Settling aids for solids in hydrocarbons
A method for accelerating the settling of finely divided solids in hydrocarbon fluids comprising adding to the hydrocarbon a sufficient settling amount of a hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymer. Preferably, the hydrocarbon is a fluid catalytic cracker slurry containing spent catalyst fines.
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The present invention relates to methods for accelerating settling of solids in hydrocarbon fluids. The methods of the present invention are particularly efficacious at accelerating the settling of FCC catalyst fines in an oil slurry.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONUnrefined hydrocarbons such as crude oil, resids and bottom streams often contain finely divided solid matter which often must be removed prior to further use or processing. These solids can include solids of a soil-like nature, finely divided silicas, clays, silt and coke, and metal oxide and sulfide corrosion solids. These solids may include traces of metal particles such as lead, nickel, chromium and the like, and salts thereof.
For instance, fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) units use a fluidized bed of zeolite type aluminosilicate clay particles to crack heavy petroleum fractions into lighter fractions at elevated temperatures. The catalyst is eventually deactivated by poisoning or coking. These spent fines must be removed from the FCC on a continual basis so that slurry containing fresh catalyst can be added.
Some of this slurry oil containing the spent fines is then typically settled in tankage, though hydrocyclones are sometimes used to accelerate the separation process. Both native and synthetic components of the slurry oil have a dispersant effect which retards the settling of the fines.
The present inventor has discovered that certain chemical agents, when added to the slurry oil, have an anti-dispersant or coagulent effect which accelerates the settling process. This produces a cleaner decant oil (typically <0.05 wt % ash) in a shorter period of time and can then be sold as carbon black feedstock or residual fuel oil.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to methods for accelerating the settling of finely divided solids in hydrocarbon fluids comprising adding a hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymer. More particularly, the present invention provides methods for accelerating the settling of spent fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) catalyst fines in an oil slurry comprising adding to the slurry a hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymer.
By "hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymers" it is meant a polymer of MW 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.6 in which C.sub.10 -C.sub.30 alkyl or alkenyl "fatty" hydrocarbon groups are separated in some way ("punctuated") by hetero-atom (non-C,H) containing groups such as ethers, esters, amides, amines, phenols, heterocycles, thio and halo carbons, and the like, which are smaller in size than the fatty groups.
The particular hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymers useful in the present invention will be effective at accelerating settling of finely divided solids, particularly FCC catalyst fines. These polymers include but are not limited to ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA) copolymers, dialkylfumerate-vinylacetate copolymers (DAFVA), alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins, poly(alkylacrylates) and blends of these polymers.
The hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymers prove effective in a variety of hydrocarbon fluids. These hydrocarbon fluids are generally unrefined hydrocarbons that are prone to containing finely divided solids. These hydrocarbon fluids include but are not limited to crude oils, resids, bottom streams, vacuum bottoms, heavy ends, and the like.
Actual dosage ranges for the hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymers depend upon the characteristics of the hydrocarbon to be treated. These characteristics can vary and include the type of hydrocarbon, the type and amount of finely divided solid present, and the presence of other impurities and surfactants in the hydrocarbon. Preferably, about 10 parts to about 1000 parts of the hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymers per million parts of the hydrocarbon. Different hydrocarbons will surely have different optimum dosage ranges.
The hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymers can be fed to the hydrocarbon to be treated neat or in a suitable solvent that is compatible with the treatment and the hydrocarbon. Examples of such solvents include but are not limited to linear or branched chain aliphatic and aromatic solvents such as naphtha, toluene, xylene and the like.
The polymers of the present invention can be used in conjunction with other hydrocarbon treatment chemicals particularly flocculants which can be inorganic or organic and include any material that enhances aggregation of finely dissolved solids to form a floc and enhance settling of solids and phase separation or transfer, and demulsifiers, which can be any material that accelerates the settling of water with which the solids can be associated.
The following examples are intended to show the efficacy of the present invention as an accelerator for settling finely divided solids in hydrocarbons and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES Catalyst Settling Aid Test.This test measures the fraction of FCC catalyst fines which settle to the bottom of a slurry sample compared to the amount which remains dispersed on top. This test simulates slurry settling in tankage between ambient temperature and 200.degree. F.
ExperimentalCollect 100 mL of FCCU slurry in 6 oz. bottles. Place bottles in a water bath and heat to process temperature. Remove each bottle from the bath and add the appropriate treatment to the desired bottles. Place the bottles in an insulated shaker and shake on high speed setting for 10 minutes. Return the bottles to the bath and allow to stand undisturbed for the predetermined settling period. This predetermined settling time for a blank is determined by analyzing several untreated bottles according to this test procedure at various time intervals centered on the tank's residence time (e.g., 5 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days).
For most samples, the 50% method described below is used. For extremely fast settling samples, a short settling time and the 95% method described below is used. For very slow settling samples, a long settling time and the 20% or 10% variation of the 50% method is used.
50% method (or 20% or 10%)
Piper off the top 50 mLs (top sample) with a syringe being careful not to disturb the sample or insert the needle below the 50 (or 80 or 90) mL line, and transfer to a clean bottle. The original bottle contains the bottom sample.
95% method
Pour off .about.95 mLs into a clean bottle (top sample). The remaining .about.5 mLs in the original bottle is the bottom sample.
Place filter pads in small petri dishes, dry uncovered at 220.degree. F. for one hour, remove from oven and allow to cool in a desiccator. Weigh and record filter weight.
Place filter in a paraoloid filtration funnel and wet with xylene or toluene to ensure a good seal for vacuum filtration. Shake the oil sample vigorously and carefully pour it up to 50 mL at a time into a graduated centrifuge tube, then double the volume, up to 100 mL, with xylene or toluene.
Heat the centrifuge tube to 180.degree. F. in a water bath. Centrifuge for 15 minutes. Turn on the vacuum pump and pour a small amount of hot oil from the centrifuge tube into the filter funnel and allow it to filter. Rinse with xylene or toluene. Continue adding small amounts and rinsing until all the sample has been filtered. Then rinse centrifuge tube and funnel with more xylene or toluene until it is clean. Remove filter bowl and wash, under vacuum, the filter pad with xylene or toluene followed by petroleum ether or heptane. Dry filter pad in an oven at 220.degree. F. for one hour. Allow to cool in a desiccator and reweigh.
Place the filters in glass petri dishes and ash in a muffle furnace at .about.900.degree. F. Weigh again to determine catalyst weights, being careful not to disturb loose ash on filters.
The % settled is calculated by the following methods: ##EQU1##
A settling period which yields about 40 to 50% settled should be chosen. Repeat the optimal procedure determined from the blanks after adding chemical treatments at the process dosage.
Testing was performed utilizing the compounds of the instant invention and commercially available nonylphenol-formaldehyde resin ethoxylates, a chemical type believed to be used as an FCC catalyst settling aid.
TABLE I
______________________________________
Various refineries
Slurry settling study
75 ppm active treatment added
% Ash Settled
Northeast
Refinery
Southern Refinery
Settled 6 Western Refinery
Settled 14 days @
days @ Settled 14 days @
170.degree. F.
170.degree. F.
70.degree. F.
Treatment
50% Method 50% Method 95% Method
______________________________________
A 25 84.9 82.9 94.6 93.6 85.3
B 18 85.6 -- 94.6 -- --
C 28 78.3 -- 90.4 -- --
Comp 1 -17* 65.0 70.2 97.8 93.1 84.8
Blank 21 71.7 58.3 91.8 87.8 75.3
______________________________________
*negative numbers can result from an air flotation effect.
Treatment A is a 2:1 (actives) blend of C.sub.17
poly(ethylene)vinylacetate 10.sup.5 MW copolymer and
diC.sub.22alkylfumerate-vinylacetate 3 .times. 10.sup.4 2:1 copolymer.
Treatment B is a C.sub.24 alkylphenolformaldehyde resin.
Treatment C is a C.sub.10 poly(ethylene)vinylacetate 10.sup.4 MW
copolymer.
Comp 1 is a commercially available nonylphenolformaldehyde ethoxylate.
These results indicate that the compounds of the instant invention both individually and in combination provide effective settling in fluids from different refineries.
Further testing was performed on an FCCU catalyst slurry and is reported in Table II.
TABLE II
__________________________________________________________________________
Southern Refinery
FCCU catalyst slurry settling study
1 day settling time at 160.degree. F.
50 and 95% methods
% Settled
% Settled
130-140 total volume
from top
from top
Treatment
weight ash in mg 50% to 96% to
(ppm) 70 mL (top)
55-65 (mid)
5 mL (bot)
Bottom 50%
Bottom 4%
__________________________________________________________________________
A (45)
45.5 36.4 74.3 42 45
A (45)
46.4 30.3 69.8 37 45
Comp 1
47.9 38.8 151.8*
60* 62
(75) 45.8 25.1 69.6 35 47
Blank (0)
47.5 37.2 87.0 45 49
45.5 36.8 85.0 46 49
__________________________________________________________________________
*Probable chunk in bottle which fell to the bottom.
Treatment A is a 2:1 (actives) blend of C.sub.17
poly(ethylene)vinylacetate 10.sup.5 MW copolymer and
diC.sub.22alkylfumerate-vinylacetate 3 .times. 10.sup.4 MW 2:1 copolymer.
Comp 1 is a commercially available nonylphenolformaldehyde ethoxylate.
As seen in Table III, the hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymers of this invention proved more effective and more efficient at settling the slurry than commercially available compounds.
__________________________________________________________________________
Midwestern refinery
Slurry settling study
24 hours settling time at 200.degree. F.
95% method
Filterable Solids
Top Top Bot 5%
Bot 5%
% Settled
Treatment
Total wt
95% wt
95% wt
wt wt (B-5T/95)/
(ppm) (g) (g) (% solids)
(g) (% solids)
(B + T)
__________________________________________________________________________
Blank 0.2410
0.1868
77.50 0.0542
22.5 18
A (15)
0.3277
0.2106
64.30 0.1171
35.70 32
Comp 1
0.2550
0.2007
78.70 0.0543
21.30 17
(30)
Comp 2
0.2277
0.1758
77.20 0.0519
22.80 19
(30)
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE IV
__________________________________________________________________________
Midwest refinery
Slurry settling study
24 hours settling time at 200.degree. F.
95% method
Ash
Top Top Bot 5%
Bot 5%
% Settled
Treatment
Total wt
95% wt
95% wt
wt wt (B-5T/95)/
(ppm) (g) (g) (% solids)
(g) (% solids)
(B + T)
__________________________________________________________________________
Blank 0.2269
0.1780
78.40 0.0489
21.60 17
A (15)
0.3071
0.2004
65.30 0.1067
34.70 31
Comp 1
0.2397
0.1904
79.40 0.0493
20.60 16
(30)
Comp 2
0.2139
0.1671
78.10 0.0468
21.90 18
(30)
__________________________________________________________________________
Treatment A is a 2:1 (actives) blend of C.sub.17
poly(ethylene)vinylacetate copolymer 10.sup.5 MW and
diC.sub.22alkylfumerate-vinylacetate 3 .times. 10.sup.4 2:1 copolymer.
Comp 1 is a commercially available nonylphenolformaldehyde ethoxylate.
Comp 2 is a commercially available nonylphenolformaldehyde ethoxylate.
As seen in Tables III and IV, a combination of polymers of the present invention provided good settling of both filterable solids and ash. These polymers also performed better than the commercially available compound settling filterable solids and ash.
TABLE V
__________________________________________________________________________
Midwestern refinery
Slurry settling study
24 hours settling time at 200.degree. F.
95% method
Filterable Solids
Top Top Bot 5%
Bot 5%
% Settled
Treatment
Total wt
95% wt
95% wt
wt wt (B-5T/95)/
(ppm) (g) (g) (% solids)
(g) (% solids)
(B + T)
__________________________________________________________________________
Blank 0.2021
0.1654
81.80 0.0367
18.20 14
A (37.5)
0.2120
0.1739
82.00 0.0381
18.00 14
Comp 1
0.2038
0.1520
74.60 0.0518
25.40 21
(75)
Comp 2
0.2093
0.1165
55.70 0.0928
44.30 41
(75)
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE VI
__________________________________________________________________________
Midwestern refinery
Slurry settling study
24 hours settling time at 200.degree. F.
95% method - ash
Ash
Top Top Bot 5%
Bot 5%
% Settled
Treatment
Total wt
95% wt
95% wt
wt wt (B-5T/95)/
(ppm) (g) (g) (% solids)
(g) (% solids)
(B + T)
__________________________________________________________________________
Blank 0.1896
0.1569
82.80 0.0327
17.20 13
A (37.5)
0.1998
0.1657
82.90 0.0341
17.10 13
Comp 1
0.1924
0.1447
75.20 0.0477
24.80 21
(75)
Comp 2
0.1966
0.1111
56.50 0.0855
43.50 41
(75)
__________________________________________________________________________
Treatment A is a 2:1 (actives) blend of C.sub.17
poly(ethylene)vinylacetate 10.sup.5 MW copolymer and
diC.sub.22alkylfumerate-vinylacetate 3 .times. 10.sup.4 MW 2:1 copolymer.
Comp 1 is a commercially available nonylphenolformaldehyde ethoxylate.
Comp 2 is a commercially available nonylphenolformaldehyde ethoxylate.
TABLE VII
______________________________________
Southern refinery
FCC slurry settling study
20 hours settling time at 160.degree. F.
10% methods - solids
Wt. in
top 10 mL Avg.
Treatment
after 20 Avg. Wt. Weight of Wt.
(ppm) hours (g) (g) sample (g)
Wt. % %
______________________________________
Blank 0.019 0.019 10.71 0.177 0.177
Blank 0.025 0.025 10.71 0.233 0.233
Comp 1 (75)
0.012 -- 10.92 0.110 --
Comp 1 (75)
0.008 0.010 10.52 0.076 0.093
Comp 1 (150)
0.009 -- 10.24 0.088 --
Comp 1 (150)
0.013 0.011 broken -- 0.088
Comp 1 (225)
0.008 -- 11.01 0.073 --
Comp 1 (225)
0.011 0.010 10.97 0.100 0.086
A (37.5) 0.018 0.018 11.05 0.163 0.163
A (75) 0.019 0.019 10.66 0.178 0.178
A (112.5)
0.019 0.019 10.84 0.175 0.175
______________________________________
Treatment A is a 2:1 (actives) blend of C.sub.17
poly(ethylene)vinylacetate 10.sup.5 MW copolymer and
diC.sub.22alkylfumerate-vinylacetate 3 .times. 10.sup.4 2:1 copolymer.
Comp 1 is a commercially available nonylphenolformaldehyde ethoxylate.
These results indicate that a blend of polymers of the present invention provided adequate settling of filterable solids in an FCC slurry. These polymers also proved more effective than the commercially available compounds.
TABLE VIII
__________________________________________________________________________
Northeast refinery
Slurry settling study
50% filterable solids method
Filterable Solids Data
Ash Data
Solids
Solids
% Settled
% Solids
Ash in
Wt. %
Treatment
in top
in bot
(B - T)/
in top 50%
Ash in
(ppm) 50% (g)
50% (g)
(B + T)
top 50%
(g) top 50%
__________________________________________________________________________
Blank 0.0124
0.2658
91 4.46 0.0090
0.018
Blank 0.0051
0.2483
96 2.00 0.0026
0.005
A (37.5)
0.0036
0.2431
97 1.46 0.0024
0.005
A (15.0)
0.0018
0.2421
99 0.74 0.0003
0.006
__________________________________________________________________________
*Sample or procedure error suspected.
Treatment A is a 2:1 (actives) blend of C.sub.17
poly(ethylene)vinylacetate 10.sup.5 MW copolymer and
diC.sub.22alkylfumerate-vinylacetate 3 .times. 10.sup.4 2:1 copolymer.
These results indicate that even low dosages (15 ppm) of a blend of the polymers of the present invention provided adequate settling in a different type slurry. As seen in the testing results of Tables I-VIII, the polymers of the present invention provided good settling in a variety of slurry types, particularly in FCC slurries.
While this invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, it is apparent that numerous other forms and modifications of this invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The appended claims and this invention generally should be construed to cover all such obvious forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A method for accelerating the settling of finely divided solids in hydrocarbon fluids comprising adding to said hydrocarbons an effective settling amount of a hetero-atom punctuated C.sub.10 to C.sub.30 alkyl or alkenyl polymer having a molecular weight of from 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.6 wherein said alkyl or alkenyl groups are separated by smaller hetero-atom groups.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said polymer is an ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer wherein said alkenyl groups are blocks of polyethylene of at least 5 units long and said vinylacetate groups are not in blocks.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said polymer is a dialkylfumerate-vinylacetate copolymer.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said polymer is an alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said polymer is a blend of hetero-atom punctuated fatty polymers.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein said blend of polymers is a blend of C.sub.17 poly(ethylene)-vinylacetate 10.sup.5 MW copolymer and di-C.sub.22 -alkylfumerate-vinylacetate 2:1, 3.times.10.sup.4 MW copolymer.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbon is a fluid catalytic cracker slurry.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said finely divided solids are fluid catalytic cracker catalyst fines.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of crude oils, bottom streams, vacuum bottoms, and heavy ends.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said polymer is added to said hydrocarbon in a range from about 10 parts per million to about 1000 parts per million parts hydrocarbon.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Aug 4, 1994
Date of Patent: Jan 14, 1997
Assignee: BetzDearborn Inc. (Trevose, PA)
Inventor: Paul R. Hart (The Woodlands, TX)
Primary Examiner: Helane Myers
Attorneys: Alexander D. Ricci, Philip H. Von Neida
Application Number: 8/286,024
International Classification: C10G 2127;
