externalized portion of (distal) driveline 991, 971 is also designed to be biocompatible and chemically resistant to cleaning agents and disinfectant in clinical use.
The (proximal) driveline of each of the aforementioned embodiments is further described below.
The (proximal) driveline 993, 99 is used to connect the (distal) driveline 991, 97 to the driver 98. The (proximal) driveline 99 has a driveline interconnector 93 at one end and a driver connector at the other end. The said driveline interconnector 93 encloses a circuit board, which converts analog blood pump pressure signal into digital signal, and a vibrator that provides a tactile feedback in addition to the audible alarms. The driveline interconnector 93 comes with a flat shape to prevent torsion from being generated to the (distal) driveline 973 when the driveline interconnector 93 is anchored against the patient’s skin. Further, the driveline interconnector 93 and the driveline outer cover are designed to be sealed and protected against water or moisture ingression. Since the (proximal) driveline 99 is installed externally, it can be replaced and/or maintained when deemed necessary, hence eliminating the surgical blood pump replacement required when the (proximal) driveline 99 is damaged beyond repairable.
Valveless blood pump has two advantages in blood handling characteristics: 1) having no annoying valve sound and valve-induced blood cell damage, thrombus formation and thromboembolism; 2) being more thromboresistant because the two-way pulsatile flow has better surface cleaning effect to minimize protein adhesion and avert interface discontinuity-related clot formation over the blood-contacting artificial surfaces. The flow passage in the valveless pulsatile pump is uniformly much wider that those in the valved pulsatile or continuous-flow rotary pumps. Hemolysis (rupture of red blood cell membrane) generally takes place at narrow flow passages with high flow velocity gradient, such as the gaps between the valve ring and leaflet of a valved pulsatile pump. In addition, low-speed recirculation or stasis zone often exists in the back side of the opened valve which may encourage thrombus to be generated. In a sharp contrast, in a valveless pulsatile blood pump, the shear stress applied on blood cells is literally order of magnitude smaller, and the low-speed stasis zone associated with valve geometry and motion is substantially eliminated, which leads to less blood cell damage or platelet activation, less clot formation and aggregation and translates to lower dose of anticoagulant use and easier and safer post-operative care.
As shown in
In this embodiment, the feedthrough 63 is disposed in the distal shell 625 of the pump housing 62h for coupling the driveline 67 to the pump housing 62h. Further, the feedthrough 63 is configured in a body-fitted shape adjacent to the distal shell 625, making driveline connection in a tangential direction to the pump outer surface. Such body-fitted feedthrough design renders pump housing 62h design adaptive to the anatomic space available for blood pump placement. The blood pump 62 can be rotatably connected to the interface adapter 501 and allow the driveline 67 be routed with best suited orientation to enable a smooth subcutaneous tunneling and skin exit. In this way, it favors to anatomic adaptivity to the implant site geometry.
In this embodiment, the feedthrough 63 is remotely suited in the distal shell 625 while the pressure sensor 6271 (see
As illustrated in
The embodiment of the present invention innovates a running folding line attribute which makes the high-strain location appearing non-stationarily in the membrane to prolong sac fatigue life. The detrimental stress concentration phenomenon frequently associated with the flexing blood sac is hence improved. Based on this fundamental change in flexing pattern behavior, the fatigue life of membrane will significantly increase attributable to this non-stationary folding line formation characteristic that disperses the high strain areas all over the sac. Further, a salutary outcome accompanying this non-stationary sac deformation pattern resides on the vortex washout effect enhanced within the blood sac. The sac surface will be washed more thoroughly with a random walk-like vortex formation and traversing. The probability of producing constant low-speed recirculation zone dwelling in the near-wall region or creases of the folding lines, hence, will be greatly reduced, resulting in a long-duration, thrombo-resistant blood pump design.
The blood sac 629 is anchored onto the pump housing 62h, which includes a proximal shell 623 and a distal shell 625, to facilitate pump fill and ejection actions. In general, the flexural properties of the sac 629 and the housing 62h are vastly different. To accomplish a long-duration sac design, it requires an intermediate suspension to be installed to render the pump assembly continuous in structural property transition, in particular the membrane flexural deformation. A pair of flexible stems 630 and 640 is adopted as the suspension that integrates the blood sac 629 with the housing 62h. As shown in
As shown in the bottom of
During surgical operation, the closed-end sac design of the valveless blood pump 62 would attract air and agglomerate air bubbles in the sac top due to buoyancy force. As shown in
As illustrated in
The pressure sensing mechanism 627, as detailed in
An embodiment of the present invention innovates a pressure-based blood pump control method and sensor design. A miniature MEMS pressure sensor is adopted with electronic circuit packaged and embedded in the pump housing wall. In principle, MEMS sensor die is very durable owing to its intrinsic micro-scaled structure. Sensor durability, in fact, depends on the packaging design. The present pressure sensing system 627 is non-blood contacting and isolated from the corrosive biochemical effects associated with blood, thus providing long-duration signal acquisition and transmission that is required for long-term implantable assist devices.
The driveline 67 works as a communicator for electric signal transduction and pneumatic pulse pressure transfer between the blood pump 62 and the driver 98. A representative multi-layered driveline 67 in the present invention is shown in
The central portion of the driveline 67 accommodates the pneumatic lumen 6701 (or air passage, inner tubing) with a lumen diameter around 2-5 mm, depending on the preference of choice between lower energy consumption or low-profile for easiness of surgery. The electric wires 6702 for signal transmission are embedded in the wall of the driveline 67. There are variants of driveline design that may be adopted. Aside from the multi-layered driveline design shown in
The inner tubing, or pneumatic lumen 6701, is received by the middle tubing 673 with reinforcement being sandwiched in between. Between the inner and middle tubing 6701 and 673, the coil 674 (or fabric thread or mesh) can be reflowed (thermally co-molded using heat shrink) as a reinforcement to the driveline wall, making the driveline 67 flexible but kink resistant. The outer layer tubing 675 covers the inner and middle pneumatic tubing 6701 and 673, and can be employed to cover the spirally wrapped electric wires 6702 as a protective sheath. In some embodiments, a non-distensible tether 676 can be disposed between the outer tubing 675 and the silicone jacket 677 of the driveline 67, to strengthen the tensile resilience required during externalization of the driveline 67. Clinically it has been demonstrated that silicone jacket 677 is least irritative to the subcutaneous tissues and has the lowest driveline infection rate.
In this embodiment, the pneumatic lumen 6701, the metal coil 674, the middle tubing 673, the spiral electric wires 6702, the outer tubing 675, the tether 676, and the silicone jacket 677 are packaged into a body of the driveline 67. The proximal end 671 of the driveline 67 is to be plugged into a receptacle housed in the driver 98. The rigid driveline connector 678 of the driveline 67 is configured to be received by the receptacle of the proximal driveline interconnector 93 or the driver 98. The rigid driver connector 678 is flush mounted with a plurality of electrodes 6781 (for example, four electrodes 6781 in
The connection of the driveline 67 onto the blood pump 62 is accomplished via a feedthrough 63, as illustrated in
As shown in
The modular design pertaining to the first embodiment of the present blood pump invention has been disclosed in
As shown in
In counterpulsatile support, pump fill and ejection are alternatingly actuated in synchronization with cardiac rhythm, which generates a special T-juncture flow as shown in
The aortic adapter 14 is mold injected with its internal blood-contacting surface 141 being manufactured ultra-smooth and continuous without any parting lines. Silicone or other polymeric elastomers can be used as the material. The aortic adapter 14 comprises a conduit (or an inserted conduit portion) 142 which is to be inserted in the aorta 95 (see
The entire aortic adapter 14 is thin-walled to maximize the flow efficiency. To strengthen the thin-walled structure, a pair of Nitinol truss (or truss rings) 144 is embedded around the two ends of the conduit portion 142 of the aortic adapter 14.
One of the complications that plagued the large stent graft implantation is the endo-leak problem. Type-I endo-leak means the seal of the graft end to the endothelial lumen of the implanted artery is not complete, causing gap created between the graft leading-edge and the arterial lumen. Leaked blood will be trapped and jammed in the gaps and solidified into clot and finally becomes fibrous pseudo-intima which will grow uncontrollably in time. Not only the pseudo-intima will obstruct the grafted artery, but also it may signal and stimulate coagulation mechanism to attract platelet adhesion and leads to thrombotic adverse events to occur. The solution to resolve such endo-leak problem is to have a tight seal of the aortic adapter 14 with respect to the attached lumen surface. The present aortic adapter 14 comes up with a compliance-matching design concept that enables the semi-rigid conduit ends 145 seamlessly attach to the arterial lumen when subject to pulsatile blood pressurization. The outside diameter 146 of the aortic adapter conduit 142 is slightly larger than the luminal diameter with an oversize ratio (defined as percentage increment in conduit diameter 146 relative to luminal diameter) in the range of 3-10 % conditioned at certain nominal blood pressure (say 120 mmHg). As blood pressure fluctuates between systole and diastole, or under the pulse pressure generated by counterpulsatile support, the compliance-matching conduit ends 145 will dynamically expand and contract in response to the pressure pulsation without creating interfacial gaps.
Generally speaking, a thin-walled tubing made of elastomer is flexible and tends to be compliance-matching, but it is often not strong enough to withstand the compression force exerted due to device oversizing, causing wall buckling of the inserted adapter and the resultant massive bleeding. Hence, the combined use of Nitinol truss structure 144 and the elastomeric substrate with appropriate hardness is important. As shown in
Illustrated in
A convenient measure of conduit rigidity (inverse of compliance) can be represented by the so-called lateral stiffness (LS) whose measurement method is illustrated in
The aortic adapter 14 is configured to be connected to the blood pump 62 to facilitate circulatory support. A quick-connector type coupler is invented herein. Illustrated in
In particular, quick-connection type locking can easily be carried out by closing the collars 253 that will be latched without a concern of unintentional unlocking, as depicted in
A butt joint design is not feasible for connecting two smooth-surfaced tubing adapters in a blood stream. In most clinical applications, the connected graft is with rough surface to promote endothelialization so that tiny interface discontinuity in the blood stream will be “smoothed out” by the ingrown cells and proteins. The present aortic adapter 14 adopts smooth surface approach to avoid thrombotic adverse events to occur. The blood flow in the aortic adapter is bi-directional in response to the ejection and filling action of the counterpulsatile pumping, as depicted in
In practice, tolerance inevitably exists in matching two separate bodies even if the machining of each body is perfectly performed.
As shown in
The inner diameter 84 of the beak 82 is slightly greater than the inner diameter 148 (see
The clamping force generation mechanism is graphically shown in
The present design of interface connection between the blood pump 62 and the aortic adapter 14 has two hemodynamic merits for reducing thrombus formation in-situ. First, there will be literally no step or gap type joint discontinuities generated as observed in the conventional butt joint connection. Second, stasis flow located in the interface of the beak leading-edge 85 can be minimized. Hence, blood stream flowing over the connected interface will be maintained with high-speed, substantially improving the butt connection drawback, namely the forward-facing or backward-facing steps 101,102 or the gap 103 created at the interface.
The present cone surface 149 is ramped with an inclination angle to the stream direction. Such ramp interface design averts step or gap be generated at joint due to limited manufacturing precision or matching eccentricity associated with conventional butt connection. Nevertheless, this shallow, cone-shaped ramp 149 has an intrinsic shortcoming in fulfilling a concentric centerline alignment of the joined counterparts. The present coupling of the aortic adapter 14 with the inlet beak 82 has no strict lateral constraint to assure coupling alignment. To connect a rigid beak 82 with a semi-rigid aortic adapter flange ramp 149 concentrically, a simultaneous catching of the collars around the entire peripheral rim of flange base 252 is critical. When a simultaneous catching/locking engagement fails to be accomplished, the initially caught adapter flange ramp 149 will be strained more than other free portion, creating a tendency to tilt or disposition the rest contact surface leading to an eccentric pump connection. Such an eccentric connection often is the causal factor that generates step or gap at the interface that induces thrombus formation. This drawback is remedied by having the flange contour 259 (
Structural deformability and method of delivery involved in the present aortic adapter confers a special design feature of the present invention. Material elasticity consideration, in fact, need to be carefully incorporated in the present design. Surgically deliver an insertion type graft into aorta via incised aortic wall is challenging in the sense of peri-operative safety and long-term reliability. The material chosen for the present aortic adapter 14 should have a preset memorized shape. During device delivery, the adapter 14 is first crimped into a smaller delivery configuration, and such delivery configuration guarantees a quick and safe device implantation. After the crimped aortic adapter 14 is placed at the intended implant site, the delivery configuration shall be released to self-expand to its original memorized shape.
Prior to aortic adapter insertion a hole of diameter 12-14 mm ought to be made in the aortic wall. In making such an access hole, care must be taken to avoid making any cut edges that may become a crack initiation point when wall distension is required for device insertion. A side-biting aortic punch, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 17/034036, is an ideal tool for making a large hole in the aorta. With one bite of punch a sound hole without any fractured edges can be made successfully.
The aortic adapter 14 morphologically includes two circular tubes joined together into a T-shaped flow communicator for para-aortic circulatory support enforcement. The conduit wall is typically 1-2 mm in thickness and the material used is polymer such as silicone or polyurethane with appropriate hardness, for example, of Shore A 80-90. The crimped delivery configuration differs substantially from the commercially available large stent graft covered by Dacron or PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) fabric. In
This folded adapter can be held fixed by string tightening. For example, as shown in
Additional safety measures can be applied to enhance the hemostasis and stability of the implanted para-aortic blood pump system. Para-aortic placement of blood pump inevitably involves lateral force (perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the aorta) and torque exerted on the aortic adapter 14 due to the weight of blood pump 62 and the pumping forces generated by counterpulsatile support. Such device related external forcing may affect the long-term remodeling of the implant site vascular structure. A purse-string suture can be placed in the adventitial layer around the access hole. The purse-string suture can additionally tighten the aortic wall against the inserted adapter 14 and works as a protective measure to prevent the enlargement of the access hole. Moreover, surgical tapes can be looped and tightened around the two ends of the conduit 142, strengthening the integration of the inserted aortic adapter 14 and aorta as a whole. Freedom from endo-leak can be doubly assured by the compliance-matching design and the banding of the looped tapes. Sometimes, blood pressure may elevate beyond the upper bound that endo-leak free can be assured by compliance-matching. Under such extreme condition, surgical tapes come into play working as a hard limiter that seals the detached adapter ends and assures hemostasis be maintained.
The step-by-step demonstration of implanting the aortic adapter 14 is detailed in
In summary, an embodiment of the present invention provides a ventricular assist device, including a blood pump, a driveline and a feedthrough. The blood pump includes an axi-symmetric oval-shaped blood sac and stem assembly, including a flexible membrane sac, proximal stem, and a distal stem, wherein the flexible membrane sac is attached with the proximal stem and the distal stem as a stress-relief suspension mechanism; a pump housing, including a proximal shell and a distal shell, wherein the stress-relief suspension mechanism is coupled to the pump housing; and a pressure sensing system, embedded in the proximal shell, wherein the pressure sensing system includes a pressure sensor and a pressure sensing chamber which is filled with an incompressible fluid for pressure transmission. The driveline includes a pneumatic lumen, at least one electric wire and a tether, wherein the electric wires and the tether are disposed in the driveline wall. The feedthrough connects the driveline to the pump housing.
An embodiment of the present displacement pump invention discloses a pulsatile blood pump design that incorporates a non-stationary folding line concept in the construct of a long-duration blood sac that may substantially prolong the durability of a displacement type blood pump. Also, a miniature pressure sensing system is disclosed, which can be used to serve as reference waveform for real-time pump control as well as for long-term trending analysis, disease monitoring and diagnosis, based on evidence-based mega data. Further, the embedded pressure sensing system is non-blood contacting, which, hence, greatly improves the reliability requirements in building an implantable sensor system.
The embodiment of the present blood pump invention has at least one of the following advantages or effects. By the feedthrough connection of the driveline to the pump housing, a compact feedthrough design is provided to make the electric wiring and signal transduction more robust and fault tolerant. Further, a compact feedthrough design integrates the sensory electric wires and the pneumatic tubing with the blood pump. This compactness attribute is particularly essential for implant devices. It not only simplifies surgical operation and mitigates peri-operative implantation risks, but also contributes to the reduction of post-operative morbidity associated with driveline infection.
In some blood pump embodiments, the feedthrough is integrated with a distal shell of the pump housing and the feedthrough has a first portion as an extension of the distal shell in which the pneumatic lumen, the tether and the electric wire of the driveline are coupled, and a second portion being interlocked with the first portion working as a bend relief of the driveline, to the advantage of anatomic adaptivity and fitness to the implant site geometry.
An embodiment of the present flow communication invention provides an aortic adapter assembly, for an implantable ventricular assist device, comprising: a T-shaped aortic adapter, including: an inserted conduit portion, an extruded neck portion, wherein the inserted conduit portion is joined with the extruded neck portion, both having a blood-contacting surface which is smooth; and a truss, disposed in the inserted conduit portion; wherein the T-shaped aortic adapter has a polymeric elastomer reinforced by the truss having a Nitinol material; wherein the inserted conduit portion has a wall which is gradually thinning at two conduit ends of the inserted conduit portion, with a proper distance of a tip of the conduit end to the outmost boundary of the truss, and the conduit end possesses a compliance-matching effect to an implant site artery; wherein a proximal end of the extruded neck portion is configured to be joined with an inlet adapter of a blood pump.
The embodiment of the present flow communication invention has at least one of the following advantages or effects. The present invention discloses a flow communicator assembly that enables blood flow transport into and out of a para-aortic ventricular assist device 10, in particular, a counterpulsatile blood pump. Unlike many existing flow communicators that employ rough surface approach to promote endothelialization so as to avert thrombotic adverse events to occur, the present aortic adapter invention adopts a smooth surface, insertion type prosthetic graft concept to construct the flow communicator. Further, a compliance-matching design is embodied around the inserted conduit ends, which combines the gradually thinning wall characteristic with a super-elastic Nitinol supported thin-walled polymer to accomplish the endo-leak free requirement. Abnormal high pressure, high shear, and low-speed recirculation flow phenomena associated with para-aortic counterpulsatile pumping are contained within the artificial surface of the inserted conduit. Hence, the pathologic device-induced hemodynamic influences and risk factors are substantially eliminated and long-term vascular maladaptation related adverse events such as endothelial cell erosion, lipid infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, vascular stenosis, arterial wall dissection, etc. are significantly reduced. To accomplish a sound connection of the semi-rigid flow adapter to a blood pump, a quick connector type coupler is invented. This coupler has a self-alignment interface design that minimizes the step and gap discontinuity and hence reduces the possibility of thrombotic adverse events to occur at interface joint. Accompanying this aortic adapter invention is a specially designed delivery method that assures a quick and safe delivery procedure. The crimped aortic adapter is made into a prepack delivery configuration whose overall size is reduced into half of its deployed configuration. This prepacked adapter can be inserted into the implant site aorta easily and self-expands into its original deployed configuration, resulting in a snuggly fitted flow communicator without the concern of endo-leak. It is not only beneficial for surgical operations that mitigate peri-operative implantation risks, but also contributes to the reduction of post-operative morbidity associated with device-induced flow and implant site vascular maladaptation.
Use of ordinal terms such as “first”, “second”, “third”, etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having the same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.
Embodiments of this invention are described, and variations of those embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims.
Claims
1. A ventricular assist device, comprising:
- a blood pump, including: an axi-symmetric oval-shaped blood sac and stem assembly, including a flexible membrane sac, a proximal stem, and a distal stem, wherein the flexible membrane sac is attached with the proximal stem and the distal stem as a stress-relief suspension mechanism; a pump housing, including a proximal shell and a distal shell, wherein the stress-relief suspension mechanism is coupled to the pump housing; and a pressure sensing system, embedded in the proximal shell, wherein the pressure sensing system includes a pressure sensor and a pressure sensing chamber which is filled with an incompressible fluid for pressure transmission;
- a driveline, including a pneumatic lumen, at least one electric wire and a tether which are included in a wall of the driveline, wherein the electric wires and the tether are disposed in the wall of the driveline; and
- a feedthrough which connects the driveline to the pump housing.
2. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a de-airing port is installed in the proximal shell.
3. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 2, wherein a channel is communicated with the de-airing port, and the channel extends alongside a centerline of the axi-symmetric oval-shaped blood sac and stem assembly and located above the septum of the integrated membrane sac and stem.
4. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flexible membrane sac has an inverted membrane located at a distal end of the flexible membrane sac, and the distal stem is wrapped and bonded with the inverted membrane;
- wherein the proximal stem is located at a proximal end of the flexible membrane sac.
5. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an arterial connector having an interface adapter;
- wherein the distal shell has a distal shell adapter to facilitate a connection of the blood pump to a human artery;
- wherein the distal shell adapter has a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is interfaced with an inlet of the flexible membrane sac, and the second end is interfaced with the interface adapter to connect to the human artery.
6. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the distal shell adapter has a beak, and the beak has a flange structure coupled with the interface adapter.
7. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a driver, wherein the driveline connects the blood pump to the driver.
8. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor is hermetically housed in a metal canister, and includes a first space for fluid communication.
9. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 8, wherein the pressure sensor further includes a second space which is closer to the driveline than the first space, wherein the second space is configured for accommodating a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) pressure transducer and electronic circuit.
10. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the pressure sensing chamber is situated in the proximal shell and adjacent to the first space, and the pressure sensing chamber is configured to allow a sensing fluid be enclosed in.
11. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the pressure sensing chamber has a first arm and a second arm, wherein the first arm is used for installation of pressure sensor, and the second arm is used for filling and sealing a sensing medium.
12. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the feedthrough is integrated with the proximal shell;
- wherein the feedthrough has a first portion as an extension of the proximal shell in which the pneumatic lumen, the tether and the electric wires of the driveline are coupled;
- wherein the feedthrough further has a second portion interlocked with the first portion working as a bend relief of the driveline.
13. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the driveline further includes a middle pneumatic tubing and a coil, wherein the pneumatic lumen is received in the middle pneumatic tubing, and the coil is located between the pneumatic lumen and the middle pneumatic tubing.
14. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the driveline further includes an outer layer tubing, wherein the pneumatic lumen and the middle pneumatic tubing are received in the outer layer tubing, and the electric wires are covered by the outer layer tubing.
15. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the tether is disposed on the outer layer tubing.
16. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 15, wherein the driveline further includes a rigid driver connector located at a proximal end of the driveline;
- wherein ventricular assist device further comprises a driver, and the driveline is connected to the driver, wherein the rigid driver connector is connected to the driver.
17. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the rigid driver connector is flush mounted with a plurality of electrodes soldered with the electric wires.
18. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the feedthrough is integrated with the distal shell, and the feedthrough has a first portion as an extension of the distal shell in which the pneumatic lumen, the tether and the electric wires of the driveline are coupled;
- wherein the feedthrough further has a second portion interlocked with the first portion working as a bend relief of the driveline.
19. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 18, wherein the proximal shell and distal shell have an overlapped bonding area, and the pump housing has a superficial trench formed above the overlapped bonding area.
20. The ventricular assist device as claimed in claim 19, wherein the trench is sealed by a potting waterproof material.
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 2, 2022
Publication Date: Mar 30, 2023
Applicant: 3R Life Sciences Corporation (Campbell, CA)
Inventors: Pong-Jeu LU (Kaohsiung City), Hsiao-Chien LIN (Kaohsiung City)
Application Number: 18/074,180