Processing a noisy analogue signal

- Phasor Solutions Limited

A device is provided for correlating at least one noisy analog signal which is one of a plurality of signals obtained by a plurality of receivers. The device comprises a 1-bit quantization element to which the noisy signal is supplied; a comparator configured to compare the quantized signal with a reference signal which is a consensus signal obtained by averaging data from the plurality of receivers; and an up/down counter that is configured to be incremented by a subset of the comparison signal.

Skip to: Description  ·  Claims  ·  References Cited  · Patent History  ·  Patent History
Description
FIELD

The present invention relates to a method of, and a device for, correlating at least one noisy analogue signal which is one of a plurality of signals obtained by a plurality of receivers.

BACKGROUND

The correlation of one or more noisy analogue signals may be effective even when the signal is polluted by noise that is of greater amplitude than the signal. One known approach is to correlate the noisy analogue signal with another signal, such as a reference signal of known characteristics. This is achieved by multiplying together the two signals and then integrating the result. When the integral is near-zero, the signals are not correlated. When the integral is strongly positive, the signals are correlated and when the integral is strongly negative, the signals are correlated, but one is inverted in relation to the other.

However, analogue integrators are prone to drift. Furthermore, the multiplication and integration of the two signals is quite resource intensive.

The present invention has been devised in part to address these issues.

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of correlating at least one noisy analogue signal, wherein the noisy signal is one of a plurality of signals obtained by a plurality of receivers; the method comprising the steps of:

    • 1-bit quantising the noisy signal;
    • comparing the quantised signal with a quantised reference signal, wherein the reference signal is a consensus signal obtained by averaging data from the plurality of receivers; and
    • sampling the comparison signal (in other words a signal resulting from the comparing step) to increment an up/down counter.

When working with a very noisy signal, digitising the signal using 1-bit quantisation extracts the majority of the available information from the noisy signal. The presence of a lot of noise means that the provision of additional resolution in the digital signal would not add any further information.

The step of sampling the comparison signal to increment an up/down counter, effectively performs the integration required to identify the correlation, or lack thereof, between the signals. The use of an up/down counter, in place of the integrator required in the analogue approach known in the art, provides a much less computationally intensive operation, by merely adding rather than performing an integration.

The presence of a large amount of random noise affects the value of the count proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio of the noisy signal. The strength of the required signal can be measured and optimised even when the noise is much stronger.

Noise contributed by each receiver is generally independently from noise contributed by the other receivers. Thus, correlating the signals in this way can reduce the noise associated with the reference or consensus signal.

Each of the plurality of signals may originate from a single source. The signal from the source may be an n-state phase-shift keyed signal.

The method may comprise: identifying, i.e. determining, the phase offset between the phase of the noisy signal and the phase of the reference signal by considering the value of the up/down counter; and altering the phase of the noisy signal to correct for the phase offset.

The method may comprise: 1-bit quantising each of in-phase and quadrature components of the noisy signal; comparing each of the quantised in-phase and quadrature components of the noisy signal with each of quantised in-phase and quadrature components of the reference signal; if the quantised in-phase components of the noisy signal and the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing a first up/down counter in a first direction (e.g. up) and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the first up/down counter in a second direction (e.g. down); if the quantised quadrature components of the noisy signal and the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing the first up/down counter in the first direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the first up/down counter in the second direction; if the quantised in-phase component of the noisy signal and the quantised quadrature component of the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing a second up/down counter in a first direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the second up/down counter in a second direction; and if the quantised quadrature component of the noisy signal and the quantised in-phase component of the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing the second up/down counter in the second direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the second up/down counter in the first direction.

The method may comprise stopping the first and second up/down counters when one of the first and second up/down counters reaches full scale.

The method may comprise: determining the phase offset between the phase of the noisy signal and the phase of the reference signal by considering the values of the first and second up/down counters; altering the phase of the noisy signal in order to correct for the phase offset; and resetting the first and second up/down counters.

The method may comprise inverting the quantised signal if there is a strong negative correlation.

The method may comprise excluding the noisy signal from the consensus signal if the noisy signal consistently sits beyond a predetermined range of the consensus signal.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a device for correlating at least one noisy analogue signal, wherein the noisy signal is one of a plurality of signals obtained by a plurality of receivers, the device comprising:

a 1-bit quantisation element to which is supplied, in use, the noisy signal;

a comparator configured to compare the quantised signal with a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is a consensus signal obtained by averaging data from the plurality of receivers; and

an up/down counter that is configured to be incremented by a subset of the comparison signal (in other words a signal provided by the comparator).

The device may comprise a sampling device configured to sample the comparison signal, and the up/down counter may be configured to be incremented each time, or just after each time, the sampling device samples the comparison signal.

The comparator may be an XOR logic operator.

The device may be configured to alter the phase of the noisy analogue signal. The phase alteration of the noisy signal is performed in order to optimise the correlation.

The device may further comprise a control block configured to reset the or each up/down counter.

There may be provided apparatus comprising the plurality of receivers, each of the plurality of receivers comprising the device.

Further optional features of the present invention are specified in the dependent claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Certain embodiments of the present invention are described below, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying FIG. 1 which illustrates a device for correlating at least one noisy analogue signal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a device 100, or phase controlled receiver, for correlating at least one noisy analogue signal 200, being a Phased Shift Keyed signal. The noisy analogue signal 200 is obtained from one of a plurality of receivers. The signal from each of the receivers is combined to provide a consensus signal 210. The consensus signal 210 has components IOUT and QOUT that is the summation of the in-phase and quadrature components of the analogue signals received from each of the receivers.

The noisy analogue signal 200 is provided modulated onto a microwave frequency carrier. It is introduced to low noise amplifier 102 then to multipliers 104 which brings the signal back to baseband. The signal is then filtered at filter 106 which removes signals outside the baseband frequency band.

Once the noisy signal 200 has been prepared, it can then be digitised in the 1-bit quantisation elements 110. Similar 1-bit quantisation elements 130 are provided to digitise the consensus signal 210. The elements 110, 130 identify whether or not the signal exceeds a predetermined level and allocate a binary value as appropriate. The noisy signal 200 is then provided to an XOR gate which has its other input controlled in order to either maintain or invert the signal. The provision of the XOR gates enables a strongly negative correlation to be inverted to provide a strongly positive correlation or vice versa.

A comparator 120 is provided to compare the prepared, and potentially inverted, noisy signal 200 (In, Qn) with the consensus signal 210 (ΣI, ΣQ). The comparator 120 comprises four XOR gates 122, 124, 126 and 128. XOR gates 124 and 126 give correlation of the amplitude of the signal. Whilst XOR gates 122 and 128 give correlation of the phase of the signal.

The outputs of the four XOR gates control the UP/DOWN status of a counter block 140 which is clocked at intervals as frequent as is justified by the frequency bandwidth of the signal being received. There is a counter that gives the amplitude of correlation and a counter that gives the phase error. The counter that gives the amplitude of correlation is incremented or decremented according to:

If In=ΣI count up

If Qn=ΣQ count up

If In≠ΣI count down

If Qn≠ΣQ count down

The counter that gives the phase error is incremented or decremented according to:

If In=ΣQ count up

If In≠ΣQ count down

If Qn=ΣI count down

If Qn≠ΣI count up

When one of the counters reaches full scale, either positive or negative, counting is stopped on the counters. By considering the value of the counters, the phase offset can be identified and the control block 150 is configured to control an oscillator 160 which alters the phase of the signal in the multipliers 104 in order to correct the phase. A signal from the control block 150 resets the counters, i.e. to their mid range zero position. Another reading may be then commenced. Accordingly, the phase offset is driven to zero.

The phase offset is equal to an angle defined by the values of the counters. In particular, if the value (hereinafter referred to as the “phase counter value”) of the counter that gives the phase error is plotted on the x-axis and the value of the counter that gives the amplitude of correlation (hereinafter referred to as the “amplitude counter value”) is plotted on the y-axis, then the phase error is defined as the angle between the (vertical) line which is the positive part of the y-axis and the line from the origin to the point whose x- and y-coordinates are defined by the phase counter value and amplitude counter value respectively. The angle is defined such that is can vary between −180 degrees (minus 180 degrees) and +180 degrees (plus 180 degrees). The angle is negative if the phase counter value is negative and vice versa. Accordingly, the angle is given by the arctangent of the ratio of the phase counter value to the (full-scale) amplitude counter value for angles between −45 degrees and +45 degrees, by 90 degrees minus the arctangent of the ratio of the amplitude counter value to the (full-scale) phase counter value for angles between +45 degrees and +135 degrees, etc.

It is not necessary to determine the phase offset when one of the counters has reached full scale. The phase offset can be determined from any pair of phase and amplitude counter values.

In order to preserve the integrity of the consensus signal 210, one or more of the receivers, or parts thereof, may have to be disregarded. This is achieved using a control circuit 170. Signals from receivers can only be included in the consensus signal if they are within a predetermined percentage of the consensus signal. If the noisy signal 200 consistently sits beyond the predetermined range, despite inverting the signal with the XOR gates 112 and changing the phase by up to 90° using the oscillator 160 then the control circuit 170 can exclude it from the consensus signal. This enhances the integrity of the consensus signal.

The control block 150 is also provided with a power on reset facility 180 which ensures that the up/down counters are all reset to their midrange zero point when the device 100 is initialised.

It will be appreciated that many other modifications may be made to the embodiments hereinbefore described.

Claims

1. A method of correlating at least one noisy analogue signal, wherein the noisy signal is one of a plurality of signals obtained by a plurality of receivers, the method comprising:

1-bit quantising the noisy signal by 1-bit quantising each of in-phase and quadrature components of the noisy signal;
comparing the quantised signal with a quantised reference signal by comparing each of the quantised in-phase and quadrature components of the noisy signal with each of quantised in-phase and quadrature components of the reference signal, wherein the reference signal is a consensus signal obtained by combining data from the plurality of receivers and if the quantised in-phase components of the noisy signal and the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing a first counter value in a first direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the first counter value in a second direction; and if the quantised quadrature components of the noisy signal and the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing the first counter value in the first direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the first counter value in the second direction; and if the quantised in-phase component of the noisy signal and the quantised quadrature component of the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing a second counter value in a first direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the second counter value in a second direction; and if the quantised quadrature component of the noisy signal and the quantised in-phase component of the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing the second counter value in the second direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the second counter value in the first direction.

2. The method according to claim 1, comprising:

stopping incrementing or decrementing the first and second down counter values when one of the first and second counter values reaches full scale.

3. The method according to claim 1, comprising:

determining the phase offset between the phase of the noisy signal and the phase of the reference signal by considering the first and second counter values;
altering the phase of the noisy signal in order to correct for the phase offset; and
resetting the first and second counter values.

4. The method according to claim 1, comprising inverting the quantised signal if there is a strong negative correlation.

5. The method according to claim 1, comprising excluding the noisy signal from the consensus signal if the noisy signal consistently sits beyond a predetermined range of the consensus signal.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reference signal is obtained by at least one of summing and averaging data from the plurality of receivers.

7. A device for correlating at least one noisy analogue signal, wherein the noisy signal is one of a plurality of signals obtained by a plurality of receivers, the device comprising:

a 1-bit quantisation to which is supplied, in use, the noisy signal, wherein the 1-bit quantisation element is configured to 1-bit quantise each of in-phase and quadrature components of the noisy signal;
a comparator configured to compare the quantised signal with a reference signal to generate a comparison signal, wherein the comparator is configured to compare each of the quantised in-phase and quadrature components of the noisy signal, with each of quantised in-phase and quadrature components of the reference signal, wherein the reference signal is a consensus signal obtained by combining data from the plurality of receivers; and
first and second counters that are each configured to be incremented or decremented by at least some of the comparison signal, wherein:
if the quantised in-phase components of the noisy signal and the reference signal are equal, the first counter is configured to be incremented or decremented in a first direction and, if not, the first counter is configured to be incremented or decremented in a second direction; and
if the quantised quadrature components of the noisy signal and the reference signal are equal, the first counter is configured to be incremented or decremented in the first direction and, if not, the first counter is configured to be incremented or decremented in the second direction;
if the quantised in-phase component of the noisy signal and the quantised quadrature component of the reference signal are equal, the second counter is configured to be incremented or decremented in a first direction and, if not, the second counter is configured to be incremented or decremented in a second direction; and
if the quantised quadrature component of the noisy signal and the quantised in-phase component of the reference signal are equal, the second counter is configured to be incremented or decremented in the second direction and, if not, the second counter is configured to be incremented or decremented in the first direction.

8. The device according to claim 7, further comprising a sampling device configured to sample the comparison signal, and wherein the up/down each counter is configured to be incremented each time the sampling device samples the comparison signal.

9. The device according to claim 7, comprising an oscillator configured to modify the phase of the quantised signal.

10. The device according to claim 7, wherein the comparator is an XOR gate.

11. The device according to claim 7, wherein:

the first and second counters are configured to be stopped when one of the first and second counters reaches full scale.

12. The device according to claim 7, wherein:

the device is configured to determine the phase offset between the phase of the noisy signal and the phase of the reference signal from the values of the first and second counters and
the device comprises a control block configured to control an oscillator which alters the phase of the noisy signal in order to correct for the phase offset.

13. The device according to claim 7, comprising a control block configured to reset each counter.

14. The device according to claim 7, comprising an inverting element configured to invert the quantised signal if there is a strong negative correlation.

15. The device according to claim 7, comprising a control circuit configured to exclude the noisy signal from the consensus signal if the noisy signal consistently sits beyond a predetermined range of the consensus signal.

16. Apparatus comprising the plurality of receivers, each of the plurality of receivers comprising the device according to claim 7.

17. The device according to claim 7, wherein the reference signal is obtained by at least one of summing and averaging data from the plurality of receivers.

18. A method of correlating at least one noisy analogue signal, wherein the noisy signal is one of a plurality of signals obtained by a plurality of receivers, the method comprising:

1-bit quantising the noisy signal by 1-bit quantising each of in-phase and quadrature components of the noisy signal;
1-bit quantising a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is a consensus signal obtained by combining data from the plurality of receivers,
comparing the quantised noisy signal with the quantised reference signal by comparing each of the quantised in-phase and quadrature components of the noisy signal with each of quantised in-phase and quadrature components of the reference signal,
performing at least one of the following steps (a) and (b);
(a) incrementing or decrementing a first counter value as follows: if the quantised in-phase components of the noisy signal and the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing the first counter value in a first direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the first counter value in a second direction, and if the quantised quadrature components of the noisy signal and the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing the first counter value in the first direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the first counter value in the second direction;
(b) incrementing or decrementing a second counter value as follows: if the quantised in-phase component of the noisy signal and the quantised quadrature component of the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing the second counter value in a first direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the second counter value in a second direction; and if the quantised quadrature component of the noisy signal and the quantised in-phase component of the reference signal are equal, incrementing or decrementing the second counter value in the second direction and, if not, incrementing or decrementing the second counter value in the first direction.

19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising inverting the quantised noisy signal if there is a strong negative correlation.

20. The method according to claim 18, further comprising excluding the noisy signal from the consensus signal if the noisy signal consistently sits beyond a predetermined range of the consensus signal.

21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the reference signal is obtained by at least one of summing and averaging data from the plurality of receivers.

Referenced Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
3384895 May 1968 Webb
3787775 January 1974 Lanning
3967279 June 29, 1976 Zeger
4044396 August 23, 1977 Haws et al.
4117487 September 26, 1978 Minohara et al.
4132995 January 2, 1979 Monser
4148031 April 3, 1979 Tausworthe et al.
4162499 July 24, 1979 Jones, Jr. et al.
4287518 September 1, 1981 Ellis, Jr.
4387597 June 14, 1983 Brandestini
4394660 July 19, 1983 Cohen
4431998 February 14, 1984 Finken
4675685 June 23, 1987 Finken
4682181 July 21, 1987 Dumas et al.
4998181 March 5, 1991 Haws et al.
5126751 June 30, 1992 Wada et al.
5128689 July 7, 1992 Wong et al.
5184141 February 2, 1993 Connolly et al.
5216435 June 1, 1993 Hirata et al.
5276455 January 4, 1994 Fitzsimmons et al.
5493305 February 20, 1996 Wooldridge et al.
5585803 December 17, 1996 Miura et al.
5702073 December 30, 1997 Fluegel
5872815 February 16, 1999 Strolle
5886671 March 23, 1999 Riemer et al.
5894494 April 13, 1999 Davidovici
6198445 March 6, 2001 Alt et al.
6297775 October 2, 2001 Haws et al.
6305463 October 23, 2001 Salmonson
6414644 July 2, 2002 Desargant et al.
6553083 April 22, 2003 Kawai
6714163 March 30, 2004 Navarro et al.
6903931 June 7, 2005 McCordic et al.
6904104 June 7, 2005 Khullar
6961028 November 1, 2005 Joy et al.
7092690 August 15, 2006 Zancewicz
7132990 November 7, 2006 Stenger et al.
7253777 August 7, 2007 Blaschke et al.
7325772 February 5, 2008 Hanewinkel, III et al.
7372414 May 13, 2008 Soiron et al.
7508338 March 24, 2009 Pluymers et al.
7786937 August 31, 2010 Stierhoff et al.
7860189 December 28, 2010 Petilli
7889135 February 15, 2011 Blaser et al.
7898810 March 1, 2011 Mason et al.
8106823 January 31, 2012 Schroth
8279131 October 2, 2012 Puzella et al.
8654017 February 18, 2014 Voss et al.
9276792 March 1, 2016 Makinwa
20020135513 September 26, 2002 Paschen et al.
20030091105 May 15, 2003 Schilling
20040092240 May 13, 2004 Hayashi
20060046648 March 2, 2006 DiFonzo et al.
20060097699 May 11, 2006 Kamenoff
20080114224 May 15, 2008 Bandy et al.
20080161660 July 3, 2008 Arneson et al.
20100120386 May 13, 2010 Konstantinos
20110146957 June 23, 2011 Buchholz et al.
20120038525 February 16, 2012 Monsalve Carcelen et al.
20140139400 May 22, 2014 Voss et al.
20140218222 August 7, 2014 Yamagata
20160087824 March 24, 2016 Makinwa
Foreign Patent Documents
0987560 March 2000 EP
1538698 June 2005 EP
1703662 September 2006 EP
1798809 June 2007 EP
1819064 August 2007 EP
1819064 August 2007 EP
2314981 January 1998 GB
64015866 January 1989 JP
03234128 October 1991 JP
2000031874 January 2000 JP
0177706 October 2001 WO
2007080141 July 2007 WO
2010007442 January 2010 WO
2010007637 January 2010 WO
2010029125 March 2010 WO
2011007164 January 2011 WO
Other references
  • Australian Examination Report No. 1 Application No. 2009272440, Issued Dec. 19, 2012 (3 sheets).
  • Mayo, R. “A low-cost conformal phased array satellite antenna for trains”, Institution of Engineering and Technology Seminar on Broadband on Trains, Feb. 20, 2007, London, UK, Feb. 20, 2007, pp. 105-114, XP009124095 Stevenage, UK pp. 110-113.
  • Barrett M et al. “Adaptive Anennas for Mobile Communications”, Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, GB, vol. 6, No. 4, Aug. 1, 1994, pp. 203-214, XP00469556 ISSN: 0954-0695, pp. 206-207 figure 4.
  • International Search Report, Oct. 23, 2009.
  • International Preliminary Report, Jan. 18, 2011.
  • United Kingdom Examination Report, Application No. GB0813237.5, dated Jul. 8, 2010, pp. 1-2.
  • United Kingdom Notice of Allowance, Application No. GB0813237.5, dated Oct. 26, 2010, pp. 1-3.
  • United Kingdom Search Report, Application No. GB0813237.5, dated Apr. 23, 2009, p. 1.
  • United Kingdom Search Report, Application No. GB0813237.5, dated Oct. 8, 2008, pp. 1-2.
  • Search Report for GB1013049.0 dated Nov. 17, 2010.
  • Gregorwich W., “Conformal Airborne Arrays”, 1997 IEEE, pp. 463-470.
  • Whicker, Lawrence R., et al., “RF-Wafer Scale Integration: A New Approach to Active Phased Arrays”, Advanced Research Projects Agency, APMC'93, vol. 1, pp. 1-1-1-4.
  • Whicker Lawrence R., “RF-Wafer Scale Integration: A New Approach to Active Phased Arrays+”, 1992 IEEE, Session 11: WSI Applications III, pp. 291-299.
  • Whicker Lawrence R., “Active Phased Array Technology Using Coplanar Packaging Technology”, IEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 43, No. 9, Sep. 1995, pp. 949-952.
  • McIlvenna John F. et al., “EHF Monolithic Phased Arrays—A Stepping-Stone to the Future”, 1998 IEEE, pp. 0731-0735.
  • Adler Charles O., “Two-Way Airborne Broadband Communications Using Phased Array Antennas”, 2003 IEEE, vol. 2-925, pp. 1-8.
  • Aung Win, “Cooling Technology for Electronic Equipment”, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1988.
  • Greda L.A. et al., “An Active Phased Array for Mobile Satellite Communication at Ka-Band in LTCC Technology”, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009. APSURSI '09. IEEE, Jun. 2009, pp. 1-4.
  • Greda Lukasz A. et al., “Tx-Terminal Phased Array for Satellite Communication at Ka-band”, ATENNA project under contract No. 502843.
  • Erickson Grant J. et al., “Integrated Circuit Active Phased Array Antennas for Millimeter Wave Communications Applications”, 1994 IEEE, pp. 848-851.
  • Driver M. C. et al., “Wafer Scale Integration”, 1989 IEEE, pp. 1-10.
  • Wong H. et al., “An EHF Backplate Design for Airborne Active Phased Array Antennas”, 1991 IEEE, OO-2, pp. 1253-1256.
  • Reddick J. A. III et al., “High Density Microwave Packaging Program Phase 1—Texas Instruments/Martin Marietta Team”, 1995 IEEE, TU3D-2, pp. 173-176.
  • Schreiner Marc et al., “Architecture and Interconnect Technologies for a Novel Conformal Active Phased Array Radar Module”, 2003 IEEE, IFTU-33, pp. 567-570.
  • Tang Raymond et al., “Array Technology”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 80, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 173-182.
  • Jones William H. et al., “Connexion by Boeingsm—Broadband Satellite Communication System for Mobile Platforms”, 2001 IEEE, pp. 755-758.
  • Kayton Myron, “One Hundred Years of Aircraft Electronics”, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 26, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2003, pp. 193-213.
  • Zimmerman R. H., et al., “Equipment Cooling Systems for Aircraft Part I Summary of Cooling System Study”, WADC Technical Report 54-359, Sep. 1954.
  • Examination Report, GB1215114.8, search date Dec. 19, 2012 (6 sheets).
  • International Search Report, PCT/GB2013/052235, mailed May 26, 2014 (3 pages).
Patent History
Patent number: 9628125
Type: Grant
Filed: Aug 23, 2013
Date of Patent: Apr 18, 2017
Patent Publication Number: 20150244403
Assignee: Phasor Solutions Limited (Ledbury)
Inventor: Richard Hammond Mayo (Ledbury)
Primary Examiner: Lana N Le
Application Number: 14/423,652
Classifications
Current U.S. Class: Phase Shift Keying Or Quadrature Amplitude Demodulator (329/304)
International Classification: H04B 1/16 (20060101); H04B 1/10 (20060101); H04L 27/227 (20060101); H04L 27/00 (20060101);