Conformationally constrained, fully synthetic macrocyclic compounds

Abstract

Conformationally restricted, spatially defined 12-30 membered macrocyclic ring systems of type (I) are constituted by three distinct building blocks: an aromatic template a, a conformation modulator b and a spacer moiety c as detailed in the description and the claims. Macrocycles of type (I) are readily manufactured by parallel synthesis or combinatorial chemistry. They are designed to interact with specific biological targets. In particular, they show agonistic or antagonistic activity on the motilin receptor (MR receptor), on the serotonin receptor of subtype 5-HT2B (5-HT2B receptor), and on the prostaglandin F2•receptor (FP receptor). They are thus potentially useful for the treatment of hypomotility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract such as diabetic gastroparesis and constipation type irritable bowl syndrome; of CNS related diseases like migraine, schizophrenia, psychosis or depression; of ocular hypertension such as associated with glaucoma and preterm labour.

Description

Macrocyclic natural and synthetic products have played a crucial role in the development of new drugs, especially as anti-infectives (see Review: F. von Nussbaum, M. Brands, B. Hinzen, S. Weigand, D. Häbich, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2006, 45, 5072-5129; D. Obrecht, J. A. Robinson, F. Bernardini, C. Bisang, S. J. DeMarco, K. Moehle, F. O. Gombert, Curr. Med. Chem. 2009, 16, 42-65), as anti-cancer drugs and in other therapeutic areas (C. E. Ballard, H. Yu, B. Wang, Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 471-498; F. Sarabia, S. Chammaa, A. S. Ruiz, L. M. Ortiz, F. J. Herrera, Curr. Med. Chem. 2004, 11, 1309-1332). They often display remarkable biological activities, and many macrocycles or their derivatives have been successfully developed into drugs (L. A. Wessjohann, E. Ruijter, D. Garcia-Rivera, W. Brandt, Mol. Divers. 2005, 9, 171-186; D. J. Newman, G. M. Gragg, K. M. Snader, J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 1022-1037). The chemical diversity of macrocyclic natural products is immense and provides a tremendous source of inspiration for drug design.

Macrocyclic natural and synthetic products generally exhibit semi-rigid backbone conformations placing appended substituents in well-defined positions in space. Certain ring sizes are preferred (L. A. Wessjohann, E. Ruijter, D. Garcia-Rivera, W. Brandt, Mol. Divers. 2005, 9, 171-186), e.g. 16-membered rings are frequently found in oxygen-containing macrocycles, such as polyketides (M. Q. Zhang, B. Wilkinson, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2007, 18, 478-488). It is hypothesized that the semi-rigid scaffolds may possess some of the favorable binding properties of rigid molecules (entropy), yet still retaining enough flexibility to adapt suitable conformations in the binding event (induced fit).

Macrocyclic natural and synthetic products are generally classified according to the chemical nature of the backbone, e.g. cyclic peptides (Y. Hamady, T. Shioiri, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 4441-4482; N.-H. Tan, J. Zhou, Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 840-895); cyclic depsipeptides (F. Sarabia, S. Chammaa, A. S. Ruiz, L. M. Ortiz, F. J. Herrera, Curr. Med. Chem. 2004, 11, 1309-1332); macrocyclic lactones (macrolactones) and macrolides; macrocyclic lactams, macrocyclic amines, macrocyclic ethers, macrocyclic ureas and urethanes, and others. The conformational, physico-chemical, pharmacological and pharmacodynamic properties of macrocyclic natural and synthetic compounds depend largely on the ring size, the chemical nature of the backbone, and of appended groups (L. A. Wessjohann, E. Ruijter, D. Garcia-Rivera, W. Brandt, Mol. Divers. 2005, 9, 171-186). By modifying these three parameters nature has generated a virtually unlimited repertoire of molecular diversity. Despite their undisputed interesting biological properties, natural products show some limitations for drug development, such as:

• • High structural complexity
  • Metabolic instability
  • Low oral bioavailability
  • Low membrane permeability; intracellular targets not amenable
  • Low tissue penetration
  • Short half-life
  • Chemical synthesis often very complex and lengthy
  • Often accessible only by fermentation or recombinant methods
  • High production costs
  • Complex QC and development processes.

Broadly speeking, the present invention describes novel, fully synthetic, macrocyclic natural product-like molecules of type I, which can be synthesized e.g. by connecting suitably protected building blocks A, B, and C in a modular fashion to a linear precursor followed by subsequent cyclization (Scheme 1).

Building blocks A serve as conformation-inducing templates and are based on appropriately substituted (R¹) and protected phenolic or thiophenolic aromatic carboxylic acids.

Building blocks B are appropriately substituted (R², R³) and protected tertiary amino alcohols, preferably derived from an amino acid such as substituted proline, substituted pipecolic acid or substituted piperazine-2-carboxylic acid. Building blocks B are linked to building block A via an ether (X═O) or thioether (X═S) bond and to building block C via a secondary or tertiary amide bond. The sulfur atom of a thioether linkage can easily and selectively be oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide (S═O) or sulfone (S(═O)₂) which forms part of the invention. Importantly, the amide bond between modulator B and spacer C can also be part of an extended connector moiety U. For example in the case of a standard amide bond, U corresponds to a carbonyl group (—C(═O)—). If U is defined as a carbamoyl moiety (—NR⁴—C(═O)—) the functional connection between B and C corresponds to a urea moiety. Similarly a carboxyl group (—O—C(═O)—) as U describes a carbamate linkage between B and C. In addition, U can represent an oxalyl group (—C(═O)—C(═O)—) or the corresponding acetal) (—C(—OR²⁰)₂—C(═O)—).

Importantly, in the case that R² of building block B constitutes an amine substituent, an alternative incorporation into the macrocyclic ring via the exocyclic amine functionality is possible:

This alternative binding mode is also part of the invention.

Building blocks B serve as a conformational modulator by influencing the conformation of the macrocycle through cis/trans-isomerization of the amide bond.

In molecules of type I the building blocks A and B are connected via the bridges C; the structural element C is linked to A by a secondary or tertiary amide bond. The bridge C can be constituted by one to three appropriately and independently substituted (R⁴-R¹⁰; R^14-17) subunits c1-c3 derived from suitably substituted and protected precursors, most often from, but not limited to, appropriately substituted and protected amino acid derivatives or suitably substituted and protected amine derivatives.

These subunits c1-c3 are in turn independently connected to each other by an amide bond (—C(═O)NR⁴—), a methylene-heteroatom linkage (—CHR³—Z—), an alkene[1,2]diyl moiety (—CHR¹²═CHR¹³—), introduced by olefin metathesis, an alkane[1,2]diyl spacer (—CHR¹²—CHR¹³—), accessible from the metathesis product by hydrogenation, an oxalyl group (—C(═O)—C(═O)—) or a disulfide bridge (—S—S—).

The spatial orientation of the substituents R¹-R¹³ in compounds of type I is modulated by the ring size and the stereochemical connectivity within building blocks A, B and C. Both, the macrocyclic backbone and the substituents R¹-R¹³ can contribute to the biological activity of compounds of type I.

The backbone of the compounds of type I is composed of an aromatic ether/thioether linkage and one or more tertiary amide bonds; in some cases an aliphatic ether linkage, an ethylidene or an ethylene moiety may also be part of the backbone as defined above. Ether linkages in macrocyclic molecules have been shown to be beneficial by favorably influencing physico-chemical and pharmacological properties, such as e.g. solubility in water, metabolic stability towards proteolytic degradation, cell permeability and oral absorption (K. X. Chen et al., J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 995-1005). In addition, tertiary amide containing macrocycles show increased proteolytic stability, cell permeability and oral bioavailability compared to the parent molecules with secondary amide bonds (E. Biron, J. Chatterjee, O. Ovadia, D. Langenegger, J. Brueggen, D. Hoyer, H. A. Schmid, R. Jelinek, C. Gilon, A. Hoffmann, H. Kessler, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1-6; J. Chatterjee, O. Ovadia, G. Zahn, L. Marinelli, A. Hoffmann, C. Gilon, H. Kessler, J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 5878-5881). For example, the cyclic undecapeptide cyclosporin A (INN: Ciclosporin), which is used as immunosuppressant in organ transplants, contains seven N-methylated amino acids and possesses good oral bioavailability when formulated appropriately (P. R. Beauchesne, N. S. C. Chung, K. M. Wasan, Drug Develop. Ind. Pharm. 2007, 33, 211-220). Peptidyl cis/trans isomerization of proline and pipecolic acid containing polypeptides and proteins is a well known process in protein folding events. In vivo, this process can be mediated by peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases such as the cyclophilins, the FK506-binding proteins and the parvulins (A. Bell, P. Monaghan, A. P. Page, Int. J. Parasitol. 2006, 36, 261-276). Besides their role in protein folding and in the immune system, peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases have been implicated in cell cycle control (P. E. Shaw, EMBO Reports 2002, 3, 521-526) and therefore constitute interesting pharmaceutical targets. FK506 and cyclosporin A which bind to the FK506-binding protein and cyclophilins, respectively, are both macrocyclic natural products, with the former one containing a pipecolic acid residue.

For many existing and emerging biological targets it is difficult to find classical small molecule hits as starting points for drug development (J. A. Robinson, S. DeMarco, F. Gombert, K. Moehle, D. Obrecht, Drug Disc. Today 2008, 13, 944-951). Many of these extra- and intracellular “difficult targets” involve protein-protein interactions, such as receptor tyrosine kinases, growth factor receptors, transcriptional activators/transcription factors, chaperones, and others. For several of them macrocyclic natural and synthetic compounds have been described as good starting points for drug discovery programs (e.g. D. Obrecht, J. A. Robinson, F. Bernardini, C. Bisang, S. J. DeMarco, K. Moehle, F. O. Gombert, Curr. Med. Chem. 2009, 16, 42-65).

The novel and fully synthetic macrocyclic compounds of type I described in this invention combine unique features of macrocyclic natural products with beneficial physico-chemical and pharmacological properties of traditional small molecules, like:

• • Natural product-like structural complexity
  • Good solubility
  • High metabolic stability
  • Improved oral bioavailability
  • Improved membrane permeability
  • Extra- and intracellular targets amenable
  • Improved tissue penetration
  • Small molecule-like pharmacokinetics
  • Modular chemical synthesis
  • Synthesis process amenable to parallelization
  • Reasonable production costs
  • Small molecule-like QC and development processes

More particularly, the present invention provides macrocyclic compounds of the general formula I (Figure 2), which are comprised of building blocks of general formulae A, B and C as depicted in Scheme 2 below.

With respect to the building blocks A, B and C, the encircled moieties, i.e. a in A, b in B and c1-c3 in C, shall represent their most basic skeletons appropriately and independently substituted as is detailed later on. The basic skeletons of a and b correspond to the ring systems depicted in Table 1 and Table 2.

TABLE 1
Ring Systems a1-a25 of Building Blocks A
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
a7
a8
a9
a10
a11
a12
a13
a14
a15
a16
a17
a18
a19
a20
a21
a22
a23
a24
a25

TABLE 2
Ring Systems b1-b11 of Building Blocks B
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
b8
b9
b10
b11

Depending on the substitution pattern of skeletons b alternative binding modes are feasible. For skeletons b3 and b4 such incorporation via the exocyclic nitrogen atom is represented by the following two structures, which form part of the invention:

The encircled parts of the bridge subunits c1-c3 represent optionally substituted groups. Definitions of c1-c3 are exemplified in Table 3, each reading from the N-terminus to the C-terminus of the linker C. In the simplest case the linker C is constituted by one subunit c1, i.e. c1-1 to c1-6. For the embodiments consisting of two or three subunits all possible combinations of the subunits c1-c3 and the connectivities U, V and W are part of the invention.

TABLE 3
Scope of Subunits c1-c3 of the Linker Group C
C
U =
V, W =

The substituents directly attached to the basic skeletons containing building block A, B and C, i.e. R¹-R¹⁷, are defined as follows:

• • R¹: H; F; Cl; Br; I; CF₃; OCF₃; OCHF₂; NO₂; CN; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOCONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOPO(OR²¹)₂; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qPO(OR²¹)₂;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOSO₃R²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R²: H; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOR²⁰;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOCONR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COR²²;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_q NR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qPO(OR²¹)₂; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R³: H; CF₃; alkyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl.
  • R⁴: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or a suitable N-protecting group.
  • R⁵, R⁷ and R⁹ are independently defined as: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sSR²⁰;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sOCONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sOCOOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴SO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qPO(OR²¹)₂;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R⁶, R⁸ and R¹⁰ are independently defined as: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; or heteroarylalkyl.
  • R¹¹: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; a suitable protecting group; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rSR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴R²⁷;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rOCONR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴COOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴CONR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴SO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R²⁷;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sR²⁵; or —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R¹² and R¹³ are independently defined as H; or alkyl.
  • R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ are independently defined as: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴SO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²².
  • R¹⁵ and R¹⁷ are independently defined as: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; or heteroarylalkyl.

Substituents introduced in the sub-definitions of the radical R¹-R¹⁷ are:

• • R¹⁸: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sSR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂R²³;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qPO(OR²¹)₂; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁵; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁶.
  • R¹⁹: H; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl.
  • R²⁰: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rSR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rOCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸SO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸SO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁵; or
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁶.
  • R²¹: alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or a suitable O-protecting group.
  • R²²: alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sSR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sSO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tCOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sSO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tR²⁵; or
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tR²⁶.
  • R²³: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR³²R³³)_tR²⁴.
  • R²⁴: aryl, preferably an optionally substituted phenyl group of type C₆H₂R³⁴R³⁵R³¹; or a heteroaryl group, preferably one of the groups of formulae H1-H34 (Table 4).

TABLE 4
Groups of Formulae H1-H34
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
H15
H16
H17
H18
H19
H20
H21
H22
H23
H24
H25
H26
H27
H28
H29
H30
H31
H32
H33
H34

• • R²⁵: One of the groups of formulae H35-H41 as shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5
Radicals of formulae H35-H41
H35
H36
H37
H38
H39
H40
H41

• • R²⁶: One of the groups of formulae H42-H50 as shown in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6
Groups of Formulae H42-H50
H42
H43
H44
H45
H46
H47
H48
H49
H50

• • R²⁷: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; a suitable protecting group; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁴.
  • R²⁸: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; a suitable N-protecting group; —(CR³²R³³)_sOR²¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sNR⁴³R⁴²; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR⁴²CONR⁴³R⁴²;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sNR⁴²COR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR⁴²SO₂NR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_qCOR²³; —(CR³²R³³)_qSO₂R²¹.
  • R²⁹: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sOR³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sSR⁻; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sOCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sOCOOR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸COOR²¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸SO₂R²³;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸SO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qCONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qPO(OR²¹)₂; —(CR³²R³³)_qCOR³¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR³²R³³)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁰: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl.
  • R³¹: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or one of the groups of formulae H51-H55 as shown in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7
Groups of Formulae H51-H55
H51
H52
H53
H54
H55

• • R³² and R³³ are independently defined as H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl.
  • R³⁴ and R³⁵ are independently defined as H; F; Cl; CF₃; OCF₃; OCHF₂; NO₂; CN; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qOCONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸SO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸SO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁶: H; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or —NR²⁸R³¹.
  • R³⁷: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; a suitable N-protecting group; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rSR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rOCONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸SO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸SO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁸: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹; or
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁹: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR³²R³³)_uOR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_uNR²⁸R⁴³; —(CR³²R³³)_tCOOR²¹; or
• —(CR³²R³³)_tCONR²⁸R⁴³.
  • R⁴⁰: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR³²R³³)_uOR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_uNR²⁸R⁴³; —(CR³²R³³)_tCOOR²¹; or
• —(CR³²R³³)_tCONR²⁸R⁴³.
  • R⁴¹: H; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —OR²¹; —NR²⁸R⁴³;
• —NR²⁸COR²³; —NR²⁸COOR²¹;
• —NR²⁸SO₂R²³; —NR²⁸CONR²⁸R⁴³; —COOR²¹; —CONR²⁸R⁴³; —C(═NR⁴³)NR²⁸N⁴³;
• —NR²⁸C(═NR⁴³)NR²⁸N⁴³; or one of the groups of formulae H56-H110 as shown in Table 8 below.

TABLE 8
Groups of Formulae H56-H110
H56
H57
H58
H59
H60
H61
H62
H63
H64
H65
H66
H67
H68
H69
H70
H71
H72
H73
H74
H75
H76
H77
H78
H79
H80
H81
H82
H83
H84
H85
H86
H87
H88
H89
H90
H91
H92
H93
H94
H95
H96
H97
H98
H99
H100
H101
H102
H103
H104
H105
H106
H106
H108
H109
H110

• • R⁴²: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; cycloheteroalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; —
• (CR²³R³³)_sOR²¹; —(CR²³R³³)_sNR²⁸R⁴³; —(CR²³R³³)_qCOOR²¹; or
• —(CR²³R³³)_qCONR²¹R⁴³.
  • R⁴³: H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or a suitable N-protecting group.
  • R⁴⁴, R⁴⁵ and R⁴⁶ are independently defined as H; F; CF₃; OCF₃; OCHF₂; NO₂; CN; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —OR²³; —NR²⁸R⁴³; —NR²⁸COR²³; —NR²⁸SO₂R²³; —NR²⁸CONR²⁸R⁴³; —COR²³; —SO₂R²³;
  • R⁴⁷: H; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —COOR²¹; or —CONR²⁸R⁴³.
  • R⁴⁸: H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; cycloheteroalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl;
• (CR²³R³³)_tOR²¹; —(CR²³R³³)_tNR²⁸R⁴³; —(CR²³R³³)_tCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²³R³³)_tCONR²¹R⁴³
  • R⁴⁹ and R⁵⁰ are independently defined as H; F; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR³²R³³)_qOR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qNR²⁸R⁴³; —(CR³²R³³)_qCOOR²¹; or —(CR³²R³³)_qCONR²⁸R⁴³.

Taken together the following pairs of said substituents can define cyclic structural elements:

Taken together (R⁴ and R¹¹); (R⁴ and R²⁷); (R⁵ and R⁶); (R⁵ and R⁷); (R⁵ and R⁹); (R⁵ and R¹⁴); (R⁵ and R¹⁶); (R⁷ and R⁸); (R⁷ and R⁹); (R⁷ and R¹⁶); (R⁹ and R¹⁰); (R¹⁴ and R¹⁵); (R¹⁶ and R¹⁷); (R¹⁸ and R¹⁹); (R²⁷ and R²⁸); (R²⁸ and R³¹); (R²⁸ and R⁴³); (R²⁹ and R³⁰); (R³² and R³³); (R³⁴ and R³⁵); (R³⁷ and R³⁸); (R³⁹ and R⁴⁰); (R³⁹ and R⁴¹); (R³⁹ and R⁴⁹); (R⁴² and R⁴³); (R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵); or (R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁶) can form optionally substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl moieties.

In addition, the structural elements —NR⁴R¹¹; —NR²⁷R²⁸; —NR²⁸R³¹ or —NR²⁸R⁴³ can form one of the groups of formulae H111-H118 as shown in Table 9 below.

TABLE 9
Heterocyclic Groups Defined by Linking the Residues of
the Disubstituted Amino Groups —NR4R11; —NR27R28; —NR28R31 or
—NR28R43.
H111
H112
H113
H114
H115
H116
H117
H118

Variable heteroatoms and connector groups in the aforementioned structures are

• • Z: O; S; S(═O); S(═O)₂; or NR²⁸.
  • Y: O; S; or NR³⁷.
  • X: O; S; S(═O); or S(═O)₂.
  • Q: O; S; or NR²⁸.
  • U, V and W: As defined in Table 3.
  • T: CR⁴⁶ or N. In case T occurs several times in the same ring structure each T is defined independently of the other.

And indices are defined as: q=0-4; r=2-4; s=1-4; t=0-2; and u=1-2.

Salts are especially the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula I.

Such salts are formed, for example, as acid addition salts, preferably with organic or inorganic acids, from compounds of type I with a basic nitrogen atom, especially the pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Suitable inorganic acids are, for example, halogen acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid. Suitable organic acids are, for example, carboxylic, phosphonic, sulfonic or sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, amino acids, such as glutamic acid or aspartic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, adamantanecarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, phthalic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid, cinnamic acid, methane- or ethane-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 1,5-naphthalene-disulfonic acid, 2-, 3- or 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, methylsulfuric acid, ethylsulfuric acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid, N-methyl-, N-ethyl- or N-propyl-sulfamic acid, or other organic protonic acids, such as ascorbic acid.

As used in this description, the term “alkyl”, taken alone or in combinations (i.a. as part of another group, such as “arylalkyl”) designates saturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 24, preferably up to 12, carbon atoms. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention “alkyl” is “lower alkyl” which designated alkyl groups having up to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “alkenyl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates straight chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 24, preferably up to 12, carbon atoms and containing at least one or, depending on the chain length, up to four olefinic double bonds. Such alkenyl moieties can exist as E or Z configurations, both of which are part of the invention.

The term “alkynyl”, taken alone or in combinations, refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain and includes, but is not limited to, straight and branched chains having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (unless explicitly specified otherwise) and containing at least one triple bond.

The term “cycloalkyl”, taken alone or in combinations, refers to a saturated alicyclic moiety having from three to ten carbon atoms.

The term “heterocycloalkyl”, taken alone or in combinations, describes a saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic moiety having from three to seven ring carbon atoms and one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. This term includes, for example, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl and the like.

The term “aryl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates aromatic carbocyclic hydrocarbon radicals containing one or two six-membered rings, such as phenyl or naphthyl, which may be substituted by up to three substituents such as Br, Cl, F, CF₃, NO₂, lower alkyl or lower alkenyl.

The term “heteroaryl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates aromatic heterocyclic radicals containing one or two five- and/or six-membered rings, at least one of them containing up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N and whereby the heteroaryl radicals or tautomeric forms thereof may be attached via any suitable atom. Said heteroaryl ring(s) are optionally substituted, e.g. as indicated above for “aryl”.

The term “arylalkyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to the group —R^a-R^b, where R^a is an alkyl group as defined above, substituted by R^b, an aryl group, as defined above. Examples of arylalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl and the like. Similarly, the term “lower arylalkyl”, refers to the above moiety —R^a-R^b but wherein R^a is a “lower alkyl” group.

The term “heteroarylalkyl”, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to the group —R^a-R^c, where R^a is an alkyl group as defined above, substituted by R^c, a heteroaryl group, as defined above. Analogously the term “lower heteroarylalkyl”, refers to the above moiety —R^a-R^c but wherein R^a is a “lower alkyl” group.

The terms “alkoxy” and “aryloxy”, taken alone or in combinations, refer to the group —O—R^a, wherein R^a, is an alkyl group or an aryl group as defined above.

“Amino” designates primary (i.e. —NH₂), secondary (i.e. —NRH) and tertiary (i.e. —NRR′) amines. Particular secondary and tertiary amines are alkylamines, dialkylamines, arylamines, diarylamines, arylalkylamines and diarylamines wherein the alkyl is as herein defined and optionally substituted.

The term “optionally substituted” is intended to mean that a group, such as but not limited to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy and aryloxy may be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from, e.g., halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), cyano (—CN), nitro (—NO₂), —SR^a, —S(O)R^a, —S(O)₂R^a, —R^a, —C(O)R^a, —C(O)OR^a, —C(O)NR^bR^c, —C(═NR^a)N^RR^c, —OR^a, —OC(O)R^a, —OC(O)OR^a, —OC(O)NR^bR^c, —OS(O)R^a, —OS(O)₂R^a, —OS(O)NR^bR^c, —OS(O)₂NR^bR^c, —NR^bR^c, —NR^aC(O)R^b, —NR^aC(O)OR^b, —NR^aC(O)NR^bR^c, —NR^a C(═NR^d)NR^bR^c, —NR^aS(O)R^b, —NR^aS(O)₂R^b, wherein R^a, R^b, R^c, and R^d are each independently, e.g., hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl as described herein; or R^b and R^c may be taken together with the N atom to which they are attached forming heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl. These groups in turn can be substituted with any described moiety, including, but not limited to, one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of halogen (fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo), hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino (e.g., monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, or trialkylamino), arylamino (e.g., monoarylamino, diarylamino, or triarylamino), hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate.

Said groups, especially but not limited to hydroxy, amino and carboxyl, may be either unprotected or protected, if necessary, as well-known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable protecting groups are as detailed in Peter G. M. Wuts, Theodora W. Greene, Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition, 2006.

As used herein, all groups that can be substituted in one embodiment are indicated to be “optionally substituted,” unless otherwise specified.

As mentioned earlier herein, the term “lower” designates radicals and compounds having up to 6 carbon atoms. Thus, for example, the term “lower alkyl” designates saturated, straight-chain, or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, and the like. Similarly, the term “lower cycloalkyl” designates saturated cyclic hydrocarbon radicals having up to 6 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.

The present invention includes within its scope so-called “prodrugs” of the compounds of this invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds, which in vivo are readily convertible into the required compound. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in Hans Bundgaard, Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier, 1985; and in Valentino J. Stella et al., Prodrugs: Challenges and Rewards, Springer, 1st ed., 2007.

Some of the aforementioned substituents can occur several times within the same molecular entity, for example, but not limited to R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁸, R¹⁹, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁹, R⁴⁰, R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁴³, R⁴⁴, R⁴⁵, R⁴⁶, and R⁵⁰. Each of such multiply occurring substituents shall be selected independently from the other radicals of the same type and within the scope of the definition of the respective group.

All possible stereoisomers, explicitly also including rotamers and atropisomers, of macrocycles of type I are part of this invention.

The general scope of the current invention is defined by groups of selected building blocks A, B and C and the appending substituents as outlined in this section.

Building blocks A1-A626 (Table 10) constitute a subset of possible building blocks based on the ring systems a1-a25 (Table 1). As structural characteristic, groups of type A carry one nucleophilic moiety XH (where X is O or S) and one carboxylic acid C(O)OH functionality. The underlying divalent radicals of type —X-a-CO— are an integral part of macrocyclic backbones of type I, into which they are incorporated by appropriate reactions of the XH and COOH groups of the respective starting materials with suitable reactants.

As mentioned earlier hereinabove, building blocks of type A act as templates and exert an important conformational constraint on products of type I. The structural effects of building blocks of type A depend largely on the relative orientation of the attachment vectors of —X— and —C(O)— and on the spatial distance between these groups. Molecular modeling revealed that the distances (typically between 2.5 and 7.5 Å) and vector arrangements for —X— and —C(O)— in A1-A626 (Table 10) vary considerably, thus strongly influencing the conformations of macrocycles of type I.

The general scope of the current invention is defined by groups of selected building blocks A, B and C and the appending substituents as outlined in this section.

Building blocks A1-A626 (Table 10) constitute a subset of possible building blocks based on the ring systems a1-a25 (Table 1). As structural characteristic, groups of type A carry one nucleophilic moiety XH (where X is O or S) and one carboxylic acid C(O)OH functionality. The underlying divalent radicals of type —X-a-CO— are an integral part of macrocyclic backbones of type I, into which they are incorporated by appropriate reactions of the XH and COOH with suitable reactants.

As mentioned earlier hereinabove, building blocks of type A act as templates and exert an important conformational constraint on products of type I. The structural effects of building blocks of type A depends largely on the relative orientation of the attachment vectors of —X— and —C(O)— and on the spatial distance between these groups. Molecular modeling revealed that the distances (typically between 2.5 and 7.5 Å) and vector arrangements for —X— and —C(O)— in A1-A626 (Table 10) vary considerably, thus strongly influencing the conformations of macrocycles of type I.

TABLE 10
Radicals A1 (a1)-A626 (a25)
A1 (a1)
A2 (a1)
A3 (a1)
A4 (a1)
A5 (a1)
A6 (a1)
A7 (a1)
A8 (a1)
A9 (a1)
A10 (a1)
A11 (a1)
A12 (a1)
A13 (a1)
A14 (a1)
A15 (a1)
A16 (a1)
A17 (a1)
A18 (a1)
A19 (a1)
A20 (a1)
A21 (a1)
A22 (a1)
A23 (a1)
A24 (a1)
A25 (a1)
A26 (a1)
A27 (a1)
A28 (a1)
A29 (a1)
A30 (a1)
A31 (a1)
A32 (a1)
A33 (a1)
A34 (a1)
A35 (a1)
A36 (a1)
A37 (a1)
A38 (a1)
A39 (a1)
A40 (a1)
A41 (a1)
A42 (a1)
A43 (a1)
A44 (a1)
A45 (a1)
A46 (a1)
A47 (a1)
A48 (a1)
A49 (a1)
A50 (a1)
A51 (a1)
A52 (a1)
A53 (a1)
A54 (a1)
A55 (a1)
A56 (a1)
A57 (a1)
A58 (a1)
A59 (a1)
A60 (a2)
A61 (a2)
A62 (a2)
A63 (a2)
A64 (a2)
A65 (a2)
A66 (a2)
A67 (a2)
A68 (a2)
A69 (a2)
A70 (a2)
A71 (a2)
A72 (a2)
A73 (a2)
A74 (a2)
A75 (a2)
A76 (a2)
A77 (a2)
A78 (a2)
A79 (a2)
A80 (a2)
A81 (a2)
A82 (a2)
A83 (a2)
A84 (a2)
A85 (a2)
A86 (a2)
A87 (a2)
A88 (a2)
A89 (a2)
A90 (a2)
A91 (a2)
A92 (a2)
A93 (a2)
A94 (a2)
A95 (a2)
A96 (a2)
A97 (a2)
A98 (a2)
A99 (a2)
A100 (a2)
A101 (a2)
A102 (a2)
A103 (a2)
A104 (a2)
A105 (a2)
A106 (a2)
A107 (a2)
A108 (a2)
A109 (a2)
A110 (a2)
A111 (a2)
A112 (a2)
A113 (a2)
A114 (a2)
A115 (a2)
A116 (a2)
A117 (a2)
A118 (a2)
A119 (a2)
A120 (a2)
A121 (a2)
A122 (a2)
A123 (a2)
A124 (a2)
A125 (a2)
A126 (a2)
A127 (a2)
A128 (a2)
A129 (a2)
A130 (a2)
A131 (a2)
A132 (a2)
A133 (a2)
A134 (a2)
A135 (a2)
A136 (a2)
A137 (a2)
A138 (a2)
A139 (a2)
A140 (a2)
A141 (a2)
A142 (a2)
A143 (a2)
A144 (a3)
A145 (a3)
A146 (a3)
A147 (a3)
A148 (a3)
A149 (a3)
A150 (a3)
A151 (a3)
A152 (a3)
A153 (a3)
A154 (a3)
A155 (a3)
A156 (a3)
A157 (a3)
A158 (a3)
A159 (a3)
A160 (a3)
A161 (a3)
A162 (a3)
A163 (a3)
A164 (a3)
A165 (a3)
A166 (a4)
A167 (a4)
A168 (a4)
A169 (a4)
A170 (a4)
A171 (a4)
A172 (a4)
A173 (a4)
A174 (a4)
A175 (a4)
A176 (a4)
A177 (a4)
A178 (a4)
A179 (a4)
A180 (a4)
A181 (a4)
A182 (a4)
A183 (a4)
A184 (a4)
A185 (a4)
A186 (a4)
A187 (a4)
A188 (a4)
A189 (a5)
A190 (a5)
A191 (a5)
A192 (a5)
A193 (a5)
A194 (a5)
A195 (a5)
A196 (a5)
A197 (a5)
A198 (a5)
A199 (a5)
A200 (a5)
A201 (a6)
A202 (a6)
A203 (a6)
A204 (a6)
A205 (a6)
A206 (a6)
A207 (a7)
A208 (a7)
A209 (a7)
A210 (a7)
A211 (a7)
A212 (a7)
A213 (a7)
A214 (a7)
A215 (a7)
A216 (a7)
A217 (a7)
A218 (a7)
A219 (a7)
A220 (a7)
A221 (a7)
A222 (a7)
A223 (a7)
A224 (a7)
A225 (a7)
A226 (a7)
A227 (a7)
A228 (a7)
A229 (a8)
A230 (a8)
A231 (a8)
A232 (a8)
A233 (a8)
A234 (a8)
A235 (a9)
A236 (a9)
A237 (a9)
A238 (a9)
A239 (a9)
A240 (a10)
A241 (a10)
A242 (a10)
A243 (a10)
A244 (a10)
A245 (a10)
A246 (a10)
A247 (a10)
A248 (a10)
A249 (a10)
A250 (a10)
A251 (a10)
A252 (a10)
A253 (a10)
A254 (a10)
A255 (a10)
A256 (a10)
A257 (a10)
A258 (a10)
A259 (a10)
A260 (a10)
A261 (a10)
A262 (a10)
A263 (a10)
A264 (a10)
A265 (a10)
A266 (a10)
A267 (a10)
A268 (a10)
A269 (a10)
A270 (a10)
A271 (a10)
A272 (a10)
A273 (a10)
A274 (a10)
A275 (a10)
A276 (a10)
A277 (a10)
A278 (a10)
A279 (a10)
A280 (a10)
A281 (a10)
A282 (a10)
A283 (a10)
A284 (a10)
A285 (a10)
A286 (a10)
A287 (a10)
A288 (a10)
A280 (a10)
A290 (a10)
A291 (a10)
A292 (a10)
A293 (a10)
A294 (a10)
A295 (a10)
A296 (a10)
A297 (a10)
A298 (a10)
A299 (a10)
A300 (a10)
A301 (a10)
A302 (a10)
A303 (a10)
A304 (a10)
A305 (a10)
A306 (a10)
A307 (a10)
A308 (a10)
A309 (a10)
A310 (a10)
A311 (a10)
A312 (a10)
A313 (a10)
A314 (a10)
A315 (a10)
A316 (a10)
A317 (a10)
A318 (a10)
A319 (a10)
A320 (a10)
A321 (a10)
A322 (a10)
A323 (a10)
A324 (a10)
A325 (a10)
A326 (a10)
A327 (a10)
A328 (a10)
A329 (a10)
A330 (a10)
A331 (a10)
A332 (a10)
A333 (a10)
A334 (a10)
A335 (a10)
A336 (a10)
A337 (a10)
A338 (a10)
A339 (a10)
A340 (a10)
A341 (a10)
A342 (a10)
A343 (a10)
A344 (a10)
A345 (a10)
A346 (a10)
A347 (a10)
A348 (a10)
A349 (a10)
A350 (a10)
A351 (a10)
A352 (a10)
A353 (a10)
A354 (a10)
A355 (a10)
A356 (a10)
A357 (a10)
A358 (a11)
A359 (a11)
A360 (a11)
A361 (a11)
A362 (a11)
A363 (a11)
A364 (a11)
A365 (a11)
A366 (a11)
A367 (a11)
A368 (a11)
A369 (a11)
A370 (a11)
A371 (a11)
A372 (a11)
A373 (a12)
A374 (a12)
A375 (a12)
A376 (a12)
A377 (a12)
A378 (a12)
A379 (a12)
A380 (a12)
A381 (a12)
A382 (a12)
A383 (a12)
A384 (a12)
A385 (a12)
A386 (a13)
A387 (a13)
A388 (a13)
A389 (a13)
A390 (a13)
A391 (a13)
A392 (a13)
A393 (a13)
A394 (a13)
A395 (a13)
A396 (a13)
A397 (a13)
A398 (a13)
A399 (a14)
A400 (a14)
A401 (a14)
A402 (a14)
A403 (a14)
A404 (a14)
A405 (a14)
A406 (a14)
A407 (a14)
A408 (a14)
A409 (a14)
A410 (a14)
A411 (a14)
A412 (a14)
A413 (a14)
A414 (a15)
A415 (a15)
A416 (a15)
A417 (a15)
A418 (a15)
A419 (a15)
A420 (a15)
A421 (a15)
A422 (a15)
A423 (a15)
A424 (a15)
A425 (a15)
A426 (a15)
A427 (a15)
A428 (a15)
A429 (a15)
A430 (a15)
A431 (a15)
A432 (a15)
A433 (a15)
A434 (a15)
A435 (a15)
A436 (a15)
A437 (a15)
A438 (a15)
A439 (a15)
A440 (a15)
A441 (a15)
A442 (a15)
A443 (a15)
A444 (a15)
A445 (a15)
A446 (a15)
A447 (a15)
A448 (a15)
A449 (a15)
A450 (a16)
A451 (a16)
A452 (a16)
A453 (a16)
A454 (a16)
A455 (a16)
A456 (a16)
A457 (a16)
A458 (a16)
A459 (a16)
A460 (a17)
A461 (a17)
A462 (a17)
A463 (a17)
A464 (a17)
A465 (a17)
A466 (a17)
A467 (a17)
A468 (a17)
A469 (a17)
A470 (a17)
A471 (a17)
A472 (a17)
A473 (a17)
A474 (a17)
A475 (a17)
A476 (a17)
A477 (a17)
A478 (a17)
A479 (a17)
A480 (a17)
A481 (a17)
A482 (a17)
A483 (a17)
A484 (a17)
A485 (a17)
A486 (a17)
A487 (a17)
A488 (a17)
A489 (a17)
A490 (a17)
A491 (a17)
A492 (a17)
A493 (a17)
A494 (a17)
A495 (a17)
A496 (a17)
A497 (a17)
A498 (a17)
A499 (a17)
A500 (a17)
A501 (a17)
A502 (a17)
A503 (a17)
A504 (a17)
A505 (a17)
A506 (a17)
A507 (a17)
A508 (a17)
A509 (a17)
A510 (a17)
A511 (a17)
A512 (a17)
A513 (a17)
A514 (a17)
A515 (a17)
A516 (a18)
A517 (a18)
A518 (a18)
A519 (a18)
A520 (a18)
A521 (a18)
A522 (a18)
A523 (a18)
A524 (a18)
A525 (a18)
A526 (a18)
A527 (a18)
A528 (a18)
A529 (a18)
A530 (a18)
A531 (a18)
A532 (a18)
A533 (a18)
A534 (a18)
A535 (a18)
A536 (a18)
A537 (a18)
A538 (a18)
A539 (a18)
A540 (a18)
A541 (a18)
A542 (a18)
A543 (a18)
A544 (a18)
A545 (a18)
A546 (a18)
A547 (a18)
A548 (a18)
A549 (a19)
A550 (a19)
A551 (a19)
A552 (a19)
A553 (a19)
A554 (a19)
A555 (a19)
A556 (a19)
A557 (a19)
A558 (a19)
A559 (a19)
A560 (a19)
A561 (a19)
A562 (a19)
A563 (a19)
A564 (a19)
A565 (a20)
A566 (a20)
A567 (a20)
A568 (a20)
A569 (a20)
A570 (a20)
A571 (a20)
A572 (a20)
A573 (a20)
A574 (a20)
A575 (a20)
A576 (a20)
A577 (a20)
A578 (a21)
A579 (a21)
A580 (a21)
A581 (a21)
A582 (a21)
A583 (a21)
A584 (a21)
A585 (a21)
A586 (a21)
A587 (a21)
A588 (a22)
A589 (a22)
A590 (a22)
A591 (a22)
A592 (a22)
A593 (a22)
A594 (a22)
A595 (a22)
A596 (a22)
A597 (a22)
A598 (a22)
A599 (a22)
A600 (a22)
A601 (a22)
A602 (a23)
A603 (a23)
A604 (a23)
A605 (a23)
A606 (a23)
A607 (a23)
A608 (a23)
A609 (a24)
A610 (a24)
A611 (a24)
A612 (a24)
A613 (a24)
A614 (a24)
A615 (a24)
A616 (a24)
A617 (a24)
A618 (a24)
A619 (a25)
A620 (a25)
A621 (a25)
A622 (a25)
A623 (a25)
A624 (a25)
A625 (a25)
A626 (a25)

Divalent building blocks B1-B21 (Table 11, hereinbelow) constitute a subset of possible building blocks based on the ring systems b1-b11 (Table 2, above). They are based on optionally substituted cyclic secondary amines carrying a moiety of type —CHR³-LG, wherein LG is a suitable leaving group (e.g., but not limited to, —OH forming a suitable LG in situ during Mitsunobu reactions, or halogens like —Br or —I amenable to S_N reactions) that can be replaced by the nucleophilic groups of building blocks A thus forming an ether (—O—) or a thioether (—S—) linkage between building blocks of type A and B. In most products of type I, the secondary amine nitrogen of building block B forms a tertiary amide linkage with the carboxyl group of building blocks of type C. In case a suitable exocyclic amine functionality is present, it can be, instead of the ring-nitrogen, involved in the formation of a secondary or preferably tertiary amide bond to C. Such an alternative binding mode is realized with, but not limited to B10.

By virtue of inducing peptidyl cis-trans isomerization or stabilizing cis amide bonds, building blocks of type B can function as conformational modulators in products of type I.

TABLE 11
Radicals B1-B21
B1 (b1)
B2 (b2)
B3 (b2)
B4 (b3)
B5 (b3)
B6 (b3)
B7 (b3)
B8 (b3)
B9 (b3)
B10 (b3)
B11 (b4)
B12 (b4)
B13 (b4)
B14 (b4)
B15 (b4)
B16 (b4)
B17 (b5)
B18 (b8)
B19 (b10)
B20 (b11)
B21 (b11)

The divalent moiety C may consist of an ensemble of one to three subunits c1-c3, each derived from suitably protected and functionalized amine or amino acid derivatives. As a consequence the C moiety directly influences the ring size of the resulting macrocycle and can be regarded as spacer or linker. This linker ensemble C is joined to building block A via its N-terminus and to building block B via its C-terminus to form a macrocyclic ring of type I. According to its definition the connections within the linker ensemble, i.e. V or W, can be accomplished by amide bonds (—NR⁴—C(═O)—), an alkene[1,2]diyl (—CHR¹²═CHR¹³—), an alkane[1,2]diyl (—CHR¹²—CHR¹³—), or methylene-heteroatom moiety (—CHR³—Z—), an oxalyl unit (—C(═O)—C(═O)—) or a disulfide bridge (—S—S—). With respect to the macrocyclic backbone of I it follows that the linker C contributes at least one amide bonds.

Suitable linker C can be represented by, but are not limited to, the moieties shown in Table 12. For example C1 represents a linker moiety constituted of one to three α-amino acid derivatives connected along their main chains, while C₇-C₁₀ are equivalent to dipeptide moieties of β-amino acids. The simplest embodiments in which at least one connection between the subunits is realized by a non-amidic group are C2-C5. Finally C58-C101 shall depict situations in which a longer (>3 C-atoms) side chain connection of a suitable diamine or diacid is involved in an amide bond.

TABLE 12
Representative Embodiments of Linker C
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
C23
C24
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
C30
C31
C32
C33
C34
C35
C36
C37
C38
C39
C40
C41
C42
C43
C44
C45
C46
C47
C48
C49
C50
C51
C52
C53
C54
C55
C56
C57
C58
C59
C60
C61
C62
C63
C64
C65
C66
C67
C68
C69
C70
C71
C72
C73
C74
C75
C76
C77
C78
C79
C80
C81
C82
C83
C84
C85
C86
C87
C88
C89
C90
C91
C92
C93
C94
C95
C96
C97
C98
C99
C100
C101

According to the preceding explanations, products of type I contain at least two amide bonds. As mentioned in the introduction, tertiary amide containing products generally show various ratios of cis and trans amide bond conformations in solution; this preference is in contrast to secondary amides that generally adopt trans conformations only. The occurrence of cis and/or trans conformations in macrocyclic natural products containing tertiary amides is well documented. In some cases a rapid equilibration between the cis and trans amide bonds, the so-called “peptidyl cis/trans isomerization”, is observed; whereas in other cases discrete cis and trans tertiary amide bonds are detected as two stable conformers in solution at room temperature.

All possible stereoisomers, including atropisomers, and distinct conformers or rotamers of macrocycles of type I are part of this invention.

Within the general scope of building blocks A preferred radicals are:

Within the general scope of building blocks A preferred radicals are A1(a1); A2(a1); A3(a1); A4(a1); A5(a1); A6(a1); A7(a1); A9(a1); A10(a1); A73(a2); A170(a4); A209(a7); A240(a10); A272(a10); A532(a18); A609(a24); A612(a24) and A614(a24) (Table 13).

TABLE 13
Preferred Building Blocks of Type A
A1 (a1)
A2 (a1)
A3 (a1)
A4 (a1)
A5 (a1)
A6 (a1)
A7 (a1)
A9 (a1)
A10 (a1)
A73 (a2)
A170 (a4)
A209 (a7)
A240 (a10)
A272 (a10)
A532 (a18)
A609 (a24)
A612 (a24)
A614 (a24)

Preferred building blocks of type B are B4 (b3); B5 (b3); B6 (b3); B7 (b3); B8 (b3); B9 (b3); B10 (b3); B12 (b4); B13 (b4); B14 (b4); B15 (b4); B16 (b4) and B17 (b5) (Table 14).

TABLE 14
Preferred Building Blocks of Type B
B4 (b3)
B5 (b3)
B6 (b3)
B7 (b3)
B8 (b3)
B9 (b3)
B10 (b3)
B12 (b4)
B13 (b4)
B14 (b4)
B15 (b4)
B16 (b4)
B17 (b5)

Preferred embodiments of linker C are shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15
Preferred Linker of type C
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
C30
C34
C35
C36
C37
C38
C39
C43
C44
C45
C46
C47
C48
C49
C50
C51
C52
C53
C54
C55
C56
C57
C58
C59
C60
C61
C62
C63
C64
C65
C66
C67
C68
C69
C70
C71
C72
C73
C74
C75
C76
C77
C78
C79
C80
C81
C86
C87
C88
C89
C90
C91
C92
C93

The preferred substituents of the preferred building blocks A, B and C are defined as:

• • R¹: H; F; Cl; Br; I; CF₃; OCF₃; OCHF₂; NO₂; CN; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkynyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qPO(OR²¹)₂; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOSO₃R²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or)
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R²: H; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qPO(OR²¹)₂; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R³: Defined as above.
  • R⁴: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; or a suitable N-protecting group.
  • R⁵, R⁷ and R⁹ are independently defined as: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• (CR¹⁸R¹⁹)₃OR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴SO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qPO(OR²¹)₂; (CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R⁶, R⁸ and R¹⁰ are independently defined as: H; CF₃; or lower alkyl.
  • R¹¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; a suitable protecting group; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴COOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴CONR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴SO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R²⁷;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sR²⁵; or —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R¹² and R¹³ are independently defined as H; or lower alkyl.

R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ are independently defined as: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴SO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²².
  • R¹⁵ and R¹⁷ are independently defined as: H; CF₃; lower alkyl.
  • R¹⁸: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂R²³;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qPO(OR²¹)₂; (CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁵; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁶.
  • R¹⁹: H; CF₃; or lower alkyl.
  • R²⁰: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸SO₂R²³;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁵; or
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁶.
  • R²¹ and R²³: Defined as above.
  • R²²: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂—R²³;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sSO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tCOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sSO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tR²⁵; or
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_tR²⁶.
  • R²⁴, R²⁵ and R²⁶: Defined as above.
  • R²⁷ and R²⁸: Defined as above.
  • R²⁹: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —
• (CR³²R³³)_sOR³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸COOR²¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸SO₂R²³;
• —(CR³²R³³)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_qPO(OR²¹)₂; —(CR³²R³³)_qCOR³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR³²R³³)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁰ and R³³: H; CF₃; lower alkyl.
  • R³¹ and R³²: Defined as above.
  • R³⁴ and R³⁵ are independently defined as H; F; Cl; CF₃; OCF₃; OCHF₂; NO₂; CN; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkynyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸SO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁶: Defined as above.
  • R³⁷: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; a suitable N-protecting group; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸SO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁸: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁹; R¹⁰; R⁴¹; R⁴²; R⁴³; R⁴⁴; R⁴⁵; R⁴⁶; R⁴⁷; R⁴⁸; R⁴⁹ and R⁵⁰: Defined as above.

In the aforementioned preferred structures the variable heteroatom Z and the connector U are defined as:

• • Z: O; S(═O); or S(═O)₂.
  • U: —C(═O)—; —NR⁴—C(═O)—; —C(═O)—C(═O)—;
  • or —C(—OR²⁰)₂—C(═O)—.

Defined as above are:

• • Substituents that can be pairwise taken together and form optionally substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl moieties.
  • Structural elements that can form one of the groups of formulae H111-H118 (Table 9).
  • Variable heteroatoms Q, T, X and Y.
  • Indices q-u.

The above preferred structures include all possible stereoisomers, explicitly also including rotamers and atropisomers, of macrocycles of type I.

Particularly preferred among the building blocks of type A are A1(a1); A2(a1); A3(a1); A4(a1); A5(a1); A6(a1); A7(a1); A9(a1); A10(a1); A73(a2); A170(a4); A209(a7); A240(a10); A272(a10); A532(a18); A614(a24). For most of these building blocks, oxygen is the preferred nucleophilic moiety. However in the case of A170 it consists of a sulfur atom; and in the case of the three building blocks A5-A7, both oxygen and sulfur derivatives are part of the invention (Table 16).

TABLE 16
Particularly Preferred Building Blocks of Type A
A1 (a1)
A2 (a1)
A3 (a1)
A4 (a1)
A5 (a1)
A6 (a1)
A7 (a1)
A9 (a1)
A10 (a1)
A73 (a2)
A170 (a4)
A209 (a7)
A272 (a10)
A532 (a18)
A614 (a24)

Among the building blocks of type B particularly preferred are B7, B8, B9 and B-17 as shown in Table 17.

TABLE 17
Particularly Preferred Building Blocks of Type B
B7-1
B7-2
B7-3
B7-4
B8-1
B8-2
B8-3
B8-4
B9-1
B9-2
B9-3
B9-4
B17-1
B17-2

Particularly preferred embodiments of the linker C are listed in Table 18.

TABLE 18
Particularly Preferred Embodiments of Linker C
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
C30
C34
C35
C36
C37
C38
C39
C43
C44
C45
C46
C47
C48
C49
C54
C55
C56
C57
C58
C59
C60
C61
C62
C63
C64
C65
C70
C71
C72
C73
C74
C75
C76
C77
C90
C91
C92
C93

The particularly preferred substituents on the particularly preferred building blocks A, B and C are defined as:

• • R¹: H; F; Cl; CF₃; OCF₃; OCHF₂; NO₂; CN; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkynyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COR²²;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R²: H; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —
• (CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴COR²²;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qNR⁴SO₂NR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R³: Defined as earlier hereinabove.
  • R⁴: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or a suitable N-protecting group.
  • R⁵, R⁷ and R⁹ are independently defined as: H; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COR²²;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴CONR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴SO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂NR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qSO₂R²³;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁵; or —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R⁶, R⁸ and R¹⁰ are independently defined as: H; CF₃; or CH₃.
  • R¹¹; H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; a suitable protecting group; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rOR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴CONR⁴R²⁷;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_rNR⁴SO₂R²³; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_c—CONR⁴R²⁷; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCOR²²; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁴; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)₃R²⁵; or —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qR²⁶.
  • R¹² and R¹³ are independently defined as H; or lower alkyl.
  • R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ are independently defined as: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)₃OR²⁰; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴R¹¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_sNR⁴COR²²;
• —(CR^18-19)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR¹⁸R¹⁹)_qCONR⁴R¹¹.
  • R¹⁵ and R¹⁷ are independently defined as: H; CF₃; or CH₃.
  • R¹⁸: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂R²³;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁵; or
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁶.
  • R¹⁹: H; CF₃; or CH₃.
  • R²⁰: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —
• (CR²⁹R³⁰)_rOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸SO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁵; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR²⁶.
  • R²¹ and R²³: Defined as above
  • R²²: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —
• (CR²⁹R³⁰)_sOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸COR³¹; —
• (CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sNR²⁸SO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tCOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_sSO₂R²³; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tR²⁴; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tR²⁵; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_tR²⁶.

R²⁴, R²⁵ and R²⁶: Defined as above.

• • R²⁷ and R²⁸: Defined as above.
  • R²⁹: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sOR³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_sNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR³²R³³)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qCOR³¹; —(CR³²R³³)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁰ and R³³: H; CF₃; or CH₃.
  • R³¹ and R³²: Defined as above
  • R³⁴ and R³⁵ are independently defined as H; F; Cl; CF₃; OCF₃; OCHF₂; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkynyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸SO₂R²³;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂NR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qSO₂R²³; or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁶: Defined as in Part 3 “General Scope of the Invention”.
  • R³⁷: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; a suitable N-protecting group; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸COR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_rNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁸: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qOR³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸COR³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qNR²⁸CONR²⁸R³¹;
• —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOOR²¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCONR²⁸R³¹; —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qCOR³¹;
• or —(CR²⁹R³⁰)_qR³¹.
  • R³⁹; R⁴⁰; R⁴¹; R⁴²; R⁴³; R⁴⁴; R⁴⁵; R⁴⁶; R⁴⁷; R⁴⁸; R⁴⁹ and R⁵⁰: Defined as above.

In the aforementioned structures the variable heteroatom Z and the connector U are defined as:

• • Z: O; or S(═O)₂.
  • U: —C(═O)—; —NR⁴—C(═O)—; or —C(═O)—C(═O)—.

Defined as above are:

• • Substituents that can be pairwise taken together and form optionally substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl moieties.
  • Structural elements that can form one of the groups of formulae H111-H118 (Table 9).
  • Variable heteroatoms Q, T, X and Y.
  • Indices q-u.

The above particularly preferred structures include all possible stereoisomers, exlicity also rotamers and atropisomers, of macrocycles of type I.

Examples of, but not limited to, readily accessible substances that define possible subunits of the linker C are listed in Table 19.

TABLE 19
Substances Representing Subunits of Particularly
Preferred Linkers C
Code                    Chemical Name
Ala                     L-Alanine
DAla                    D-Alanine
Arg                     L-Arginine
DArg                    D-Arginine
Asn                     L-Asparagine
DAsn                    D-Asparagine
Asp                     L-Aspartic acid
DAsp                    D-Aspartic acid
Cys                     L-Cysteine
DCys                    D-Cysteine
Glu                     L-Glutamic acid
DGlu                    D-Glutamic acid
Gln                     L-Glutamine
DGln                    D-Glutamine
Gly                     Glycine
His                     L-Histidine
DHis                    D-Histidine
Ile                     L-Isoleucine
DIle                    D-Isoleucine
Leu                     L-Leucine
DLeu                    D-Leucine
Lys                     L-Lysine
DLys                    D-Lysine
Met                     L-Methionine
DMet                    D-Methionine
Phe                     L-Phenylalanine
DPhe                    D-Phenylalanine
Pro                     L-Proline
DPro                    D-Proline
Ser                     L-Serine
DSer                    D-Serine
Thr                     L-Threonine
DThr                    D-Threonine
Trp                     L-Tryptophan
DTrp                    D-Tryptophan
Tyr                     L-Tyrosine
DTyr                    D-Tyrosine
Val                     L-Valine
DVal                    D-Valine
Apa                     3-Amino-propanoic acid
H-β3-HAla-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-butyric acid
H-β3-HVal-OH            (3R)-3-Amino-4-methyl-valeric acid
H-β3-HIle-OH            (3R,4S)-3-Amino-4-methyl-hexanoic acid
H-β3-HLeu-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-5-methyl-hexanoic acid
H-β3-HMet-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-5-methylthio pentanoic acid
H-β3-HTyr-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-HHis-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-4-(imidazole-4′-yl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-HPhe-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-4-phenyl butyric acid
H-β3-HTrp-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-4-(indol-3′-yl)-butyric acid
H-β3-HSer-OH            (3R)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-butyric acid
H-β3-HAsp-OH            3-Amino-pentanedioic acid
H-β3-HGlu-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-hexanedioic acid
H-β3-HLys-OH            (3S)-3,7-Diamino-heptanoic acid
H-β3-HArg-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-6-guanidino-hexanoic-acid
H-β3-HCys-OH            (3R)-3-Amino-4-mercapto-butyric acid
H-β3-HAsn-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-4-carbamoyl-butyric acid
H-β3-HGln-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-5-carbamoyl-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HThr-OH            (3R,4R)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-pentanoic acid
Gaba                    4-Amino-butyric acid
H-γ4-DiHAla-OH          (4S)-4-Amino-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHVal-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-methyl-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHIle-OH          (4R,5S)-4-Amino-5-methyl-heptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHLeu-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-6-methyl-heptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHMet-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-6-methylthio-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHTyr-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHHis-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-(imidazole-4′-yl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHPhe-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-phenyl-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHTrp-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-(indol-3′-yl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHSer-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHAsp-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-hexanedioic acid
H-γ4-DiHGlu-OH          4-Amino-heptanedioic acid
H-γ4-DiHLys-OH          (4S)-4,8-Diamino-octanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHArg-OH          (4S)-4-Amino-7-guanidino-heptanoic-acid
H-γ4-DiHCys-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-mercapto-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHAsn-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-carbamoyl-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHGln-OH          (3S)-3-Amino-5-carbamoyl-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHThr-OH          (4R,5R)-4-Amino-5-hydroxy-hexanoic acid
Cit                     L-Citrulline
DCit                    D-Citrulline
Orn                     L-Ornithine
DOrn                    D-Ornithine
tBuA                    L-t-Butylalanine
DtBuA                   D-t-Butylalanine
Sar                     Sarcosine
Pen                     L-Penicillamine
DPen                    D-Penicillamine
tBuG                    L-tert.-Butylglycine
DtBuG                   D-tert.-Butylglycine
4AmPhe                  L-para-Aminophenylalanine
D4AmPhe                 D-para-Aminophenylalanine
3AmPhe                  L-meta-Aminophenylalanine
D3AmPne                 D-meta-Aminophenylalanine
2AmPhe                  L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine
D2AmPhe                 D-ortho-Aminophenylalanine
Phe(mC(NH2)═NH)         L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine
DPhe(mC(NH2)═NH)        D-meta-Amidinophenylalanine
Phe(pC(NH2)═NH)         L-para-Amidinophenylalanine
DPhe(pC(NH2)═NH)        D-para-Amidinophenylalanine
Phe(mNHC(NH2)═NH)       L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine
DPhe(mNHC(NH2)═NH)      D-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine
Phe(pNHC(NH2)═NH)       L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine
DPhe(pNHC(NH2)═NH)      D-para-Guanidinophenylalanine
2Pal                    (2S)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-2′-yl)-propionic
                        acid
D2Pal                   (2R)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-2′-yl)-propionic
                        acid
4Pal                    (2S)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-4′-yl)-propionic
                        acid
D4Pal                   (2R)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-4′-yl)-propionic
                        acid
Phg                     L-Phenylglycine
DPhg                    D-Phenylglycine
Cha                     L-Cyclohexylalanine
DCha                    D-Cyclohexylalanine
C4al                    L-3-Cyclobutylalanine
DC4al                   D-3-Cyclobutylalanine
C5al                    L-3-Cyclopentylalanine
DC5al                   D-3-Cyclopentylalanine
Nle                     L-Norleucine
DNle                    D-Norleucine
2-Nal                   L-2-Naphthylalanine
D2Nal                   D-2-Naphthylalanine
1-Nal                   L-1-Naphthylalanine
D1Nal                   D-1-Naphthylalanine
4ClPhe                  L-4-Chlorophenylalanine
D4ClPhe                 D-4-Chlorophenylalanine
3ClPhe                  L-3-Chlorophenylalanine
D3ClPhe                 D-3-Chlorophenylalanine
2ClPhe                  L-2-Chlorophenylalanine
D2ClPhe                 D-2-Chlorophenylalanine
3,4Cl2Phe               L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine
D3,4Cl2Phe              D-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine
4FPhe                   L-4-Fluorophenylalanine
D4FPhe                  D-4-Fluorophenylalanine
3FPhe                   L-3-Fluorophenylalanine
D3FPhe                  D-3-Fluorophenylalanine
2FPhe                   L-2-Fluorophenylalanine
D2FPhe                  D-2-Fluorophenylalanine
Thi                     L-β-2-Thienylalanine
DThi                    D-β-2-Thienylalanine
Tza                     L-2-Thiazolylalanine
DTza                    D-2-Thiazolylalanine
Mso                     L-Methionine sulfoxide
DMso                    D-Methionine sulfoxide
AcLys                   N-Acetyllysine
DAcLys                  N-Acetyl-D-lysine
Dap                     2,3-Diaminopropionic acid
DDap                    D-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid
Dab                     2,4-Diaminobutyric acid
DDab                    (2R)-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid
Dbu                     (2S)-2,3-Diamino-butyric acid
DDbu                    (2R)-2,3-Diamino-butyric acid
Abu                     γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Aha                     ε-Aminohexanoic acid
Aib                     α-Aminoisobutyric acid
Cyp                     1-Amino cyclopentane carboxylic acid
Y(Bzl)                  L-O-Benzyltyrosine
DY(Bzl)                 D-O-Benzyltyrosine
H(Bzl)                  (3S)-2-Amino-3-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′-
                        yl)-propionic acid
DH(Bzl)                 (3R)-2-Amino-3-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′-
                        yl)-propionic acid
Bip                     L-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine
DBip                    D-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine
S(Bzl)                  L-O-Benzylserine
DS(Bzl)                 D-O-Benzylserine
T(Bzl)                  L-O-Benzylthreonine
DT(Bzl)                 D-O-Benzylthreonine
alloT                   (2S,3S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-butyric acid
DalloT                  (2R,3S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-butyric acid
Leu3OH                  (2S,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-
                        pentanoic acid
DLeu3OH                 (2R,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-
                        pentanoic acid
hAla                    L-Homo-alanine
DhAla                   D-Homo-alanine
hArg                    L-Homo-arginine
DhArg                   D-Homo-arginine
hCys                    L-Homo-cysteine
DhCys                   D-Homo-cysteine
hGlu                    L-Homo-glutamic acid
DhGlu                   D-glutamic acid
hGln                    L-Homo-glutamine
DhGln                   D-Homo-glutamine
hHis                    L-Homo-histidine
DhHis                   D-Homo-histidine
hIle                    L-Homo-isoleucine
DhIle                   D-Homo-isoleucine
hLeu                    L-Homo-leucine
DhLeu                   D-Homo-leucine
hNle                    L-Homo-norleucine
DhNle                   D-Homo-norleucine
hLys                    L-Homo-lysine
DhLys                   D-Homo-lysine
hMet                    L-Homo-Methionine
DhMet                   D-Homo-Methionine
hPhe                    L-Homo-phenylalanine
DhPhe                   D-Homo-phenylalanine
hSer                    L-Homo-serine
DhSer                   D-Homo-serine
hThr                    L-Homo-threonine
DhThr                   D-Homo-threonine
hTrp                    L-Homo-tryptophan
DhTrp                   D-Homo-tryptophan
hTyr                    L-Homo-tyrosine
DhTyr                   D-Homo-tyrosine
hVal                    L-Homo-valine
DhVal                   D-Homo-valine
hCha                    L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine
DhCha                   D-Homo-cyclohexylalanine
Bpa                     L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine
DBpa                    D-4-Benzoylphenylalanine
OctG                    L-Octylglycine
DOctG                   D-Octylglycine
Tic                     (3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-
                        carboxylic acid
DTic                    (3R)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-
                        carboxylic acid
Tiq                     (1S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-
                        carboxylic acid
DTiq                    (1R)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-
                        carboxylic acid
Oic                     (2S,3aS,7aS)-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2-
                        carboxylic acid
DOic                    (2R,3aS,7aS)-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2-
                        carboxylic acid
4AmPyrr1                (2S,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
                        acid
D4AmPyrr1               (2R,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
                        acid
4AmPyrr2                (2S,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
                        acid
D4AmPyrr2               (2R,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
                        acid
4PhePyrr1               (2S,4R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-
                        carboxylic acid
D4PhePyrr1              (2R,4R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-
                        carboxylic acid
4PhePyrr2               (2S,4S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-
                        carboxylic acid
D4PhePyrr2              (2R,4S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-
                        carboxylic acid
5PhePyrr1               (2S,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-
                        carboxylic acid
D5PhePyrr1              (2R,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-
                        carboxylic acid
5PhePyrr2               (2S,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-
                        carboxylic acid
D5PhePyrr2              (2R,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-
                        carboxylic acid
4Hyp1                   (4S)-L-Hydroxyproline
D4Hyp1                  (4S)-D-Hydroxyproline
4Hyp2                   (4R)-L-Hydroxyproline
D4Hyp2                  (4R)-D-Hydroxyproline
4Mp1                    (4S)-L-Mercaptoproline
D4Mp1                   (4S)-D-Mercaptoproline
4Mp2                    (4R)-L-Mercaptoproline
D4Mp2                   (4R)-D-Mercaptoproline
Pip                     L-Pipecolic acid
DPip                    D-Pipecolic acid
H-β3-HCit-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-6-carbamidyl-hexanoic acid
H-β3-HOrn-OH            (3S)-3,6-Diamino-hexanoic acid
H-β3-HtBuA-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-5,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid
H-β3-HSar-OH            N-Methyl-3-amino-propionic acid
H-β3-HPen-OH            (3R)-3-Amino-4-methyl-4-mercapto-
                        pentanoic acid
H-β3-HtBuG-OH           (3R)-3-Amino-4,4-dimethyl-pentanoic acid
H-β3-H4AmPhe-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-aminophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-H3AmPhe-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-aminophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-H2AmPhe-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(2′-aminophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-                   (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-amidinophenyl)-butyric
HPhe(mC(NH2)═NH)—OH     acid
H-β3-                   (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-amidinophenyl)-butyric
HPhe(pC(NH2)═NH)—OH     acid
H-β3-                   (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-guanidinophenyl)-
HPhe(mNHC(NH2)═NH)—OH   butyric acid
H-β3-                   (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-guanidino-phenyl)-
HPhe(pNHC(NH2)═NH)—OH   butyric acid
H-β3-H2Pal-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-4-(pyridine-2′-yl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-H4Pal-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-4-(pyridine-4′-yl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-HPhg-OH            (3R)-3-Amino-3-phenyl-propionic acid
H-β3-HCha-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-4-cyclohexyl-butyric acid
H-β3-HC4al-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-4-cyclobutyl-butyric acid
H-β3-HC5al-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-4-cyclopentyl-butyric acid
H-β3-HNle-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-heptanoic acid
H-β3-H2Nal-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-4-(2′-naphthyl)-butyric acid
H-β3-H1Nal-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-4-(1′-naphthyl)-butyric acid
H-β3-H4ClPhe-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-chlorophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-H3ClPhe-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-chlorophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-H2ClPhe-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(2′-chlorophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-H3,4Cl2Phe-OH      (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-
                        butyric acid
H-β3-H4FPhe-OH          (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-fluorophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-H3FPhe-OH          (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-fluorophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-H2FPhe-OH          (3S)-3-Amino-4-(2′-fluorophenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-HThi-OH            (3R)-3-Amino-4-(2′-thienyl)-butyric acid
H-β3-HTza-OH            (3R)-3-Amino-4-(2′-thiazolyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-HMso-OH            (3R)-3-Amino-4-methylsulfoxyl-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-HAcLys-OH          (3S)-7-Acetylamino-3-amino-heptanoic acid
H-β3-HDpr-OH            (3R)-3,4-diamino-butyric acid
H-β3-HA2Bu—OH           (3S)-3,5-Diamino-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HDbu-OH            (3R)-3,4-Diamino-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HAib-OH            Amino-dimethyl acetic acid
H-β3-HCyp-OH            1-Amino-cyclopentane-1-yl-acetic acid
H-β3-HY(Bzl)-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-benzyloxyphenyl)-
                        butyric acid
H-β3-HH(Bzl)-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′-
                        yl)-butyric acid
H-β3-HBip-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-4-biphenylyl-butyric acid
H-β3-HS(Bzl)-OH         (3S)-3-Amino-4-(benzyloxy)-butyric acid
H-β3-HT(Bzl)-OH         (3R,4R)-3-Amino-4-benzyloxy-pentanoic
                        acid
H-β3-HalloT-OH          (3R,4S)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HLeu3OH—OH         (3R,4R)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-
                        hexanoic acid
H-β3-HhAla-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HhArg-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-7-guanidino-heptanoic acid
H-β3-HhCys-OH           (3R)-Amino-5-mercapto-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HhGlu-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-heptanedioic acid
H-β3-HhGln-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-6-carbamoyl hexanoic acid
H-β3-HhHis-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-5-(imidazole-4′-yl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-β3-HhIle-OH           (3S,5S)-3-Amino-5-methyl-heptanoic acid
H-β3-HhLeu-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-6-methyl-heptanoic acid
H-β3-HhNle-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-octanoic acid
H-β3-DiAoc-OH           (3S)-3,8-Diamino-octanoic acid
H-β3-HhMet-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-6-methylthio-hexanoic acid
H-β3-HhPe-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-5-phenyl-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HhSer-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HhThr-OH           (3S,5R)-3-Amino-5-hydroxy-hexanoic acid
H-β3-HhTrp-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-5-(indol-3′-yl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-β3-HhThr-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-β3-HhCha-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-5-cyclohexyl-pentanoic acid
H-β3-HBpa-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-benzoylphenyl)-butyric
                        acid
H-β3-HOctG-OH           (3S)-3-Amino-undecanoic acid
H-β3-HNle-OH            (3S)-3-Amino-heptanoic acid
H-β3-HTic-OH            (3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-yl-
                        acetic acid
H-β3-HTiq-OH            (1S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-
                        acetic acid
H-β3-HOic-OH            (2S,3aS,7aS)-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2-
                        yl-acetic acid
H-β3-H4AmPyrr1-OH       (2S,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H4AmPyrr2-OH       (2S,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H4PhePyrr1-OH      (2S,4R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H4PhePyrr2-OH      (2S,4S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H5PhePyrr1-OH      (2S,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H5PhePyrr2-OH      (2S,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H4Hyp1-OH          (2S,4S)-4-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H4Hyp2-OH          (2S,4R)-4-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H4Mp1-OH           (2R,4S)-4-Mercapto-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-H4Mp2-OH           (2R,4R)-4-Mercapto-pyrrolidine-2-acetic
                        acid
H-β3-HPip-OH            (2S)-piperidine-2-acetic acid
H-β3-HPro-OH            (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid
H-β3-HDPro-OH           (2R)-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid
Ahb                     4-Amino-2-hydroxy butyric acid
H-γ4-DiHCit-OH          (4S)-4-Amino-7-carbamidyl-heptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHOrn-OH          (4S)-4,7-Diamino-heptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHtBuA-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-6,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHSar-OH          N-Methyl-4-amino-butyric acid
H-γ4-DiHPen-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-methyl-5-mercapto-hexanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHtBuG-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-5,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH4AmPhe-OH       (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-aminophenyl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiH3AmPhe-OH       (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-aminophenyl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiH2AmPhe-OH       (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-aminophenyl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-                   (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-amidinophenyl)-
DiHPhe(mC(NH2)═NH)—OH   pentanoic acid
H-γ4-                   (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-amidinophenyl)-
DiHPhe(pC(NH2)═NH)—OH   pentanoic acid
H-γ4-                   (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-guanidino-phenyl)-
DiHPhe(mNHC(NH2)═NH)—OH pentanoic acid
H-γ4-                   (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-guanidino-phenyl)-
DiHPhe(pNHC(NH2)═NH)—OH pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH2Pal-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-5-(pyridine-4′-yl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiH4Pal-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-5-(pyridine-4′-yl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHPhg-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-4-phenyl-butyric acid
H-γ4-DiHCha-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-cyclohexyl-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHC4al-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-5-cyclobutyl-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHC5al-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-5-cyclopentyl-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHNle-OH          (4S)-4-Amino-octanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH2Nal-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-5-(2′-naphthyl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiH1Nal-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-5-(1′-naphthyl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiH4ClPhe-OH       (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-chlorophenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH3ClPhe-OH       (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-chlorophenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH2ClPhe-OH       (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-chlorophenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH3,4Cl2Phe-OH    (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′,4′-dichloro-phenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH4FPhe-OH        (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-fluorophenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH3FPhe-OH        (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-fluorophenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiH2FPhe-OH        (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-fluorophenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHThi-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-thienyl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHTza-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′- thiazolyl)-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHMso-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-methylsulfoxyl-pentanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHAcLys-OH        (4S)-8-Acetylamino-4-amino-ocatanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHDpr-OH          (4R)-4,5-diamino-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHA2Bu—OH         (4R)-4,5-Diamino-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHDbu-OH          (4R)-4,5-Diamion-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHAib-OH          3-Amino-3,3-dimethyl propionic acid
H-γ4-DiHCyp-OH          (1′-Amino-cyclopentane-1′-yl)-3-propionic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHY(Bzl)-OH       (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-benzyloxyphenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHH(Bzl)-OH       (4R)-4-Amino-5-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′-
                        yl)-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHBip-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-biphenylyl-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHS(Bzl)-OH       (4S)-4-Amino-5-(benzyloxy)-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHT(Bzl)-OH       (4R,5R)-4-Amino-5-benzyloxy-hexanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHalloT-OH        (4R,5S)-4-Amino-5-hydroxy-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHLeu3OH—OH       (4R,5R)-4-Amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-
                        heptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhAla-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhArg-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-8-guanidino-octanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhCys-OH         (4R)-Amino-6-mercapto-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhGlu-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-ocatanedioic acid
H-γ4-DiHhGln-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-7-carbamoyl-heptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhHis-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-6-(imidazole-4′-yl)-hexanoic
                        acid
H-γ4-DiHhIle-OH         (4S,6S)-4-Amino-6-methyl-octanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhLeu-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-7-methyl-ocatanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhNle-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-nonanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhLys-OH         (4S)-4,9-Diamino-nonanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhMet-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-7-methylthioheptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhPhe-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhSer-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhThr-OH         (4R,6R)-4-Amino-6-hydroxy-heptanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhTrp-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-6-(indol-3′-yl)-hexanoicacid
H-γ4-DiHhTyr-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-6-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-
                        hexanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHhCha-OH         (4R)-4-Amino-5-cyclohexyl-pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DihBpa-OH          (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-benzoylphenyl)-
                        pentanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHOctG-OH         (4S)-4-Amino-dodecanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHNle-OH          (4S)-4-Amino-octanoic acid
H-γ4-DiHTic-OH          (3R)-1′,2′,3′,4′-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-
                        3′-yl-3-propionic acid
H-γ4-DiHTiq-OH          (1′R)-1′,2′,3′,4′-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-
                        1′-yl-3-propionic acid
H-γ4-DiHOic-OH          (2′S,3′aS,7′aS)-1′-Octahydro-1H-indole-
                        2′-yl-3-propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH4AmPyrr1-OH     (2′R,4′S)-4′-Amino-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3-
                        propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH4AmPyrr2-OH     (2′R,4′R)-4′-Amino-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3-
                        propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH4PhePyrr1-OH    (2′R,4′R)-4′-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3-
                        propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH4PhePyrr2-OH    (2′R,4′S)-4′-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3-
                        propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH5PhePyrr1-OH    (2′S,5′R)-5′-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3-
                        propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH5PhePyrr2-OH    (2′S,5′S)-5′-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3-
                        propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH4Hyp1-OH        (2′R,4′S)-4′-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-
                        2-propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH4Hyp2-OH        (2′R,4′R)-4′-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-
                        3-propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH4Mp1-OH         (2′R,4′S)-4′-Mercapto-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-
                        3-propionic acid
H-γ4-DiH4Mp2-OH         (2′R,4′R)-4′-Mercapto-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-
                        3-propionic acid
H-γ4-DiHPip-OH          (2′S)-Piperidine-2′-yl-3-propionic acid
H-γ4-DiHPro-OH          (2′S)-Pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3-propionic acid
(AEt)G                  N-(2-Aminoethyl)glycine
(APr)G                  N-(3-Amino-n-propyl)glycine
(ABu)G                  N-(4-Amino-n-butyl)glycine
(APe)G                  N-(5-Amino-n-pentyl)glycine
(GuEt)G                 N-(2-Guanidinoethyl)glycine
(GuPr)G                 N-(3-Guanidino-n-propyl)glycine
(GuBu)G                 N-(4-Guanidino-n-butyl)glycine
(GuPe)G                 N-(5-Guanidino-n-pentyl)glycine
(PEG3-NH2)G             N—[H2N—(CH2)3—(OCH2—CH2)2—O(CH2)3] glycine
(Me)G                   N-Methylglycine
(Et)G                   N-Ethylglycine
(Bu)G                   N-Butylglycine
(Pe)G                   N-Pentylglycine
(Ip)G                   N-Isopropylglycine
(2MePr)G                N-(2-Methylpropyl)glycine
(3MeBu)G                N-(3-Methylbutyl)glycine
(1MePr)G                (1S)-N-(1-Methylpropyl)glycine
(2MeBu)G                (2S)-N-(2-Methylbutyl)glycine
(MthEt)G                N-(Methylthioethyl)glycine
(MthPr)G                N-(Methylthiopropyl)glycine
(Ben)G                  N-(Benzyl)glycine
(PhEt)G                 N-(2-Phenylethyl)glycine
(HphMe)G                N-([4′-hydroxyphenyl]methyl)glycine
(HphEt)G                N-(2-[4′-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl)glycine
(ImMe)G                 N-(Imidazol-5-yl-methyl)glycine
(ImEt)G                 N-(2-(Imidazol-5′-yl)ethyl)glycine
(InMe)G                 N-(Indol-2-yl-methyl)glycine
(InEt)G                 N-(2-(Indol-2′-yl)ethyl)glycine
(CboMe)G                N-(Carboxymethyl)glycine
(CboEt)G                N-(2-Carboxyethyl)glycine
(CboPr)G                N-(3-Carboxypropyl)glycine
(CbaMe)G                N-(Carbamoylmethyl)glycine
(CbaEt)G                N-(2-Carbamoylethyl)glycine
(CbaPr)G                N-(3-Carbamoylpropyl)glycine
(HyEt)G                 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)glycine
(HyPr)G                 (2R)-N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)glycine
(Mcet)G                 N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)glycine
NMeAla                  L-N-Methylalanine
NMeDAla                 D-N-Methylalanine
NMeVal                  L-N-Methylvaline
NMeDVal                 D-N-Methylvaline
NMeIle                  L-N-Methylisoleucine
NMeDIle                 D-N-Methylisoleucine
NMeLeu                  L-N-Methylleucine
NMeDLeu                 D-N-Methylleucine
NMeNle                  L-N-Methylnorleucine
NMeDNle                 D-N-Methylnorleucine
NMeMet                  L-N-Methylmethionine
NMeDMet                 D-N-Methylmethionine
NMeTyr                  L-N-Methyltyrosine
NMeDTyr                 D-N-Methyltyrosine
NMeHis                  L-N-Methylhistidine
NMeDHis                 D-N-Methylhistidine
NMePhe                  L-N-Methylphenylalanine
NMeDPhe                 D-N-Methylphenylalanine
NMeTrp                  L-N-Methyltryptophane
NMeDTrp                 D-N-Methyltryptophane
NMeSer                  L-N-Methylserine
NMeDSer                 D-N-Methylserine
NMeAsp                  L-N-Methylaspartic acid
NMeDAsp                 D-N-Methylaspartic acid
NMeGlu                  L-N-Methylglutamic acid
NMeDGlu                 D-N-Methylglutamic acid
NMeLys                  L-N-Methyllysine
NMeDLys                 D-N-Methyllysine
NMeArg                  L-N-Methylarginine
NMeDArg                 D-N-Methylarginine
NMeDab                  L-N-Methyl-2,4-diamino butyric acid
NMeDDab                 D-N-Methyl-2,4-diamino butyric acid
NMeCys                  L-N-Methylcysteine
NMeDCys                 D-N-Methylcysteine
NMeAsn                  L-N-Methylasparagine
NMeDAsn                 D-N-Methylasparagine
NMeGln                  L-N-Methylglutamine
NMeDGln                 D-N-Methylglutamine
NMeThr                  L-N-Methylthreonine
NMeDThr                 D-N-Methylthreonine

Particularly preferred macrocyclic compounds of formula I are the examples: Ex.9, Ex.11, Ex.12, Ex.16, Ex.30, Ex.49, Ex.184, Ex.200, and Ex.213.

Synthesis of the Building Blocks

Building blocks C used in the synthesis of the macrocyclic compounds of the invention are detailed to the level of fully-defined structures shown in Table 19, above and are easily available. Possible synthetic approaches to the modulator building blocks B and, especially, the production of the template building blocks A are described in some detail hereinbelow.

Synthesis of the Template Building Blocks A

General Transformations

Building blocks of type A are based on readily available substances carrying a carboxylic acid group and either a phenolic (Ar/Hetar-OH) or a thiophenolic moiety (Ar/Hetar-SH). The —COOH group may be attached to the same ring as the —OH/—SH group or to an annelated ring which in turn may be aromatic or partially unsaturated.

In general phenol derivatives are more abundantly described in the literature than the corresponding thiophenols. However, transformations of phenols into thiophenols are well established. Therefore the phenolic systems can be regarded as precursors towards their thio-analogs. Alternatively thiophenols might be derived from the corresponding aryl halides or diazonium salts.

Selected examples of general scope for the transformations Ar/Hetar-X→Ar/Hetar-SH(X═OH, F, Cl, Br, I, N₂⁺) are introduced below:

T-I) A sequence of broad applicability is the transformation of a phenol into a thiocarbamate with N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride, followed by Newman-Kwart rearrangement and subsequent hydrolysis (A. Gallardo-Godoy et al., J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 2407-2419; P. Beaulieu et al., Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 4987-4993; H. Sugiyama et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 613-624; S. Lin et al., Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 2000; 547-556).

T-II) The direct transformation of an —OH adjacent to a pyridinic nitrogen (equivalent to the pyridone tautomer) can be accomplished by heating with P₂S₅ (K. Hirai et al., Heterocycles 1994, 38, 277-280).

T-III) As an alternative to phenols, halogen-substituted (esp. with F or Cl) aromatic ring systems might serve as precursors. In case the halogen is in a position activated by an electron withdrawing group in ortho- or para-position the —SH moiety or a protected analog can be introduced under mild conditions by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (S_NAr) (G. J. Atwell et al., J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 371-380). Especially in the field of heterocyclic compounds, where the electron withdrawing effect is exerted by pyridine-like nitrogen atoms, this type of substitution is often utilized (S. McCombie et al., Heterocycles, 1993, 35, 93-97).

T-IV) Similarly, in Sandmeyer-type reactions a diazonium group (—N₂⁺) is replaced (C. Mukherjee, E. Biehl, Heterocycles 2004, 63, 2309-2318).

T-V) In non-activated positions the substitution of halogen atoms (esp. Br or I) can be accomplished via the corresponding organolithium or Grignard reagents (J. L. Kice, A. G. Kutateladze, J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 917-923; P. C. Kearney et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9907-9919; K.-Y. Jen, M. P. Cava, Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 2001-2004). Alternatively, transition metal-catalyzed transformations are feasible for this type of reaction, e.g. Cu-catalyzed substitution with benzothioic S-acid (N. Sawada et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 6595-6597), or Pd-catalyzed substitution with KS-Si(i-Pr)₃ followed by desilylation of the thus introduced —SSi(i-Pr)₃ group (A. M. Rane et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 3225-3226).

The hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring (Ar—OH or Hetar-OH) in turn, if not part of a commercially available substance, can be introduced by various methods:

H-I) Analogously to T-III) the hydroxy group or a surrogate can be introduced by an S_NAr reaction of halogen atoms, esp. Cl or F, ortho or para to an electron withdrawing substituent (W. Cantrell, Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 4249-4251) or to a pyridinic nitrogen atom (S. D. Taylor et al., J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 9420-9430).

H-II) Sandmeyer-type hydroxylations of aromatic amines via intermediate diazonium salts (P. Madsen et al., J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 5755-5775).

H-III) The substitution of halogen atoms (esp. Br and I), not activated for an S_NAr, can be achieved by transition metal-catalyzed C—O-couplings; predominant are Pd-catalysts (K. W. Anderson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10694-10695; B. J. Gallon et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7251-7254), but also others, like Cu-catalysts (J. E. Ellis, S. R. Lenger, Synth. Commun. 1998, 28, 1517-1524), find application.

H-IV) Of broad scope is also a two-step process which first transforms halogen atoms (Cl, Br and I) into a boronate and then oxidatively cleaves the carbon-boron bond to the phenol (J. R. Vyvyan et al., J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 2461-2468).

The carboxylic acid groups of template building blocks A, if not already present in a commercial available building block, can be introduced by standard procedures:

C-I) The oxidation of functional groups like hydroxymethyl (—CH₂—OH) or aldehyde (—C(═O)H) can be achieved under mild conditions (G. V. M. Sharma et al., Synth. Commun. 2000, 30, 397-406; C. Wiles et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 5261-5264). Also methyl groups on benzene rings can be oxidized; however, as harsh reaction conditions are usually required, its applicability is limited. In contrast, the relative acidic methyl groups ortho or para to a pyridine nitrogen can be oxidized under milder conditions; making this the method of choice for many pyridine ring analogs (T. R. Kelly, F. Lang, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4623-4633).

C-II) Halogen atoms can easily be replaced by a carboxyl group or surrogates thereof, e.g. by halogen metal exchange and subsequent carboxylation of the intermediate Grignard or organolithium species (C. G. Screttas, B. R. Steele, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 1013-1017), or by utilizing Mander's reagent (methyl cyanoformate) (A. Lepretre et al., Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 265-274).

C-III) In the case that acidified ring positions are to be carboxylated, a viable method is deprotonation with a strong base (usually tert-butyl lithium) followed by carboxylation of the intermediate organolithium species in analogy to C-II).

C-IV) Hydrolysis of ester, amide or nitrile groups. The CN group in turn can easily be introduced by treating organic halides with CuCN (Rosenmund-von Braun reaction: C. F. Koelsch, A. G. Whitney, J. Org. Chem., 1941, 6, 795-803).

Applied to commercially available starting materials these general transformations offer a tool box for accessing templates A. Further literature example are cited within the category of each embodiment below.

A1-A59 Phenyl Derivatives

A plethora of hydroxy benzoic acids with diverse substitution patterns are commercially available and can be directly incorporated as template A into the macrocyclic backbone. In several other cases the presence of an optional substituent provides a suitable functionality that can be further extended into more complex high variation substituents by standard methods of organic synthesis and parallel/combinatorial chemistry.

Even not so common tetrasubstituted hydroxy benzoic acids (A53-A59) can be built up by procedures in accordance with the general methods mentioned above, for example by carboxylation of pentasubstituted phenol derivatives (K. Sung, R. J. Lagow, J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 917-918; E. Marzi, M. Schlosser, Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 3393-3402; K. C. Nicolaou et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3334-3339). Alternative approaches to tetrasubstituted hydroxy benzoic acids involve, for example, the oxidation of benzaldehydes followed by the introduction of substituents into remaining free positions, also feasible to build up polysubstituted benzoic acids from less substituted ones (K. C. Nicolaou et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3095-3115).

A60-A143 Pyridine Derivatives

As in the case of the above class of compounds also for pyridine derivatives a very large number of substances are commercially available which can be incorporated into the macrocycle directly, or can easily be transformed into suitable hydroxyl pyridine carboxylic acids by the general methods mentioned above: selected literature examples can be cited for transformations of type C-III (M. Shimano et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39; 4363-4366; ibid., Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 12745-12774); for H-II (L. Carpino et al., J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69; 54-61); and for C-I (T. R. Kelly, F. Lang, Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 5319-5322), or for C-IV (J. L. LaMattina, R. L. Taylor, J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 4179-4182).

A144-A165 Pyridazine Derivatives

In analogy to general transformations which are readily available, suitably substituted methylpyridazines can be oxidized to the corresponding 3- or 4-carboxylic acids with dichromate (M. Morishita et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 42, 371-372; M. Winn et al., J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 2676-2688). Of similarly broad scope is the hydrolysis of the corresponding nitriles under chemical conditions (hydroxide; G. Heinisch, D. Lassnigg, Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim, Ger.) 1987, 320, 1222-1226) or under enzymatic conditions (nitrilase from Rhodococcus sp.; N. Klempier et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 341-344). One possibility to construct the heterocyclic pyridazine core from non-cyclic precursors starts with β-ketoesters which can be subjected to a Staudinger reaction followed by a aza-Wittig-cyclization of the intermediate azides (S. V. Galiullina et al., Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 43, 607-614; M. Guillaume et al., Synthesis 1995, 8, 920-922) or directly cyclocondensed with monohydrazone (E. E. Schweizer, K.-J. Lee, J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 2768-2773).

A166-A189 Pyrimidine Derivatives

Similarly as with the pyridine derivatives, a large number of suitable building blocks are commercially available and can be directly incorporated into the macrocycle, or they can easily be transformed into the target compounds by the standard procedures mentioned above, including selected examples for transformations of type C-I (Y. Honma et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982, 30, 4314-4324); and C-IV (I. V. Oleinik, O. A. Zagulyaeva, Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. 1993, 29, 427-431). In addition, the pyrimidine core can easily be constructed by cyclocondensation of oxalylic compounds with malonamidine derivative (G. A. Howard et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1944, 476-477) or of malonates with amidine derivatives (M. Otsuka et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 515-519).

A190-A200 Pyrazine Derivatives

Pyrazine carboxylic acids are easily obtained by cyclocondensation of α,β-diaminopropionic acid with α,β-dicarbonyl derivatives (J. Bostroem et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 4077-4084). Standard protocol examples are for C-I (J. R. Young et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000, 10, 1723-1728); for C-111 (N. Ple et al., Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 9701-9710); and for H-II (A. P. Krapcho et al., J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1997, 34, 27-32). Highly chemosoelective oxidations of type C-I can be achived by biotransformations with Pseudomonas putida (A. Kiener, Ang. Chem. 1992, 104, 748-749).

A201-A206 Triazine Derivatives

A possible route to suitably substituted precursors of difunctional triazines is the cyclocondensation of amidrazones with α,β-diketones or α,β-diketoesters (M. Sagi et al., Heterocycles 1990, 30, 1009-1021). Also α,γ-diketoesters are described as suitable starting materials, in this case, however, a multi step reaction sequence being required that proceeds via intermediate 4-nitrosopyrazoles (R. Fusco, S. Rossi, Tetrahedron 1958, 3, 209-224).

A207-A228 Furan, Thiophene and Pyrrole Derivatives

The furans A207 and A208 can be synthesized from suitably substituted 2-formyl- or 2-acetyl-3-oxo-butanoates by bromination followed by cyclization (A. Becker, Helv. Chim. Acta 1949, 32, 1114-1122; R. Richter, Helv. Chim. Acta 1949, 32, 1123-1136). The thiophenes A207 and A208 can be prepared from (substituted) 3-methoxycarbonyl-tetrahydrothiophene-4-one by oxidation (M. R. Banks et al., J. Chem. Res. (M) 1984, 369-389) or by condensation with aldehydes followed by isomerization (R. Jaunin, Helv. Chim. Acta 1980, 63, 1542-1553). The pyrroles A207 and A208 (X═O) can be obtained from N-protected, suitably substituted 3-amino-acrylates by reaction with (substituted) 2-chloroacetyl chlorides followed by base-induced cyclization (E. Benary, R. Konrad, Chem. Ber. 1923, 56, 44-52). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be synthesized from 3-methoxycarbonyl-furan by dibromination/methanolysis, subsequent reaction with 3-mercapto-propionate and amines, followed by acid-induced cyclization and S-deprotection (F. Eiden, U. Grusdt, Arch. Pharm. 1989, 322, 807-810).

The furans A209 and A210 (X═O) are accessible from (substituted) acetyl(methoxycarbonyl)methylene]-triphenylphosphorane by reaction with aldehydes followed by ozonolysis and acid-induced isomerization (H. H. Wasserman, G. M. Lee, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 9783-9786). The thiophenes A209 and A210 can be prepared from 2-mercaptoacetate and (substituted) acetylene carboxylates (H. Fiesselmann, G. Pfeiffer, Chem. Ber. 1954, 87, 848-856) or from acetyl acetates and 2-mercaptoacetate followed by base-induced cyclization (H. Fiesselmann, F. Thoma, Chem. Ber. 1956, 89, 1907-1912).

The pyrroles A209 and A210 can be obtained by condensation of beta-alanine ethyl ester and (substituted) 2,3-dioxo-pent-4-enoic esters (H. H. Wasserman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1721-1724) or by reaction of suitably substituted 3-oxo-propanoates with glycine esters (A. Treibs, A. Ohorodnik, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1958, 611, 139-149). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be synthesized from (substituted) pyrrolidine-2-carboxylates by subsequent reaction with bistosylsulfur diimide and trimethylphosphite followed by demethylation (J. Häusler, Monatsh. Chem. 1986, 117, 269-274).

The furans of type A211 and A212 can be synthesized from diazomalonates and suitably substituted alkynes in a two-step-procedure catalyzed by rhodium(II)-acetate (P. Müller, C. Gränicher, Helv. Chim. Acta 1993, 76, 521-534). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be obtained from suitably substituted oxazoles by deprotonation and reaction with dimethyl disulfide, then bromination, lithiation and carboxylation followed by demethylation (S. M. Nolan, T. Cohen, J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 2473-2476). The thiophenes A211 and A212 are accessible from (substituted) thiophenes by 5-alkylation and/or 3-carboxylation by deprotonation or lithiation (J. Sicé, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 3697-3700). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be obtained from (substituted) 2-trimethylsilyloxy-cyclopropanecarboxylates by reaction with carbon disulfide (C. Brückner, H.-U. Reissig, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1988, 465-470).

The pyrroles A211 and A212 can be prepared from suitably substituted 2-chloroethylidene-malonates by substitution with sodium azide followed by cyclization in the presence of triphenylphosphine (F.-P. Montforts et al., Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1990, 1037-1043). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be obtained from suitably substituted 2-oxoethyl-malonates by reaction with isothiocyanates followed by acid-induced cyclization and decarboxylation (J. Fuentes et al., Tetrahedron: Asymm. 1998, 9, 2517-2532).

Furans of type A213 and A214 are accessible either by 5-lithiation/carboxylation of (substituted) O-protected 2-hydroxy-furans or by 5-bromination of furan-2-carboxylates followed by substitution with methylate and demethylation (D. G. Manly, E. D. Amstutz, J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 516-519). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be obtained from (substituted) 1,1-bis(methylthio)prop-1-en-3-one and bromoacetate followed by demethylation (A. Datta et al., Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 7631-7641). The thiophenes A213 and A214 can be prepared analogously as for the compounds A211 and A212 (J. Sicé, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 3697-3700). The thioanalogues of thiophenes A213 and A214 (X═S) can be synthesized from suitably substituted 2-chloro-thiophenes by 5-carboxylation and subsequent substitution with sodium hydrogensulfide (K. Clarke et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 11980, 1029-1037). The pyrrols A213 and A214 can be obtained from suitably substituted, N-protected glutamate, which is transformed into the didehydro derivative and cyclized in the presence of LiCuMe₂ (M. M. Paz., F. J. Sardina, J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 6990-6995). The thiophenes A215 and A216 (X═S) can be synthesized from (substituted) 3-bromo-thiophenes by a sequence of 3-lithiation/sulfanylation, 2-bromination, 4-lithiation/carboxylation, 2-debromination and 3-demethylation (E. C. Taylor, D. E. Vogel, J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 1002-1004). The pyrroles A215 and A216 can be prepared from aminooxoacetate and oxalyl chloride, alcoholysis of the isocyanate, reaction with (3-bromoacetonyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide and N-deprotection (J. P. Bazureau et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 1921-1922), or from (substituted) N-Pfp-protected 3-oxo-prolinates by subsequent reaction with base and acid (F.-A. Marcotte, W. D. Lubell, Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2601-2603). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be obtained from suitably substituted pyrrole-2-carboxylates by subsequent reaction with dicyanodisulfane and zinc/acetic acid (A. Berlin et al., J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 2 1990, 5, 699-704).

The furans A217 and A218 may be obtained from (substituted) acetylene carboxylates by reaction with suitably substituted ethoxyvinylidene-tetracarbonyl-ferrocene complexes followed by O-deprotection (Atiq-ur-Rehman et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9848-9849). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be synthesized from suitably substituted furan-3-carboxylates by subsequent 5-bromination, reaction with dimethyl disulfide and S-deprotection (G. Majetich et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4887-4890). The thiophenes A217 and A218 should be accessible from (substituted) formylsuccinates by cyclization in the presence of methanol, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide, followed by demethylation (S. Mitra et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1939, 1116-1117); or from (substituted) 2,4-dibromothiophene by subsequent reaction with methanol, butyllithium and carbon dioxide followed by demethylation (D. Spinelli et al., J. Chem. Res. (M) 1993, 8, 1873-1890). The pyrroles A217 and A218 (keto-tautomer) can be obtained from suitably substituted aminomethylene succinates by base-induced cyclization (C. A. Grob, P. Ankli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1949, 32, 2023-2038). The thioanalogues (X═S) can be synthesized from (substituted) dimethyl(trimethylsilyl)methyl-carbonimidodithioate and (substituted) acetylene carboxylates in the presence of silver fluoride (A. Padwa et al., J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 1027-1035).

A229-A234 Oxazole, Thiazole and Imidazole Derivatives

The oxazoles of type A229 can be obtained by reaction of acetyl isocyanates and diazoacetate followed by cyclization (O. Tsuge et al., Tetrahedron 1973, 29, 1983-1990), whereas the thiazoles A229 can be synthesized from bromomalonates and thioamides (F. A. J. Kerdesky et al., J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 2158-2165). The imidazoles A229 are accessible by reaction of aminomalonate with substituted acetimidates (M. S. Poonian, E. F. Nowoswiat, J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 203-208).

The oxazoles and thiazoles of type A230 are accessible by cyclizing monoethyl acetamidomalonate in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride (to the oxazoles; J. Morgan et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1997, 5, 613-620), or in the presence of phosphorus pentasulfide (to the thiazoles; A. G. Long, A. Tulley, J. Chem. Soc. 1964, 1190-1192). The thiazoles A230 (with X═S) can be synthesized either from N-thioacetyl-glycine by PCl₃-mediated cyclization followed by subsequent reaction with the Vilsmeyer reagent and hydrosulfide and oxidation of the intermediate aldehyde (to give 2-substituted 5-mercapto-thiazoles; I. Y. Kvitko et al., Chem. Heterocycl. Comp. 1980, 16, 28-31) or from (substituted) 3-bromo-2-oxo-propionic acid by reaction with thiourea, 2-deamination via diazotation, 5-bromination, substitution and deprotection (to give 2-unsubstituted 5-mercapto-thiazoles; B. Blank et al., J. Med. Chem. 1977, 20, 572-576). The imidazoles A230 (X═O) can be obtained from aminomalonate by reaction with trimethylorthoformiate followed by cyclization in the presence of ammonia or amines (R. S. Hosmane, B. B. Lim, Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 1915-1918) or, for (X═S) by subsequent reaction of 2-amino-2-cyano-acetate with (substituted) trimethylorthoformiate and hydrogen sulfide A. K. Sen, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, Indian J. Chem. B. 1981, 20, 275-278).

The oxazoles A231 (X═S) should be obtainable starting from hydroxyacetaldehyde dimer and potassium thiocyanate followed by S-methylation, lithiation/acylation with chloroformiate and demethylation (C. M. Shafer, T. F. Molinski, J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 551-555). The corresponding thiazoles A231 (X═S) may be synthesized from suitably substituted beta-ketoesters by subsequent reaction with [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene and ammonium dithiocarbamate (P.-F. Zhang, Z.-C. Chen, Synth. Comm. 2001, 31, 415-420). The imidazoles A231 (X═S) can be prepared from N-protected glycine by subsequent reaction with formic acid, methyl formiate and potassium thiocyanate (G. van Lommen et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 497-500), or by C-alkylation of N-protected glycine with suitably substituted chloroacetates followed by reaction with potassium thiocyanate (J. Singh et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 211-214). Oxazoles of type A232 can be prepared from suitably substituted diazoacetates by rhodium-catalyzed reaction with cyanoformiate (G. Shi et al., J. Fluorine Chem. 1991, 52, 149-157). Oxazoles of type A233 can be obtained by heating suitably substituted acetylene carboxylates with diazoacetate followed by demethylation (R. Huisgen, H. Blaschke, Chem. Ber. 1965, 98, 2985-2997). The S-analogues of oxazoles A233 (X═S) are accessible from N-(bismethylthio)glycine esters by reaction with DMF-acetals followed by acid-induced cyclization and demethylation (R. Gompper, U. Heinemann, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 297-298). The thiazoles A233 (X═O) can be prepared from suitably substituted cysteine ethyl ester by reaction with diphosgene followed by bromination/elimination (G. Serra et al., Heterocycles 1995, 41, 2701-2711).

The oxazoles A234 (X═O) can be prepared from suitably substituted hydroxyacetonitriles and oxalyl chloride followed by methanolysis of the intermediate and demethylation (K. van Aken, G. Hoornaert, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm. 1992, 12, 895-896). The thiazoles A234 (X═O) are accessible from suitably substituted 2-mercaptoacetate and cyanoformiate (G. Satzinger, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1978, 473-511). The corresponding thioanalogues (X═S) can be prepared from (substituted) S-methyl 3-oxopropanedithioates and glycine esters followed by cyclization induced by thionyl chloride and demethylation (A. Rahman et al., Synthesis 1984, 250-252).

A235-A239 Isoxazole, Isothiazole and Pyrazole Derivatives

Isoxazoles A235 can be synthesized from (2-methoxymethylene)-malonate substituted in 2-position by reaction with hydroxylamine followed by aqueous HCl (K. Bowden et al., J. Chem. Soc. C 1968, 172-185). The corresponding pyrazoles A235 can be prepared similarly but with hydrazine instead of hydroxylamine (T. M. Willson et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 1047-1050).

The isothiazoles A236 can be obtained from suitably substituted O-toluenesulfonyloxyiminoacetates by reaction with thioglycolates (B. Rezessy et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 6523-6526). The corresponding pyrazoles A236 can be prepared either from suitably substituted 2-oxopropionates by reaction with ethyl hydrazinoacetate followed by methoxide-mediated cyclization (R. N. Comber et al., Carbohyd. Res. 1992, 216, 441-452) or from substituted 3-oxopropionates by 2-diazotation followed by cyclization in the presence of sodium hydride (F. J. L. Herrera, C. U. Baelo, Carbohyd. Res. 1985, 143, 161-174). The isoxazoles A237 are accessible by reaction of 4-chloro-3-oxo-butanoates substituted in 4-position with isopentylnitrite (G. Hesse, G. Krehbiel, Chem. Ber. 1955, 88, 130-133). The pyrazoles A237 can be obtained from suitably substituted malonates by reaction with diazoacetate (A. Bertho, H. Nüssel, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1927, 457, 278-307). The pyrazoles of type A238 (keto-isomers) can be synthesized from suitably substituted ketosuccinic acids by reaction with hydrazines in the presence of acetic acid (K. J. Duffy et al., J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 3730-3745).

Isoxazoles of type A239 can be obtained from 3-substituted 2-bromomaleic acids by esterification followed by reaction with hydroxyurea (C. Bennouna et al., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1980, 2, 478-480). The isothiazoles A239 can be prepared from 3-substituted 2-aminofurmaramides by subsequent reaction with hydrogen sulfide and bromine followed by hydrolysis of the formed amides (J. Lykkeberg, P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, Acta Chem. Scand. B 1976, 30, 781-785). The corresponding pyrazoles are accessible from (substituted) maleates by reaction with hydrazines followed by oxidation to give the pyrazole ring (G. P. Lahm et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 6274-6279).

A240-A357 Benzofurane, Benzothiophene and Indole Derivatives

The benzothiophenes A240 can be prepared in a multistep sequence starting from suitably substituted 2-hydroxy-benzaldehydes, which are transformed into the 3-isopropoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzothiophen-2-ones and then further on functionalized in 2-position and carboxylated in 3-position (A. V. Kalinin et al., J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 5992-5999).

A possible route to benzofuranes of type A241-A243 involves condensation of suitably substituted cyclohexane-1,3-diones and 3-bromo-2-oxo-propionic acid followed by Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenation (G. Kneen, P. J. Maddocks, Synth. Comm. 1986, 16, 1635-1640). The indoles A244-A247 can be obtained from suitably substituted 2-bromo-3-nitro-benzoates by a Stille coupling to the corresponding 1-ethoxy-styrene followed by a Pd-catalyzed reductive cyclization in the presence of CO and subsequent deprotection of the alcohol and acid (R. W. Clawson et al., Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 10829-10834).

The benzofuranes of type A248-A251 can be synthesized from suitably substituted 2,6-dihydroxy-benzoates by reaction with 2-chloroketones (F. H. Curd, A. Robertson, J. Chem. Soc. 1933, 714-720) or with chloroacetonitrile in the presence of Lewis acids and HCl followed by acetylation and reductive deoxygenation in 3-position (W. Gruber, K. Horvath, Mh. Chem. 1950, 81, 828-836). The corresponding indoles A250 and A251 should accessible from 6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-nitro-benzoic acid, which is reacted with dimethylformamide followed by hydrogenation of the nitro group, cyclization, diazotation of the amine and hydroxylation (H. D. Hollis Showalter et al., J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 1155-1158). The benzothiophenes A250 and A251 could be obtained from suitably substituted 2-(thiophen-3-yl-)acetaldehydes by reaction with propargyl alcohol followed by iodo-cyclization, oxidation of the alcohol to the acid and transformation of the 6-iodo-compound into the alcohol (J. P. Waldo et al., J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 6679-6685).

The benzothiophenes of type A252-A255 are accessible from suitably substituted methyl 3-methyl-thiophene-2-carboxylate, which is first transformed into the 3-toluenesulfinylmethyl compound and then further reacted with suitably substituted acrylates in the presence of base to give the methyl esters of A252-A255 (J. W. Terpstra, A. M. van Leusen, J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 230-238). Indoles A252-A255 can be synthesized from methyl 2-methoxy-4-methyl-benzoates, which are subsequently brominated in 5-position, nitrated in 3-position, then reacted with dimethylformamide and reduced with Ra/Ni and hydrazine, which triggers a cyclization to the 7-methoxy-6-methoxycarbonyl-indoles. These intermediates can then be deprotected to the indoles A252-A255 (P. L. Beaulieu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 4987-4993).

Possible precursors for benzofuranes A256-A259 and A264-A267 are suitably substituted 2,4-dihydroxy-benzoates which are subjected to alkylation in 4-position with bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal followed by cyclization mediated by Amberlyst A15 (M. Dixit et al., Synlett 2006, 10, 1497-1502). Indoles of type A256-A259 (TMS-protected in 4-position, if there is no other substituent) and A264-A267 can be obtained from suitably substituted 5-hydroxy-indoles by formation of the diethyl carbamate followed by anionic Fries rearrangement to the diethyl amide, which is subsequently hydrolyzed with aqueous sodium hydroxide or perchloric acid (E. J. Griffen et al., J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 1484-1485). The benzothiophenes of type A260 and A263 should accessible from 4,6-dibromo-benzene-1,3-carbaldehyde (substituted in 2- or 5-position) by subsequent substitution of the bromides with methoxide and with 2-mercaptoacetate followed by cyclization, decarboxylation, demethylation and oxidation of the aldehyde to the acid (A. E. Jakobs et al., Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 9315-9324).

Benzofuranes of type A268-A271 can be synthesized from the corresponding 4-hydroxy-benzofuranes by carboxylation with carbon dioxide in the presence of methoxide (T. Reichstein, R. Hirt, Helv. Chim. Acta 1933, 16, 121-129) or from suitably substituted 5-carbomethoxy-6-hydroxy-salicylaldehydes by reaction with bromoacetates followed by saponification and cyclization in the presence of acetic anhydride (R. T. Foster, A. Robertson, J. Chem. Soc. 1948, 115-116). The preparation of the corresponding benzothiophenes A268-A271 should be possible from suitably substituted 4-oxo-tetrahydrobenzothiophene by acylation with dimethyl carbonate followed by aromatization with DDQ (P. P. Yadav et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2005, 13, 1497-1505). The indoles A268-A271 can be prepared similarly from the 4-oxo-tetrahydroindoles, or alternatively from suitably substituted N-protected 4-amino-salicylic acid via Claisen rearrangement of the O-allyl ether followed by cleavage of the double bond and cyclization (T. Kakigami et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 46, 42-52). Benzofuranes of type A273-A275 can be obtained from 4-O-protected 4-hydroxy-salicylaldehydes by reaction with ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of tetrafluoroboric acid followed by dehydration and deprotection (M. E. Dudley et al., Synthesis 2006, 1711-1714). The benzothiophenes A272-A275 are accessible from 5-bromo-benzothiophene (which, in turn, can be prepared from suitably substituted 4-bromo-thiophenols and bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal) by Friedel-Crafts acylation, conversion of the methyl ketone into the carboxylate, substitution of the bromide with methoxide and demethylation (S. Mitsumori et al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2446-2455). The synthesis of corresponding indoles A272-A275 should be possible by the reaction of suitably substituted para-benzoquinones with substituted 2-aminoacrylates in a Nenitzescu reaction (E. A. Steck et al., J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 1750-1752) Benzofuranes of type A276-A279 can be obtained from the 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-benzoates by bromination of the methyl ketone followed by base-induced cyclization to the keto-tautomer of A276-A279 (G. Doria et al., Farmaco 1980, 35, 674-680). The synthesis of 2-substituted benzofuranes A278 can be achieved by alkylation or acylation. The corresponding benzothiophenes A276-A279 may be prepared from suitably substituted 4-fluorobenzoates and thioglycolate by AlCl₃-induced intramolecular Fridel-Crafts acylation of the intermediate 4-alkoxycarbonyl-phenylsulfanyl acetates (D. L. Gernert et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 2759-2764).

The benzofuranes and benzothiophenes of type A284-A287 can be synthesized from suitably substituted 3-furaldehydes or 3-formyl-thiophenes by condensation with diethyl succinate followed by cyclization in the presence of acetic anhydride and then base (D. Simoni et al., J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 3143-3152). The indoles of type A284 and A287 are accessible from 3-methoxy-4-amino-benzoates by subsequent 5-iodination, Sonogashira coupling with TMS-acetylene and CuI-mediated cyclization followed by demethylation (J. Ezquerra et al., J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5804-5812). Benzofuranes and benzothiophenes of type A288-A291 can be obtained from suitably substituted 2-furaldehydes similarly as described for A284-A287 (D. Simoni et al., J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 3143-3152). The indoles A288-A291 can be synthesized similarly from pyrrole-2-carbaldehydes and diethyl succinate followed by base-induced cyclization (C. Fuganti, S. Serra, J. Chem. Res. (M) 1998, 10, 2769-2782).

The indoles of type A292-A295 can be prepared from N-protected ethyl furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylates by decarboxylation with copper chromite in quinoline followed by Diels-Alder reaction with ethyl propiolate and subsequent deprotection (A. Krutosikova, M. Hanes, Collect. Czech. Chem. Comm. 1992, 57, 1487-1494).

Benzofuranes of type A296-A299 can be obtained from suitably substituted (p-acetoxyphenoxy)acetyl chlorides by reaction with cyanide followed by cyclization with 1,3-dihydroxy-benzene mediated by zinc(II)-chloride and hydrogen chloride (L. Crombie et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1987, 2783-2786). The corresponding benzothiophenes A296-A299 can be synthesized from suitably substituted 3-bromothiophenols similarly to the synthesis of A272-A275 (S. Mitsumori et al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2446-2455). The access of the indoles A296-A299 can be achieved either from O-protected 6-hydroxyindoles by acylation in 3-position with trichloroacetyl chloride and methanolysis followed by deprotection (M. Fedouloff et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2001, 9, 2119-2128) or by acylation of suitably substituted indoles in 3-position followed by 6-hydroxylation via a Friedel-Crafts acylation/Baeyer-Villiger oxidation sequence (S, Nakatsuka et al., Heterocycles 1987, 26, 1471-1474).

The benzofuranes A300-A303 can be obtained from suitably substituted 3-acetyl-furanes by transformation into the silylenol ether followed by Diels-Alder reaction, elimination and dehydrogenation (A. Benitez et al., J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 1487-1492).

The benzofuranes A304-A307 can be synthesized either from substituted 2-allyl-3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehydes by isomerization/metathesis followed by oxidation of the aldehyde and demethylation (W. A. L. van Otterlo et al., Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 7746-7755) or from substituted 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-bromo-benzaldehydes by reduction of the alcohol, formation of the phosphonium salt and cyclization in the presence of an acid chloride followed by lithiation/carboxylation and demethylation (K. Hagihara et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 1616-1621). The corresponding benzothiophenes A304-A307 are accessible from suitably substituted methyl thiophene-2-carboxylates by transformation into the 1-(2′-thienyl)-1,4-dioxobutanes followed by BF₃-mediated cyclization, 4-carbonylation by Vilsmeyer-Haack reaction, oxidation of the aldehyde and demethylation (S. S. Samanta et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1997, 3673-3678).

The indoles A304-A307 can be obtained either by Diels-Alder reaction of the silylenolate of N-protected 2-acetylpyrrole with propiolate followed by air oxidation (M. Ohno et al., Heterocycles 1991, 32, 1199-1202) or from suitably substituted 4-benzyloxy-2-methyl-3-nitro-benzoates (prepared from the 3-methylphenols in a multistep sequence) by subsequent reaction with dimethylformamide and zinc/acetic acid followed by deprotection (M. Tanaka et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 31, 187-198).

A358-A372 Pyrrolo[2,3-b]Pyridine Derivatives

The pyrrolopyridines A365 and A366 can be synthesized from 7-azaindole, which is first transformed into N-protected 4-chloro-7-azaindole via the pyridyl-N-oxide (X. Wang et al., J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 4021-4023), followed by 5-lithiation and carboxylation, hydrolysis of the chloride and of the ester and N-deprotection (A. L'Heureux et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 2317-2320). The pyrrolopyridines of type A367 and A368 can be obtained from suitably substituted 4-chloro-3-formyl-pyridines by reaction with azidoacetate followed by a Hemetsberger-Knittel reaction (P. J. Roy et al., Synthesis 2005, 2751-2757). The pyrrolopyridines of type A369 and A370 may be accessible from the corresponding substituted 5-chloro-pyrrolopyridine by formylation in a Duff reaction, oxidation to the acid and hydrolysis of the chloride (R. H. Bahekar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 6782-6795) The synthesis of pyrrolopyridines A371 and A372 may be possible from 4-chloro-7-azaindole by pyridyl-N-oxidation and -methylation followed by substitution with cyanide and hydrolysis of the nitrile and chloride (T. Storz et al., Synthesis 2008, 201-214).

A373-A385 Pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine Derivatives

The pyrrolopyridine A379 might be obtained from suitably substituted 4-iodo-3-nitro-pyridines by a Sonogashira coupling, ethanolysis of the alkyne, reduction of the nitro group and TiCl₄-mediated cyclization (T. Sakamoto et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 2362-2368). The pyrrolopyridines of type A382 and A383 can be prepared from 2-methoxy-4-iodo-5-aminopyridines by Sonogashira coupling with TMS-acetylene, CuI-mediated cyclization, formylation (and oxidation) in 3-position and demethylation (D. Mazeas et al., Heterocycles 1999, 50, 1065-1080).

Pyrrolopyridines of type A384 and A385 are accessible from suitably substituted 4-methoxy-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde by reductive amination with 3,3-diethoxy-2-amino-propionate, TiCl₄-mediated cyclization and demethylation (S. K. Singh et al., Heterocycles 1997, 44, 379-392).

A386-A398 Pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine Derivatives

The pyrrolopyridines A387 and A388 could be accessible starting from suitably substituted N-alkylated 2-formyl-pyrroles via the 2-pyrrylacryl azides, which are then cyclized to the pyrrolopyridinones. These intermediates are then transformed into the 3-carboxy compounds via the corresponding aldehydes (J. S. New et al., J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 1147-1156). The pyrrolopyridines of type A389 and A390 can be obtained from suitably substituted 2-methoxy-3-formyl-pyridines by reaction with azidoacetate followed by a Hemetsberger-Knittel reaction, similarly to the synthesis of A367 and A368 (P. J. Roy et al., Synthesis 2005, 2751-2757).

A399-A413 Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine Derivatives

Pyrrolopyridines of type A406 and A407 can be obtained from substituted 2-(6-methoxy-3-nitro-2-pyridyl)-acetates by Knoevenagel reaction with formaldehyde followed by Pd-catalyzed cyclization in the presence of hydrogen and CO (B. C. G. Soederberg et al., Synthesis 2008, 6, 903-912).

Pyrrolopyridines A410 and A413 can be synthesized from suitably substituted 2-chloro-3-nicotinonitriles by Sonogashira coupling with TMS-acetylene followed by ethanolysis of the alkyne and degradation of the nitrile and finally acid-induced cyclization (T. Sakamoto et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 2362-2368). Alternatively, the synthesis of A410 and A413 can be achieved by reaction of suitably substituted 3-nitro-pyridines with vinylmagnesium bromide (Z. Zhang et al., J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 2345-2347). The pyrrolopyridines A408 and A412 can be obtained from 2-alkynyl-3-amino-pyridines by CuI-catalyzed cyclization (A. M. Palmer et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 1511-1530).

A414-A449 Benzoxazole, Benzothiazole and Benzoimidazole Derivatives

Benzoxazoles A415 and A416 can be prepared starting from N-acylated 3-chloro-4-anisidines via benzyne-formation and carboxylation (D. R. Reavill, S. K. Richardson, Synth. Comm. 1990, 20, 1423-1436). The corresponding benzimidazoles A415 and A416 are accessible from of 2-amino-3-halo-benzoates by acylation of the amine, nitration in 6-position, alkylation of the amide and cyclization under reductive conditions (K. Kubo et al., J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 1772-1784).

Benzimidazoles of type A417-A419 can be obtained from 4-acetamido-2-methoxy-benzoates by subsequent chlorination in 5-position and nitration in 3-position, followed by reductive cyclization of the obtained 3-nitro-4-amino-benzoates in the presence of carboxylic acids or formic acid (S. Bolgunas et al., J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 4762-4766). This reductive cyclization procedure might also be applicable to the synthesis of other benzimidazoles. Benzimidazoles A420-A422 are accessible from the corresponding 5-methoxy-6-methyl-benzimidazoles by demethylation and oxidation of the methyl group to the carboxylate (B. D. Palmer et al., J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2373-2382). Benzoxazoles of type A423-A425 can be obtained by condensation of substituted 4-methylene-2-oxazolin-5-ones and 4-triphenylphosphoranylidene-3-oxobutanoates followed by iodine-mediated aromatization (F. Clericl et al., Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 8907-8916). The synthesis of the corresponding benzimidazoles A423-A425 should be possible starting from 4-amino-2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoates via acylation, then reduction of the nitro group and cyclization, as is described for the 2-chloro-benzoates (A. Tanaka et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 42, 560-569). Benzoxazoles of type A426-A428 can be synthesized starting from 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate, which is aminated in 6-position in a multistep sequence, then acylated and cyclized (D. Diez-Martin et al., Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 7899-7939).

The benzimidazoles A429-A431 should be accessible from O-protected 3,4-diamino-2-hydroxy-benzoates, which are mono-acylated and then cyclized under acidic conditions (Y. Hirokawa et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 941-959; A. Viger, P. B. Dervan, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 8539-8549). Benzothiazoles of type A438-A440 can be synthesized by heating suitably substituted 4-amino-3-methoxy-benzoates with potassium thiocyanate in the presence of copper(II)-sulfate and subsequent 2-desamination and 3-demethylation (I. A. Ismail et al., J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 2243-2246). Benzimidazoles A441-A443 can be prepared by a multi-step sequence from 8-aminoquinolines via the corresponding 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazoquinolines (R. C. Elderfield, F. J. Kreysa, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 44-48). Benzimidazoles A444 and A447 can be obtained by reaction of suitably substituted 3-amino-4-methoxy-benzoates with nitriles followed by NaOCl-induced cyclization and subsequent deprotection (J. Reagn et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 2737-2742).

A450-A459 Benzoisoxazole, Benzoisothiazole and Indazole Derivatives

Benzoisoxazoles of type A456 and A459 can be synthesized starting from 2,6-dihydroxy-3-formyl-4-methyl-benzoates by reaction with hydroxylamine followed by thermal cyclization (D. H. R. Barton et al., J. Chem. Soc. C 1971, 2166-2174). The application of this method to the synthesis of the other benzisoxazoles (A450-A455, A457 and A458) should be possible. The preparation of indazoles A457 has been described by reaction of 3-amino-2-methoxy-4-methylbenzoate with isoamylnitrite followed by demethylation (S. Bolgunas et al., J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 4762-4766); the application to other indazoles (A450-A456 and A458) appears feasible.

A460-A515 Naphthalene Derivatives

A relatively large number of suitably substituted naphthalene derivatives is commercially available. In addition, naphthalenes of type A460-A465 and A496-A499 can be obtained from the corresponding 2-hydroxy-naphthalenes via lithiation and carboxylation (K. Takahashi et al., Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 1327-1340). Alternatively, the demethylation of 2-methoxynaphthalene carboxylic acids has been described (Y. Gao et al., J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2869-2878). Higher substituted compounds can be prepared in a multistep sequence from suitably substituted 2-bromotoluenes via 2-tetralone-1-carboxylates analogously to the method described by F. C. Goerth et al., Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 2605-2612.

Naphthalenes of type A478-A483 and A508-A511 can be prepared either by demethylation of the 3-methoxynaphthalene-1-carboxylates (R. E. Royer et al., J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 2427-2432) or by diazotation and subsequent hydrolysis of the corresponding 3-aminonaphthalene-1-carboxylates (K. J. Duffy et al., J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 3730-3745).

The naphthalenes of type A484-A489 and A504-A507 can be easily built up by a condensation reaction with succinic esters, starting either from suitably substituted benzaldehydes (A. M. El-Abbady et al., J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 4871-4873; M. Kitamura et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1229-1232) or from benzophenones (F. G. Baddar et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1955, 1714-1718), depending on the substitution pattern in the desired product.

Naphthalene derivatives of type A490-A495 and A512-A515 can be obtained from 2-methoxynaphthalenes by bromination in 4-position, lithiation of the bromide followed by carboxylation and demethylation (J. A. O'Meara et al., J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 5580-5588) or from 2-chloro-naphthalene by reaction with phthalic anhydride followed by KOH-induced cleavage (G. Heller, Chem. Ber. 1912, 45, 674-679).

A516-A548 Quinoline Derivatives

The synthesis of quinolines of type A516-A518 can be accomplished by reaction of suitably substituted isatins with substituted phenacylbromides (H. John, J. Prakt. Chem. 1932, 133, 259-272; E. J. Cragoe et al., J. Org. Chem. 1953, 18, 552-560).

Quinolines of type A522-A524 are easily accessible from suitably substituted 2-amino-benzaldehydes via a modified Friedländer synthesis (D. L. Boger, J.-H. Chen, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7369-7371). Similarly, quinoline derivatives A527-A529 can be obtained from 2-aminobenzaldehydes by condensation with malonic acid (J. Troeger, C. Cohaus, J. Prakt. Chem. 1927, 117, 97-116).

Quinolines A525 can be synthesized from the corresponding 2-cyanoquinoline-1-oxides by rearrangement (C. Kaneko, S. Yamada, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1967, 15, 663-669). The quinolines A526 (with a substitution in 4-position) are in principle accessible from substituted 2-aminoacetophenones (with the substitution on the acetyl moiety) by reaction with 3-chloro-3-oxopropionate and subsequent base-induced cyclization (A. Capelli et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 779-802).

Quinolines of type A530-A533 can be built up starting from 2-anisidines by reaction with 2-oxosuccinic esters followed by thermal cyclization, demethylation and removal of the 4-hydroxy group via hydrogenation of the corresponding chloride (L. Musajo, M. Minchilli, Chem. Ber. 1941, 74, 1839-1843). For the synthesis of quinolines of type A543-A545 the condensation of suitably substituted isatins with malonic acid has been described (e.g. W. Borsche, W. Jacobs, Chem. Ber. 1914, 47, 354-363; J. A. Aeschlimann, J. Chem. Soc. 1926, 2902-2911).

A549-A564 Isoquinoline Derivatives

Isoquinolines of type A549-A553 with the carboxylate in the 1-position can be prepared from suitably substituted benzaldehydes, which are transformed into the aminoethanes followed by reaction with oxalic ester aldehyde or acid chloride, cyclization, oxidative aromatization and finally saponification (M. Keizo et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982, 30, 4170-4174; S, Naoki et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 1493-1499).

Isoquinoline-3-carboxylates (A554-A556) are accessible from hydroxylated phenylalanines via a Bischler-Napieralski reaction followed by oxidative aromatization, or alternatively from suitably substituted 2-methyl benzaldehydes, which are reacted with methyl azidoacetate and then cyclized under thermal conditions followed by aromatization (Y. Fukuda et al., J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 1448-1458; T. R. Burke et al., Heterocycles 1992, 34, 757-764).

Compounds of type A557 and A558 can be built up by reaction between suitably substituted 2-aminobenzoic acids and 5-chloro-3-carboxy-1,2,4-pyrazines in the presence of amylnitrite followed by hydrolysis (A. M. d'A. Rocha Gonsalves, T. M. V. D. Pinho e Melo, Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 6821-6826), whereas isoquinolines A559 and A560 can be prepared by reaction of 2-formylbenzoic acids with 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one followed by cyclization and transformation of the isothiochromenone into the isoquinoline with ethanolic ammonia (D. J. Dijksman, G. T. Newbold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951, 1213-1217).

The access to isoquinolines A561 and A562 might be possible by transformation of suitably substituted isquinolines into the corresponding Reissert compounds, nitration in 4-position and hydrolysis of the nitrile (M. Sugiura et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992, 40, 2262-2266) followed by hydrogenation of the nitro group, diazotation of the amine and transformation into the hydroxyl group.

Isoquinolines of type A563 and A564 are accessible from suitably substituted (2-methoxycarbonyl-phenyl-)acetic acids via reaction with methyl formiate followed by cyclization of the formed enol and amination of the isochromenone (H. E. Ungnade et al., J. Org. Chem. 1945, 10, 533-536).

A565-A577 Quinazoline Derivatives

The most general routes to quinazolines use appropriately substituted phenyl derivatives onto which the pyrimido ring is cyclized, e.g. the cyclocondensation of 2-amino benzamides with oxalates (M. Suesse et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1986, 69, 1017-1024), of ortho-carbonyl substituted phenyl oxalamic acid esters with ammonium formate (S. Ferrini et al., Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 69-72), or of 2-amino benzonitriles with carbonylformimidate or chloroformamidine (A. McKillop et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 3357-3360; N. Harris et al., J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 434-444), or of ortho-oxalyl anilides with ammonia (M. T. Bogert, F. P. Nabenhauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1924, 46, 1702-1707).

A578-A587 Quinoxaline Derivatives

The synthesis of quinoxalines of types A578-581 via their 2-carbaldehydes is well-described (E. Lippmann et al., Zeitschr. Chem. 1990, 30, 251-252). The other representatives of these groups A582-587 are available by cyclocondensation of β-dicarbonyl derivatives or β-keto-esters with appropriately substituted ortho-phenylendiamines (S. Grivas et al., Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 521-528; A. Zychilinski, I. Ugi, Heterocycles 1998, 49, 29-32; D. Zhou et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 6707-6723). Unique to the quinoxaline is the possibility to introduce a carboxyl group in the 2-position by enzyme catalyst biotransformation applying Arthrobacter nicotianae (T. Yoshida et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 2002, 66, 2388-2394).

A588-A601 Pyrido[5,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives

The bicyclic core can be accessed by annelating suitably substituted pyridines by cyclocondensation reactions. Feasible starting materials include pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acids (A. Tikad et al., Synlett 2006, 12, 1938-1942), 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxylates (M. Hayakawa et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 6847-6858) or 3-aminopyridine-2-nitriles (J. B. Smaill et al., J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 1380-1397).

A602-A608 Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives

Access to the pyrimidopyrimidine group of templates might be achieved via the literature-known 4,6-dichloro derivative (G. Rewcastle et al., J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40; 12, 1820-1826) or the corresponding 2,4,6,8-tetrachloro derivative (J. Northen et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2002, 108-115) using the general methods described above and separation of the expected isomeric mixtures.

A609-A618 Tetraline Derivatives

A large number of reaction sequences that lead to tetraline derivatives involve an intramolceular Friedel-Crafts acylation as a key step, and the prerequisite cyclization precusors can be elaborated from phenylacetonitriles, 2-phenyl malonates (R. S, Natekar, S. D. Samant, Indian J. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl. Med. Chem. 2002, 41, 187-190; L. Gong, H. Parnes, J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1996, 38, 425-434). Alternatively, the intramolecular cyclization can be achieved by a Buchner Reaction (A. Cheung et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2003, 13, 133-138). Subsequently, the carbonyl groups of the thus obtained 1- or 2-tetralones can easily be converted into carboxyl moieties (M. Meyer et al., J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 104-1062; F. Berardi et al., J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 2308-2317).

A619-A626 Indane Derivatives

Indane derivatives of types A619-A623 with a carboxyl group in the 1-position are accessible from appropriately substituted and easily available 3-cyano-indenes by hydrogenation to the indane core followed by hydrolysis to the carboxylic acid moiety (T. McLean et al. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 4269-4274). Also indan-1-ones can be transferred into indane-1-carboxylic acids, for example via oxiranes (D.-I. Kato et al., J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 7234-7242), or in a Corey-Seebach-type reaction via 1,3-dithianes (Y.-P. Pang et al., J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 4499-4508).

Indane derivatives of types A624-A626 with a carboxyl group in 2-position can be obtained from readily accessible, suitably substituted indan-1-ones by treatment of the corresponding enolate with a dimethyl carbonate, hydrogenation of the carbonyl group and hydrolysis of the introduced ester group (T. Tanaka et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 42, 1756-1759; U. Hacksell et al. J. Med. Chem. 1981, 24, 429-434). Alternatively the indane ring system can be built up starting from ortho-xylenes by NBS bromination of both methyl residues, alkylation-spirocyclization with the enolate of barbituric acid and finally decarboxylative ring cleavage to indane-2-carboxylic acids (G. A. Kraus et al., J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5857-5859).

Synthesis of Building Blocks for the Modulators B

The Modulator moieties B of the macrocycle I are derived from appropriately substituted aminoalcohols, wherein the amino and alcohol group, which contribute to the ring connectivity, are separated from by 2-4 C-atoms.

If not already present in a commercial building block, the substituent R³ can be introduced by standard nucleophilic addition of organo metallic reagents to carbonyl or carboxyl derivatives. For B18-B21, carrying no additional C-substituent on their ring system, such precursors are commercially available. Similarly, in the case of B9, B10, B16 and B17 the diversification of the substituent pattern can be easily achieved by standard transformations of the commercial analogs with free amine functionalities (i.e. —NH₂→NR¹¹R²⁷ in the case of B9 and —NH→—NR¹¹ for B10, B16 and B17).

B1 Aziridine Derivatives

Usually, the access to hydroxymethyl aziridines relies on reaction sequences involving the construction of the aziridine ring. The starting materials with the broadest applicability are β-ketoesters: Transformation into the β-hyroxyimino analog, intramolecular cyclisation to the aziridine ring and reduction of the ester to the alcohol group leads to building blocks of type B1 (e.g. T. Sakai et al., J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 1369-1375). An alternative approach uses α,β-dihaloester which are converted into substances of type B1 via aziridination with ammonia and reduction of the ester group (P. Davoli et al., Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 1801-1812).

B2-B3 Azetidine Derivatives

The standard approaches to hydroxymethyl azetidines comprises subjecting easily accessible O-protected glycidols to, successively, an epoxide-ring opening with azide, transformation of the OH group of the thus obtained alcohol into a suitable leaving group (e.g. tosylate or sulfate), reduction of the azide to an amine and concomitant intramolceular cyclization (F. Hosono et al., Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 13335-13346; D.-G. Liu, G.-Q. Lin, Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 337-340).

B4-B8 Pyrrolidine Derivatives and B11-B15 Piperidine Derivatives

The synthetic approaches to the pyrrolidine and piperidine classes of building blocks B rely on the same strategies and are therefore discussed together. Intramolecular cyclization reactions are the predominant routes applicable to a broad number of diversely substituted substrates: Amines carrying a residue with a leaving group in the ω-position lead directly to the desired saturated ring systems by an intramoleular nulceophilic substitution (G. Ceulemans et al., Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 14957-14974; S. H. Kang, D. H. Ryu, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 607-610; J. L. Ruano et al., Synthesis 2006, 687-691). Also N-haloamines can be directly transformed to the desired compounds by the Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction (M. E. Wolff, Chem. Rev. 1963, 63, 55-64). Alternatively amines carrying two substituents, each with an alkene or alkyne bond, can be subjected to a ring closing metathesis (RCM) reaction (Y. Coquerel, J. Rodriguez, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 1125-1132) and subsequent reduction of the thus obtained partially unsaturated ring to the saturated heterocycle.

Also the reduction of the corresponding aromatic five- and six-membered heterocycles to their saturated analogs is described in the literature. However, due to the large number of commercially available pyridines this approach is mainly applied to the synthesis of the piperidine system (J. Bolos et al., J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1994, 31, 1493-1496; A. Solladie-Cavallo et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 8501-8504; R. Naef et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 9161-9164).

Procedures for the synthesis of libraries of macrocyclic compounds of general structure I are described below but it will immediately apparent to those skilled in the art how these procedures have to be modified if it is intended to synthesize one single macrocyclic compound of formula I.

The macrocyclic compounds of the invention are obtained by cyclization of suitable linear precursors which are derived from optionally substituted hydroxyaryl, hydroxyheteroaryl, mercaptoaryl, or mercaptoheteroaryl carboxylic acids A (“template”, a), substituted amino alcohols B (“modulator”, b) and one to three building blocks of type C forming the “bridge”, c.

Variable substituents are introduced by pre- or postcyclative derivatization of one or more orthogonally protected attachment points (e.g. amino groups, carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups) on building blocks B and C, and optionally A. Variable R-groups may also be introduced as side chain motifs in building blocks C.

The macrocyclic products of the invention can be prepared either in solution or on a solid support.

In accordance with the present invention, the ring closure reaction is, in principle, possible between any of the building blocks.

Macrocycles of general structure I with building block c forming the bridge c are obtained by either

• a) macrolactamisation between c and B; or
• b) macrolactamisation between A and c; or
• c) aryl- or thioaryl ether formation between A and B; or, alternatively,
• d) Ring closure metathesis reaction within building blocks of type C is also possible.

Macrocycles of structure I with orthogonally protected exocyclic functional groups (attachment points for derivatization) are prepared in solution by a process which comprises:

• a¹) condensation of an appropriately protected hydroxy- or mercapto-aryl/heteroaryl carboxylic acid PG-A-OH and a suitably C-terminal- and appropriately side-chain-protected building block H-c1-OPG to form PG-A-c1-OPG;
• b¹) if required release of the aryl/heteroaryl (phenolic) OH group or mercapto group, respectively;
• c¹) aryl/heteroaryl ether or thioether formation with a suitably N-protected amino alcohol HO—B-PG leading to the fully protected linear cyclization precursor PG-B-A-c1-OPG;
• d¹) cleavage of the “main chain” protective groups (PG) affording the free amino acid H—B-A-c1-OH (still carrying appropriately protected side chain functional groups); followed by either

e¹) intramolecular amide coupling affording protected macrocycles of general formula I (yielding cyclo-(B-A-c1) still carrying orthogonally protected side chain functional groups); or

• f¹) N-reprotection of the product obtained in step d¹);
• g¹) coupling of a suitably C-protected amino acid H-c2-OPG;
• h¹) cleavage of the “main chain” protective groups affording the free amino acid H—B-A-c1-c2-OH (still carrying appropriately protected side chain functional groups);
• i¹) intramolecular amide coupling affording the protected macrocycles of general formula I (yielding cyclo-(B-A-c1-c2); still carrying orthogonally protected side chain functional groups); or
• j¹) N-protection of the product obtained in step d¹);
• k¹) coupling of a suitably C-protected amino acid H-c2-OPG
• l¹) cleavage of the C-terminal protective group or cleavage of N- and C-terminal main chain protective groups and reprotection of the N-terminus;
• m¹) coupling of a suitably C-protected amino acid H-c3-OPG;
• n¹) release of the “main chain” protective groups affording the free amino acid H—B-A-c1-c2-c3-OH (still carrying protected side chain functional groups); and
• o¹) intramolecular amide coupling affording the protected macrocycles of general formula I (yielding cyclo-(B-A-c1-c2-c3), still carrying protected side chain functional groups).

The appropriately protected, preferably acyloxy- or acylmercapto-, most preferably acetyloxy- or acetylmercapto-substituted aryl/heteroaryl carboxylic acid (PG¹-A-OH) is converted into the corresponding acid chloride and condensed with a suitably protected amino acid ester

• H-c1-OPG² in the presence of an auxiliary base (e.g i-Pr₂NEt, Et₃N, pyridine, collidine) and in solvents like CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, THF to afford after deacylation (preferably by aminolysis) the hydroxyl or mercapto aryl/heteroaryl amide H-A-c1-OPG².

The aminolysis is advantageously carried out with a dialkylaminoalkyl amine in solvents like THF at 0-25° C. Acyl amine side products formed in the course of the reaction can thus be removed by extraction with acidic aqueous solutions.

Alternatively, the acyloxy or acylmercapto aryl/heteroaryl carboxylic acid (PG¹-A-OH) can be coupled in the presence of a coupling reagent (such as benzotriazol derivatives like HBTU, HCTU, PyBOP, or their aza analogs such as HATU, or carbodiimides such as EDC) to the amino acid ester H-c1-OPG² to afford, after deacylation, the phenol or thiophenol H-A-c1-OPG².

The phenol H-A-c1-OPG² can also be directly obtained from the hydroxyaryl/heteroaryl carboxylic acid H-A-OH and the amino acid ester H-c1-OPG² in the presence of a coupling reagent.

Alkylation of the phenol or thiophenol H-A-C₁—OPG² with a suitably N-protected amino alcohol HO—B-PG³ to give the ether or thioether

• PG³-B-A-c1-OPG² is achieved using azodicarboxylic acid derivatives such as DEAD, DIAD or ADDP in the presence of trialkyl or triaryl phosphines in solvents like benzene, toluene, CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃ or THF at 0° C. to room temperature. As a variation, the reaction can be induced with CMBP in toluene at temperatures ranging from 20-110° C.

As an alternative, the alcohol HO—B-PG³ can be converted into a corresponding sulfonates (such as for example the mesylate, tosylate, triflate) or a corresponding halide (such as chloride, bromide and iodide) and subsequently be treated with the phenol or thiophenol

• H-A-c1-OPG² in the presence of an auxiliary base such as for example NaH or K₂CO₃ in solvents like DMF, DMSO, NMP, HMPA, THF, to give the ether or thioether PG³-B-A-c1-OPG².

Simultaneous or stepwise cleavage of the main chain protective groups provides the linear amino acid cyclization precursor H-B-A-c1-OH. Alloc (for PG³) and allylester groups (for PG²) are preferred as protecting groups and best cleaved simultaneously mediated by palladium catalysts, e.g. Pd(PPh₃)₄, in the presence of 1,3-dimethyl barbituric acid in solvents like CH₂Cl₂ or EtOAc or mixtures thereof.

Macrolactamization occurs upon treatment of the cyclization precursor

• H—B-A-c1-OH—if required in the presence of an auxiliary base such as i-Pr₂NEt—with coupling reagents like T3P or FDPP in solvents like CH₂Cl₂ or DMF under high dilution conditions and at temperatures ranging from 20 to 100° C. to yield cyclo-(B-A-c1).

For examples of macrolactamizations mediated by FDPP see J. Dudash, J. Jiang, S. C. Mayer, M. M. Joullié, Synth. Commun. 1993, 23 (3), 349-356; R. Samy, H. Y. Kim, M. Brady, and P. L. Toogood, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 2711-2728.

It is well known that many other coupling reagents have been used in such head to tail cyclizations to prepare macrolactams, and such other coupling reagents might, alternatively, be engaged in the above mentioned reactions. Examples include benzotriazole derivatives such as HBTU, HCTU, PyBOP and their aza analogs such as HATU, as well as DPPA, and carbodiimides like EDC, DIPCDI; for examples see P. Li, P. P. Roller, Current Topics in Mecicinal Chemistry 2002, 2, 325-341; D. L. Boger, S. Miyazaki, S. H. Kim, J. H. Wu, S. L. Castle, O. Loiseleur, and Q. Jin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 10004-10011).

Another option to obtain macrolactams comprises the intramolecular reaction of an active ester with an in situ released amino group (carbamate deprotection, azide reduction) as demonstrated for example in the synthesis of peptide alkaloids and vancomycin model systems (U. Schmidt, A. Lieberknecht, H. Griesser, J. Talbiersky, J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 3261-3264; K. C. Nicolaou, J. M. Ramanjulu, S, Natarajan, S. Bräse, H. Li, C. N. C. Boddy, F. Rubsam, Chem. Commun. 1997, 1899-1900.)

N-reprotection of H—B-A-c1-OH can be achieved applying standard amino acid protection protocols. Chloroformates or N-hydroxy-succinimidyl carbonates in solvents like dioxane, if required in the presence of a base such as aqueous K₂CO₃ solution, react to give the N-protected amino acid PG³-B-A-c1-OH.

Coupling of an additional amino acid can be effected applying classical peptide coupling conditions.

Building blocks c1-c3 can be derived from tri-functionalized aminoacids (e.g. derivatives of Dap, Dab, Orn, Lys, Asp, Glu), main chain- or side chain-functional groups of which may be part of the macrocyclic scaffold.

Non proteinogenic tri-functionalized amino acid building blocks can be obtained by various synthetic methods, among others formal alkylation of the side chain hydroxyl group of Ser, HomoSer, Thr or derivation of the mercapto group of Cys, HomoCys with Ω-haloalkyl carboxylic esters.

An alternative route for synthesizing macrocyclic compounds of the invention comprises

• a²) synthesis of the H-A-c1-OPG² fragment as described above;
• b²) N-acylation of the aminoalcohol HO—B—H with a suitably N-terminal protected amino acid PG⁴-c2-OH to afford the amidoalcohol PG⁴-c2-B—OH;
• c²) aryl or thioaryl ether synthesis starting from H-A-c1-OPG² and PG⁴-c2-B—OH, applying conditions as described above;
• d²) release of the “main chain” protective groups to give the cyclization precursor H-c2-B-A-c1-OH; and
• e²) macrolactamization as described above, affording the protected macrocycles of general formula I (cyclo-(c2-B-A-c1), side chain functional groups still carrying orthogonal protective groups).

The fragment PG⁴-c3-B—OH can be prepared by N-Acylation of the amino alcohol HO—B—H with suitable N-terminal protected amino acid PG4-C3-OH. N-deprotection and coupling to an appropriately N-terminal protected amino acid PG⁵-c2-OH affords the alcohol PG⁵-c2-c3-B—OH which can then be converted—by effecting steps corresponding to c²), d²) and e²)—into the protected macrocycles of general formula I (cyclo(c2-c3-B-1′-c1), side chain functional groups still carrying orthogonal protective groups).

As a further alternative, cyclization can be obtained by ring closing metathesis. The orthogonally protected macrocycles of general structure I are synthesized applying a process which comprises

• a³) coupling of an optionally substituted alkenyl amine containing building block c1(alkenyl) of type C to the acyloxy or hydroxy or acylmercapto aryl/heteroaryl carboxylic acid PG¹-A-OH;
• b³) if required release of the aryl/heteroaryl (phenolic) OH group or mercapto group, respectively;
• c³) N-acylation of the aminoalcohol HO—B—H with an optionally suitably substituted alkenyl carboxylic acid PG⁶-c2(alkenyl)-OH to afford the amido alcohol PG⁶-c2(alkenyl)-B—OH;
• d³) aryl or thioaryl ether formation as described above to yield the cyclization precursor PG⁶-c2(alkenyl)-B-A-c1(alkenyl);
• e³) ring closure metathesis; and
• f³) optional hydrogenation of the newly generated olefinic double bond of the metathesis product of step e³).

Ring closure metathesis to form macrocyclic compounds from olefinic precursors is well known (for examples see A. Fürstner, O. Guth, A. Duffels, G. Seidel, M. Liebl, B. Gabor, and R. Mynott, Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7 (22), 4811-4820).

Ring closure metathesis of PG⁶-c2(alkenyl)-B-A-c1(alkenyl) is conveniently performed in suitable solvents, like CH₂Cl₂ or toluene, at 20 to 100° C. in the presence of indenylidene-ruthenium complexes including dichloro-(3-phenyl-1H-inden-1-ylidene)bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)-ruthenium (II), [1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]-dichloro-(3-phenyl-1H-inden-1-ylidene(tricyclohexylphosphine)-ruthenium(II), [1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]-dichloro-(3-phenyl-1H-inden-1-ylidene) (pyridyl)ruthenium(II) (see S. Monsaert, R. Drozdzak, V. Dragutan, I. Dragutan, and F. Verpoort, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 432-440 and references therein).

Derivatization of the macrocyclic core structures with variable R-groups can be effected as described hereinbelow.

Orthogonally protected attachment points (e.g. exocyclic amino groups, carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups) allow stepwise deprotection and derivatization.

The reactions can be carried out in a parallel fashion to generate libraries of final products. The following general process can be applied:

• a⁴) Cleavage of the first protective group;
• b⁴) derivatization of the free functional group;
• c⁴) cleavage of the second protective group, and
• d⁴) derivatiszation or the free functional group.

Amine protecting groups such as preferably Boc, Cbz, Teoc, Alloc, Fmoc are removed applying standard conditions, cf. T. W. Greene, P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999; P. J. Koncienski, Protecting Groups, 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, 2005. Carboxylic acid protecting groups such as tert.butyl, benzyl, allyl, methyl are removed applying standard conditions.

Alcohol protecting groups such as tert.butyl, benzyl, allyl, acetyl, benzoyl, pivaloyl are removed applying standard conditions.

Attachment point amino groups can be converted into amides by reaction with carbonyl chlorides, carboxylic acid anhydrides active esters or by treatment with carboxylic acids in the presence of soluble or polymer-supported coupling reagents such as for example HATU, T3P or polymer-supported carbodiimides.

Reductive alkylation of the attachment point amino groups or their reaction with alkyl halides, alkylsulfonates or Michael acceptors affords higher alkylated amines.

The reaction of attachment point amino groups with isocyanates or equivalents like carbamoyl chlorides or hydroxysuccinimidyl esters affords ureas.

The reaction of attachment point amino groups with isothiocyanates provides thioureas.

The reaction of attachment point amino groups with chloroformates or equivalents such as hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonates affords carbamates.

The reaction of attachment point amino groups with sulfonyl chlorides yields sulfonamides.

The reaction of attachment point amino groups with suitably activated aromatic or heteroaromatic halides or sulfonates—in the presence of auxiliary base and if required a Pd catalyst (e.g. Buchwald couplings)—affords the corresponding N-aryl or N-heteroaryl derivatives.

Attachment point carboxyl groups are converted into amides using amines and coupling reagents.

Attachment point alcoholic hydroxyl groups can be alkylated with alkyl halides or alkylsulfonates to give alkylethers. Their reaction with phenols in the presence of azodicarboxylic acid derivatives and triaryl or trialkyl phosphines as well as their reaction with suitably activated aryl or heteroaryl halides or sulfonates affords aryl or heteroaryl ethers.

Attachment point secondary alcoholic hydroxyl groups can be oxidized to the corresponding ketones which in turn may be submitted to a reductive amination using amines and a suitable reducing agent.

Attachment point alcoholic hydroxyl groups can be converted into esters.

Appropriate macrocyclic compounds of general formula I with one or more (orthogonally) protected exocyclic functional groups and a free primary amino group can be converted into fully derivatized products on solid support.

A process, which allows an efficient parallel array derivatization, comprises

• a⁵) attachment of the macrocyclic amine to an appropriately functionalized solid support in a reductive amination step;
• b⁵) acylation, carbamoylation, oxycarbonylation or sulfonylation of the secondary amine thus obtained in step a⁵);
• c⁵) Removal of the protective group of the next attachment point;
• d⁵) Derivatisation of the second free functional group whereby amino groups can be converted into amides, ureas, thioureas carbamates, or sulfonamides, or can be alkylated; and carboxylic acids can be converted into amides;
• e⁵) repetition of steps c⁵) and d⁵) if an additional derivatisation site is available; and
• f⁵) Release of the final product from solid support.

In principle a macrocyclic carbocylic acid can be coupled to polymer-supported amines and be converted into final products by effecting steps corresponding c⁵) to f⁵).

The functionalized solid support is a derivative of polystyrene cross-linked with preferably 1-5% divinylbenzene, of polystyrene coated with polyethyleneglycol (Tentagel®), and of polyacrylamid resins (see D. Obrecht, J.-M. Villalgordo, “Solid-Supported zombinatorial and Parallel Synthesis of Small-Molecular-Weight Compound Libraries”, Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol. 17, Pergamon, Elsevier Science, 1998).

The solid support is functionalized by means of a linker, i.e. a bifunctional spacer molecule which contains on one end an anchoring group for attachment to the solid support and on the other end a selectively cleavable functional group used for the subsequent chemical transformations and cleavage procedures. For the purposes of the present invention, linkers are used which are designed to release an N-acyl derivative (amide, urea, carbamate) or a sulfonamide under acidic conditions. Such linkers have been applied in the backbone amide linker (BAL) strategy for solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal modified and cyclic peptides (K. J. Jensen, J. Alsina, M. F. Songster, J. Vagner, F. Albericio, and G. Barnay, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5441-5452; J. Alsina, K. J. Jensen, F. Albericio, and G. Barany, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5 (10), 2787-2795) as well as for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds (T. F. Herpin, K. G. Van Kirk, J. M. Savino, S. T. Yu, and R. F. Labaudinière, J. Comb. Chem. 2000, 2, 513-521, M. del Fresno, J. Alsina, M. Royo, G. Barany, and F. Albericio, Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2639-2642; N. S. Gray, S. Kwon, P. G. Schultz, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38 (7), 1161-1164).

Examples of resins functionalized by such linker structures include DFPE polystyrene (2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-formylphenoxy)ethyl polystyrene), DFPEM polystyrene (2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-formylphenoxy)ethoxymethyl polystyrene), FMPB resins (4-(4-formyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)butyryl AM resin), FMPE polystyrene HL (2-(4-formyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl polystyrene HL), FMPB NovaGel™ (4-(4-formyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)butyryl NovaGel™; a PEG PS resin).

The macrocyclic primary amine is attached to such solid support by means of reductive amination preferably using NaBH(OAc)₃ in 1,2 dichloroethane in the presence of trimethyl orthoformate.

The use of reductive amination to couple amines to resins with the above mentioned linker is well documented; for example NaBH₃CN in DMF or in methanol, or NaBH(OAc)₃ in DMF/acetic acid or in dichloromethane/acetic acid have been used (see K. J. Jensen, J. Alsina, M. F. Songster, J. Vagner, F. Albericio, and G. Barany, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5441-5452; J. Alsina, K. J. Jensen, F. Albericio, and G. Barnay, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5 (10), 2787-2795; T. F. Herpin, K. G. Van Kirk, J. M. Savino, S. T. Yu, and R. F. Labaudinière, J. Comb. Chem. 2000, 2, 513-521; A. L. Vergnon, R. S. Pottorf, M. R. Player, J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 91-98.). These authors also describe a variety of conditions for the acylation of the resulting secondary amine, using carboxylic acid and coupling reagents including PyBOP, PyBroP, HATU as well as carboxylic acid fluorides or carboxylic acid anhydrides.

The second functional group is an Alloc or Fmoc protected amino group or a carboxyl group protected as allyl ester. Standard conditions are applied to deprotect and derivatize these functional groups.

The final products are detached from the solid support by means of acid in organic solvents or in H₂O. The use of TFA in dichloromethane, TFA in dichloromethane in the presence of a scavenger such as H₂O or dimethyl sulfide, or of TFA/H₂O and TFA/H₂O/dimethylsulfide has been described, references see above.

Macrocyclic compounds of general formula I with highly variable amino acid side chain motifs in bridge c can advantageously be prepared in a parallel array synthesis on solid support. This synthesis comprises immobilization of an appropriately protected and functionalized precursor comprising building blocks A, B and subsequent coupling of one to three amino acids c1, c2 and c3, followed by cyclization and release of the product thus obtained.

The corresponding process comprises:

• a⁶) condensation of a suitable hydroxy or mercapto aryl/heteroaryl carboxylic acid ester H-A-OPG⁷ with an appropriately N-protected amino alcohol HO—B-PG⁸, substituted with an orthogonally protected primary amino group, applying the methods discussed above;
• b⁶) removal of the protective group of the primary amine;
• c⁶) attachment of the product obtained in step b⁶) to the solid support in a reductive alkylation step in analogy to the previously described process providing a polymer-supported fragment PG⁸-B-A-O-PG⁷ with free secondary side chain amino group;
• d⁶) acylation, carbamoylation, oxycarbonylation or sulfonylation of the secondary amine obtained in step c⁶);
• e⁶) cleavage of the “main chain” amine protective group (PG⁸);
• f⁶) coupling of a appropriately N-terminal protected amino acid PG9-c3-OH;
• g⁶) removal of the N-terminal protective group (PG⁹) of the product obtained in step f⁶);
• h⁶) next coupling to introduce amino acid PG⁹-c1-OH (for target compounds with bridges comprising two amino acid building blocks), or coupling/deprotection cycle to introduce amino PG⁹-c2-OH followed by coupling of amino acid PG⁹-c1-OH (for target compounds with bridges comprising three amino acid building blocks) by effecting steps corresponding to f⁶) and g⁶);
• i⁶) cleavage of the aryl/heteroaryl ester group (PG⁷);
• j⁶) cleavage of the N-terminal protective group (PG⁹);
• k⁶) macrolactamization of the linear cyclization precursor on solid support (for an example of cyclization on solid support see the synthesis of cyclic peptides attached to the solid support with the side chain as described by C. Cabrele, M. Langer, and A. G. Beck-Sickinger, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 4353-4361.); and
• l⁶) detachment of the final product.

As an alternative, the linear cyclization precursor obtained in step j⁶) can be released from the solid support and cyclized in solution by

• k⁶′) detachment of the linear cyclization precursor; and
• l⁶′) macrolactamization in solution.

In a parallel array synthesis soluble coupling reagents as described above as well as polymer supported coupling reagents such as N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methylpolystyrene or N-alkyl-2-chloro pyridinium triflate resin (S. Crosignani, J. Gonzales, D. Swinnen, Org. Lett. 2004, 6 (24), 4579-4582) may be used.

Further alternatives include ring closure in other positions, for example between amino acids c1 and c2.

Thus a precursor with two amino acids coupled to the immobilized precursor would be prepared (polymer supported PG⁹-c2-c3-B-A-OPG⁷) by effecting steps corresponding to steps a⁶) to h⁶) described in the above paragraph. The subsequent steps then comprise

• i⁶′) cleavage of the aryl/heteroaryl ester group (PG⁷);
• j⁶′) coupling of an appropriately C-terminal protected amino acid
• H-c1-OGP⁷;
• k⁶′) cleavage of the c-terminal protective group (PG⁷);
• l⁶′) cleavage of the N-terminal protective group (PG⁹) and
• m⁶′) macrolactamization either on solid support or in solution after detachment of the linear precursor from the solid support.

The macrocycles of formula I of the present invention interact with specific biological targets. In particular, they show agonistic or antagonistic activity on the motilin receptor (MR receptor), on the serotonin receptor of subtype 5-HT_2B (5-HT_2B receptor), and on the prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP receptor). Accordingly, these compounds are useful for the treatment of hypomotility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract such as diabetic gastroparesis and constipation type irritable bowl syndrome; for the treatment of CNS related diseases like migraine, schizophrenia, psychosis or depression; for the treatment of ocular hypertension such as associated with glaucoma and for preterm labour.

The macrocycles, as such or after further optimization, may be administered per se or may be applied as an appropriate formulation together with carriers, diluents or excipients well-known in the art.

When used to treat or prevent the diseases mentioned above the macrocycles can be administered singly, as mixtures of several macrocycles, or in combination with other pharmaceutically active agents. The macrocycles can be administered per se or as pharmaceutical compositions.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising macrocycles of the invention may be manufactured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, coated tablet-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active macrocycles into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation depends upon the method of administration chosen.

For topical administration the macrocycles of the invention may be formulated as solutions, gels, ointments, creams, suspensions, etc. as are well-known in the art.

Systemic formulations include those designed for administration by injection, e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal or intraperitoneal injection, as well as those designed for transdermal, transmucosal, oral or pulmonary administration.

For injections, the macrocycles of type I may be formulated in adequate solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. The solutions may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the macrocycles of the invention may be in powder form for combination with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation as known in the art.

For oral administration, the compounds can be readily formulated per se or by combining the active macrocycle of the invention with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the macrocycles of type I to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions etc., for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated. For oral formulations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, suitable excipients include fillers such as sugars, (e.g. lactose, sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol) or such as cellulose preparations (e.g. maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose); and/or granulating agents; and/or binding agents such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If desired, desintegrating agents may be added, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidones, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate. If desired, solid dosage forms may be sugar-coated or enteric-coated using standard techniques.

For oral liquid preparations such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions, suitable carriers, excipients or diluents include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, etc. In addition, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like may be added.

For buccal administration, the composition may take the form of tablets, lozenges, etc. formulated as usual.

For administration by inhalation, the macrocycles of the invention are conveniently delivered in form of an aerosol spray from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g. hydrofluoroalkanes (HFA) such as HFA 134a (1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane); carbon dioxide or another suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dose unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the macrocycles of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

The compounds may also be formulated in rectal or vaginal compositions such as suppositories together with appropriate suppository bases like cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In addition to the formulations described afore, the macrocycles of the invention may also be formulated as depot preparations. Such slow release, long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (e.g. subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. For the manufacture of such depot preparations the macrocycles of the invention may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g. as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble salts.

In addition, other pharmaceutical delivery systems may be employed such as liposomes and emulsions well known in the art. Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide may also be employed. Additionally, the macrocycles of type I may be delivered using a sustained-release system, such as semi-permeable matrices of solid polymers containing the therapeutic agent. Various sustained-release materials have been established and are well-known by those skilled in the art. Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature, release the compounds over a period of a few days up to several months. Depending on the chemical nature and the biological stability of the therapeutic agent, additional strategies for stabilization may be employed.

As the macrocycles of the invention may contain charged residues, they may be included in any of the above-described formulations as such or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous and other protic solvents than the corresponding free base or acid forms.

The macrocycles of the invention, or compositions thereof, will generally be used in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. It is to be understood that the amount used will depend on a particular application.

For example, the therapeutically effective dose for an systemic administration can be estimated initially from in vitro assays: A dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating macrocycle concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ or EC₅₀ as determined in the cell culture (i.e. the concentration of a test compound that shows half maximal inhibitory concentration in case of antagonists or half maximal effective concentration in case agonists). Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Initial dosages can also be determined from in vivo data, e.g. animal models, using techniques that are well known in the art. One having ordinary skill in the art could readily optimize administration to humans based on animal data.

Dosage amounts for applications such as gastroparesis or schizophrenia etc. may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active compound that are sufficient to maintain the therapeutic effect. Therapeutically effective serum levels may be achieved by administering multiple doses each day.

In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the macrocycles of the invention may not be related to plasma concentration. Those having the ordinary skill in the art will be able to optimize therapeutically effective local dosages without undue experimentation.

The amount of macrocycle administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician.

Normally, a therapeutically effective dose of the macrocycles described herein will provide therapeutic benefit without causing substantial toxicity.

Toxicity of the macrocycles of the invention can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., by determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) or the LD₁₀₀ (the dose lethal to 100% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effect is the therapeutic index. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a dosage range that is not toxic for use in humans. The dosage of the macrocycles of the invention lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the effective dose with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within the range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dose can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition (cf. E. Fingl et al., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5^th ed. 1975 (Ed. L. Goodman and A. Gilman), Ch.1, p. 1).

A further embodiment of the present invention may also include compounds, which are identical to the compounds of formula I, except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass number or mass different from the atomic mass number or mass usually found in nature, e.g. compounds enriched in ²H (D), ³H, ¹¹C, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I etc. These isotopic analogs and their pharmaceutical salts and formulations are considered useful agents in the therapy and/or diagnostic, for example, but not limited to, where a fine-tuning of in vivo half-life time could let to an optimized dosage regimen.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples illustrate the invention in more detail but are not intended to limit its scope in any way. The following abbreviations are used in these Examples:

• ADDP: azodicarboxylic dipiperidide
• All: allyl
• Alloc: allyloxycarbonyl
• AllocCl: allyl chloroformate
• AllocOSu: allyloxycarbonyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide
• AM-resin: aminomethyl resin
• aq.: aqueous
• arom.: aromatic
• BnBr: benzyl bromide
• Boc: tert-butoxycarbonyl
• br.: broad
• Cbz: benzyloxycarbonyl
• CbzOSu: N-(benzyloxycarbonyloxy)succinimide
• Cl-HOBt: 6-chloro-1-hydroxybenzotriazole
• CMBP: cyanomethylenetributyl-phosphorane
• m-CPBA: 3-chloroperbenzoic acid
• d: day(s) or doublet (spectral)
• DBU: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
• DCE: 1,2-dichloroethane
• DEAD: diethyl azodicarboxylate
• DFPE polystyrene: 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-formylphenoxy)ethyl polystyrene
• DIAD: diisopropyl azodicarboxylate
• DIC: N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide
• DMF: dimethylformamide
• DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide
• DPPA: diphenyl phosphoryl azide
• DVB: divinylbenzene
• EDC: 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl-3-ethylcarbodiimide
• equiv.: equivalent
• Et₃N: triethylamine
• EtOAc: ethyl acetate
• FC: flash chromatography
• FDPP: pentafluorophenyl diphenylphosphinate
• Fmoc: 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
• h: hour(s)
• HATU: O-(7-azobenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
• HBTU: O-(benortriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
• HCTU: O-(1H-6-chlorobenortriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
• HOAt: 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
• HOBt.H₂O: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate
• HMPA: hexamethylphosphoramide
• i.v.: in vacuo
• m: multiplet (spectral)
• MeOH: methanol
• NMP: 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
• Pd(PPh₃)₄: Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)
• PEG PS resin: polyethyleneglycol coated polystyrene resin
• PG: protective group
• PPh₃: triphenylphosphine
• prep.: preparative
• i-Pr₂NEt: N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine
• PyBOP: (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate
• PyBroP: Bromotripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate
• q: quartet (spectral)
• quant.: quantitative
• sat.: saturated
• soln: solution
• t: triplet (spectral)
• TBAF: tetrabutylammonium fluoride
• Teoc: 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl
• TeocONp: 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate
• TFA: trifluoroacetic acid
• THF: tetrahydrofuran
• tlc: thin layer chromatography
• T3P™: propanphosphonic acid cyclic anhydride
• p-TsOH: p-toluenesulfonic acid
  General Methods

TLC: Merck (silica gel 60 F254, 0.25 mm).

Flash chromatography (FC): Fluka silica gel 60 (0.04-0.063 mm) and Interchim Puriflash IR 60 silica gel (0.04-0.063 mm).

I. Analytical HPLC-MS Methods:

R_t in min (purity at 220 nm in %), m/z [M+H]⁺

Volume of injection: 5 μL for all methods

Method 1a and 1b

	Column:	XBridge C18 2.5 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm
		(186003085 - Waters)
	Mobile Phases	A:	0.1% TFA in Water
		B:	0.085% TFA in
			Acetonitrile
	Column oven temp.	45° C.
		Time	Flow
		(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
	Gradient	0	500	97	3
		0.1	500	97	3
		3	500	3	97
		3.6	500	3	97
		3.7	500	97	3
		4.3	500	97	3
	Method 1, cont.
	UV Wavelenght:	220 nm	254 nm
	MS scan Range:	Method 1a
		100-800 Da
		Method 1b	Centroid
		300-2000 Da	mode
	Scan Time:	1 sec.
	Ionization type:	Electrospray

Method 2

	Column:	Gemini NX C18 3 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm
		(00B-4453-B0 - Phenomenex)
	Mobile Phases	A:	0.1% TFA in Water
		B:	0.085% TFA in
			Acetonitrile
	Column oven temp.	45° C.
		Time	Flow
		(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
	Gradient	0	800	97	3
		0.1	800	97	3
		2.2	800	3	97
		2.5	800	3	97
		2.55	1000	97	3
		2.75	1000	97	3
		2.8	800	97	3
	UV Wavelenght:	220 nm	254 nm
	MS scan Range:	100-2000 Da	Centroid
			mode
	Scan Time:	1 sec.
	Ionization type:	Electrospray

Method 3

	Column:	Gemini NX C18 3 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm
		(00B-4453-B0 - Phenomenex)
		1 mM ammonium
	Mobile Phases	A:	bicarbonate pH 10
		B:	Acetonitrile
	Column oven temp.	45° C.
		Time	Flow
		(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
	Gradient	0	800	97	3
		0.1	800	97	3
		2.2	800	3	97
		2.5	800	3	97
		2.55	1000	97	3
		2.75	1000	97	3
		2.8	800	97	3
	Method 3, cont.
	UV Wavelenght:	220 nm	254 nm
	MS scan Range:	100-2000 Da	Centroid
			mode
	Scan Time:	1 sec.
	Ionization type:	Electrospray

Method 4a-4-b

	Column:	Gemini NX C18 3 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm
		(00B-4453-B0 - Phenomenex)
	Mobile Phases	A:	0.1% TFA in Water
		B:	0.085% TFA in
			Acetonitrile
	Column oven temp.	45° C.
		Time	Flow
		(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
	Gradient	0	800	97	3
		0.1	800	97	3
		2.7	800	3	97
		3	800	3	97
		3.05	1000	97	3
		3.25	1000	97	3
		3.3	800	97	3
	UV Wavelenght:	220 nm	254 nm
	MS scan Range:	Method 4a	Centroid
		100-2000 Da	mode
		Method 4b	Profile
		350-2000 Da	mode
	Scan Time:	1 sec.
	Ionization type:	Electrospray

Method 5a-5b

	Column:	Gemini NX C18 3 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm
		(00B-4453-B0 - Phenomenex)
		1 mM ammonium
	Mobile Phases	A:	bicarbonate pH 10
		B:	Acetonitrile
	Column oven temp.	45° C.
		Time	Flow
		(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
	Gradient	0	800	97	3
		0.1	800	97	3
		2.7	800	3	97
		3	800	3	97
		3.05	1000	97	3
		3.25	1000	97	3
		3.3	800	97	3
	Method 5, cont.
	UV Wavelenght:	220 nm	254 nm
	MS scan Range:	Method 5a	Centroid
		100-2000 Da	mode
		Method 5b	Profile
		350-2000 Da	mode
	Scan Time:	1 sec.
	Ionization type:	Electrospray

Method 6

Column:	Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm
	(cod. 186002350 - Waters)
Mobile Phases	A:	0.1% TFA in Water
	B:	0.085% TFA in
		Acetonitrile
Column oven temp.	55° C.
	Time	Flow
	(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
Gradient	0	1250	97	3
	0.05	1250	97	3
	1.65	1250	3	97
	1.95	1250	3	97
	2.00	1250	97	3
	2.30	1250	97	3
UV Wavelenght:	220 nm	254 nm
MS scan Range:	100-1650 Da	Centroid
		mode
Scan Time:	0.5 sec.
Ionization type:	Electrospray

Method 7

Column:	Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm
	(cod. 186002350 - Waters)
Mobile Phases	A:	0.1% TFA in Water
	B:	0.085% TFA in
		Acetonitrile
Column oven temp.	55° C.
	Time	Flow
	(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
Gradient	0	1250	97	3
	0.05	1250	97	3
	1.65	1250	3	97
	1.95	1250	3	97
	2.00	1250	97	3
	2.30	1250	97	3
Method 7, cont.
UV Wavelenght:	220 nm	254 nm
MS scan Range:	100-1650 Da	Profile
		mode
Scan Time:	0.5 sec.
Ionization type:	Electrospray

Method 8

Column:	Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm
	(cod. 186002350 - Waters)
	1 mM ammonium
Mobile Phases	A:	bicarbonate pH 10
	B:	Acetonitrile
Column oven temp.	55° C.
Volume of	5 μl
injection:
	Time	Flow
	(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
Gradient	0	1250	97	3
	0.05	1250	97	3
	1.65	1250	3	97
	1.95	1250	3	97
	2.00	1250	97	3
	2.30	1250	97	3
UV Wavelenght:	220 nm	254 nm
MS scan Range:	100-1650 Da	Profile
		mode
Scan Time:	0.5 sec.
Ionization type:	Electrospray

Method 9a-9c

Column:	Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm
	(cod. 186002352 - Waters)
Mobile Phases	A:	0.1% TFA in Water/
		Acetonitrile
	B:	95/5 v/v
		0.085% TFA in
		Acetonitrile
Column oven temp.	55° C.
Method 9, cont.
	Time	Flow
	(min.)	(μl/min)	% A	% B
Gradient	0	700	99	1
	0.2	700	99	1
	2.5	700	3	97
	2.85	700	3	97
	2.86	700	99	1
	3.20	700	99	1
UV Wavelenght:	220 nm
MS scan Range:	Method 9a:
	100-800 Da;
	Method 9b:
	100-1200 Da;
	Method 9c:
	200-1400 Da	Profile
		mode
Scan Time:	1 sec.
Ionization type:	Electrospray

Analytical HPLC (x % CH₃CN): R_t in min (purity at 220 nm in %)

• Column: Develosil RPAq 5 μm, 4.6×50 mm;
• Flow rate: 1.5 ml/min
• 0.0-0.5 min (x % CH₃CN, 100-x % H₂O containing 0.1% TFA);
• 0.5-5.0 min (x % CH₃CN, 100-x % H₂O containing 0.1% TFA to 100% CH₃CN) 5.0-6.2 min (100% CH₃CN)
  II. Preparative HPLC Methods:
  1. Reverse Phase—Acidic Conditions
• Column: XBridge C18 5 μm, 30×150 mm (Waters)
  Mobile Phases:
• A: 0.1% TFA in Water/Acetonitrile 95/5 v/v
• 1B: 0.1% TFA in Water/Acetonitrile 5/95 v/v
  2. Reverse Phase—Basic Conditions
• Column: XBridge C18 5 μm, 30×150 mm (Waters)
• Mobile Phases:
• A: 10 mM Ammonium Bicarbonate pH 10/Acetonitrile 95/5 v/v
• B: Acetonitrile
  3. Normal Phase

Column:        VP 100/21 NUCLEOSIL 50-10, 21 × 100 mm
(Macherey-Nagel)
Mobile phases: A: Hexane
               B: Ethylacetate
               C: Methanol

NMR Spectroscopy: Bruker Avance 300, ¹H-NMR (300 MHz) in the indicated solvent at ambient temperature. Chemical shifts δ in ppm, coupling constants J in Hz.

The term “isomers” comprises in the present invention species of identical chemical formula, constitution and thus molecular mass, such as but not limited to amide cis/trans isomers, rotamers, conformers, diastereomers.

Examples

Starting Materials

Building Blocks of Type A (Scheme 1)

2-Acetoxy-5-fluoro benzoic acid (2) was prepared according to the method of C. M. Suter and A. W. Weston, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 2317-2318.

3-Acetoxybenzoic acid (3) is commercially available.

4-Acetoxybenzoic acid (4) is commercially available.

5-Hydroxy nicotinic acid (5) is commercially available.

8-Acetoxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (8) was prepared according to the method of R. W. Hay, C. R. Clark, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton 1977, 1993-1998.

(S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (10) was prepared according to the method of M. M. Altorfer, Dissertation Universität Zürich, 1996.

3-Mercaptobenzoic acid (11) is commercially available

Building Blocks of Type B (Scheme 2)

tert-Butyl (3S,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (13) as well as the corresponding HCl salt (13.HCl) are commercially available.

tert-Butyl (3R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (17) as well as the corresponding HCl salt (17.HCl) are commercially available.

(S)-tert-Butyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride (21.HCl) is commercially available.

(R)-tert-Butyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride (83.HCl) (Scheme 5) is commercially available.

(2S,4S)-Allyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonylamino)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (16) was prepared in three steps (1. Alloc protection of the secondary amino group with allyloxycarbonyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide (AllocOSu) in CH₂Cl₂, 2. cleavage of the Boc group with dioxane-HCl;

3. Teoc protection of the primary amino group with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate (Teoc-ONp) in CH₂Cl₂ in the presence of Et₃N) from amino alcohol 13, applying standard conditions; as leading references cf. T. W. Greene, P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999; P. J. Kocienski, Protecting Groups, 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, 2005.

Data of 16: C₁₅H₂₈N₂O₅Si (344.5): Flow injection MS (APCI): 689 ([2M+H]⁺), 345 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.28 (d, J=6.1, 1 H), 5.90 (m, 1 H), 5.25 (qd, J=1.7, 17.2, 1 H), 5.16 (qd, J=1.5, 10.5, 1 H), 4.90 (br. t, 1 H), 4.54-4.42 (m, 2 H), 4.04-3.97 (m, 2 H), 3.90 (q, J=6.8, 1 H), 3.80-3.66 (br. m and dd, 2 H), 3.57-3.43 (br. m, 2 H), 2.96 (br. m, 1 H), 2.19 (br. m, 1 H), 1.78 (br. m, 1 H), 0.89 (t, J ca 8.3, 2 H), 0.00 (s, 9 H)

(2S,4R)-Allyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonylamino)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (20) was prepared from amino alcohol hydrochloride 17.HCl, applying the same transformations as described for the synthesis of diastereomer 16 with the exception of the Alloc protection step which was performed using allyl chloroformate in CH₂Cl₂ in the presence of aqueous NaHCO₃ solution.

Data of 20: C₁₅H₂₈N₂O₅Si (344.5): LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.98, 345 ([M+H]⁺); 317; 259. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.26 (d, J=6.6, 1 H), 5.89 (m, 1 H), 5.25 (br. d, J=17.0, 1 H), 5.15 (br. d, J=10.2, 1 H), 4.75 (m, 1 H), 4.48 (m, 2 H), 4.16-3.98 (m, 3 H), 3.82 (br. m, 1 H), 3.48-3.30 (m, 3 H), 3.21 (m, 1 H), 2.01 (m, 1 H), 1.80 (m, 1 H), 0.89 (t, J=8.3, 2H), 0.00 (s, 9 H).

(S)-1-Allyl 4-tert-butyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperazine-1,4-dicarboxylate (22) was prepared from amino alcohol hydrochloride 21.HCl, applying allyl chloroformate in CH₂Cl₂ in the presence of aqueous NaHCO₃ solution; as leading references cf. T. W. Greene, P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999; P. J. Kocienski, Protecting Groups, 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, 2005.

Data of 22: C₁₄H₂₄N₂O₅ (300.4): LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.70, 201 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 5.90 (m, 1 H), 5.29 (qd, J=1.7, 17.3, 1 H), 5.18 (qd, J=1.5, 10.5, 1 H), 4.81 (t, J=4.9, 1 H), 4.53 (d-like m, J ca. 5.1, 2 H), 4.04-3.75 (br. m, 4 H), 3.39 (m, 2 H), 2.95-2.70 (br. m, 3 H), 1.40 (s, 9 H).

Building Blocks of Type C (Scheme 3)

(S)-5-Allyl 1-benzyl 2-(methylamino)pentanedioate hydrochloride (27.HCl)

A mixture of Boc-L-Glu(OAll)OH (23; 33 g, 115 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (27 g, 322 mmol) in DMF (500 mL) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature followed by the slow addition of benzyl bromide (35 mL, 299 mmol) in DMF (15 mL). Stirring was continued for 16 h followed by aqueous workup (diethyl ether, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, sat aq. NaCl soln) and purification by FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 98:2) to give the corresponding benzyl ester (34.4 g, 79%), which was dissolved in dioxane (40 mL) and treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (400 mL) for 1 h. The volatiles were evaporated. The residue was crystallized from diethyl ether to afford 24.HCl (23.8 g, 83%).

4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (39 g, 178 mmol) was added at 0° C. to a solution of 24.HCl (46.5 g, 148 mmol) and pyridine (42 mL, 519 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (700 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 h followed by aqueous workup (CH₂Cl₂, 1 M aq. HCl soln) and purification of the crude by FC (hexane/EtOAc 80:20 to 75:25) to yield 25 (55.54 g, 81%).

A solution of 25 (41.3 g, 89 mmol) in dry DMF (200 mL) was cooled to 0° C. Methyliodide (5.8 mL, 94 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was slowly added, followed by a solution of DBU (14 mL, 94 mmol) in DMF (100 mL). The mixture was stirred for 4 h at room temperature followed by aqueous workup (EtOAc, 1 M aq. HCl soln., H₂O, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln) to afford 26 (42.8 g, 99%).

A solution of 26 (17.4 g, 37 mmol) in dry, degassed CH₃CN (270 mL) was treated with thiophenol (6.7 mL, 66 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (39 g, 121 mmol) at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with diethyl ether. The filtrate was carefully concentrated (bath temperature 20° C.) and immediately purified by FC (hexane/EtOAc 80:20 to 50:50). The combined product fractions were carefully concentrated, immediately treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (20 mL) for 5 min and concentrated to give 27.HCl (8.62 g, 72%).

Data of 27.HCl: C₁₆H₂₁NO₄.HCl (291.3, free base). LC-MS (method 9b): R_t=1.44, 292 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 9.57 (br. s, NH₂⁺), 7.45-7.34 (m, 5 arom. H), 5.88 (M, 1 H), 5.32-5.19 (m, 4 H), 4.53 (td, J=1.3, 5.4, 1 H), 4.13 (br. t, J ca. 6.0, 1 H), 2.69-2.40 (m, 2 H), 2.56 (s, 3 H), 2.30-2.05 (m, 2 H).

(R)-5-Allyl 1-benzyl 2-(methylamino)pentanedioate hydrochlorided (29.HCl) was prepared from Boc-D-Glu(OAll)OH (28) applying the methods described above for the synthesis of the enantiomer (27.HCl).

Data of 29.HCl: C₁₆H₂₁NO₄.HCl (291.3, free base). LC-MS (method 9b): R_t=1.44, 292 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 9.92 (br. s, NH⁺), 9.54 (br. s, NH⁺), 7.45-7.34 (m, 5 arom. H), 5.88 (M, 1 H), 5.32-5.19 (m, 4 H), 4.53 (td, J=1.3, 5.4, 1 H), 4.13 (br. t, J ca. 6.0, 1 H), 2.69-2.40 (m, 2 H), 2.56 (s, 3 H), 2.30-2.05 (m, 2 H).

(S)-Allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(methylamino)propanoate hydrochloride (32.HCl)

Cbz-L-SerOH (30) was converted into amino acid 31 by β-lactone formation and opening with HNCH₃Si(CH₃)₃ (see J. Kim, S. G. Bott, D. M. Hoffman Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 3835-3841), following the procedures of J. K. Kretsinger and J. P. Schneider, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7907-7913 and E. S. Ratemi and J. C. Vederas, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 7605-7608.

A solution of 31.HCl (2.2 g, 7.6 mmol) in allyl alcohol (55 mL) was treated with thionyl chloride (1.7 mL, 23 mmol) for 15 min at room temperature and for 1.5 h at 70° C. The volatiles were evaporated. The crude product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and washed with aq. NaHCO₃ solution. The aqueous layers were extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The resulting oil (2.18 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL), treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (20 mL), stirred for 5 min and concentrated to afford 32.HCl (2.5 g, quantitative).

Data of 32.HCl: C₁₅H₂₀N₂O₄.HCl (292.3, free base). LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.26, 293 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆):

9.20 (br. s, NH⁺), 9.03 (br. s, NH⁺), 8.02 (d, J=8.2, NH), 7.38-7.30 (m, 5 arom. H), 5.89 (m, 1 H), 5.33 (d, J=17.3, 1 H), 5.23 (d, J=10.5, 1 H), 5.08 (s, 2 H), 4.63 (d, J=5.3, 2 H), 4.56 (m, 1 H), 3.35 (br. m, 1 H), 3.25 (br. m, 1 H), 2.56 (br. s, 3 H).

As an alternative, 32.HCl was prepared from Cbz-L-DapOH applying the method described below for the synthesis of the enantiomer 36.HCl.

(R)-Allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(methylamino)propanoate hydrochloride (36.HCl)

Cbz-D-DapOH was converted into the allylester-pTsOH salt 33 pTsOH according to the procedure of T. M. Kamenecka and S. J. Danishefsky, Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 41-63, describing the synthesis of D-threonine allyl ester.

The amino ester 33 pTsOH was converted into the free base by extraction (CH₂Cl₂, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln) and treated with 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.05 equiv.) in CH₂Cl₂ in the presence of pyridine (3.0 equiv.) to give the p-nitrophenyl sulfonamide 34.

At 0° C., a solution of methyl iodide (2.3 mL, 37 mmol) in DMF (80 mL) was added to a solution of 34 (16.4 g, 35 mmol) in DMF (80 mL). A solution of DBU (5.6 mL, 37 mmol) in DMF (80 mL) was slowly added over 2 h. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h, followed by an aqueous workup (EtOAC, 1 M HCl soln, H₂O, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln) to afford 35 (17.07 g, quant.).

At 0° C., thiophenol (3.02 mL, 29.6 mmol) was added (dropwise, rapidly) to a mixture of 35 (7.85 g, 16.5 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (7.95 g, 57.5 mmol) in DMF (78 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2.5 h at 0-10° C. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O and sat. aq. NaCl soln. The organic layer was extracted with ice-cold 1 M aqueous HCl soln. The aqueous phase (base extract) was poured onto aqueous Na₂CO₃ soln to reach pH ca 7; 2 M aq. NaOH soln. was added to reach pH ca 10, followed by extraction with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The remaining oil (2.72 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (10 mL) to afford after evaporation of the volatiles 36.HCl (3.34 g, 62%).

Data of 36.HCl: C₂₅H₂₀N₂O₄.HCl (292.3, free base). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=0.88, 293 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 9.06 (br. s, NH⁺), 8.94 (br. s, NH⁺), 8.00 (d, J=8.3, NH), 7.38-7.30 (m, 5 arom. H), 5.88 (m, 1 H), 5.33 (d, J=17.3, 1 H), 5.23 (d, J=10.5, 1 H), 5.08 (s, 2 H), 4.63 (d, J=5.3, 2 H), 4.56 (m, 1 H), 3.35 (br. m, 1 H), 3.20 (br. m, 1 H), 2.57 (br. s, 3 H).

(S)-Allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-(methylamino)butanoate hydrochloride (40.HCl)

Cbz-L-DabOH (37) was converted into the allylester-pTsOH salt 38.pTsOH according to the procedure of T. M. Kamenecka and S. J. Danishefsky, Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 41-63, describing the synthesis of D-threonine allyl ester.

A mixture of 38.pTsOH (45 g, 97 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (600 mL) was cooled to 0° C. MeOH (60 mL) was added, followed by ethyl trifluoroacetate (23 mL, 194 mmol). Et₃N (53 mL, 387 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min, then at room temperature for 4 h. The volatiles were evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed (1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ soln), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the corresponding trifluoroacetamide (32 g, 84%). N-Methylation of the acetamide (21.78 g, 56 mmol; applying CH₃I and K₂CO₃ in DMF) following the procedure described by Chu-Biao Xue et al. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2636-2660—with the exception that the transformation was performed at room temperature for 4 h—afforded 39 (25 g, ca 90%). Treatment of 39 (8.0 g, ca 18 mmol) in THF (80 mL) with Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.2 g) and morpholine (8.5 mL, 98 mmol) at room temperature for 3 h afforded after aqueous workup (EtOAc, 1 M aq HCl soln.) the corresponding trifluoroacetamido acid (7.3 g) which was treated with NH₃ (25% in H₂O; 50 mL) for 2 h and concentrated to give the corresponding aminoacid (8 g). This material was dissolved in allyl alcohol (150 mL) and treated at 0° C. with thionyl chloride (6.6 mL, 91 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and at room temperature for 3 h and concentrated to give 40.HCl (7.6 g, used in the next step without further purification)

Data of 40.HCl: C₁₆H₂₂N₂O₄.HCl (306.3, free base). Flow injection MS (ESI, positive modus): 307 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 8.97 (br. s, NH₂⁺), 7.92 (d, J=7.8, NH), 7.40-7.25 (m, 5 arom. H), 5.88 (m, 1 H), 5.32 (d, J=17.2, 1 H), 5.22 (d, J=10.5, 1 H), 5.05 (s, 2 H), 4.60 (d, J=5.2, 2 H), 4.22 (m, 1 H), 2.94 (m, 2 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H, superimposed by DMSO-d signal), 2.10 (m, 1 H), 2.00 (m, 1 H).

(S)-Allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-5-(methylamino)pentanoate hydrochloride (44.HCl)

Cbz-L-OrnOH (41) was converted into the allylester-pTsOH salt 42.pTsOH according to the procedure of T. M. Kamenecka and S. J. Danishefsky, Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 41-63, describing the synthesis of D-threonine allyl ester.

The ester 42.pTsOH (5.5 g, 11 mmol) was converted into 43 (3.97 g, 83%) applying the conditions described for the synthesis of 39, with the exception that the N-methylation was continued at room temperature for 8 h.

The allyl ester group was then cleaved applying the conditions described for the treatment of 39. The saponification of the resulting trifluoroacetamido acid was performed according to the procedure of Chu-Biao Xue et al. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2636-2660, with the exception that 2 equiv. of LiOH were used. The resulting amino acid (3.80 g, containing LiCl ca. 9 mmol) was treated at room temperature with allyl alcohol (100 mL) and thionyl chloride (3.0 mL, 41 mmol). The mixture was heated for 2 h at 70° C. Stirring was continued at room temperature for 17 h. The volatiles were evaporated. The resulting solid was washed with CH₂Cl₂ to afford 44.HCl (3.62 g, ca 75% w/w; yield 83%, used without further purification).

Data of 44.HCl: C₁₇H₂₄N₂O₄.HCl (320.4, free base). LC-MS (method 9b): R_t=1.48, 321 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 9.26 (br. s, NH₂⁺), 7.86 (d, J=7.7, NH), 7.39-7.13 (m, 5 arom. H), 5.89 (m, 1 H), 5.31 (br. d, J=17.3, 1 H), 5.20 (br. d, J=10.4, 1 H), 5.04 (s, 2 H), 4.58 (d, J=5.2, 2 H), 4.05 (br. m, 1 H), 2.81 (br. m, 2 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H), 1.80-1.60 (br. m, 4 H), Sarcosine allyl ester (46) was prepared as p-TsOH salt applying the procedure of T. M. Kamenecka and S. J. Danishefsky, Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 41-63, describing the synthesis of D-threonine allyl ester.

2-((Allyloxycarbonyl) (methyl)amino)acetic acid (47) was prepared according to the method of M. Mori, A. Somada, S. Oida, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 716-728.

3-((Allyloxycarbonyl) (methyl)amino)propanoic acid (49) was prepared applying the method of M. Mori, A. Somada, S. Oida, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 716-728, describing the synthesis of N-allyloxycarbonylsarcosine.

(S)-2-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino)pent-4-enoic acid (51) was prepared from (S)-allylglycine by N-protection (CBzOSu, dioxane, aqueous Na₂CO₃) in analogy to the procedure of D. R. Ijzendoorn, P. N. M. Botman, R. H. Blaauw, Org. Lett 2006, 8, 239-242.

Acid 51 was also described by Z-Y Sun, C—H. Kwon, J. N. D. Wurpel, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 2841-2845.

General Procedures

Synthesis of the A-c1 Fragment

Procedure A

A.1: Acid Chloride Formation

Oxalyl chloride (3.5-5.0 equiv.) was added to a mixture of the acetoxyaryl carboxylic acid (Ac-A-OH) and dry diethyl ether or CH₂Cl₂. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min followed by the addition of a few drops (ca 50-100 μL) of dry DMF. Stirring was continued for 16 h. The mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue dried i.v. to afford the crude acetoxyaryl carboxylic acid chloride (Ac-A-Cl), which was immediately used in the next step.

A.2: Amide Coupling

A mixture of the amino ester salt (H-c1-OAll.HCl), the crude acetoxyaryl carboxylic acid chloride (Ac-A-Cl, 1.1-1.5 equiv.) and dry CH₂Cl₂ or THF was cooled to 0° C. An auxiliary base (sym-collidine or i-Pr₂NEt; 3.0 equiv.) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was distributed between EtOAc and 1 M aq. HCl solution. The organic phase was washed (1 M aq. HCl soln., then sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln. or sat aq. NaCl soln.), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc gradients) gave the acetoxyaryl amide (Ac-A-c1-OAll).

A.3: Deacetylation

A solution of acetoxyarylamide (Ac-A-c1-OAll) in dry THF was treated at 0° C. with 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (3.0-4.5 equiv.). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 1-5 h. The mixture was distributed between EtOAc and icecold 0.1 M or 1 M aq. HCl solution. The organic phase was washed (0.1 or 1 M aq. HCl soln., sat. aq. NaCl soln.), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the hydroxyaryl amide (H-A-c1-OAll).

Synthesis of the Linear Cyclization Precursor H—B-A-c1-OH

Procedure B

B.1.1: Mitsunobu Aryl Ether Synthesis Using PPh₃/DEAD

A mixture of the hydroxyaryl amide (H-A-c1-OAll) and PPh₃ (1.5 equiv.) was dried i.v. for 15 min. Under argon a solution of alcohol (HO—B-Alloc, 1.2 equiv.) in dry benzene was added and the resulting solution was cooled to 0° C. A solution DEAD (40% in toluene, 1.2 equiv.) in benzene was slowly added (by syringe pump). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc gradients) gave the protected amino acid (Alloc-B-A-c1-OAll, sometimes contaminated with byproducts such as e.g. triphenylphosphine oxide, however acceptable for the use in the next step without further purification).

B.1.2: Mitsunobu Aryl Ether Synthesis Using CMBP

A solution of the hydroxyaryl amide (HO-A-c1-OAll), the alcohol (HO—B-Alloc, 1.2-1.3 equiv) and CMBP (2 equiv) was heated in dry toluene at reflux for 3-4 h. The solution was concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc gradients) afforded the protected amino acid (Alloc-B-A-c1-OAll).

B.2: Cleavage of the Allyl/Alloc Protective Groups

Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.05-0.1 equiv.) was added to a mixture of the protected amino acid (Alloc-B-A-c1-OAll) and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (2.5 equiv.) in degassed EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (ca. 1:1). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1-3 h and concentrated. FC (EtOAC, CH₂Cl₂/EtOH, or CH₂Cl₂/MeOH gradients) afforded the free amino acid (H—B-A-c1-OH)

Synthesis of the Linear Cyclization Precursor H—B-a-c1-c2-Oh

Procedure C

C.1: Alloc Carbamate Formation

At 0° C., allylchloroformate (1.1 equiv.) was slowly added to a mixture of aminoacid (H—B-A-c1-OH) and Na₂CO₃ (1.5-3 equiv.) in dioxane/H₂O 1:1. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and treated with 1 M aq. HCl solution until pH ca 2 was reached. The organic phase was separated, washed (sat. aq. NaCl soln.), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated and dried i.v. to afford the alloc protected amino acid (Alloc-B-A-c1-OH).

C.2: Amid Coupling

i-Pr₂NEt (5.0 equiv.) was slowly added to a mixture of the alloc protected amino acid (Alloc-B-A-c1-OH), the aminoacid ester salt (H-c2-0All.p-TsOH, 1.2 equiv.), HOAt (1.5 equiv.) and HATU (1.5 equiv.) in DMF. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h followed by distribution between EtOAc and ice-cold 0.5 M aq, HCl solution. The organic phase was washed (0.5 M aq. HCl soln., H₂O, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln., sat. aq. NaCl soln.), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc gradients) afforded the protected amino acid (Alloc-B-A-c1-c2-OAll)

C.3: Cleavage of the Allyl/Alloc Protective Groups

Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.1 equiv.) was added to a mixture of the protected amino acid (Alloc-B-A-c1-c2-OAll) and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (2.5 equiv.) in degassed EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ 1:1. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1-2 h and concentrated. FC (EtOAC, CH₂Cl₂/EtOH, or CH₂Cl₂/MeOH gradients) afforded the free amino acid (H—B-A-c1-c2-OH).

Synthesis of the c2-B Fragment

Procedure D

Synthesis in Two Steps, Via Amidoester and Subsequent Saponification

i-Pr₂NEt (5.0 equiv.) was slowly added to a mixture of the N-protected amino acid (Alloc-c2-OH, 2.2 equiv.), the aminoalcohol hydrochloride (HO—B—H HCl), Cl-HOBt (0.25 equiv.) and HCTU (2.5 equiv.) in DMF. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 17 h, followed by distribution between EtOAc and sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed (1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc or CH₂Cl₂/MeOH gradients) afforded the corresponding amidoester, which was dissolved in THF/H₂O 4:1 and treated with lithium hydroxide monohydrate (3.0 equiv.) for 2 h at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated to about 50% of the original volume, diluted with EtOAc and extracted with 1 M aq. NaOH solution. The organic phase was washed (H₂O, sat. aq. NaCl soln), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the amidoalcohol (HO—B-c2-Alloc).

Synthesis of the Linear Cyclization Precursor H-c2-B-A-c1-OH

Procedure E

E.1.1: Mitsunobu Aryl Ether Synthesis Using PPh₃/DEAD

A mixture of the hydroxyaryl amide (HO-A-c1-OAll) and PPh₃ (1.5-4.5 equiv.) was dissolved in benzene. The solution was concentrated and the residue was dried i.v. for 15-30 min. Under argon, a solution of the alcohol (HO—B-c2-Alloc, 1.2-2.3 equiv.) in dry and degassed benzene was added and the resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. A solution of DEAD (40% in toluene, 1.2-4.5 equiv.) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. In case of incomplete consumption of the hydroxyaryl amide, additional triphenylphosphine (1.0-1.3 equiv.) and DEAD (40% in toluene, 1.0 equiv.) and alcohol (1.0 equiv.)—if consumed according to tlc—were added and stirring was continued for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated.

FC (hexane/EtOAc, CH₂Cl₂/EtOH, or CH₂Cl₂/MeOH gradients) afforded Alloc-c2-B-A-c1-OAll (possibly contaminated with byproducts such as e.g. triphenylphosphine oxide, however acceptable for the use in the next step without further purification).

E.1.2: Mitsunobu Aryl Ether Synthesis Using CMBP

CMBP (2-3 equiv.) was added to a mixture of the hydroxyaryl amide (H-A-c1-OAll) and the alcohol (HO—B-c2-Alloc, 1.2-2.2 equiv.) in dry toluene. The mixture was heated at reflux for 16 h and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc gradients) afforded the protected amino acid (Alloc-c2-B-A-c1-OAll).

E.2: Cleavage of the Allyl/Alloc Protective Groups

Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.05-0.1 equiv.) was added to a mixture of the protected amino acid (Alloc-c2-B-A-c1-OAll) and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (2.4 equiv.) in degassed EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ 1:1. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1-3 h and concentrated. FC(EtOAC, CH₂Cl₂/EtOH, or CH₂Cl₂/MeOH gradients) afforded the free amino acid (H-c2-B-A-c1-OH).

Synthesis of the Macrocycles Cyclo-(B-A-c1), and Cyclo-(c2-B-A-c1)

Procedure F

The macrolactamization was typically performed at final concentrations ranging from 0.01 M to 0.001 M

F.1.1: T3P Mediated Lactam Formation

A solution of the precursor (H—B-A-c1-OH or H-c2-B-A-c1-OH or H—B-A-c1-c2-OH, respectively) in dry CH₂Cl₂ was added within 2 h by syringe pump to a solution of T3P (50% in EtOAc, 2 equiv.) and i-Pr₂NEt (4 equiv.) in dry CH₂Cl₂. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h, extracted with sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ solution and with H₂O, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and then concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc/MeOH or CH₂Cl₂/MeOH gradients) afforded the macrocyclic compound (cyclo-(B-A-c1) or cyclo-(c2-B-A-c1), respectively).

F.1.2: FDPP Mediated Lactam Formation

A solution of the precursor (H—B-A-c1-OH or H-c2-B-A-c1-OH or H—B-A-c1-c2-OH, respectively) in dry DMF was added within 2 h to a solution of FDPP (2.0 equiv.) in dry DMF. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue taken up in EtOAc and washed (sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, H₂O, sat. aq. NaCl soln). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc/MeOH or CH₂Cl₂/MeOH gradients gradients) afforded the macrocyclic compound (cyclo-(B-A-c1) or cyclo-(c2-B-A-c1), respectively).

Attachment of Substituents to the Macrocyclic Core Structures: Synthesis of the Final Products

Procedure H

A solution of a macrocyclic benzylester in MeOH or MeOH/THF (ca 100 mL per g of starting material) was hydrogenated for 2 h at room temperature and at normal pressure in the presence of palladium hydroxide on activated charcoal (moistened with 50% H₂O; 0.5 g per g of starting material). The mixture was filtered trough a pad of celite. The residue was washed (MeOH, MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ 1:1, THF). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated to obtain a macrocyclic acid.

Procedure I

I.1: Teoc Deprotection with Dioxane-HCl

A solution of a macrocyclic Teoc-amine (1.5 mmol) in dioxane (18 mL) was treated with 4 M HCl in dioxane (18 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 4-16 h. The mixture was treated with diethyl ether and filtered. The solid was washed with diethyl ether and dried i.v. to give the macrocyclic amine hydrochloride.

I.2: Teoc Deprotection with TBAF in THF

A solution of TBAF (1 M in THF, 3 equiv.) was added at 0° C. to a solution of a macrocyclic Teoc-amine (1.3 mmol) in THF (34 mL). Stirring at 0° C. to room temperature was continued for 3 h. The solution was distributed between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The organic phase was washed (H₂O), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to provide after FC the macrocyclic amine.

Procedure J

A solution of a macrocyclic Boc-amine in dioxane (10 mL per g of starting material) was treated with 4 M HCl in dioxane (20 mL per g of starting material) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered. The solid was washed with diethyl ether and dried i.v. to give the macrocyclic amine hydrochloride.

Procedure K

A solution of a macrocyclic benzylcarbamate (0.9 mmol) in MeCH (52 mL) was hydrogenated for 4 h at room temperature and at normal pressure in the presence of palladium hydroxide on activated charcoal (moistened with 50% H₂O; 0.3 g). The mixture was filtered trough a pad of celite. The residue was washed (MeOH). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated to obtain the macrocyclic amine.

Procedure L

Amide Coupling

L.1.1: with Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides or Acylchlorides

A Solution of an Amino macrocycle (free amine or hydrochloride; 0.09 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was at 0° C. subsequently treated with pyridine (10 equiv.) and the carboxylic acid anhydride (1.05-5 equiv.) or a carboxylic acid chloride (1.05-2.0 equiv.), respectively. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 h. After the addition of MeOH (0.1 mL) the solution was stirred for 10 min and concentrated. The resulting crude product was coevaporated with toluene and purified by chromatography (FC, normal phase or reversed phase prep. HPLC) to give an N-acylamino macrocycle.

L.1.2: with Carboxylic Acid and Polymersupported Carbodiimide

A solution of an amino macrocycle (free amine or hydrochloride; 0.09 mmol), a carboxylic acid (1.2 equiv.), HOBt.H₂O (1.2 equiv.) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was treated with N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methylpolystyrene (1.9 mmol/g; 1.5 equiv.) and i-Pr₂NEt (3.0 equiv.). The mixture was stirred for 15 h at room temperature. (Polystyrylmethyl)trimethylammonium bicarbonate (3.5 mmol/g; 3 equiv.) was added and stirring was continued for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1 (2 mL) and filtered. The polymer was washed twice with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 8:2 (5 mL). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated. Purification of the crude product by chromatography (FC, normal phase or reversed phase prep. HPLC) afforded an N-acylamino macrocycle

L.1.3: with a Carboxylic Acid and HATU

A solution of an amino macrocycle (free amine or hydrochloride; 0.145 mmol), a carboxylic acid (2.0 equiv.), HATU (2.0 equiv.), HOAt (2.0 equiv.) in DMF (2 mL) was treated with i-Pr₂NEt (4.0 equiv.). The mixture was stirred for 15 h at room temperature. The solvent was removed. The residue was distributed between CHCl₃ and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed (H₂O), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification of the crude product by chromatography (FC, normal phase or reversed phase prep. HPLC) afforded an N-acylamino macrocycle.

L.2: with an Amine and HATU

A solution of a macrocyclic carboxylic acid (0.78 mmol), an amine (2.0 equiv.), HATU (2.0 equiv.), HOAt (2.0 equiv.) in DMF (6 mL) was treated with i-Pr₂NEt (4.0 equiv.). The mixture was stirred for 15 h at room temperature. The solvent was removed. The residue was distributed between CHCl₃ and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed (H₂O), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification of the crude product by chromatography (FC, normal phase or reversed phase prep. HPLC) afforded a macrocycle amide.

Procedure M

N,N-Diethylamino macrocycles by Reductive Amination

At 0° C. NaBH(OAc)₃ (5 equiv.) and acetaldehyde (1 mL) were added to a solution of an the amino macrocycle (free amine or hydrochloride; 0.09 mmol) in THF (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. to room temperature for 15 h. The mixture was diluted with CHCl₃ and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification of the crude product by chromatography (FC, normal phase or reversed phase prep. HPLC) afforded the diethylamino macocycle.

Procedure N

Methylester Cleavage

A solution of the methylester (57 μmol) in THF (1.5 mL) and MeOH (0.5 mL) was treated with H₂O (0.5 mL) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (3 equiv.) for 2 h at room temperature.

The mixture was acidified by addition of aqueous 1 M HCl and concentrated. The crude product was purified by prep. HPLC.

Synthesis of A-c1 Fragments

1. Synthesis of (S)-5-allyl 1-benzyl 2-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamido)pentanedioate (54) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 2-acetoxy-5-fluoro benzoic acid (2, 11.78 g, 59 mmol) and oxalylchloride (18 mL, 206 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (516 mL) in the presence of DMF (50 μL) afforded 2-acetoxy-5-fluoro benzoyl chloride (52).

Reaction of acid chloride 52 with (S)-5-allyl 1-benzyl 2-(methylamino)pentanedioate hydrochloride (27HCl, 15.0 g, 46 mmol) in THF (260 mL) in the presence of i-Pr₂NEt (23 mL, 137 mmol) yielded the acetate 53 (19.35 g, 90%), which was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (23 mL, 185 mmol) in THF (200 mL) to afford after aqueous workup (EtOAc, 0.1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln) and after FC (hexane/EtOAc 8:2 to 7:3) the phenol 54 (14.4 g, 81%).

Data of 54: C₂₃H₂₄FNO₆ (429.4). HPLC (30% CH₃CN): R_t=3.79 (87%). LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=2.09, 430 ([M+H]⁺).

2. Synthesis of (R)-5-allyl 1-benzyl 2-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamido)pentanedioate (56) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 2-acetoxy-5-fluoro benzoic acid (2, 13.0 g, 67 mmol) and oxalylchloride (20 mL, 233 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (585 mL) in the presence of DMF (50 μL) afforded 2-acetoxy-5-fluoro benzoyl chloride (52).

Reaction of acid chloride 52 with (R)-5-allyl 1-benzyl 2-(methylamino)pentanedioate hydrochloride (29.HCl, 17.0 g, 52 mmol) in THF (280 mL) in the presence of i-Pr₂NEt (27 mL, 156 mmol) yielded 55 (21.5 g, 88%), which was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (26 mL, 205 mmol) in THF (200 mL) to afford after aqueous workup (EtOAc, 0.1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln) and after FC (hexane/EtOAc 8:2 to 7:3) the phenol 56 (14.8 g, 75%).

Data of 56: C₂₃H₂₄FNO₆ (429.4). HPLC (30% CH₃CN): R_t=3.79 (89). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=2.11, 430 ([M+H]⁺).

3. Synthesis of (S)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(3-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamido)propanoate (59) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (3, 6.0 g, 33 mmol) and oxalylchloride (14 mL, 164 mmol) in dry diethyl ether (216 mL) in the presence of DMF (50 μL) afforded 3-acetoxybenzoyl chloride (57, 7.0 g, quant.).

Reaction of 57 (7.0 g, 35 mmol) with (S)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(methylamino)propanoate hydrochloride (32.HCl, 10.5 g, 32 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (285 mL) in the presence of 2,4,6-collidine (12.8 mL, 96 mmol) yielded 58 (12.34 g, 82%).

The acetate 58 (12.82 g, 28.2 mmol) was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (10.6 mL, 84.6 mmol) in THF (114 mL) to afford the phenol 59 (10.45 g, 90%).

Data of 59: C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₆ (412.4). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.91 (96). LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.77, 413 ([M+H]⁺).

4. Synthesis of (R)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(3-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamido)propanoate (61) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (3, 5.82 g, 32.3 mmol) and oxalylchloride (11.1 mL, 129 mmol) in dry diethyl ether (210 mL) in the presence of DMF (50 μL) afforded 3-acetoxybenzoyl chloride (57, 6.5 g, 100%).

Reaction of 57 (6.5 g, 32.3 mmol) with (R)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(methylamino)propanoate hydrochloride (36.HCl, 8.5 g, 26 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (220 mL) in the presence of 2,4,6-collidine (10.3 mL, 77.6 mmol) yielded 60 (10.73 g, 92%).

The acetate 60 (15.46 g, 34 mmol) was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (12.8 mL, 102 mmol) in THF (140 mL) to afford the phenol 61 (12.92 g, 92%).

Data of 61: C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₆ (412.4). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.77 (98), 413 ([M+H]⁺).

5. Synthesis of (S)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-(3-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamido)butanoate (63) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (3, 7.65 g, 43 mmol) and oxalylchloride (18.2 mL, 213 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (140 mL) in the presence of DMF (300 μL) afforded after 3 h at room temperature 3-acetoxybenzoyl chloride (57).

Reaction of 57 thus obtained with (S)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-5-(methylamino)butanoate hydrochloride (40.HCl, 8.7 g, 28 mmol) in THF (140 mL) in the presence of i-Pr₂NEt (15 mL, 85 mmol) yielded 62 (8.1 g, 61%).

The acetate 62 (4.85 g, 10 mmol) was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (3.8 mL, 31 mmol) in THF (90 mL) to afford the phenol 63 (4.23 g, 95%).

Data of 63: C₂₃H₂₆N₂O₆ (426.5). LC-MS: (method 6): R_t=1.06 (99), 427 ([M+H]⁺).

6. Synthesis of (S)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-5-(3-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamido)pentanoate (65) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (3, 10 g, 58 mmol) and oxalylchloride (19 mL, 218 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (450 mL) in the presence of DMF (500 μL) afforded 3-acetoxybenzoyl chloride (57).

Reaction of 57 thus obtained with (S)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-5-(methylamino)pentanoate hydrochloride (44.HCl, 17.3 g, 48 mmol) in THF (200 mL) in the presence of i-Pr₂NEt (25 mL, 145 mmol) yielded 64 (12.08 g, 51%), which was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (9.3 mL, 75 mmol) in THF (240 mL) to afford after aqueous workup (EtOAc, 1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, sat.-aq. NaCl soln) the phenol 65 (10.84 g, 98%).

Data of 65: C₂₄H₂₈N₂O₆ (440.5). LC-MS (method 6): R_t=1.15 (91), 441 ([M+H]⁺).

7. Synthesis of (S)-5-allyl 1-benzyl 2-(4-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamido)pentanedioate (68) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 4-acetoxybenzoic acid (4, 10.7 g, 59.5 mmol) and oxalylchloride (17.7 mL, 206 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (350 mL) in the presence of DMF (50 μL) afforded 4-acetoxybenzoyl chloride (66).

Reaction of 66 with (S)-5-allyl 1-benzyl 2-(methylamino)pentanedioate hydrochloride (27.HCl, 15.0 g, 46 mmol) in THF (250 mL) in the presence of i-Pr₂NEt (23.3 mL, 137 mmol) yielded 67 (16.24 g, 78%).

The treatment of 67 (15.2 g, 33.5 mmol) with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (12.6 mL, 101 mmol) in THF (140 mL) afforded the phenol 68 (14.86 g, quant.; the product was contaminated with 9% EtOAc).

Data of 68: C₂₃H₂₅NO₆ (411.4). LC-MS (method 9b): R_t=1.96, 412 ([M+H]⁺).

8. Synthesis of (S)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(5-hydroxy-N-methylnicotinamido)propanoate (71) (Scheme 4)

A mixture of 5-hydroxy nicotinic acid (5, 3.5 g, 25.1 mmol) and acetic anhydride (23 mL, 243 mmol) was heated at 95° C. for 45 min and cooled to room temperature. The mixture was filtered. The solid was washed (H₂O, diethyl ether) and dried i.v. to give 5-acetoxynicotinic acid (6; 3.76 g, 82%) (Scheme 1) 5-Acetoxynicotinic acid (6; 5.7 g, 31.5 mmol) was suspended in CHCl₃ (stabilized with amylene, 230 mL). Oxalylchloride (9.0 mL, 105 mmol) was added followed by DMF (ca. 50 μl). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h, then concentrated, coevaporated with dry CH₂Cl₂ and dried i.v. to afford 5-acetoxynicotinoyl chloride (69). (S)-allyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(methylamino)propanoate hydrochloride (32, 8.6 g, 26.2 mmol) and THF (225 mL) were added. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. Et₃N (13 mL, 92 mmol) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. to room temperature for 18 h. 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (9.9 mL, 78.6 mmol) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. The mixture was distributed between EtOAc and 1 M aq. NaH PO₄ solution. The organic layer was separated, washed (sat. aq. NaCl soln), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 19:1) afforded the phenol 71 (8.81 g, 81%).

Data of 71: C₂₁H₂₃N₃O₆ (413.4). LC-MS (method 6): R_t=0.94 (92), 414 ([M+H]⁺).

9. Synthesis of allyl (2S)-2-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino-3-[((2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenylcarbonyl) (methyl)amino]propanoate (72) (Scheme 4)

A mixture of 10 (3.0 g, 9.76 mmol), HATU (5.57 g, 14.6 mmol), HOAt (1.99 g, 14.6 mmol) and 32.HCl (6.4 g, 19.5 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (113 mL). i-Pr₂NEt (8.36 mL, 48.8 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 d. The mixture was distributed between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc 75:25 to 50:50) afforded 72 (2.58 g, 45%).

Data of 72: C₃₁H₃₉N₃O₈ (581.3). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=1.27 (97), 582 ([M+H]⁺).

10. Synthesis of 5-allyl 1-benzyl (25)-2-[[(8-hydroxy-2-quinolinyl)carbonyl] (methyl)amino]pentanedioate (75) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 8-Acetoxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (8, 2.22 g 9.6 mmol) and oxalylchloride (2.1 mL, 24 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (90 mL) (no addition of DMF) afforded after 2 h at room temperature acetoxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid chloride (73).

Reaction of 73 with (S)-5-allyl 1-benzyl 2-(methylamino)pentanedioate hydrochloride (27.HCl, 2.3 g, 8.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) in the presence of i-Pr₂NEt (5.5 mL, 32 mmol) yielded after 2.5 h at room temperature and purification by FC (hexane/EtOAc gradient) 74 (3.03 g, 74%), which was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (2.3 mL, 18 mmol) in THF (54 mL) to afford after aqueous workup (EtOAc, 1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, sat.-aq. NaCl soln) the phenol 75 (2.79 g, 99%).

Data of 75: C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₆ (462.5). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=1.29 (94), 463 ([M+H]⁺).

11. Synthesis of N-allyl-3-hydroxy-N-methylbenzamide (77) (Scheme 4)

Following procedure A (steps A.1-A.3), the reaction of 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (3, 23.7 g, 132 mmol) and oxalylchloride (45.3 mL, 527 mmol) in dry diethyl ether (800 mL) in the presence of DMF (100 μL) afforded 3-acetoxybenzoyl chloride (57).

Reaction of 57 thus obtained with N-allylmethylamine (10.1 ml, 105 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL) in the presence of 2,4,6-collidine (42 mL, 316 mmol) yielded 76 (24 g, 98%).

The acetate 76 (10.9 g, 46.7 mmol) was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (17.5 mL, 140 mmol) in THF (90 mL) to afford after aqueous workup (EtOAc, 1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln) the phenol 77 (9.0 g, 100%).

Data of 77: C₁₁H₁₃NO₂ (191.2). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.52 (99), 192 ([M+H]⁺).

12. Synthesis of (S)-5-allyl-1-benzyl 2-(3-mercapto-N-methylbenzamido)pentanedioate (80) (Scheme 4)

Acetic anhydride (0.46 mL, 4.86 mmol) was added at 0° C. to a solution of 3-mercaptobenzoic acid (11, 250 mg, 1.62 mmol) in 1 M aqueous NaOH solution (5.0 mL, 5.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. A precipitate was formed. The mixture was acidified by the addition of 1 M aqueous HCl solution and filtered. The solid was dried i.v. to afford 3-(acetylthio)benzoic acid (12; 280 mg, 88%).

Oxalyl chloride (0.34 mL, 3.97 mmol) was added to a mixture of 12 (260 mg, 1.33 mmol) and CHCl₃ (stabilized with amylene; 16 mL). DMF (7 μL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The volatiles were evaporated to afford 3-(acetylthio)benzoyl chloride (78).

(S)-5-allyl 1-benzyl 2-(methylamino)pentanedioate hydrochloride (27.HCl, 434 mg, 1.33 mmol) and dry THF (5 mL) were added. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., followed by the addition of i-Pr₂NEt (0.79 mL, 4.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and distributed between EtOAc and 1 M aqueous HCl solution. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc 2:1) afforded the acetate 79 (420 mg, 67%).

At room temperature, a solution of 79 (246 mg, 0.52 mmol) in degassed THF (3.6 mL) was treated with 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine (0.13 mL, 1.05 mmol) for 1 h. The mixture was distributed between EtOAc and 1 M aqueous HCl solution. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc 2:1) afforded 80 (153 mg, 68%).

Data of 80: C₂₃H₂₅NO₅S (427.5): LC-MS (method 7): R_t=1.39 (84), 428 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of c2-B Fragments

1. Synthesis of allyl N-2-[(2S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl-N-methylcarbamate (81) (Scheme 5)

A solution of (2-((allyloxycarbonyl) (methyl)amino)acetic acid (47, 8.0 g, 46 mmol) and aminoalcohol 13 (11.0 g, 51 mmol) in DMF (120 mL) was cooled to 0° C. 2,4,6-Collidine (11 mL, 82 mmol) was added followed by HATU (22 g, 58 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. then for 16 h at room temperature followed by distribution between EtOAc and sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed (1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (EtOAc/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) afforded the amidoalcohol 81 (14.7 g, 86%).

Data of 81: C₁₇H₂₉N₃O₆ (371.4). HPLC (20% CH₃CN): R_t=2.94 (97). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.55; 743 ([2M+H]⁺), 372 ([M+H]⁺).

2. Synthesis of allyl N-2-[(2S,4R)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl-N-methylcarbamate (82) (Scheme 5)

Following procedure D, the reaction of the amnioalcohol 17.HCl (10.0 g, 39.6 mmol) and 2-((allyloxycarbonyl) (methyl)amino)acetic acid (47, 15.1 g, 87 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) in the presence of HCTU (40.9 g, 98.9 mmol), Cl-HOBt (1.68 g, 9.89 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (33.6 mL, 198 mmol) afforded after FC (hexane/EtOAc 20:80 to 0:100) the corresponding amido ester intermediate (13.7 g) which was saponified with lithium hydroxide monohydrate (3.28 g, 78.1 mmol) in THF (350 mL) and H₂O (90 mL) to yield the amidoalcohol 82 (8.89 g, 61%).

Data of 82: C₁₇H₂₉N₃O₆ (371.4). LC-MS (method 9b): R_t=1.57; 372 ([M+H]⁺), 316, 272 ([M+H-Boc]⁺), 156.

3. Synthesis of tert-butyl (3R)-4-{2-[[(allyloxy)carbonyl](methyl)amino]acetyl}-3-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-1(2H)-pyrazinecarboxylate (84) (Scheme 5)

Following procedure D, the reaction of (R)-tert-butyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride (83.HCl, 19.7 g, 78 mmol) and 3-((allyloxycarbonyl) (methyl)amino)acetic acid (47, 30 g, 172 mmol) in DMF (188 mL) in the presence of HCTU (81.0 g, 195 mmol), Cl-HOBt (3.3 g, 19 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (67 mL, 390 mmol) afforded after FC (EtOAc) the corresponding amido ester intermediate (40 g) which was saponified with lithium hydroxide monohydrate (9.5 g, 228 mmol) in THF (1020 mL) and H₂O (245 mL) to yield after FC (EtOAc) amidoalcohol 84; 22.8 g, 79%).

Data of 84: C₁₇H₂₉N₃O₆ (371.4). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=0.99 (93), 372 ([M+H]⁺).

4. Synthesis of benzyl N-MS)-1-[(2S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]carbonyl-3-butenyl)carbamate (85) (Scheme 5)

Aminoalcohol-hydrochloride 13.HCl (3.7 g, 14.7 mmol) was added to a solution of acid 51 (5.22 g, 14.7 mmol) in DMF (80 ml). The mixture was cooled to 0° C. HATU (7.0 g, 18.4 mmol) and 2,4,6-collidine (3.51 ml, 26.4 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred at 0° C. to room temperature for 17 h, followed by distribution between EtOAc and sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed (1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc 30:70 to 20:80) afforded the amidoalcohol (85, 5.78 g, 88%)

Data of 85: C₂₃H₃₃N₃O₆ (447.5). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.92 (92), 448 ([M+H]⁺).

5. Synthesis of allyl N-3-[(2S,4R)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3-oxopropyl-N-methylcarbamate (86) (Scheme 5)

Following procedure D, the reaction of aminoalcohol 17.HCl (7.5 g, 30 mmol) and 3-((allyloxycarbonyl) (methyl)amino)propanoic acid (49, 12.3 g, 66 mmol) in DMF (77 mL) in the presence of HCTU (31.0 g, 75.0 mmol), Cl-HOBt (1.27 g, 7.5 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (25.6 mL, 150 mmol) afforded after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 97:3) the corresponding amido ester intermediate (17.1 g) which was saponified with lithium hydroxide monohydrate (3.8 g, 90 mmol) in THF (388 mL) and H₂O (105 mL) to yield the amidoalcohol 86 (10.48 g, 86%).

Data of 86: C₁₈H₃₁N₃O₆ (385.4). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.49 (88). LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.62; 386 ([M+H]⁺), 330 ([M+H-tBu]⁺), 286 ([M+H-Boc]⁺).

Core 01: Synthesis of Ex.1 (Scheme 6)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 87

To a solution of 54 (350 mg, 0.82 mmol), 16 (590 mg, 1.7 mmol) and PPh₃ (1069 mg, 4.08 mmol) in dry degassed CHCl₃ (11 mL) was added ADDP (1028 mg, 4.08 mmol) in one portion at 0° C., under a N₂ atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the slurry washed further with diethyl ether. The combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by FC (CH₂Cl₂/EtOH 100:0 to 99:1) to afford 87 (1.05 g, contains triphenylphosphine oxide; used in the next step without further purification).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 88

Following procedure B.2, the reaction of 87 (441 mg, contaminated with triphenylphosphine oxide, ca 0.5 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (219 mg, 1.4 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (34 mg) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (55:45, 10 mL) yielded after 1.5 h and subsequent FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 80:20) amino acid 88 (267 mg, 72%).

Data of 88: C₃₁H₄₂FN₃O₈Si (631.7). LC-MS (method 9a):

R_t=2.02, 632 ([M+H]⁺). HPLC (30% CH₃CN): R_t=3.41 (96).

Synthesis of the Macrolactam Ex.1

According to procedure F.1.1 the amino acid 88 (75 mg, 0.12 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was added within 4 h to T3P (50% in EtOAc, 0.21 mL, 0.36 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (0.1 mL, 0.59 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) to give after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 96:4) the macrolactam Ex.1 (45 mg, 61%).

Data of Ex.1: C₃₄H₄₀FN₃O₇Si (613.7). LC-MS (method 7):

R_t=1.45 (41), 614 ([M+H]⁺); 1.47 (44), 614 ([M+H]⁺).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): complex spectrum, several isomers; 7.45-7.01 (m, 8 H), 6.78-6.58 (2 m, 1 H), 5.42-5.06 (m, 3 H), 4.50-3.50 (several m, 7 H), 3.30-1.40 (several m, 7 H), 2.84, 2.70, 2.66 (s, 3 H), 0.97-0.82 (m, 2 H), 0.03, 0.02, 0.00 (s 9 H).

Core 02: Synthesis of Ex.2 (Scheme 11)

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.2

A solution of T3P (50% in EtOAc, 0.75 mL, 1.27 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (0.36 mL, 2.2 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added within 2 h to a solution of the amino acid 98 (250 mg, 0.43 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (730 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h, followed by extraction with sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ solution. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) afforded Ex.2 (187 mg, 77%).

Data of Ex.2: C₃₀H₃₆FN₃O₇ (569.6) LC-MS (method 7):

R_t=1.35 (62), 570 ([M+H]⁺); 1.39 (15), 570 ([M+H]⁺)

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): complex spectrum, several isomers; 7.46-7.30 (m, 5 H), 7.27-7.06 (m, 2 H), 6.98-6.67 (4 dd, 1 H), 5.54-5.06 (m, 3 H), 4.68-3.48 (m, 6 H), 3.05-1.98 (m 10 H; s at 2.82, 2.69, 2.64), 1.44-1.41 (3s, 9 H).

Core 03: Synthesis of Ex.3, Ex.4, and Ex.5 (Scheme 7)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 89

Following procedure E.1.1, the reaction of phenol 54 (7.8 g, 18 mmol), alcohol 81 (16 g, 43 mmol), DEAD (40% in toluene, 37 mL, 82 mmol), and PPh₃ (21 g, 80 mmol) in dry benzene (250 mL) afforded after FC(CH₂Cl₂/EtOH 100:0 to 95:5) the protected amino acid 89 (15.9 g, contaminated with ca. 30% triphenylphosphine oxide; used in the next step without further purification).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 90

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 89 (9.6 g, contaminated with triphenylphosphine oxide, ca 9 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (5.0 g, 32.0 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.4 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (55:45, 266 mL) yielded after 1.5 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 50:50) amino acid 90 (4.34 g, 76%).

Data of 90: C₃₃H₄₃FN₄O₉ (658.7). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.87 (99).

LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.77, 659 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.3

According to procedure F.1.2, the amino acid 90 (2.5 g, 3.80 mmol) in dry DMF (50 mL) was treated with FDPP (2.51 g, 6.53 mmol) in DMF (400 mL) to afford after FC (EtOAc/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) the macrolactam Ex.3 (2.29 g, 94%).

Data of Ex.3: C₃₃H₄₁FN₄O₈ (640.7). HPLC (30% CH₃CN): R_t=3.20 (96). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=2.06, 641 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.45-7.32 (m, 5 H), 7.06 (m, 1 H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2 H), 5.57 (dd, J=2.8, 12.6, 1 H), 5.42 (br. m, 1 H), 5.26 (d, J=12.2, 1 H), 5.15 (d, J=12.2, 1 H), 4.90 (dd, J=2.5, 11.0, 1 H), 4.34 (d, J=17.2, 1 H), 4.35-4.11 (m, 3 H), 3.82 (br. t, J ca. 8.5, 1 H), 3.65 (d, J=17.3, 1 H), 3.29 (t, J ca 8.8, 1 H), 3.14 (s, 3 H), 2.65 (s, 3 H), 2.51-1.98 (several m, 5 H), 1.76 (td, J=8.2, 12.7, 1 H), 1.36 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.4:

According to procedure H, ester Ex.3 (2.0 g, 3.1 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (120 mL)/THF (40 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (1 g) for 2 h to afford Ex.4 (1.68 g, 97%).

Data of Ex.4: C₂₆H₃₅FN₄O₈ (550.6). HPLC (5% CH₃CN): R_t=3.60 (86). LC-MS: (method 9c): R_t=1.53; 551 ([M+H]⁺), 451 ([M+H-Boc]⁺).

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.5:

According to procedure J, ester Ex.3 (100 mg, 0.16 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) was treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (3 mL) to afford Ex.5.HCl (100 mg, quant.).

Data of Ex.5.HCl: C₂₈H₃₃FN₄O₆.HCl (540.6, free base). LC-MS: (method 9c): R_t=1.44, 541 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 04: Synthesis of Ex.56 and Ex.57 (Scheme 8)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 91

Following procedure E.1.1 the reaction of phenol 54 (8.0 g, 19 mmol), alcohol 82 (16.0 g, 43 mmol), DEAD (40% in toluene, 38 mL, 84 mmol), and PPh₃ (22 g, 84 mmol) in dry benzene (260 mL) afforded after FC the protected amino acid 91 (33.5 g, contaminated with triphenylphosphine oxide. The material was used in the next step without further purification).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 92

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 91 (33.5 g, impure material), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (16 g, 102 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.2 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (45:55, 340 mL) yielded after 3 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/EtOH 100:0 to 70:30 then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 70:30) amino acid 92 (4.8 g, 39% over the two steps, based on phenol 54).

Data of 92: C₃₃H₄₃FN₄O₉ (658.7). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.80 (95). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.81, 659 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.56

According to procedure F.1.1, amino acid 92 (3.8 g, 5.80 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 6.8 mL, 12 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (4.0 mL, 23 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (510 mL) to afford after FC (EtOAc/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) the macrolactam Ex.56 (3.23 g, 87%).

Data of Ex.56: C₃₃H₄₁FN₄O₈ (640.7). HPLC (30% CH₃CN): R_t=3.49 (88). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=2.02, 641 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.41-7.32 (m, 5 H), 7.04 (m, 1 H), 6.94-6.83 (m, 2 H), 5.54 (dd, J=3.0, 12.7, 1 H), 5.25 (d, J=12.2, 1 H), 5.14 (d, J=12.2, 1 H), 4.89 (dd, J=2.1, 11.0, 1 H), 4.63 (br. m, 1 H), 4.39-4.10 (m, 4 H), 3.79-3.64 (m, 2 H), 3.49 (br. m, 1 H), 3.12 (s, 3 H), 2.64 (s, 3 H), 2.51-2.36 (m, 2 H), 2.23-1.98 (m, 4 H), 1.44 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.57:

According to procedure H, the ester Ex.56 (2.25 g, 3.5 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (120 mL)/THF (40 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (1.1 g) for 2 h to afford—after washing of the filtration residue with warm (50° C.) MeOH/THF 3:1—the acid Ex.57 (1.9 g, 98%).

Data of Ex.57: C₂₆H₃₅FN₄O₈ (550.6). HPLC LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.54 (82), 551 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 05: Synthesis of Ex.85 and Ex.86 (Scheme 9)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 93

Following procedure E.1.1, the reaction of phenol 56 (6.6 g, 15 mmol), alcohol 81 (13 g, 35 mmol), DEAD (40% in toluene, 32 mL, 69 mmol), and PPh₃ (18 g, 69 mmol) in dry benzene (220 mL) afforded after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 94:6) the protected amino acid 93 (34.5 g, contaminated with triphenylphosphine oxide and diethyl hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate; acceptable for the use in the next step without further).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 94

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 93 (34.5 g, impure material), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (17 g, 106 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.1 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (55:45, 350 mL) yielded after 3 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/EtOH 100:0 to 70:30 then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 70:30) the amino acid 94 (5.6 g, 55% over the two steps, based on phenol 56).

Data of 94: C₃₃H₄₃FN₄O₉ (658.7). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.79 (96). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.77, 659 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.85

According to procedure F.1.1, amino acid 94 (2.75 g, 4.2 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (35 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 4.9 mL, 8.3 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (2.9 mL, 17 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (355 mL) to yield after FC (EtOAc/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) macrolactam Ex.85 (2.47 g, 92%).

Data of Ex.85: C₃₃H₄₁FN₄O₈ (640.7). HPLC (30% CH₃CN): R_t=3.52 (96). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=2.06; 641 ([M+H]⁺), 541 ([M+H-Boc]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): two isomers, ratio 85:15, 7.42-7.31 (m, 5 H), 7.08-6.77 (m, 3 H), 5.33 (d, J=8.3, 1 H), 5.23 (d, J=12.2, 1 H), 5.17 (d, J=12.1, 1 H), 4.84 (dd, J=2.9, 8.9, 1 H), 4.37-4.25 (m, 3 H), 4.11 (dd, J=4.2, 12.0, 1 H), 3.89 (t, J=8.3, 1 H), 3.80 (d, J=8.9, 1 H), 3.61 (d, J=17.1, 1 H), 3.16 (t, J=9.1, 1 H), 3.13 (s, 2.55 H, NCH₃ of major isomer), 3.03 (s, 0.45 H, NCH₃ of minor isomer), 2.98 (s, 2.55 H, NCH₃ of major isomer), 2.87 (0.45 H, NCH₃ of minor isomer), 2.64-2.41 (m, 2 H), 2.27-2.09 (m, 1 H), 1.98-1.83 (m, 2 H), 1.79-1.66 (m, 2 H), 1.45 (s, 7.65 H, Boc, major isomer), 1.35 (s, 1.35 H, Boc, minor isomer).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.86:

According to procedure H, ester Ex.85 (2.0 g, 3.1 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (120 mL)/THF (40 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (1 g) for 2 h to afford—after washing of the filtration residue with warm (50° C.) MeOH/TFH 3:1—the acid Ex.86 (1.67 g, 97%).

Data of Ex.86: C₂₆H₃₅FN₄O₈ (550.6). LC-MS: (method 3): R_t=1.10 (83), 551 ([M+H]⁺); 1.17 (15), 551 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 06: Synthesis of Ex.104 and Ex.105 (Scheme 10)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 95

Following procedure E.1.2, the reaction of phenol 56 (13.1 g, 30.5 mmol), alcohol 82 (13.6 g, 36.6 mmol), and CMBP (14.7 g, 61 mmol) in dry toluene (500 mL) afforded after FC (hexane/EtOAc 50:50 to 30:70) the protected amino acid 95 (16 g, 67%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 96

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 95 (16.0 g, 20 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (8 g, 49 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.1 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (55:45, 220 mL) yielded after 3 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/EtOH 100:0 to 70:30 then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 70:30) amino acid 96 (11 g, 81%).

Data of 96: C₃₃H₄₃FN₄O₉ (658.7). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.63 (97), 659 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.104

According to procedure F.1.1, amino acid 96 (4.0 g, 6.1 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 7.2 mL, 12.1 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (4.2 mL, 24.3 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1160 mL) to give after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) macrolactam Ex.104 (2.32 g, 60%).

Data of Ex.104: C₃₃H₄₁FN₄O₈ (640.7). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=1.21 (47), 641 ([M+H]⁺); 1.24 (53), 641 ([M+H]). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): complex spectrum, mixture of isomers, 7.44-6.65 (m, 9 H), 5.32-5.05 (m, 2 H), 4.70-3.30 (several m, 9 H), 2.92 (s, NCH₃ of major isomer), 2.84 (s, NCH₃ of major isomer), 2.30-1.70 (several m, 6 H), 1.40, 1.38 (2 s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.105:

According to procedure H, ester Ex.104 (2.15 g, 3.3 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (215 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (1.07 g) for 4 h to afford acid Ex.105 (1.72 g, 93%).

Data of Ex.105: C₂₆H₃₅FN₄O₈ (550.6). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=0.91 (45), 551 ([M+H]⁺); 0.95 (38), 551 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 07: Synthesis of Ex.115 and Ex.116 (Scheme 11)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 97

A mixture of the phenol 54 (6.42 g, 14.9 mmol), alcohol 22 (4.04 g, 13.5 mmol), and PPh₃ (9.73 g, 37.1 mmol) was dried i.v. for 15 min. and dissolved in dry, degassed chloroform (130 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. A solution of ADDP (9.36 g, 37.1 mmol) in chloroform (20 mL) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h followed by the addition of more 22 (4.04 g, 13.5 mmol) and PPh₃ (5.97 g, 22.8 mmol) in chloroform (20 mL). The mixture was cooled to 0° C. A solution of ADDP (5.74 g, 22.7 mmol) in chloroform (20 mL) was slowly added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and concentrated. The residue was suspended in diethyl ether and filtered. The solid was washed with diethyl ether. The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated. FC (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc 10:1) gave 97 (7.73 g, 73%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 98

Following procedure B.2, the reaction of 97 (7.72 g, 11 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (4.1 g, 26.0 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.63 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (53:47, 190 mL) yielded after 2 h and after FC (EtOAc, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5 to 90:10) amino acid 98 (4.31 g, 67%).

Data of 98: C₃₀H₃₈FN₃O₈ (587.6). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.86 (84). LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.76; 588 ([M+H]⁺), 488 ([M+H-Boc]⁺).

Synthesis of the Alloc Protected Amino Acid 99

Following procedure C.1, the reaction of the amino acid 98 (4.3 g, 7.3 mmol), allyl choroformate (0.86 mL, 8.0 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (1.2 g, 11 mmol) in dioxane (62 mL) and H₂O (60 mL) gave acid 99 (5.07 g, 100%).

Synthesis of the Protected Diamide 100

Following procedure C.2, the acid 99 (4.9 g, 7.3 mmol) was reacted with sarcosine allylester p-toluenesulfonate (46.p-TsOH, 2.6 g, 8.8 mmol), HOAt (1.5 g, 11 mmol), HATU (4.2 g, 11 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (6.2 mL, 36 mmol) in DMF (75 mL) to afford the protected amino acid 100 (4.37 g, 76%).

Data of 100: C₄₀H₅₁FN₄O₁₁ (782.8). HPLC (50% CH₃CN): R_t=3.56 (99). LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=2.45; 783 ([M+H]⁺), 683 ([M+H-Boc]⁺).

Synthesis of the Deprotected Amino Acid 101

Following procedure C.3, the reaction of the protected amino acid 100 (4.36 g, 5.6 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (2.1 g, 13 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.32 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (45:55, 106 mL) yielded amino acid 101 (3.46 g, 93%).

Data of 101: C₃₃H₄₃FN₄O₉ (658.7). LC-MS (method 9b): R_t=1.74; 659 ([M+H]⁺), 559 ([M+H-Boc]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.115

According to procedure F.1.1, amino acid 101 (3.44 g, 5.2 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 6.2 mL, 10 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (3.6 mL, 21 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (470 mL) to give after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5) macrolactam Ex.115 (2.95 g, 90%).

Data of Ex.115: C₃₃H₄₁FN₄O₈ (640.7). HPLC (20% CH₃CN): R_t=4.05 (93). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=2.08; 641 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): complex spectrum, mixture of isomers, 7.38 (s, 5 H), 7.35-6.95 (several m, 2 H), 6.81-6.72 (several m, 0.4 H), 6.64 (dd, J=3.1, 8.2, 0.25 H), 6.39 (dd, J=3.2, 7.7, 0.25 H), 6.30 (dd, J=3.3, 8.2, 0.1 H), 5.37-4.99 (m, 3 H), 4.60-3.60 (several m, 9 H), 3.20-2.60 (several m and s, 8 H), 2.40-1.70 (several m, 4 H), 1.45, 1.43, 1.42, 1.38 (4 s, Boc).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.116:

According to procedure H, the ester Ex.115 (1.2 g, 1.9 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (120 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (0.6 g) for 2 h to afford the acid Ex.116 (1.02 g, 99%).

Data of Ex.116: C₂₆H₃₅FN₄O₈ (550.6). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.47 (20), 3.55 (75). LC-MS: (method 9c): R_t=1.53, 1.58; 551 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 08: Synthesis of Ex.132 and Ex.133 (Scheme 12)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 102

Following procedure E.1.2, the reaction of phenol 56 (2.0 g, 4.7 mmol), alcohol 84 (2.08 g, 5.6 mmol), and CMBP (2.25 g, 9.3 mmol) in dry toluene (80 mL) afforded after 3 h and after FC (hexane/EtOAc 1:1 to 1:2) the protected amino acid 102 (2.06 g, 56%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 103

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 102 (2.05 g, 2.6 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (1.0 g, 6.3 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.15 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (55:45; 45 mL) yielded after 2 h and after FC (EtOAc, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5 to 70:30) amino acid 103 (1.45 g, 85%).

Data of 103: C₃₃H₄₃FN₄O₉ (658.7). HPLC (5% CH₃CN): R_t=4.04 (97). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.87, 659 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.132

According to procedure F.1.1, the amino acid 103 (1.44 g, 2.19 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 2.6 mL, 4.37 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (1.5 mL, 8.74 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (170 mL) to give after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5) the macrolactam Ex.132 (1.36 g, 96%).

Data of Ex.132: C₃₃H₄₁FN₄O₈ (640.7). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.93 (100), 641 ([M+H]⁺); LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=2.12, 641 ([M+H]⁺).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): complex spectrum, mixture of isomers, 7.38 (s, 5 H), 7.35-6.99 (several m, 2 H), 6.85-6.73 (several m, 0.4 H), 6.65 (dd, J=3.1, 8.2, 0.25 H), 6.39 (dd, J=3.1, 7.9, 0.25 H), 6.30 (dd, J=3.3, 8.1, 0.1 H), 5.37-4.99 (m, 3 H), 4.6-3.6 (several m, 9 H), 3.2-2.6 (several m and s, 8 H), 2.4-1.7 (several m, 4 H), 1.45, 1.43, 1.41, 1.38 (4 s, Boc).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.133:

According to procedure H, ester Ex.132 (1.13 g, 1.7 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (110 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (0.56 g) for 4 h to afford acid Ex.133 (0.92 g, 94%).

Data of Ex.133: C₂₆H₃₅FN₄O₈ (550.6). HPLC (5% CH₃CN): R_t=3.65 (27), 3.72 (71). LC-MS: (method 9c): R_t=1.53, 551 ([M+H]⁺); 1.57, 551 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 09: Synthesis of Ex.142 and Ex.143 (Scheme 13)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 104

Following procedure E.1.2, the reaction of the phenol 54 (3.1 g, 7.2 mmol), alcohol 86 (3.34 g, 8.7 mmol), and CMBP (3.49 g, 14.4 mmol) in dry toluene (123 mL) afforded after 3 h and after FC (hexane/EtOAc 1:1 to 1:2) the protected amino acid 104 (4.11 g, 71%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 105

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 104 (4.07 g, 5.1 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (1.9 g, 12 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.3 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (45:55, 90 mL) yielded after 2 h and after FC (EtOAc, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5 to 70:30) the amino acid 105 (3.19 g, 93%).

Data of 105: C₃₄H₄₅FN₄O₉ (672.7). HPLC (5% CH₃CN): R_t=3.96 (88). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.83, 673 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.142

According to procedure F.1.1, amino acid 105 (2.4 g, 3.6 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 4.2 mL, 7.1 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (2.4 mL, 14.2 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) to give after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5) the macrolactam Ex.142 (1.92 g, 82%).

Data of Ex.142: C₃₄H₄₃FN₄O₈ (654.7). HPLC (30% CH₃CN): R_t=3.50 (89). LC-MS (method 9b): R_t=2.01; 655 ([M+H]⁺), 599 ([M+H-tBu]⁺), 555 ([M+H-Boc]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): complex spectrum, mixture of isomers, 7.41-7.38 (m, 5 H), 7.37-7.14 (m, 3 H), 6.80-6.67 (m, 1 H), 5.45-5.13 (m, 3 H), 4.60-3.30 (several m, 8 H), 3.10-2.50 (several m and s, 8 H), 2.50-1.80 (several m, 6 H), 1.39, 1.38, 1.36 (3 s, Boc).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.143:

According to procedure H, ester Ex.142 (1.07 g, 1.6 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (100 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (0.53 g) for 4 h to afford acid Ex.143 (0.92 g, 99%).

Data of Ex.143: C₂₇H₃₇FN₄O₈ (564.6). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.54 (91), 565 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 10: Synthesis of Ex.164 and Ex.165 (Scheme 14)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 106

Following procedure B.1.2, the reaction of phenol 63 (4.2 g, 9.8 mmol), alcohol 16 (4.4 g, 13 mmol), and CMBP (4.8 g, 20 mmol) in dry toluene (120 mL) afforded after 4 h and FC (hexane/EtOAc 50:50) the protected amino acid 106 (6.37 g, 86%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 107

Following procedure B.2, the reaction of 106 (1.18 g, 1.6 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (0.6 g, 3.8 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (90 mg) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (60:40, 15 mL) yielded after 3 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/EtOH 100:0 to 80:20) the amino acid 107 (0.86 g, 87%).

Data of 107: C₃₁H₄₄N₄O₈Si (628.8). LC-MS: (method 6): R_t=1.08 (88), 629 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.164

According to procedure F.1.2, amino acid 107 (310 mg, 0.49 mmol) in dry DMF (5 mL) was treated with FDPP (379 mg, 0.99 mmol) in dry DMF (500 mL) to afford after FC (hexane/EtOAc/MeOH 50:50:0 to 0:95:5) the macrolactam Ex.164 (131 mg, 43%).

Data of Ex.164: C₃₁H₄₂N₄O₇Si (610.8). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=1.34 (98), 611 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.42-7.27 (m, 8 H), 6.98 (dd, J=1.4, 8.2, 1 H), 6.91 (d, J=7.5, 1 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 4.98 (s, 2 H), 4.50 (d, J=11.9, 1 H), 4.35-4.15 (m, 3 H), 4.06-3.96 (m, 4 H), 3.21 (m, 1 H), 3.10-2.95 (m, 2 H), 2.87 (s, 3 H), 2.30-1.80 (m, 4 H), 0.91 (t, J=8.3, 2 H), 0.00 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.165

At 0° C., a solution of TBAF in THF (1 M, 3.9 mL, 3.9 mmol) was added to a solution of Ex.164 (1.2 g, 1.96 mmol) in THF (42 mL). The solution was allowed to stir at 0° C. to room temperature for 15 h, followed by the addition of more TBAF in THF (1 M, 1.18 mL, 1.18 mmol). Stirring was continued for 2 h. The solution was distributed between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The aqueous phase was repeatedly extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 90:10) afforded Ex.165 (0.76 g, 83%).

Data of Ex.165:C₂₅H₃₀N₄O₅ (466.52). LC-MS: (method 4a): R_t=1.49 (99), 467 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 11: Synthesis of Ex.181 and Ex.182 (Scheme 15)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 108

Following procedure B.1.2, the reaction of phenol 65 (10.7 g, 24 mmol), alcohol 16 (10.0 g, 29 mmol), and CMBP (12.0 g, 49 mmol) in dry toluene (362 mL) afforded after FC (hexane/EtOAc 50:50 to 70:30) the protected amino acid 108 (14.55 g, 78%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 109

Following procedure B.2, the reaction of 108 (14.50 g, 19 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (7.0 g, 47.0 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.1 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (55:45, 203 mL) yielded after 3 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 99:1 to 90:10) the amino acid 109 (11.26 g, 92%).

Data of 109: C₃₂H₄₆N₄O₈Si (642.8). LC-MS: (method 6): R_t=1.13 (94), 643 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.181

According to procedure F.1.1, the amino acid 109 (4.0 g, 6.2 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 7.4 mL, 12.4 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (4.3 mL, 24.8 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (560 mL). Prior to aqueous workup, the CH₂Cl₂ was replaced by EtOAc. FC (hexane/EtOAc 50:50 to 0:100) afforded the macrolactam Ex.181 (2.11 g, 54%).

Data of Ex.181: C₃₂H₄₄N₄O₇Si (624.8). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=1.37 (99), 625 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.46 (d, J=8.0, 1 H), 7.42 (d, J=7.2, 1 H), 7.34-7.23 (m, 6 H), 7.06 (d, J=8.2, 1 H), 6.82 (d, J=7.4, 1 H), 6.78 (s, 1 H), 5.02-4.86 (m, 3 H), 4.13 (t, J=8.5, 1 H), 4.06-3.67 (m, 7 H), 3.05 (br. m, 1 H), 2.88 (br. m, 1 H), 2.88 (s, 3 H), 2.15 (m, 2 H), 1.51 (br. m, 2 H), 1.33 (br. m, 1 H), 1.12 (br. m, 1 H), 0.91 (t-like m, J ca. 8.4, 2 H), 0.00 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.182

According to procedure I.2, carbamate Ex.181 (844 mg, 1.3 mmol) in THF (34 mL) was treated with TBAF solution (4.1 mL) to afford after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10) the amine Ex.182 (620 mg, 95%)

Data of Ex.182: C₂₆H₃₂N₄O₅ (480.5). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.35 (99), 481 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 12: Linear Synthesis of Ex.196 and Ex.197 (Scheme 16)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 110

Following procedure B.1.1, the reaction of phenol 59 (5.22 g, 12.6 mmol), alcohol 16 (5.2 g, 15.2 mmol), PPh₃ (5.0 g, 19 mmol) in dry benzene (124 mL) and DEAD (40% in toluene, 7.0 mL, 15.2 mmol) in dry benzene (36 mL) afforded after FC (hexane/EtOAc 60:40 to 40:60) the protected amino acid 110 (8.3 g, 88%, contaminated with some triphenylphosphine oxide; acceptable for the use in the next stop without further purification).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 111

Following procedure B.2, the reaction of 110 (4.15 g, 5.62 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (2.19 g, 14.0 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.71 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ 1:1 (60 mL) yielded after 1 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/EtOH 95:5 to 90:10 then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 70:30) amino acid 111 (2.75 g, 80%).

Data of 111: C₃₀H₄₂N₄O₈Si (614.8). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.82 (99). LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.81; 615 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Alloc Protected Amino Acid 112

Following procedure C.1, the reaction of the amino acid 111 (1.5 g, 2.4 mmol), allyl choroformate (0.29 mL, 2.68 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (0.72 g, 6.83 mmol) in dioxane (40 mL) and H₂O (40 mL) gave acid 112 (1.7 g, 100%).

Synthesis of the Protected Amino Acid 113

Following procedure C.2, the acid 112 (1.7 g, 2.4 mmol) was reacted with sarcosine allylester p-toluenesulfonate (46.p-TsOH, 0.88 g, 2.9 mmol), HOAt (0.5 g, 3.6 mmol), HATU (1.4 g, 3.6 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (2.1 mL, 12 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) to afford the protected amino acid 113 (1.51 g, 75%).

Data of 113: C₄₀H₅₅N₅O₂₂Si (809.9). HPLC (40% CH₃CN): R_t=4.43 (91). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=2.51, 810 ([M+H]⁺).

Deprotection to Amino Acid 114

Following procedure C.3, the reaction of the protected amino acid 113 (1.5 g, 1.85 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (0.72 g, 4.6 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.23 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 25 mL) yielded amino acid 114 (1.05 g, 83%).

Data of 114: C₃₃H₄₇N₅O₉Si (685.8). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.85 (95). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.78, 686 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.196

According to procedure F.1.2, amino acid 114 (1.0 g, 1.46 mmol) in dry DMF (20 mL) was treated with FDPP (1.12 g, 2.92 mmol) in dry DMF (130 mL) to yield after FC (EtOAc) the macrolactam Ex.196 (0.61 g, 63%).

Data of Ex.196: C₃₃H₄₅N₅O₈Si (667.8). LC-MS (method 1a): R_t=2.66 (100), 668 ([M+H]⁺). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=2.12, 668 ([M+H]⁺), 640. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.34-7.26 (m, 6 H), 7.17 (d, J=7.6, 1 H), 7.02 (s, 1 H), 6.91 (d, J=9.5, 1 H), 5.49 (d, J=9.5, 2 H), 5.10 (m, 1 H), 5.06 (s, 2 H), 4.39-4.13 (m, 5 H), 4.00-3.95 (m, 2 H), 3.65 (m, 1 H), 3.36 (br. s, 2 H), 3.14 (m, 2 H), 3.09 (s, 3 H), 2.74 (s, 3 H), 2.45 (m, 1 H), 2.08 (m, 1 H), 0.98 (m, 2 H), 0.00 (s, 9 H). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.98 (d, J=9.9, 1 H), 7.52 (d, J=7.9, 1 H), 7.36-7.27 (m, 6 H), 7.18 (s, 1 H), 7.06 (dd, J=1.8, 8.1, 1 H), 6.83 (d, J=7.5, 1 H), 5.12 (d, J=12.5, 1 H), 5.04 (d, J=12.5, 1 H), 4.87 (d, J=8.8, 1 H), 4.25-3.89 (m, 8 H), 3.71-3.66 (m, 2 H), 3.20 (m, 1 H), 3.02 (m, 1 H), 2.97 (s, 3 H), 2.65 (s, 3 H), 2.20 (m, 1 H), 2.09 (m, 1 H), 0.92 (t, J=8.2, 2 H), 0.00 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.197

According to procedure I.1, carbamate Ex.196 (120 mg, 0.18 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) was treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (3 mL) to afford Ex.197.HCl (59 mg, 58%).

Data of Ex.197.HCl: C₂₇R₃₃N₅O₆.HCl (523.5, free base). HPLC (5% CH₃CN): R_t=3.05 (83). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.12, 524 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 8.53 (br. s, NH₃), 8.03 (d, =9.9, 1 H), 7.41-7.31 (m, 7 H), 7.15 (m, 1 H), 6.85 (d, J=7.5, 1 H), 5.14 (d, J=12.5, 1 H), 5.04 (d, J=12.5, 1 H), 4.86 (dd, J ca. 2.2, 11.0, 1 H), 4.42-4.13 (m, 2 H), 4.05 (t, J=8.5, 1 H), 3.96 (d, J=17.8, 1 H), 3.85-3.75 (m, 2 H), 3.65 (br. m, 1 H), ca. 3.3-3.1 (m, 3 H, partially superimposed by the H₂O signal), 2.97 (s, 3 H), 2.67 (s, 3 H), 2.42 (m, 1 H), 2.18 (br. q, J ca. 11.1, 1 H).

Core 12: Convergent Synthesis of Ex.197 and Ex.198 (Scheme 17)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 115

Following procedure E.1.1, phenol 59 (4.6 g, 11 mmol) was treated for 40 h with alcohol 81 (5.0 g, 13 mmol), DEAD (40% in toluene, 6.1 mL, 13 mmol) and PPh₃ (4.4 g, 17 mmol) in dry benzene (150 mL). After 2 h and after 18 h, more PPh₃ (1.82 g, 6.9 mmol), alcohol 81 (2.04 g, 5.5 mmol) in benzene (50 mL), and DEAD (40% in toluene, 2.55 mL, 5.6 mmol) in benzene (13 mL) were added. FC (hexane/EtOAc 50:50 to 90:10) afforded the protected amino acid 115.1 (2.5 g, 29%).

Following procedure E.1.2, the reaction of phenol 59 (2.9 g, 7.0 mmol), alcohol 81, (5.7 g, 15 mmol) and CMBP (5.1 g, 21 mmol) in dry toluene (121 mL) afforded after FC (hexane/EtOAc 20:80 to 90:10) the protected amino acid 115.2 (2.92 g, 54%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 116

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 115.1 (3.17 g, 4.14 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (1.62 g, 10.3 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.53 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 46 mL) yielded after 1 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 70:30) the amino acid 116.1 (1.86 g, 70%).

Data of 116.1: C₃₂H₄₃N₅O₉ (641.7). HPLC (5% CH₃CN): R_t=3.65 (100). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.60, 642 ([M+H]⁺).

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 115.2 (2.9 g, 3.8 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (1.5 g, 9.5 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.48 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 46 mL) yielded after 1 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 70:30) the amino acid 116.2 (2.0 g, 83%).

Data of 116.2: C₃₂H₄₃N₅O₉ (641.7). HPLC (5% CH₃CN): R_t=3.73 (98). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.61, 642 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.198

According to procedure F.1.1, the amino acid 116.1 (1.0 g, 1.6 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 1.8 mL, 3.1 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (1.1 mL, 6.2 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1400 mL) to afford after FC (EtOAc/MeOH 95:5 to 80:20) the macrolactam Ex.198 (containing 15% of the epimer Ex.231; 0.38 g, 39%).

Data of Ex.198: C₃₂H₄₁N₅O₈ (623.7). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.78 (84), 624 ([M+H]⁺); 1.82 (15). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.87, 624 ([M+H]⁺).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.42-7.25 (m, 7 H), 7.07 (s, 1 H), 7.00 (d, J=8.2, 1 H), 5.59 (d, J=9.5, 1 H), 5.38 (br. d, J ca 7.9, 1 H), 5.18 (dd, J=2.5, 12.2, 1 H), 5.13 (s, 2 H), 4.43-4.01 (m, 5 H), 3.73 (m, 1 H), 3.47 (d, J=17.7, 1 H), 3.33 (d, J=17.7, 1 H), 3.20-3.11 (m, 2 H), 3.17 (s, 3 H), 2.81 (s, 3 H), 2.50 (m, 1 H), 2.15 (m, 1 H), 1.51 (s, Boc, major isomer), 1.45 (s, Boc, minor isomer); ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.97 (d, J=10.3, 1 H), 7.41-7.30 (m, 7 H), 7.18 (s, 1 H), 7.09 (d, J=8.2, 1 H), 6.85 (J=7.6, 1 H), 5.12 (d, J=12.5, 1 H), 5.05 (d, J=12.6, 1 H), 4.89 (J=9.6, 1 H), 4.30-3.55 (m, 6 H), 3.40 (2 H, superimposed by H₂O signal), 3.25-3.00 (m, 2 H), 2.99 (s, 3 H), 2.65 (s, 3 H), 2.22 (m, 1 H), 2.05 (br. q, 1 H), 1.41, (s, 9 H).

According to procedure F.1.1, amino acid 116.2 (0.85 g, 1.3 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (170 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 1.56 mL, 2.6 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (0.91 mL, 5.3 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1190 mL) to afford after FC (EtOAc/MeOH 95:5 to 80:20) the macrolactam Ex.198 and its epimer Ex.231 (ca 1:1 mixture; 0.61 g, 73%).

Data of the mixture Ex.198/Ex.231: C₃₂H₄₁N₅O₈ (623.7). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.78 (44), 624 ([M+H]⁺); 1.82 (56), 624 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): complex spectrum, mixture of epimers, 7.41-7.20 (m, 6 H), 7.07-6.92 (m, 3 H) 5.8-4.8 (several m, 5 H), 4.3-3.0 (several m, 10 H), 3.16 (s, NCH₃), 2.81 (s, NCH₃), 2.58-2.45 (m, 1 H), 2.19-2.03 (m, 1 H), 1.51, 1.41 (2 s, 9 H)

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.197

According to procedure J, carbamate Ex.198/Ex.231 (ca. 85:15, 749 mg, 1.2 mmol) in dioxane (7.5 mL) was treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (15 mL) to afford Ex.197.HCl/Ex.232.HCl (607 mg, 90%). Data of Ex.197.HCl/Ex.232.HCl: C₂₇H₃₃N₅O₆.HCl (523.5, free base). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.26 (75), 1.33 (14); 524 ([M+H]⁺).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆), major component Ex.197′HCl: spectrum identical with the one described above for compound Ex.197′HCl (cf. Scheme 16).

According to procedure J, carbamate Ex.198/Ex.231 (ca. 1:1, 1.32 g, 2.12 mmol) in dioxane (13 mL) was treated with 4 M HC1-dioxane (26 mL) to afford after separation of the isomers by preparative RP-HPLC (method 1) Ex.197 TFA (460 mg, 34%) and Ex.232 TFA (470 mg, 35%).

Data of Ex.197 TFA: C₂₇H₃₃N₅O₆.C₂HF₃O₂ (523.5, free base). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.25 (99), 524 ([M+H]⁺). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=0.74 (97), 524 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 8.34 (br. s, NH₃⁺), 8.07 (d, J=9.9, 1 H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 6 H), 7.20 (s, 1 H), 7.10 (dd, J=1.5, 8.2, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J=7.4, 1 H), 5.17 (d, J=12.5, 1 H), 5.05 (d, J=12.5, 1 H), 4.87 (br. dd, 1 H), 4.27-4.16 (m, 2 H), 4.06 (t, J=8.6, 1 H), 4.01-3.91 (m, 2 H), 3.82 (t-like dd, J ca. 8.1, 1 H), 3.70 (br. m, 1 H), 3.35-3.20 (m, 3 H), 2.98 (s, 3 H), 2.70 (s, 3 H), 2.49 (m, 1 H), 2.18 (br. q, J ca 11.0, 1 H).

Data of Ex.232 TFA: See below; Core 14.

Core 13: Synthesis of Ex.215 and Ex.216 (Scheme 18)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 117

Following procedure B.1.1, the reaction of phenol 59 (2.1 g, 5.1 mmol), alcohol 20 (2.1 g, 6.1 mmol), PPh₃ (2.0 g, 7.6 mmol) in dry benzene (50 mL) and DEAD (40% in toluene, 2.8 mL, 6.1 mmol) in dry benzene (14 mL) afforded, after further addition of PPh₃ (0.84 g, 3.2 mmol), alcohol 20 (0.88 g, 2.6 mmol) in benzene (21 mL) and DEAD (40% in toluene, 1.2 mL, 2.6 mmol) in benzene (6 mL) and after FC (hexane/EtOAc 50:50) the protected amino acid 117 (3.8 g, 100%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 118

Following procedure B.2, the reaction of 117 (7.63 g, 10.3 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (4.03 g, 25.8 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.31 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 110 mL) yielded after 1 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5 to 70:30) the amino acid 118 (3.48 g, 60%).

Data of 118: C₃₀H₄₂N₄O₈Si (614.8). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.88 (100). LC-MS (method 9a): R_t=1.80, 615 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Alloc Protected Amino Acid 119

Following procedure C.1, the reaction of the amino acid 118 (3.36 g, 5.5 mmol), allyl choroformate (0.64 mL, 6.0 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (0.87 g, 8.2 mmol) in dioxane (51 mL) and H₂O (51 mL) gave the acid 119 (3.51 g, 92%).

Synthesis of the Protected Amino Acid 120

Following procedure C.2, acid 119 (3.47 g, 5.0 mmol) was reacted with sarcosine allylester p-toluenesulfonate (46.p-TsOH, 1.8 g, 6.0 mmol), HOAt (1.0 g, 7.4 mmol), HATU (2.8 g, 7.4 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (4.2 mL, 25 mmol) in DMF (108 mL) to afford the protected amino acid 120 (3.52 g, 88%).

Data of 120: C₄₀H₅₅N₅O₂₂Si (809.9). LC-MS: (method 4b): R_t=2.51 (95), 810 ([M+H]⁺)

Deprotection to Amino Acid 121

Following procedure C.3, the reaction of the protected amino acid 120 (3.49 g, 4.31 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (1.68 g, 10.8 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.55 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1; 50 mL) yielded the amino acid 121 (2.72 g, 92%).

Data of 121: C₃₃H₄₇N₅O₉Si (685.8). LC-MS: (method 4b): R_t=1.84 (94), 686 ([M+H]⁺)

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.215

According to procedure F.1.2, amino acid 121 (1.33 g, 1.94 mmol) in dry DMF (27 mL) was treated with FDPP (1.49 g, 3.88 mmol) in dry DMF (164 mL) to yield after FC (EtOAc/MeOH 95:5) macrolactam Ex.215 (0.89 g, 68%).

Data of Ex.215: C₃₃H₄₅N₅O₈Si (667.8). LC-MS: (method 1b): R_t=2.60 (99), 668 ([M+H]⁺). LC-MS: (method 9c): R_t=2.14, 668 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.94 (d, J=9.8, 1 H), 7.39-7.27 (m, 7 H), 7.11 (s, 1 H), 6.97 (dd, J=1.5, 8.2, 1 H), 6.82 (d, J=7.5, 1 H), 5.05 (s, 2 H), 4.83 (br. d, 1 H), 4.25 (br. m, 1 H), 4.17-3.96 (m, 5 H), 3.73 (br. q, J ca. 16.8, 2 H), 3.47 (m, 1 H), 3.33 (m, 1 H), 3.19 (m, 2 H), 2.96 (s, 3 H), 2.67 (s, 3 H), 2.20 (m, 1 H), 2.00 (m, 1 H), 0.91 (t, J=8.4, 2 H), 0.00 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.216

According to procedure I.1, carbamate Ex.215 (881 mg, 1.3 mmol) in dioxane (16 mL) was treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (16 mL) to afford Ex.216.HCl (666 mg, 90%).

Data of Ex.216.HCl: C₂₇H₃₃N₅O₆.HCl (523.5, free base). HPLC (5% CH₃CN): R_t=3.11 (91). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.19, 524 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 14: Synthesis of Ex.231 and Ex.232 (Scheme 19)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 122

A mixture of phenol 61 (4.6 g, 11.2 mmol) and PPh₃ (5.27 g, 20.1 mmol) was dissolved in benzene. The solution was concentrated and the residue was dried i.v. for 20 min. A solution of the alcohol 81, (7.46 g, 20.1 mmol) in dry, degassed benzene (120 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. DEAD (40% in toluene, 11.5 mL, 25.1 mmol) in benzene (10 mL) was slowly added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. More PPh₃ (1.46 g, 5.6 mmol), alcohol 81 (1.04 g, 2.8 mmol) and at 0° C., a solution of DEAD (40% in toluene, 2.6 mL, 5.7 mmol) in benzene (2 mL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 7 h. More PPh₃ (1.46 g, 5.6 mmol), alcohol 81 (1.04 g, 2.8 mmol), and at 0° C., a solution of DEAD (40% in toluene, 2.6 mL, 5.7 mmol) in benzene (2 mL) were added. Stirring at room temperature was continued for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc 30:70 to 0:100) afforded 122 (12.8 g, contaminated with ca 40% triphenylphosphinoxide, yield ca 90%). The material was used for the next step without further purification)

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 123

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of the protected amino acid 122 (contaminated with ca 40% of triphenylphosphine oxide, 12.8 g, ca 10 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (3.91 g, 25.1 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.27 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 120 mL) yielded after 1 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 70:30 then CHCl₃/MeOH 70:30) the amino acid 123 (2.80 g, 44%).

Data of 123: C₃₂H₄₃N₅O₉ (641.7). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.56 (94), 642 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.231

According to procedure F.1.2, amino acid 123 (3.29 g, 5.13 mmol) in dry DMF (150 mL) was added within 4 h at 60° C. to FDPP (3.94 g, 10.3 mmol) in dry DMF (4980 mL) to afford after 16 h at 60° C. and after FC (EtOAc/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) the macrolactam Ex.231 (contained ca 15% of its epimer Ex.198; 2.5 g, 78%).

Data of Ex.231: C₃₂H₄₁N₅O₈ (623.7). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.78 (12), 1.82 (83), 624 ([M+H]⁺). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=1.16 (18), 624 ([M+H]⁺); 1.18 (80), 624 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): complex spectrum, two epimers; 7.38-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.06-6.90 (m, 3 H), 5.80-4.80 (several m, 4 H), 5.08, 5.12 (2s, 2 H), 4.43-2.80 (several br. m, 15 H), 2.51 (m, 1 H), 2.19-2.03 (m, 1 H), 1.50, 1.42 (2 s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.232

According to procedure J, carbamate Ex.231 (containing 15% of the epimer Ex.198; 1.42 g, 2.3 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) was treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (45 mL) to afford after preparative RP-HPLC (method 1) Ex.232 TFA (1.10 g, 71%) and Ex.197 TFA (0.27 g, 17%).

Data of Ex.232 TFA: C₂₇H₃₃N₅O₆.C₂HF₃O₂ (523.5, free base). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.32 (99), 524 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): complex spectrum, mixture of isomers; 8.40 (br. s), 8.20 (br. s), 7.84 (d, J=7.1), 7.50-6.80 (several m), 5.25-3.40 (several m, partially superimposed by the H₂O signal), 3.30-2.80 (m), 3.04 (s, NCH₃), 2.98 (s, NCH₃), 2.67 (s, NCH₃), 2.64 (s, NCH₃), 2.6-1.9 (several m).

Data of Ex.197 TFA: See above; Core 12.

Core 15 and Core 16

Synthesis of Ex.238 and Ex.239 (Scheme 20)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 124

Following procedure E.1.1, phenol 77 (1.63 g, 8.5 mmol), alcohol 85 (5.72 g, 12.8 mmol) and PPh₃ (4.02 g, 15.3 mmol) in dry benzene (80 mL) were treated with DEAD (40% in toluene, 8.79 mL, 19.2 mmol) for 20 h. Purification by FC (hexane/EtOAc 20:80 to 100:0) then (hexane/EtOAc 50:50 to 20:80) afforded the protected amino acid 124 (1.96 g, 37%).

Synthesis of the Macrocycle Ex.238

Dichloro-[1,3-bis(mesityl)-2-imidazoldinylidene]-(3-phenyl-1H-inden-1-ylidene) (tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium (II) (Umicore M2 catalyst; 88 mg) was added to a solution of 124 (1160 mg, 1.29 mmol) in dry, degassed CH₂Cl₂ (170 mL). The solution was stirred in a sealed tube at 40° C. for 68 h, followed by 45 h at room temperature. During this period further equal portions of catalyst (in total 350 mg) were added after 20 h, 28 h, 44 h, and 52 h. The solution was concentrated. FC (hexane/EtOAc 70:30 to 0:100) gave Ex.238 (350 mg, 46%, mixture of two isomers, ratio>9:1, acceptable for the use in the next step). An analytical sample (69 mg) was further purified by preparative RP-HPLC (method 2) to afford pure Ex.238 (major isomer; 45 mg).

Data of Ex.238 (major isomer): C₃₂H₄₀N₄O₇ (592.6). LC-MS: (method 4a): R_t=2.23 (92), 593 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.62-7.31 (m, 6 H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6, 1 H), 6.99 (dd, J=2.0, 7.9, 1 H), 6.85 (s, 1 H), 5.69-5.61 (m, 2 H), 5.48 (d, J=8.2, 1 H), 5.21 (m, 1 H), 5.10 (s, 2 H), 4.76 (d, J=10.1, 1 H), 4.54 (dt, J=3.5, 7.9, 1 H), 4.41-4.25 (m, 2 H), 4.13 (d, J=10.7, 1 H), 3.97 (m, 1 H), 3.62 (m, 2 H), 3.48 (m, 1 H), 3.10 (s, 3 H), 2.73 (m, 1 H), 2.60-2.45 (m, 2 H), 2.02 (m, 1 H), 1.46 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of Amine Ex.239

A solution of Ex.238 (430 mg, 0.73 mmol) in MeOH/THF 1:3, 36 mL) was hydrogenated for 3.5 h at room temperature and at normal pressure in the presence of palladium hydroxide on activated charcoal (moistened with 50% H₂O; 215 mg). The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated to give Ex.239 (355 mg, quantitative; used in the next step without further purification).

An analytical sample (68 mg) was purified by preparative RP-HPLC (method 2) to afford pure Ex.239 (37 mg).

Data of Ex.239: C₂₄H₃₆N₄O₅ (460.6): LC-MS (method 7): R_t=0.88 (97), 461 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.36 (t, J=7.8, 1 H), 7.25 (d, J=6.1, 1 H), 7.03 (dd, J=1.6, 8.2, 1 H), 6.88-6.65 (m, 2 H), 4.51 (d, J=8.3, 1 H), 4.18 (t, J=10.3, 2 H), 4.09 (br. s, 1 H), 3.96 (br. m, 2 H), 3.19-2.72 (m, 3 H), 2.92 (s, 3 H), 2.34 (m, 2 H), 2.05 (br. q, 1 H), 1.82 (m, 1 H), 1.60-0.85 (m, 5 H), 1.40 (s, 9 H), 0.82 (m, 1 H).

Core 17: Synthesis of Ex.248 and Ex.249 (Scheme 21)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 125

Following procedure E.1.1, phenol 68 (6.0 g, 14.6 mmol), alcohol 82 (9.75 g, 26.2 mmol), and PPh₃ (6.88 g, 26.2 mmol) were treated in dry benzene (160 mL) with DEAD (40% in toluene, 15 mL, 32.8 mmol) for 40 h. After 18 h and after 25 h, more PPh₃ (1.27 g, 4.8 mmol) and DEAD (40% in toluene, 2.23 mL, 4.9 mmol) in benzene (2 mL) were added. FC (hexane/EtOAc 30:70 to 20:80) afforded the protected amino acid 125 (16.85 g, contaminated with ca 40% triphenylphosphinoxide, yield ca 85%). The material was used for the next step without further purification)

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 126

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 125 (16.8 g, contaminated with ca 40% of triphenylphosphine oxide, ca. 12 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (4.80 g, 30.8 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.56 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 170 mL) yielded after 1 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0:100 to 70:30, then CHCl₃/MeOH 70:30) amino acid 126 (4.15 g, ca. 52%).

Data of 126: C₃₃H₄₄N₄O₉ (640.7). HPLC (10% CH₃CN): R_t=3.67 (69). LC-MS (method 9c): R_t=1.75, 641 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.248

According to procedure F.1.1, amino acid 126 (4.55 g, 7.1 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (120 mL) was added within 3 h to T3P (50% in EtOAc, 8.37 ml, 14.2 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (4.83 ml, 28.4 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (6660 mL). Prior to aqueous workup, CH₂Cl₂ was replaced with EtOAc. FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) yielded the macrolactam Ex.248 (2.38 g, 54%).

Data of Ex.248: C₃₃H₄₂N₄O₈ (622.7). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.83 (100), 623 ([M+H]⁺). LC-MS: (method 9c): R_t=1.97, 623 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 7.45-7.34 (m, 5 H), 7.15-6.78 (m, 5 H), 5.25 (s, 2 H), 5.08 (d, J=12.8, 1 H), 4.62 (d, J=13.5, 2 H), 4.29 (m, 1 H), 4.09 (d, J=7.3, 1 H), 3.89 (d, J=12.4, 1 H), 3.54 (br. t, 1 H), 3.27 (m, 1 H), 3.07 (s, 3 H), 2.80 (m, 1 H), 2.71 (s, 3 H), 2.28-2.06 (m, 4 H), 1.94 (m, 1 H), 1.71 (m, 1 H), 1.39 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.249:

According to procedure H, the ester Ex.248 (2.16 g, 3.5 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (130 mL)/THF (40 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (1.09 g) for 2.5 h to afford the acid Ex.249 (1.83 g, 99%).

Data of Ex.249: C₂₆H₃₆N₄O₈ (532.6). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.42 (95), 533 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 18: Synthesis of Ex.272, Ex.273, and Ex.274 (Scheme 22)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 127

Following procedure E.1.1, the reaction of phenol 71 (6.47 g, 15.7 mmol), the alcohol 81 (10.5 g, 28.2 mmol), DEAD (40% in toluene, 26 mL, 56.3 mmol), and PPh₃ (14.8 g, 56.3 mmol) in dry benzene (380 mL) afforded after 2 h at room temperature and after aqueous workup (EtOAc, sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln), drying (Na₂SO₄), concentration of the organic layer and FC (hexane/EtOAc 30:70, 0:100, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10) the protected amino acid 127 (12.0 g, 99%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 128

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 127 (12.0 g, 16 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (5.9 g, 38.0 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.9 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (55:45, 275 mL) yielded after 2 h and after FC (EtOAc, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 60:40) the amino acid 128 (9.05 g, 90%).

Data of 128: C₃₁H₄₂N₆O₉ (642.7). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=0.90 (94), 643 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.272

According to procedure F.1.1, the amino acid 128 (5.04 g, 7.8 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 9.2 mL, 16 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (5.4 mL, 31 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (700 mL) to afford after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 39:1 to 19:1) the epimeric macrolactams Ex.272 (1.90 g, 38%).

Data of Ex.272: C₃₄H₄₀N₆O₈ (624.7). LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=1.61 (99), 625 ([M+H]⁺). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=1.01 (99), 625 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 8.47 (d, J=2.6, 1 H), 8.12 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, J=9.6, 1 H), 7.61 (s, 1 H), 7.40-7.29 (m, 6 H), 5.10 (d, J=12.6, 1 H), 5.04 (d, J=12.6, 1 H), 4.98 (br. d, J=10.7, 1 H), 4.16 (br. d, J=11.8, 1 H), 4.10-3.90 (m, 4 H), 3.71 (br. t, J ca. 8.4, 1 H), 3.65-3.40 (m, 2 H), 3.23 (br. dd, J=11.1, 15.2, 1 H), 3.04 (s, 3 H), 2.92 (t, J=9.6, 1 H), 2.66 (s, 3 H), 2.12 (m, 1 H), 2.09 (br. q, 1 H), 1.42 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.273

According to procedure J, carbamate Ex.272 (3.12 g, 5 mmol) in dioxane (31 mL) was treated with 4 M HCl-dioxane (62 mL) to afford Ex.273.2HCl (2.9 g, 97%)

Data of Ex.273.2HCl: C₂₆H₃₂N₆O₆.2HCl (524.5, free base). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.31 (92), 525 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Amine Ex.274

According to procedure K, carbamate Ex.272 (200 mg, 0.32 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (20 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (100 mg) to afford Ex.274 (154 mg, 97%).

Data of Ex.274: C₂₃H₃₄N₆O₆. (490.5). LC-MS (method 2): R_t=1.26 (98), (491 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 19: Synthesis of Ex.297 and Ex.298 (Scheme 23)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 129

Following procedure E.1.2, the reaction of phenol 75 (4.58 g, 9.9 mmol), alcohol 81 (5.5 g, 15 mmol), and CMBP (4.8 g, 20 mmol) in dry toluene (24 mL) afforded after FC (hexane/EtOAc 1:3) the protected amino acid 129 (5.54 g, 68%).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 130

Following procedure E.2, the reaction of 129 (5.53 g, 6.8 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (2.5 g, 16 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.39 g) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ 55:45 (118 mL) yielded after 2 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5 to 70:30) the amino acid 130 (1.45 g, 85%).

Data of 130: C₃₆H₄₅N₅O₉ (691.7). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=1.09 (96), 692 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.297

According to procedure F.1.1, amino acid 130 (2.57 g, 3.7 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 4.4 mL, 7.4 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (2.5 mL, 14.9 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (330 mL) to give after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 99:1 to 90:10) the macrolactam Ex.297 (2.5 g, contaminated with ca 20% i-Pr₂NEt; yield 80%).

Data of Ex.297: C₃₆H₄₃N₅O₈ (673.7). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=1.18 (93), 674 ([M+H]⁺).

Aqueous workup (EtOAc, 1 M aq. NaH PO₄ soln) of ananalytical sample (100 mg) afforded pure Ex.297 (81 mg).

LC-MS: (method 2): R_t=2.20 (93), 674 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆):complex spectrum, several isomers, 8.51 (d, J=8.5, 0.2; H), 8.47 (d, J=8.7, 0.1 H), 8.40 (d, J=8.5, 0.55 H), 8.32 (d, J=8.5, 0.15 H), 7.68-7.10 (several m, 10 H), 5.96 (br. s, 0.3 H), 5.90 (br. s, 0. 3 H), 5.4-5.0 (m, 2.4 H), 4.8-3.8 (several m, 8 H), 3.3-2.5 (several m and s, 8 H), 2.5-1.6 (several m, 4 H), 1.42, 1.41, 1.36, 1.26 (4 s, Boc).

Synthesis of the Acid Ex.298:

According to procedure H, the ester Ex.297 (2.0 g, contaminated with ca 20% i-Pr₂NEt 2.4 mmol) was hydrogenated in MeOH (200 mL) in the presence of the catalyst (1 g) for 3 h.

The crude product was suspended in diethyl ether (20 mL) stirred for 20 min, filtered, washed (diethyl ether) and dried to afford Ex.298 (1.63 g, contaminated with 15% i-Pr₂NEt, quantitative yield).

Aqueous workup (CH₂Cl₂, 1 M aq. NaH PO₄ soln) of an analytical sample (200 mg) afforded pure Ex.298 (135 mg).

Data of Ex.298: C₂₉H₃₇N₅O₈ (583.6). LC-MS: (method 4a): R_t=1.78 (86), 584 ([M+H]⁺).

Core 20: Synthesis of Ex.311 (Scheme 24)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 131

A solution of phenol 72 (200 mg, 0.34 mmol), alcohol 16 (178 mg, 0.52 mmol) and PPh₃ (180 mg, 0.69 mmol) in benzene (5 mL) was degassed. At 0° C., DEAD (40% in toluene, 0.32 mL, 0.69 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h. More of alcohol 16 (178 mg, 0.52 mmol) and PPh₃ (180 mg, 0.69 mmol) were added. DEAD (40% in toluene, 0.32 mL, 0.69 mmol) was added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 20 h and concentrated. FC(CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc 100:0 to 80:20) afforded 131 (containing ca. 20% of diethyl hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate; used without any further purification).

Synthesis of the Amino Acid 132

Following procedure B.2, the reaction of 131 (250 mg, ca. 80%, 0.22 mmol), 1.3-dimethylbarbituric acid (107 mg, 0.69 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (16 mg) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (55:45, 4.8 mL) yielded after 3 h and after FC (EtOAc/MeOH 100:0 to 90:10, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10 to 80:20) 132 (177 mg, yield over the two steps: 73%).

Data of 132: C₃₉H₅₇N₅O₁₀Si (784.0): LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=1.31, 784.2 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Alloc Protected Amino Acid 133

Following procedure C.1, the reaction of 132 (150 mg, 0.19 mmol), allyl chloroformate (23 μL, 0.21 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (61 mg, 0.57 mmol) in dioxane (1.5 mL) and H₂O (1.5 mL) gave, after 2 h at 0° C., acid 133 (154 mg, 92%).

Synthesis of the Protected Amino Acid 134

Following procedure C.2, acid 133 (140 mg, 0.16 mmol) was reacted with sarcosine allylester p-toluenesulfonate (46 pTsOH, 58 mg, 0.194 mmol), HOAt (33 mg, 0.24 mmol), HATU (92 mg, 0.24 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (0.138 mL, 0.81 mmol) in DMF (2.4 mL) to afford the protected amino acid 134 (106 mg, 67%).

Data of 134: C₄₉H₇₀N₆O₁₃Si (979.2). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=1.68, 979.3 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of Amino acid 135

Following procedure C.3, the reaction of the protected amino acid 134 (100 mg, 0.10 mmol), 1.3-dimethylbarbituric acid (38 mg, 0.25 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (6 mg) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (45:55, 1.9 mL) yielded after 16 h and after FC (EtOAc, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90:10) 135 (70 mg, 80%).

Data of 135: C₄₂H₆₂N₆O₁₁Si (855.1). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=1.30, 855.5 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.311

According to procedure F.1.1, a solution of the amino acid 135 (60 mg, 0.07 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), was added within 2 h to T3P (50% in EtOAc; 84 μL, 0.14 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (48 μL, 0.28 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). Then sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (EtOAc) afforded Ex.311 (26 mg, 44%).

Data of Ex.311: (C₄₂H₆₀N₆O₁₀Si (837.0). LC-MS: (method 7): R_t=1.51 (90), 837.4 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.26 (s, 5 H), 7.09 (t, J=8.4, 1 H), 6.78 (d-like m, 1 H), 6.61 (d, J=7.4, 1 H), 5.50-4.90 (several br. m, 5 H), 4.90-3.80 (several br. m, 8 H), 3.69 (br. t, J ca. 8.5, 1 H), 3.6-2.3 (several br. m, 14 H), 2.12 (m, 1 H), 1.61 (m, 1 H), 1.38 (s, 9 H), 1.24 (s, 2 H), 0.93 (br. t, J ca. 8.0, 2 H), 0.00, −0.03 (2 s, 9 H).

Core 21: Synthesis of Ex.312 and Ex.313 (Scheme 25)

Synthesis of the Mitsunobu Product 136

Alcohol 82 (217 mg, 0.58 mmol) and CMBP (212 mg, 0.88 mmol) were dissolved in dry degassed toluene (7 mL) and heated at 100° C. for 30 min. A solution of 80 (250 mg, 0.58 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added dropwise. Stirring at 100° C. was continued for 1 h. The volatiles were evaporated. FC (hexane/EtOAc 2:1 to 1:1) yielded 136 (290 mg, 63%).

Synthesis of Amino Acid 137

Following procedure E.2 the reaction of 136 (250 mg, 0.32 mmol), 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (120 mg, 0.77 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (18 mg) in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (45:55, 5.5 mL) yielded after 0.5 h and after FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5 to 70:30) the aminoacid 137 (164 mg, 78%).

Data of 137: C₃₃H₄₄N₄O₈S (656.8). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=1.15 (95), 657 ([M+H]⁺).

Synthesis of the Protected Macrolactam Ex.312

According to procedure F.1.1, a solution of the amino acid 137 (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added over 2 h to T3P (50% in EtOAc, 0.18 mL, 0.31 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (0.1 mL, 0.61 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (13 mL). Stirring at room temperature was continued for 1 h, followed by aqueous workup (EtOAc, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, Na₂SO₄) and FC (EtOAc) to afford Ex.312 (56 mg, 57%).

Data of Ex.312: C₃₃H₄₂N₄O₇S (638.7). LC-MS (method 7): R_t=1.33 (95), 639 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.37-7.23 (m, 8 H), 6.92 (br. s, 1 H), 5.25 (m, 2 H), 5.17 (s, 1 H), 4.88 (d, J=16.2, 1 H), 4.62 (br. m, 1 H), 4.46 (br. t-like m, 1 H), 4.31 (br. m, 1 H), 4.17 (dd, J=4.1, 14.2, 1 H), 3.72 (dd, J=4.8, 10.7, 1 H), 3.50 (m, 1 H), 3.30-2.80 (several m, 2 H), 3.14 (s, 3 H), 3.01 (s, 3 H), 2.60-1.90 (several m, 6 H), 1.46 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of Sulfon Ex.313

m-CPBA (70% w/w; 10 mg, 41 μmol) was added at 0° C. to a solution of Ex.312 (20 mg, 31 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 min followed by the addition of m-CPBA (9 mg, 37 μmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with aq. Na₂S₂O₃ soln and with aq. NaHCO₃ soln. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (EtOAc/MeOH 100:0 to 90:10) afforded Ex.313 (8 mg, 38%).

Data of Ex.313: C₃₃H₄₂N₄O₉S (670.7). LC-MS (method 6): R_t=1.24 (95), 671 ([M+H]⁺). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.89 (td, J=1.7, 7.3, 1 H), 7.71 (s, 1 H), 7.43-7.28 (m, 7 H), 5.17 (d, J=12.0, 1 H), 5.10 (d, J=12.0, 1 H), 5.01 (dd, J=5.9, 9.1, 1 H), 4.96-4.85 (m, 2 H), 4.71 (d, J=15.4, 1 H), 4.57 (br. m, 1 H), 4.33 (br. m, 2 H), 3.85 (dd, J=7.8, 12.3, 1 H), 3.25 (s, 3 H), 3.20 (m, 1 H), 3.10 (m, 1 H), 2.97 (s, 3 H), 2.73-2.54 (m, 2 H), 2.45-2.23 (m, 2 H), 2.17 (m, 1 H), 1.99 (m, 1 H), 1.46 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of Final Products

Advanced macrocyclic intermediates and final products depicted in Tables 21a-36a (Scheme 26) and were prepared starting from the suitable precursor macrocyclic acid or macrocyclic amine applying the general procedures (H—N) described above. Deviations from general procedures are indicated in Tables 21a-36a.

Analytical data of these intermediates and final products are depicted in Tables 21b-36b.

IUPAC names of all examples are listed in Tables 20, 21c-36c, and 37.

Detailed Description of Selected Examples

Core 03

Synthesis of Selected Advanced Intermediates and Final Products (Scheme 27)

Synthesis of Amide Ex.27

A mixture of Ex.4 (432 mg, 0.79 mmol), HATU (597 mg, 1.57 mmol) and HOAt (214 mg, 1.57 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (6 mL). N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (173 μL, 1.57 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (537 μL, 3.14 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and with H₂O. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/conc. aq. NH₃ soln 100:0:0 to 90:10:0.5) afforded Ex.27 (405 mg, 83%).

Data of Ex.27: Cf. Table 21b

Synthesis of Amine Ex.28

A solution of Ex.27 (400 mg, 0.64 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) was treated at room temperature with 4 M HCl-dioxane (8 mL) for 2 h. The volatiles were evaporated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, concentrated and dried i.v. to afford Ex.28.HCl (343 mg, 90%).

Data of Ex.28: Cf. Table 21b

Synthesis of Amide Ex.11

A mixture of Ex.28.HCl (75 mg, 0.126 mmol), ¹H-indole-3-acetic acid (44 mg, 0.253 mmol), HATU (96 mg, 0.253 mmol) and HOAt (34 mg, 0.253 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 mL). i-Pr₂NEt (87 μL, 0.505 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and with H₂O. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/conc. aq. NH₃ soln 100:0:0 to 90:10:1) afforded Ex.11 (50 mg, 58%).

Data of Ex.11: Cf. Table 21b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 10.81 (s, 1 H), 8.26 (d, J=7.4, 1 H), 7.62 (t, J=5.5, 1 H), 7.46 (d, J=7.9, 1 H), 7.37-7.15 (m, 4 H), 7.09 (d, J=2.2, 1 H), 7.04 (t, J=7.5, 1 H), 6.92 (t, J ca. 7.4, 1 H), 5.08 (d, J ca. 12.5, 1 H), 4.74 (d, J=8.9, 1 H), 4.37 (d, J=11.0, 1 H), 4.25 (d, J=17.7, 1 H), 4.22-4.13 (m, 2 H), 3.97 (d, J=17.6, 1 H), 3.78 (t, J=8.3, 1 H), 3.41 (s, 2 H), 3.24 (m, 1 H), 3.15 (m, 1 H), 2.98 (t, J=9.2, 1 H), 2.88 (s, 3 H), 2.53 (s, 3 H), 2.41-2.27 (m, 4 H), 2.17 (s, 6 H), 2.04 (m, 1 H), 1.83 (t-like m, 2 H), 1.69 (q-like m, 1 H).

Synthesis of Amide Ex.49

A mixture of Ex.28.HCl (60 mg, 0.101 mmol), 1-naphthylacetic acid (23 mg, 0.121 mmol), and HOBt.H₂O (19 mg, 0.121 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). N-Cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methylpolystyrene (1.9 mmol/g; 80 mg, 0.152 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (52 μL, 0.303 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 15 h at room temperature. (Polystyrylmethyl)-trimethylammonium bicarbonate (3.5 mmol/g; 87 mg, 0.303 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1 (2 mL) and filtered. The polymer was washed with twice with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 8:2 (5 mL). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated. Purification of the crude product by FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/conc. aq. NH₃ soln. 100:0:0 to 90:10:1) afforded Ex.49 (58 mg, 83%).

Data of Ex.49: Cf. Table 21b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 8.45 (d, J=7.3, 1 H), 8.00-7.87 (m, 2 H), 7.79 (d, J=8.0, 1 H), 7.62 (t, J=5.5, 1 H), 7.53-7.25 (m, 6 H), 7.19 (dd, J=3.0, 8.4, 1 H), 5.10 (d, J=12.3, 1 H), 4.75 (d, J=8.9, 1 H), 4.39 (d, J=10.8, 1 H), 4.27 (d, J=17.8, 1 H), 4.28-4.08 (m, 2 H), 3.95 (d, J=17.9, 1 H), 3.83 (m, 1 H), 3.81 (s, 2 H), 3.24 (m, 1 H), 3.16 (m, 1 H), 3.03 (t, J=9.2, 1 H), 2.87 (s, 3 H), 2.54 (s, 3 H), 2.42-2.27 (m, 4 H), 2.16 (s, 6 H), 2.02 (m, 1 H), 1.84 (t-like m, 2 H), 1.71 (q, J ca. 9.4, 1 H).

Synthesis of Amide Ex.30

A mixture of Ex.4 (400 mg, 0.73 mmol), HATU (552 mg, 1.45 mmol), HOAt (198 mg, 1.45 mmol) and tryptamine (233 mg, 1.45 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (6 mL). i-Pr₂NEt (497 μL, 2.91 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 h followed by aqueous workup (CHCl₃, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, H₂O). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 95:5) afforded Ex.30 (410 mg, 81%).

Data of Ex.30: Cf. Table 21b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 10.80 (s, 1 H), 7.91 (t, J=5.6, 1 H), 7.56 (d, J=7.7, 1 H), 7.32 (d, J=8.0, 1 H), 7.27-7.12 (m, 5 H), 7.06 (t, J=7.5, 1 H), 6.97 (t, J=7.4, 1 H), 5.08 (d, J=12.4, 1 H), 4.75 (d, J=9.3, 1 H), 4.34 (d, J=10.9, 1 H), 4.24 (d, J=17.8, 1 H), 4.10 (t-like m, 1 H), 3.97 (d, J=17.7, 1 H), 3.86 (m, 1 H), 3.77 (m, 1 H), 3.42-3.30 (m, 2 H), 2.96-2.83 (m, 3 H), 2.89 (s, 3 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H, superimposed by DMSO-d signal), 2.27 (m, 2 H), 2.08 (m, 1 H), 1.84 (t-like m, 2 H), 1.65 (q, J=10.8, 1 H), 1.34 (s, 9 H).

Synthesis of Amine Ex.55

A solution of Ex.30 (380 mg, 0.55 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) was treated at room temperature with 4 M HCl-dioxane (8 mL) for 4 h. The volatiles were evaporated. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (4 mL) and treated again for 2 h with 4 M HCl-dioxane (8 mL). The volatiles were evaporated. The residue was washed with diethyl ether and purified by FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/conc. aq. NH₃ soln 90:10:0 to 90:10:1) to afford Ex.55 (136 mg, 42%).

Data of Ex.55: Cf. Table 21b

Synthesis of Amide Ex.12

A mixture of Ex.55 (68 mg, 0.092 mmol), 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (32 mg, 0.184 mmol), HATU (70 mg, 0.184 mmol) and HOAt (25 mg, 0.184 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 mL). i-Pr₂NEt (63 μL, 0.367 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and with H₂O. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by prep. HPLC, method 1, afforded Ex.12 (38 mg, 55%).

Data of Ex.12: Cf. Table 21b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 10.81 (s, 2 H), 8.26 (d, J=7.2, 1 H), 7.93 (t, J=5.7, 1 H), 7.57 (d, J=7.8, 1 H), 7.46 (d, J=7.7, 1 H), 7.38-6.90 (m, 11 H); 5.10 (d, J=12.1, 1 H), 4.76 (d, J=9.3, 1 H), 4.38 (d, J=10.8, 1 H), 4.26 (d, J=17.8, 1 H), 4.23-4.11 (m, 2 H), 3.96 (d, J=18.0, 1 H), 3.78 (t, J=8.3, 1 H), 3.7-3.25 (m, 3 H), 3.60 (s, 2 H), 3.01-2.81 (m, 2 H), 2.88 (s, 3 H), ca. 2.5 (s, 3 H, superimposed by DMSO-d signal), 2.33 (m, 2 H), 2.06 (m, 1 H), 1.85 (t-like m, 2 H), 1.63 (q, J ca. 10.7, 1 H).

Synthesis of Amide Ex.16

A mixture of Ex.55 (68 mg, 0.092 mmol), N,N-dimethyl glycine (19 mg, 0.184 mmol), HATU (70 mg, 0.184 mmol) and HOAt (25 mg, 0.184 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 mL). i-Pr₂NEt (63 μL, 0.367 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and with H₂O. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by prep. HPLC, method 1, afforded Ex.16 TFA (40 mg, 55%).

Data of Ex.16 TFA: Cf. Table 21b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 10.81 (s, 1 H), 9.66 (br. s, NH⁺), 8.75 (d, J=6.9, 1 H), 7.90 (t, J=5.6, 1 H), 7.56 (d, J=7.8, 1 H), 7.34-7.14 (m, 5 H), 7.06 (t, J ca. 7.5, 1 H), 6.97 (t, J=7.4, 1 H), 5.08 (d, J=12.3, 1 H), 4.78 (d, J=9.2, 1 H), 4.39 (d, J=10.7, 1 H), 4.24 (d, J=17.8, 1 H), 4.24-4.14 (m, 2 H), 4.00 (d, J=17.8, 1 H), 3.96-3.75 (m, 3 H), 3.45-3.35 (m, 2 H), 3.0-2.67 (m, 3 H), 2.90 (s, 3 H), 2.75 (s, 6 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H, superimposed by DMSO-d signal), 2.5-2.27 (m, 2 H), 2.08 (m, 1 H), 1.85 (t-like m, 2 H), 1.64 (q, J=10.8, 1 H).

Synthesis of Amide Ex.53

Pyridine (2 mL) and acetic anhydride (0.14 mL, 1.48 mmol) were added to a solution of Ex.5.HCl (95 mg, 0.15 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1 M aq. HCl soln, sat. aq. NaCl soln, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, and sat. aq. NaCl soln. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC of the crude product afforded Ex.53 (60 mg, 70%).

Data of Ex.53: Cf. Table 21b

Synthesis of Acid Ex.54

A solution of Ex.53 (58 mg, 0.01 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was hydrogenated at room temperature and normal pressure for 2 h in the presence of palladium hydroxide on activated charcoal (moistened with 50% H₂O; 50 mg). The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite. The residue was washed (MeOH). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated and dried i.v. to yield Ex.54 (45 mg, 92%).

Data of Ex.54: Cf. Table 21b

Synthesis of Amide Ex.9

A mixture of Ex.54 (45 mg, 0.091 mmol), HATU (52 mg, 0.137 mmol) HOAt (19 mg, 0.137 mmol) and tryptamine (22 mg, 0.137 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL). i-Pr₂NEt (47 μL, 0.274 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h followed by aqueous workup (CHCl₃, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, H₂O). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 86:14) afforded Ex.9 (36 mg, 62%).

Data of Ex.9: Cf. Table 21b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 10.81 (s, 1 H), 8.06 (d, J=7.0, 1 H), 7.93 (t, J=5.6, 1 H), 7.56 (d, J=7.8, 1 H), 7.34-7.14 (m, 5 H), 7.05 (t, J ca. 7.5, 1 H), 6.97 (t, J ca. 7.4, 1 H), 5.09 (d, J=12.4, 1 H), 4.75 (d, J=9.1, 1 H), 4.38 (d, J=10.8, 1 H), 4.26 (d, J=17.7, 1 H), 4.19-4.10 (m, 2 H), 3.97 (d, J=17.9, 1 H), 3.78 (t, J=8.3, 1 H), 3.43-3.30 (m, 2 H), 2.96-2.83 (m, 3 H), 2.89 (s, 3 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H, superimposed by DMSO-d signal), 2.40-2.27 (m, 2 H), 2.08 (m, 1 H), 1.85 (m, 2 H), 1.71 (s, 3 H), 1.62 (q, J ca. 10.6, 1 H).

Core 11 and Core 12

Synthesis of Selected Advanced Intermediates and Final Products (Scheme 28)

Synthesis of Amide Ex.184

A mixture of Ex 182 (500 mg, 1.04 mmol), 2-naphthylacetic acid (232 mg, 1.25 mmol), HATU (791 mg, 2.08 mmol) and HOAt (283 mg, 2.08 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (15 mL). i-Pr₂NEt (712 μL, 4.16 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and with H₂O. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. FC (EtOAc, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5) afforded Ex.184 (637 mg, 94%).

Data of Ex.184: Cf. Table 29b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 8.41 (d, J=7.0, 1 H), 7.90-7.83 (m, 3 H), 7.77 (s, 1 H), 7.53-7.44 (m, 4 H), 7.32-7.22 (m, 6 H), 7.04 (d, J=8.4, 1 H), 6.86 (d, J=7.4, 1 H), 6.81 (s, 1 H), 5.02-4.90 (m, 3 H), 4.19 (t, J ca. 8.6, 1 H), 4.14-3.96 (m, 2 H), 3.83 (t-like m, 2 H), 3.63 (s, 2 H), ca. 3.3 (m, 1 H, superimposed by H₂O signal), 3.05 (m, 1 H), 2.95 (m, 1 H), 2.91 (s, 3 H), 2.27 (m, 1 H), 2.16 (br. q, J ca. 11.3, 1 H), 1.54 (m, 2 H), 1.31 (m, 1 H), 1.15 (m, 1 H).

Synthesis of Amide Ex.200

A mixture of Ex.197 TFA (60 mg, 0.094 mmol), 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (25 mg, 0.14 mmol), HATU (54 mg, 0.14 mmol) and HOAt (19 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (1.5 mL). i-Pr₂NEt (81 μL, 0.471 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred for 18 h at room temperature and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ and washed (sat. aq. NaHCO₃ soln, H₂O). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated, followed by FC (EtOAc, then CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5) to afford Ex.200 (50 mg, 78%).

Data of Ex.200: Cf. Table 30b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 10.86 (s, 1 H), 8.42 (d, J=7.8, 1 H), 8.01 (d, J=10.0, 1 H), 7.58 (d, J=7.8, 1 H), 7.36-7.19 (m, 9 H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 2 H), 6.97 (t, J=7.1, 1 H), 6.86 (d, J=7.6, 1 H), 5.08 (s, 2 H), 4.88 (d, J=8.7, 1 H), 4.30-4.10 (m, 2 H), 4.13 (d, J=10.9, 1 H), 4.01 (t-like m, 1 H), 3.95 (d, J=18.0, 1 H), 3.75-3.70 (m, 2 H), 3.56 (s, 2 H), 3.4-3.2 (m, 2 H, partially superimposed by H₂O signal), 3.04 (t, J=9.9, 1 H), 2.98 (s, 3 H), 2.65 (s, 3 H), 2.27 (m, 1 H), 2.09 (q, J=11.7, 1 H).

Synthesis of Amine Ex.202

A solution of Ex.200 (320 mg, 0.47 mmol) in MeOH (28 mL) was hydrogenated at normal pressure and at room temperature for 4 h in the presence of palladium hydroxide on activated charcoal (moistened with 50% H₂O; 158 mg). The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite. The residue was washed (MeOH). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated and dried i.v. to yield Ex.202 (250 mg, 97%).

Data of Ex.202: Cf. Table 30b

Synthesis of Amide Ex.213

A solution of Ex.202 (60 mg, 0.11 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was treated with pyridine (89 μL, 1.1 mmol). Decanoyl chloride (46 μL, 0.22 mmol) was slowly added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. to room temperature for 18 h followed by the addition of MeOH (0.1 mL). Stirring was continued for 10 min. The volatiles were evaporated. The residue was three times treated with toluene and evaporated. Purification by prep. HPLC, method 1 and subsequent FC (EtOAc/MeOH 90:10 to 80:20) afforded Ex.213 (27 mg, 35%).

Data of Ex.213: Cf. Table 30b

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 10.86 (s, 1 H), 8.53 (d, J=9.8, 1 H), 8.44 (d, J=7.7, 1 H), 7.57 (d, J=7.7, 1 H), 7.35-7.30 (m, 3 H), 7.27 (s, 1 H), 7.19-6.95 (m, 3 H), 6.84 (d, J=7.5, 1 H), 4.86 (dd, J=2.4, 11.2, 1 H), 4.60 (q, J=8.4, 1 H), 4.25 (q-like m, 1 H), 4.14 (d, J=10.7, 1 H), 4.04-3.82 (m, 3 H), 3.73 (t, J ca. 8.5, 1 H), 3.55 (s, 2 H), 3.24 (d, J=7.8, 2 H), 3.09 (t, J=9.5, 1 H), 2.99 (s, 3 H), 2.67 (s, 3 H), 2.26 (m, 1 H), 2.15 (t, J=7.2, 2 H), 2.09 (m, 1 H), 1.51 (t-like m, 2 H), 1.24 (s, 12 H), 0.85 (t, J=6.6, 3 H).

Core 11

Synthesis of Ex.186 on Solid Support (Scheme 29)

Synthesis of Amine 139

A solution of Ex.181 (2.0 g, 3.2 mmol) in MeOH (200 mL) was hydrogenated for 3 h at room temperature and at normal pressure in the presence of palladium hydroxide on activated charcoal (15-20% Pd, moistened with 50% H₂O; 400 mg). The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite. The residue was washed (MeOH). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated and dried i.v. to give the corresponding amine (1.57 g), which was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) and treated with sat. aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (2.9 mL) and allyl chloroformate (0.36 mL, 3.43 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The organic phase was separated and concentrated. Purification of the residue by FC (EtOAc) afforded the allyl carbamate 138 (1.65 g, 92%).

TBAF solution (1 M in THF, 7 mL, 7 mmol) was added at 0° C. to a solution of 138 (1.29 g, 2.24 mmol) in THF (53 mL). The solution was stirred at 0° C. to room temperature for 3 h and concentrated. The residue was distributed between CH₂Cl₂ and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and treated for 20 min with 25% aq. HCl solution (0.29 mL). The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was dried i.v. to afford 139.HCl (1.14 g; contaminated with ca 15% tetrabutylammonium salt and used without further purification; yield ca 90%)

Data of 139.HCl: C₂₂H₃₀N₄O₅.HCl (430.5, free base). LC-MS (method 4a): R_t=1.22 (92), 431.3 [M+H]⁺.

Synthesis of the Resin 140

DFPE polystyrene (1% DVB, 100-200 mesh, loading 0.89 mmol/g; 200 mg, 0.178 mmol) was swollen in DCE (2 mL) for 1 h. The resin was filtered. A solution of amine hydrochloride 139.HCl (ca 85% w/w, 166 mg, 0.303 mmol) in DCE (1.33 mL) and trimethyl orthoformate (0.66 mL, 6.02 mmol) were added. The resin was shaken for 1 h at room temperature, followed by the addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (75 mg, 0.356 mmol). The mixture was shaken for 15 h and the resin was filtered. The resin was successively washed three times each with DMF, 10% i-Pr₂NEt in DMF, DMF, CH₂Cl₂ and dried i.v. to afford resin 140 (293 mg).

Synthesis of the Resin 141

1st Acid coupling step: The resin 140 (loading 0.77 mmol/g; 50 mg, 0.038 mmol) was swollen in DMF (1 mL) for 30 min and filtered. CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL), DMF (0.5 mL), 2-naphthylacetic acid (65 mg, 0.35 mmol), i-Pr₂NEt (0.13 mL, 0.76 mmol) and HATU (144 mg, 0.38 mmol) were successively added. The resin was shaken for 1 h, filtered and washed with DMF. CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL), DMF (0.5 mL) 2-naphthylacetic acid (65 mg, 0.35 mmol), i-Pr₂NEt (0.13 mL, 0.76 mmol) and then HATU (144 mg, 0.38 mmol) were added to the resin. The mixture was shaken for 1 h and filtered. The resin was washed three times with DMF and two times with CH₂Cl₂.

Cleavage of the Alloc group: CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL), phenylsilane (41 mg, 0.375 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (9 mg) were added to the resin. The mixture was shaken for 15 min and filtered. The resin was washed with CH₂Cl₂ and treated again for 15 min with CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL), phenylsilane (41 mg, 0.375 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (9 mg). The resin was filtered, washed three times each with CH₂Cl₂, DMF and twice with MeOH and CH₂Cl₂.

2nd Acid coupling step: DMF (0.5 mL), CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL), 2-naphthylacetic acid (70 mg, 0.375 mmol), i-Pr₂NEt (0.13 mL, 0.75 mmol) and PyBOP (195 mg, 0.375 mmol) were added to the resin. The mixture was shaken for 1 h and filtered. The resin was washed three times each with DMF and CH₂Cl₂ to afford resin 141, which was immediately used in the next step.

Release of the Amide Ex.186

The resin 141 was treated with 20% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) for 10 min, filtered and washed with CH₂Cl₂. The resin was treated again for 10 min with 20% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL), filtered and washed three times with CH₂Cl₂. The combined filtrates and washings were concentrated. The residue was treated with CH₃CN, evaporated and dried i.v. Purification of the crude product by prep. HPLC, method 3, afforded Ex.186 (11 mg, yield: overall 32% based on 139).

Data of Ex.186: C₄₂H₄₂N₄O₅ (682.8). LC-MS (method 4a): R_t=2.26 (98). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 8.38 (d, J=7.0, 2 H), 7.91-7.69 (m, 8 H), 7.54-7.27 (m, 7 H), 7.03 (dd, J=1.5, 8.2, 1 H), 6.86-6.82 (m, 2 H), 4.94 (d, J=12.7, 1 H), 4.19 (t, J=8.6, 1 H), 4.11-3.94 (m, 3 H), 3.71 (dd, J=9.2, 16.5, 1 H), 3.62 (s, 2 H), 3.58 (s, 2 H), 3.08 (m, 1 H), 2.89 (m, 1 H), 2.89 (s, 3 H), 2.5 (m, 1 H, superimposed by DMSO-d signal), 2.30 (m, 1 H), 2.14 (q-like m, 1 H), 1.64-1.49 (m, 2 H), 1.34 (m, 1 H), 1.14 (m, 1 H).

The ¹H-NMR spectrum is identical with the spectrum of the sample prepared in solution, cf. Table 29

TABLE 20
Examples of Core 01 and Core 02 (Ex. 1-Ex. 2)
No			IUPAC name
Core 01	R2	R50
Ex. 1		OCH2Ph	8-benzyl 2-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl] (2S,8S,16aS)-12-fluoro-9-methyl- 5,10-dioxo-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,16,16a-decahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1- c][1,4,9]benzoxadiazacyclododecine-2,8-dicarboxylate
Core 02	R11	R50
Ex. 2		OCH2Ph	9-benzyl 2-(tert-butyl) (9s,17aS)-13-fluoro-10-methyl-6,11-dioxo- 3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,17,17a-decahydropyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,9]benzoxadiazacyclododecine-2,9(1H)-dicarboxylate

TABLE 21a
Examples of Core 03 (Ex. 3-Ex. 55,)
				General			Yield,
			Starting	Pro-		Purification	(isolated
No	R50	R2	material	cedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 3-Ex. 5: cf. experimental description
Ex. 6	OH		Ex. 52	H	H2, Pd(OH)2—C*)	Crude product	70%
Ex. 7			Ex. 25	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	56%
Ex. 8			Ex. 28	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (10 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	26% (TFA salt)
Ex. 9			Ex. 53	L.2	tryptamine (1.5 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (3 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	62%
Ex. 10			Ex. 31	N	LiOH•H2O	prep. HPLC, method 1	57%
Ex. 11			Ex. 28	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	58%
Ex. 12			Ex. 55	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	55%
Ex. 13			Ex. 34	N	LiOH•H2O	prep. HPLC, method 1	60%
Ex. 14			Ex. 25	**)	N,N-dimethyl glycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	22% (TFA salt)
Ex. 15			Ex. 28	L.1.3	N,N-dimethyl glycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	42% (TFA salt)
Ex. 16			Ex. 55	L.1.3	N,N-dimethyl glycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	56% (TFA salt)
Ex. 17			Ex. 33	N	LiOH•H2O	prep. HPLC, method 1	77% (TFA salt)
Ex. 18			Ex. 25	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv)	prep. HPLC, method 1	62%
Ex. 19			Ex. 28	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv) pyridine (49 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	67% (TFA salt)
Ex. 20			Ex. 32	N	LiOH•H2O	prep. HPLC, method 1	72%
Ex. 21			Ex. 23	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	32%
Ex. 22			Ex. 23	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (10 equiv) pyridine (120 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	53% (TFA salt)
Ex. 23		NH2	Ex. 29	J	HCl-dioxane	prep. HPLC, method 1	52% (TFA salt)
Ex. 24			Ex. 4	L.2	methylamine-HCl (10 equiv.), HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (13 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	89%
Ex. 25		NH2	Ex. 24	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	84% (HCl salt)
Ex. 26			Ex. 4	L.2	β-alaninemethylester hydrochloride	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	97%
Ex. 27			Ex. 4	L.2	N,N-dimethyl- ethylenediamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	83%
Ex. 28		NH2	Ex. 27	J	HCl-dioxane	(crude product)	90% (HCl salt)
Ex. 29			Ex. 4	L.2	N,N,N′-trimethyl- ethylenediamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	74%
Ex. 30			Ex. 4	L.2	tryptamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	81%
Ex. 31			Ex. 51	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv)	prep. HPLC, method 1	72%
Ex. 32			Ex. 51	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv)	prep. HPLC, method 1	68%
Ex. 33			Ex. 51	L.1.3	N,N-dimethyl glycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	64% (TFA salt)
Ex. 34			Ex. 51	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	24%
Ex. 35			Ex. 23	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv)	prep. HPLC, method 1	63% (TFA salt)
Ex. 36			Ex. 23	L.1.3	N,N-dimethyl glycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	40% (TFA salt)
Ex. 37			Ex. 42	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv)	prep. HPLC, method 1	61%
Ex. 38			Ex. 42	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	43%
Ex. 39			Ex. 42	L.1.3	N,N-dimethyl glycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	56% (TFA salt)
Ex. 40			Ex. 42	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv)	prep. HPLC, method 1	37%
Ex. 41			Ex. 4	L.2	pyrrolidine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	76%
Ex. 42		NH2	Ex. 41	J	HCl-dioxane	(crude product)	90% (HCl salt)
Ex. 43			Ex. 42	M	acetaldehyde	prep. HPLC, method 1	67% (TFA salt)
Ex. 44			Ex. 25	M	acetaldehyde	prep. HPLC, method 1	33% (TFA salt)
Ex. 45			Ex. 25	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	46%
Ex. 46			Ex. 28	L.1.1	2-naphthoyl chloride (3.6 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	85%
Ex. 47			Ex. 28	L.1.2	1-naphthoic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	85%
Ex. 48			Ex. 28	L.1.2	2-naphthylacetic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	83%
Ex. 49			Ex. 28	L.1.2	1-naphthylacetic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	83%
Ex. 50			Ex. 28	L.1.1	3-(trifluoromethyl)- benzoyl chloride (4 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	24%
Ex. 51		NH2	Ex. 26	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	93% (HCl salt)
Ex. 52	OCH2Ph		Ex. 5	L.1.3	N,N-dimethylglycine (1.7 equiv.) HATU (1.0 equiv.) HOAt (2.0 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (4.0 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	88% (TFA salt)
Ex. 53	OCH2Ph		Ex. 5	L.1.1	Acetic anhydride (10 equiv.) pyridine/CH2Cl2 1:1	FC	70%
Ex. 54	OH		Ex. 54	H	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	92%
Ex. 55		NH2	Ex. 30	J	HCl-dioxane	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	42%
*)Prior to debenzylation, the starting material Ex. 52•TFA was converted into the free base (CHCl3, aq. Na2CO3 soln.)
**)The amide coupling reaction was performed at room temperature with N,N-dimethyl glycine (2.2 equiv.) in CH2Cl2, in the presence of T3P (50% in EtOAc; 2.2 equiv.) and i-Pr2NEt (3 equiv.).

TABLE 21b
Examples of Core 03 (Ex. 3-Ex. 55,)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R50	R2	Formula	Mass	at 220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 3-Ex. 5: cf. experimental description
Ex. 6	OH		C25H34FN5O7	535.2	1.05 (99)	536.3	Method 2
Ex. 7			C24H32FN5O6	505.2	1.21 (87)	506.3	Method 2
Ex. 9			C33H39FN6O6	634.3	2.12 (99)	635.4	Method 1a
Ex. 10			C26H34FN5O8	563.2	1.20 (91)	564.2	Method 2
Ex. 11			C35H44FN7O6	677.3	1.34 (93)	678.4	Method 2
Ex. 12			C41H44FN7O6	749.3	1.73 (92)	750.4	Method 2
Ex. 13			C34H39FN6O8	678.3	1.45 (87)	679.3	Method 2
Ex. 14			C26H37FN6O6	548.3	1.08 (88)	549.3	Method 2
Ex. 15			C29H44FN7O6	605.3	0.99 (96)	606.4	Method 2
Ex. 16			C35H44FN7O6	677.3	1.41 (97)	678.4	Method 2
Ex. 17			C28H39FN6O8	606.3	1.09 (94)	607.3	Method 2
Ex. 18			C26H34FN5O8	563.2	1.20 (88)	564.3	Method 2
Ex. 19			C29H41FN6O8	620.3	1.08 (100)	621.3	Method 2
Ex. 20			C28H36FN5O10	621.2	1.18 (91)	622.2	Method 2
Ex. 21			C36H46FN7O6	691.4	1.35 (88)	692.4	Method 2
Ex. 22			C28H41FN6O6	576.3	1.12 (96)	577.4	Method 2
Ex. 23		NH2	C26H39FN6O5	534.3	0.96 (88)	535.4	Method 2
Ex. 24			C27H38FN5O7	563.3	1.54 (93)	564.3	Method 2
Ex. 25		NH2	C22H30FN5O5	463.2	1.06 (91)	464.2	Method 2
Ex. 26			C30H42FN5O9	635.3	1.61 (87)	636.4	Method 2
Ex. 27			C30H45FN6O7	620.3	1.53 (92)	621.3	Method 4a
Ex. 28		NH2	C25H37FN6O5	520.3	0.93 (94)	521.3	Method 2
Ex. 29			C31H47FN6O7	634.4	1.41 (96)	635.4	Method 2
Ex. 30			C36H45FN6O7	692.3	1.79 (99)	693.4	Method 2
Ex. 31			C27H36FN5O8	577.3	1.32 (90)	578.3	Method 2
Ex. 32			C29H38FN5O10	635.3	1.30 (83)	636.2	Method 2
Ex. 33			C29H41FN6O8	620.3	1.18 (100)	621.3	Method 2
Ex. 34			C35H41FN6O8	692.3	1.56 (90)	693.3	Method 2
Ex. 35			C30H43FN6O8	634.3	1.10 (94)	635.3	Method 2
Ex. 36			C30H46FN7O6	619.4	1.00 (91)	620.3	Method 2
Ex. 37			C27H36FN5O6	545.3	1.36 (93)	546.3	Method 2
Ex. 38			C35H41FN6O6	660.3	1.60 (94)	661.3	Method 2
Ex. 39			C29H41FN6O6	588.3	1.19 (94)	589.3	Method 2
Ex. 40			C29H38FN5O8	603.3	1.33 (94)	604.3	Method 2
Ex. 41			C30H42FN5O7	603.3	1.67 (90)	604.3	Method 2
Ex. 42		NH2	C25H34FN5O5	503.3	1.17 (92)	504.2	Method 2
Ex. 43			C29H42FN5O5	559.3	1.26 (96)	560.3	Method 2
Ex. 44			C26H38FN5O5	519.3	1.13 (97)	520.3	Method 2
Ex. 45			C34H38FN5O6	631.3	1.65 (97)	632.2	Method 2
Ex. 46			C36H43FN6O6	674.3	1.49 (97)	675.5	Method 2
Ex. 47			C36H43FN6O6	674.3	1.43 (96)	675.5	Method 2
Ex. 48			C37H45FN6O6	688.3	1.50 (95)	689.5	Method 2
Ex. 49			C37H45FN6O6	688.3	1.48 (95)	689.5	Method 2
Ex. 50			C33H40F4N6O6	692.3	1.49 (97)	693.5	Method 2
Ex. 51		NH2	C25H34FN5O7	535.2	1.05	536.3	Method 9c
Ex. 52	OCH2Ph		C32H40FN5O7	625.3	1.47	626.3	Method 9c
Ex. 53	OCH2Ph		C30H35FN4O7	582.3	1.65	582.9	Method 9c
Ex. 54	OH		C23H29FN4O7	492.2	1.04	493.1	Method 9c
Ex. 55		NH2	C31H37FN6O5	592.3	1.38	593.0	Method 9c

TABLE 21c
Examples of Core 03 (Ex. 3-Ex.55,)
No	R50	R2	IUPAC name
Ex. 3	OCH2Ph		benzyl (2S,11S,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylate
Ex. 4	OH		(2S,11S,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15-fluoro-7,12- dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylic acid
Ex. 5	OCH2Ph	NH2	benzyl (2S,11S,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-
			trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo
			[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylate
Ex. 6	OH		(2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylic acid
Ex. 7			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-15-fluoro-N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13- trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 8			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15- fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 9			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-15-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl]-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 10			3-({[(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl- 5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-11-yl] carbonyl}amino)propanoic acid
Ex. 11			(2S,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-2-{[2- (1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 12			(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-2-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}- N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 13			3-{[((2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-2-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}- 7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-11-yl)carbonyl]amino}propanoic acid
Ex. 14			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-15-fluoro- N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 15			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-N-[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 16			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-15- fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 17			3-{[((2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-15- fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-11-yl)carbonyl]amino}propanoic acid
Ex. 18			4-({(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11-[(methylamino) carbonyl]-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl}amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 19			4-{[(2S,11S,19aS)-11-({[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino} carbonyl)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]amino}- 4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 20			4-[((2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-11-{[(3-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl) amino]carbonyl}-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)amino]- 4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 21			(2S,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-2-{[2- (1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 22			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]- 15-fluoro-N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 23		NH2	(2S,11S,19aS)-2-amino-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15- fluoro-N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 24			tert-butyl N-{(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11- [(methylamino)carbonyl]-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl}carbamate
Ex. 25		NH2	(2S,11S,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13- trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11- carboxamide
Ex. 26			methyl 3-[({(2S,11S,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]- 15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-11-yl} carbonyl)amino]propanoate
Ex. 27			tert-butyl N-[(2S,11S,19aS)-11-({[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] amino}carbonyl)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]carbamate
Ex. 28		NH2	(2S,11S,19aS)-2-amino-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15- fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 29			tert-butyl N-(2S,11S,19aS)-11-{[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] methyl)amino]carbonyl}-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13- trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl) carbamate
Ex. 30			tert-butyl N-[(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-11-({[2-(1H-indol-3- yl)ethyl]amino}carbonyl)-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2- yl]carbamate
Ex. 31			methyl 3-({[(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-15-fluoro-7,12- dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-11-yl]carbonyl}amino)propanoate
Ex. 32			4-[((2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-11-{[(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl) amino]carbonyl}-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)amino]- 4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 33			methyl 3-{[((2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl] amino}-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-11-yl) carbonyl]amino}propanoate
Ex. 34			methyl 3-{[((2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-2-{[2-(1H-indol-3- yl)acetyl]amino}-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-11-yl) carbonyl]amino}propanoate
Ex. 35			4-[((2S,11S,19aS)-11-{[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl) amino]carbonyl}-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)amino]- 4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 36			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-N-[2- (dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13- trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11- carboxamide
Ex. 37			N-[(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 11-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]acetamide
Ex. 38			N-[(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 11-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 39			N-[(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 11-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]-2-(dimethylamino)acetamide
Ex. 40			4-{[(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 11-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 41			tert-butyl N-[(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 11-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]carbamate
Ex. 42		NH2	(2S,11S,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,9,10,11,12,19,19a- decahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-5,8,13-trione
Ex. 43			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(diethylamino)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl- 11-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,9,10,11,12,19,19a- decahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-5,8,13-trione
Ex. 44			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(diethylamino)-15-fluoro-N,7,12- trimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 45			(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-N,7,12-trimethyl-2-{[2-(2- naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 11-carboxamide
Ex. 46			(2S,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-2-(2-naphthoylamino)-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 11-carboxamide
Ex. 47			(2S,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-2-(1-naphthoylamino)-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 48			(2S,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-2-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-5,8,13- trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 11-carboxamide
Ex. 49			(2S,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-2-{[2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-5,8,13- trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 11-carboxamide
Ex. 50			(2S,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2-{[3-(trifluoromethyl) benzoyl]amino}-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 51		NH2	methyl 3-({[(2S,11S,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12- dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-11-yl]carbonyl}amino)propanoate
Ex. 52	OCH2Ph		benzyl (2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}- 15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylate
Ex. 53	OCH2Ph		benzyl (2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-15-fluoro-7,12- dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylate
Ex. 54	OH		(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl- 5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro- 1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylic acid
Ex. 55		NH2	(2S,11S,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl]-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide

TABLE 22a
Examples of Core 04 (Ex. 56-Ex. 84,)
							Yield,
							(iso-
			Starting	General		Purification	lated
No	R50	R2	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 56-Ex 57: cf. experimental description
Ex. 58			Ex. 57	L.2	N,N,N′- trimetylethylene- diamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/aq. NH3)	86%
Ex. 59			Ex. 57	L.2	2-naphthyl- methylamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	91%
Ex. 60			Ex. 57	L.2	pyrrolidine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	79%
Ex. 61			Ex. 57	L.2	4- (aminomethyl) pyridine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	81%
Ex. 62		NH2	Ex. 58	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	98% (HCl salt)
Ex. 63		NH2	Ex. 59	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	76% (HCl salt)
Ex. 64		NH2	Ex. 60	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	94% (HCl salt)
Ex. 65		NH2	Ex. 61	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	91% (HCl salt)
Ex. 66			Ex. 62	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	67% (TFA salt)
Ex. 67			Ex. 62	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	prep. HPLC, method 2	56%
Ex. 68			Ex. 62	L.1.2	1-naphthylacetic acid (1.5 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	24% (TFA salt)
Ex. 69			Ex. 63	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	75%
Ex. 70			Ex. 63	L.1.3	1-pyrrolidinacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	62% (TFA salt)
Ex. 71			Ex. 63	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	22% (TFA salt)
Ex. 72			Ex. 64	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 2	51%
Ex. 73			Ex. 64	L.1.2	1-pyrrolidinacetic acid (1.7 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	39% (TFA salt)
Ex. 74			Ex. 64	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	prep. HPLC, method 2	29%
Ex. 75			Ex. 65	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	37% (TFA salt)
Ex. 76			Ex. 65	L.1.2	1-pyrrolidinacetic acid (1.7 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 2	45%
Ex. 77			Ex. 65	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	prep. HPLC, method 2	45%
Ex. 78			Ex. 62	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (1.6 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	56%
Ex. 79			Ex. 63	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (1.6 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	77%
Ex. 80			Ex. 64	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (1.3 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	64%
Ex. 81		NH2	Ex. 84	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	99% (HCl salt)
Ex. 82			Ex. 81	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.5 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (5 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1, then FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/aq. NH3)	15%
Ex. 83			Ex. 81	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/aq. NH3), then prep. HPLC, method 1	58%
Ex. 84			Ex. 57	L.2	2-dimethyl- amino- ethylamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	89%

TABLE 22b
Examples of Core 04 (Ex. 56-Ex. 84,)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R50	R2	Formula	Mass	at 220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 56-Ex 57: cf. experimental description
Ex. 58			C31H47FN6O7	634.4	1.44 (91)	635.5	Method 2
Ex. 59			C37H44FN5O7	689.3	1.89 (87)	690.5	Method 2
Ex. 60			C30H42FN5O7	603.3	1.67 (84)	604.4	Method 2
Ex. 61			C32H41FN6O7	640.3	1.42 (92)	641.4	Method 2
Ex. 62		NH2	C26H39FN6O5	534.3	0.97 (91)	535.4	Method 2
Ex. 63		NH2	C32H36FN5O5	589.3	1.53 (95)	590.4	Method 2
Ex. 64		NH2	C25H34FN5O5	503.3	1.23 (82)	504.3	Method 2
Ex. 65		NH2	C27H33FN6O5	540.3	0.97 (97)	541.4	Method 2
Ex. 66			C38H47FN6O6	702.4	1.51 (97)	703.5	Method 2
Ex. 67			C34H46FN7O6	667.4	1.08 (94)	668.5	Method 2
Ex. 68			C38H47FN6O6	702.4	1.51 (88)	703.5	Method 2
Ex. 69			C34H38FN5O6	631.3	1.66 (90)	632.3	Method 2
Ex. 70			C38H45FN6O6	700.3	1.56 (95)	701.5	Method 2
Ex. 71			C40H43FN6O6	722.3	1.55 (93)	723.5	Method 2
Ex. 72			C37H42FN5O6	671.3	1.73 (87)	672.4	Method 2
Ex. 73			C31H43FN6O6	614.3	1.28 (90)	615.4	Method 2
Ex. 74			C33H41FN6O6	636.3	1.29 (91)	637.4	Method 2
Ex. 75			C39H41FN6O6	708.3	1.50 (92)	709.4	Method 2
Ex. 76			C33H42FN7O6	651.3	1.07 (91)	652.4	Method 2
Ex. 77			C35H40FN7O6	673.3	1.07 (90)	674.5	Method 2
Ex. 78			C31H47FN6O6	618.4	1.33 (98)	619.4	Method 2
Ex. 79			C37H44FN5O6	673.3	1.81 (91)	674.4	Method 2
Ex. 80			C30H42FN5O6	587.3	1.56 (93)	588.4	Method 2
Ex. 81		NH2	C25H37FN6O5	520.3	1.10 (88)	521.4	Method 2
Ex. 82			C35H44FN7O6	677.3	1.36 (93)	678.5	Method 2
Ex. 83			C37H45FN6O6	688.3	1.49 (93)	689.5	Method 2
Ex. 84			C30H45FN6O7	620.3	1.38 (87)	621.5	Method 2

TABLE 22c
Examples of Core 04 (Ex. 56-Ex. 84,)
No	R50	R2	IUPAC name
Ex. 56	OCH2Ph		benzyl (2R,11S,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylate
Ex. 57	OH		(2R,11S,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15-fluoro-7,12- dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylic acid
Ex. 58			tert-butyl N-((2R,11S,19aS)-11-{[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] (methyl)amino]carbonyl}-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)carbamate
Ex. 59			tert-butyl N-((2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11-{[(2- naphthylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)carbamate
Ex. 60			tert-butyl N-[(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13- trioxo-11-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]carbamate
Ex. 61			tert-butyl N-((2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13- trioxo-11-{[(4-pyridinylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)carbamate
Ex. 62		NH2	(2R,11S,19aS)-2-amino-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro- N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 63		NH2	(2R,11S,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2- naphthylmethyl)-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 64		NH2	(2R,11S,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,9,10,11,12,19,19a-decahydro- 1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 5,8,13-trione
Ex. 65		NH2	(2R,11S,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 66			(2R,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-N,7,12- trimethyl-2-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 67			(2R,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-N,7,12- trimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 68			(2R,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-N,7,12- trimethyl-2-{[2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 69			(2R,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2- naphthylmethyl)-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 70			(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,8,13-trioxo-2-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 71			(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,8,13-trioxo-2-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 72			N-[(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]-2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 73			N-[(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide
Ex. 74			N-[(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)propanamide
Ex. 75			(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-2-{[2-(2-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo-N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 76			(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-N-(4- pyridinylmethyl)-2-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 77			(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-N-(4- pyridinylmethyl)-2-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 78			(2R,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-N,7,12- trimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2-(pentanoylamino)- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 79			(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,8,13-trioxo-2-(pentanoylamino)- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 80			N-[(2R,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-11- (1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]pentanamide
Ex. 81		NH2	(2R,11S,19aS)-2-amino-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 82			(2R,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-2- {[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 83			(2R,11S,19aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-7,12- dimethyl-2-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 84			tert-butyl N-[(2R,11S,19aS)-11-({[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] amino}carbonyl)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]carbamate

TABLE 23a
Examples of Core 05 (Ex. 85-Ex. 103,)
							Yield,
							(iso-
			Starting	General		Purification	lated
No	R2	R50	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 85-Ex 86: cf. experimental description
Ex. 87			Ex. 86	L.2	methyl- amine- hydro- chloride (10 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (13 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	76%
Ex. 88			Ex. 86	L.2	pyrrolidine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH) then prep. HPLC, method 2	64%
Ex. 89			Ex. 86	L.2	2- naphthyl- methyl- amine	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	93%
Ex. 90	NH2		Ex. 87	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	86% (HCl salt)
Ex. 91	NH2		Ex. 89	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	98% (HCl salt)
Ex. 92	NH2		Ex. 88	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	94% (HCl salt)
Ex. 93			Ex. 90	L.1.2	2-naphthyl- acetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 3	66%
Ex. 94			Ex. 91	L.1.2	1-pyrrolidine- acetic acid (1.7 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	46% (TFA salt)
Ex. 95			Ex. 91	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 2	47% (NH4+ salt)
Ex. 96			Ex. 91	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (3.7 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	74%
Ex. 97			Ex. 91	L.1.2	1-naphthyl- acetic acid (1.7 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	72%
Ex. 98			Ex. 92	L.1.2	1-pyrrolidine- acetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	68% (TFA salt)
Ex. 99			Ex. 92	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 2	40% (NH4+ salt)
Ex. 100			Ex. 92	L.1.2	1-naphthyl- acetic acid	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	83%
Ex. 101			Ex. 92	L.1.1	2-naphthoyl chloride (1.6 equiv.)	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	84%
Ex. 102			Ex. 91	L.1.1	decanoyl chloride (4.1 equiv.) pyridine (15 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	64%
Ex. 103			Ex. 91	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2.0 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	87%

TABLE 23b
Examples of Core 05 (Ex. 85-Ex. 103,)
				Monoiso-	Rt	[M +
				topic	(purity at	H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R50	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 85-Ex 86: cf. experimental description
Ex. 87			C27H38FN5O7	563.3	1.52 (78)	564.4	Method 2
Ex. 88			C30H42FN5O7	603.3	1.59 (64), 1.63 (27)	604.4/ 604.4	Method 2
Ex. 89			C37H44FN5O7	689.3	1.89 (97)	690.5	Method 2
Ex. 90	NH2		C22H30FN5O5	463.2	1.02 (95)	464.3	Method 2
Ex. 91	NH2		C32H36FN5O5	589.3	1.51 (98)	590.4	Method 2
Ex. 92	NH2		C25H34FN5O5	503.3	1.20 (97)	504.3	Method 2
Ex. 93			C34H38FN5O6	631.3	1.65 (98)	632.3	Method 2
Ex. 94			C38H45FN6O6	700.3	1.55 (100)	701.5	Method 2
Ex. 95			C36H40FN5O8	689.3	1.65 (98)	690.5	Method 2
Ex. 96			C40H43FN6O6	722.3	1.51 (96)	723.5	Method 2
Ex. 97			C44H44FN5O6	757.3	1.96 (92)	758.5	Method 2
Ex. 98			C31H43FN6O6	614.3	1.25 (98)	615.3	Method 2
Ex. 99			C29H38FN5O8	603.3	1.34 (100)	604.4	Method 2
Ex. 100			C37H42FN5O6	671.3	1.73 (85)	672.4	Method 3
Ex. 101			C36H40FN5O6	657.3	1.73 (98)	658.4	Method 2
Ex. 102			C42H54FN5O6	743.4	2.16 (95)	744.6	Method 3
Ex. 103			C37H44FN5O6	673.3	1.83 (96)	674.5	Method 2

TABLE 23c
Examples of Core 05 (Ex. 85-Ex. 103,)
No	R2	R50	IUPAC name
Ex. 85		OCH2Ph	benzyl (2S,11R,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylate
Ex. 86		OH	(2S,11R,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15-fluoro-7,12- dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylic acid
Ex. 87			tert-butyl N-{(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11- [(methylamino)carbonyl]-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl}carbamate
Ex. 88			tert-butyl N-[(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13- trioxo-11-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl] carbamate
Ex. 89			tert-butyl N-((2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11- {[(2-naphthylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)carbamate
Ex. 90	NH2		(2S,11R,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-N,7,12-trimethyl-5,8,13- trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11- carboxamide
Ex. 91	NH2		(2S,11R,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2- naphthylmethyl)-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 92	NH2		(2S,11R,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,9,10,11,12,19,19a-decahydro- 1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 5,8,13-trione
Ex. 93			(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-N,7,12-trimethyl-2-{[2-(2-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 94			(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,8,13-trioxo-2-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 95			4-[((2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11-{[(2- naphthylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)amino]- 4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 96			(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,8,13-trioxo-2-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 97			(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-2-{[2-(1-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 98			N-[(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide
Ex. 99			4-{[(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 100			N-[(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]-2-(1-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 101			N-[(2S,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-11-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]-2-naphthamide
Ex. 102			(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(decanoylamino)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N- (2-naphthylmethyl)-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 103			(2S,115,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,8,13-trioxo-2-(pentanoylamino)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide

TABLE 24a
Examples of Core 06 (Ex. 104-Ex. 114,)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R50	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 104-Ex. 105: cf. experimental description
Ex. 106			Ex. 105	L.2	N-(2- aminoethyl)pyrolidine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	78%
Ex. 107			Ex. 105	L.2	2-naphthylmethyl- amine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	96%
Ex. 108	NH2		Ex. 106	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	99% (HCl salt)
Ex. 109	NH2		Ex. 107	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	95% (HCl salt)
Ex. 110			Ex. 108	L.1.2	2-naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1 and workup (CHCl3/aq. NaHCO3 soln.)	51%
Ex. 111			Ex. 108	L.1.2	1-naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	55% (TFA salt)
Ex. 112			Ex. 108	M	acetaldehyde	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	48%
Ex. 113			Ex. 109	L.1.2	1-naphthylacetic acid (3.7 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	77%
Ex. 114			Ex. 109	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	84%

TABLE 24b
Examples of Core 06 (Ex. 104-Ex. 114,)
					Rt
				Monoisotopic	(purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R50	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 104-Ex. 105: cf. experimental description
Ex. 106			C32H47FN6O7	646.4	1.36 (43), 1.42 (27), 1.44 (27)	647.5/647.5 647.5	Method 2
Ex. 107			C37H44FN5O7	689.3	1.94 (42)/ 1.98 (50)	690.5/690.5	Method 2
Ex. 108	NH2		C27H39FN6O5	546.3	1.37 (50), 1.44 (38)	547.5/547.5	Method 3
Ex. 109	NH2		C32H36FN5O5	589.3	1.55 (96)	590.3	Method 2
Ex. 110			C39H47FN6O6	714.4	1.62 (44), 1.66 (52)	715.4/715.4	Method 2
Ex. 111			C39H47FN6O6	714.4	1.51 (46), 1.56 (54)	715.5/715.5	Method 2
Ex. 112			C31H47FN6O5	602.4	1.14 (57), 1.18 (39)	603.4/603.5	Method 2
Ex. 113			C44H44FN5O6	757.3	2.15 (52), 2.19 (41)	758.4/758.4	Method 4a
Ex. 114			C37H44FN5O6	673.3	2.00 (58), 2.05 (41)	674.4/674.4	Method 4a

TABLE 24c
Examples of Core 06 (Ex. 104-Ex. 114,)
No	R2	R50	IUPAC name
Ex. 104		OCH2Ph	benzyl (2R,11R,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15-fluoro- 7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H, 5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylate
Ex. 105		OH	(2R,11R,19aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15-fluoro-7,12- dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxylic acid
Ex. 106			tert-butyl N-[(2R,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- 11-({[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]amino}carbonyl)- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]carbamate
Ex. 107			tert-butyl N-((2R,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-11-{[(2- naphthylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl)carbamate
Ex. 108	NH2		(2R,11R,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo- N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 109	NH2		(2R,11R,19aS)-2-amino-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2- naphthylmethyl)-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 110			(2R,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-2-{[2-(2-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11- carboxamide
Ex. 111			(2R,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-2-{[2-(1-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11- carboxamide
Ex. 112			(2R,11R,19aS)-2-(diethylamino)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl- 5,8,13-trioxo-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide
Ex. 113			(2R,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-2-{[2-(1-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)-5,8,13-trioxo- 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11- carboxamide
Ex. 114			(2R,11R,19aS)-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,8,13-trioxo-2-(pentanoylamino)-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a- dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide

TABLE 25a
Examples of Core 07 (Ex. 115-Ex. 131,)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R11	R50	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 115-Ex. 116: cf. experimental description
Ex. 117			Ex. 116	L.2	N,N- dimethylethylendi- amine	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH/aq. NH3)	73%
Ex. 118			Ex. 116	L.2	tryptamine	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH)	98%
Ex. 119			Ex. 116	L.2	N,N,N′- trimethylethylene- diamine	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH)	79%
Ex. 120			Ex. 116	L.2	D-(+)-α- methylbenzylamine	prep. HPLC, method 1	70%
Ex. 121	H		Ex. 117	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	98% (HCl salt)
Ex. 122	H		Ex. 118	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	98% (HCl salt)
Ex. 123	H		Ex. 119	J	HCl-dioxane THF/CH2Cl2 as cosolvent	crude product	quant. (HCl salt)
Ex. 124	H		Ex. 120	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	95% (HCl salt)
Ex. 125			Ex. 122	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (1.1 equiv.) pyridine/CH2Cl2 1:1 (3 mL)	prep. HPLC, method 1	62%
Ex. 126			Ex. 121	L.1.3	N,N-dimethylglycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	39% (TFA salt)
Ex. 127			Ex. 121	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	20% (TFA salt)
Ex. 128			Ex. 122	L.1.3	N,N-dimethylglycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	21% (TFA salt)
Ex. 129			Ex. 122	L.1.3	3-Indoleacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	45%
Ex. 130			Ex. 123	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	14% (TFA salt)
Ex. 131			Ex. 123	L.1.3	N,N-dimethylglycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	44% (TFA salt)

TABLE 25b
Examples of Core 07 (Ex. 115-Ex. 131,)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R11	R50	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 115-Ex. 116: cf. experimental description
Ex. 117			C30H45FN6O7	620.3	1.45	621.2	Method 9c
Ex. 118			C36H45FN6O7	692.3	1.94	693.1	Method 9c
Ex. 119			C31H47FN6O7	634.4	1.48	635.4	Method 9c
Ex. 120			C34H44FN5O7	653.3	1.99	653.9	Method 9c
Ex. 121	H		C25H37FN6O5	520.3	1.23 (17), 1.29 (80)	521.3/521.3	Method 3
Ex. 122	H		C31H37FN6O5	592.3	1.40 (89)	593.3	Method 2
Ex. 123	H		C26H39FN6O5	534.3	1.32 (96)	535.3	Method 3
Ex. 124	H		C29H36FN5O5	553.3	1.41 (98)	554.3	Method 2
Ex. 125			C33H39FN6O6	634.3	1.54 (100)	635.3	Method 2
Ex. 126			C29H44FN7O6	605.3	1.37 (83)	606.4	Method 3
Ex. 127			C35H44FN7O6	677.3	1.32 (12), 1.38 (84)	678.3/678.3	Method 2
Ex. 128			C35H44FN7O6	677.3	1.40 (98)	678.4	Method 2
Ex. 129			C41H44FN7O6	749.3	1.73 (85)	750.4	Method 2
Ex. 130			C28H41FN6O6	576.3	1.10 (98)	577.3	Method 2
Ex. 131			C30H46FN7O6	619.4	1.41 (96)	620.4	Method 3

TABLE 25c
Examples of Core 07 (Ex. 115-Ex. 131,)
No	R11	R50	IUPAC name
Ex. 115		OCH2Ph	12-benzyl 2-(tert-butyl) (12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo- 3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-dodecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-2,12(1H)-dicarboxylate
Ex. 116		OH	(12S,20aS)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo- 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxylic acid
Ex. 117			tert-butyl (12S,20aS)-12-({[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino}carbonyl)-16- fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- dodecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 2(1H)-carboxylate
Ex. 118			tert-butyl (12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-12-({[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}carbonyl)- 8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-dedecahydro-6H- pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-2(1H)-carboxylate
Ex. 119			tert-butyl (12S,20aS)-12-{[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]methyl)amino]carbonyl}- 16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- dodecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 2(1H)-carboxylate
Ex. 120			tert-butyl (12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-12-({[(1R)-1- phenylethyl]amino}carbonyl)-3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-dodecahydro-6H- pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-2(1H)-carboxylate
Ex. 121	H		(12S,20aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo- 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 122	H		(12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo- 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 123	H		(12S,20aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-16-fluoro-N,8,13-trimethyl-6,9,14- trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 124	H		(12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-N-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]- 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 125			(12S,20aS)-2-acetyl-16-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14- trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 126			(12S,20aS)-2-[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-16-fluoro- 8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro- 6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 127			(12S,20aS)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-16-fluoro-2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]- 8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro- 6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 128			(12S,20aS)-2-[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]-16-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]- 8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro- 6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 129			(12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]- 8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro- 6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 130			(12S,20aS)-2-acetyl-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-16-fluoro-N,8,13-trimethyl- 6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H- pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 131			(12S,20aS)-2-[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-16-fluoro- N,8,13-trimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12- carboxamide

TABLE 26a
Examples of Core 08 (Ex. 132-Ex. 141,)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R11	R50	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 132-Ex. 133: cf. experimental description
Ex. 134			Ex. 133	L.2	N,N- dimethylethylene- diamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	80%
Ex. 135	H		Ex. 134	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	100 % (HCl salt)
Ex. 136			Ex. 133	L.2	tryptamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	89%
Ex. 137	H		Ex. 136	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	100%  (HCl salt)
Ex. 138			Ex. 135	L.1.2	2-naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	71% (TFA salt)
Ex. 139			Ex. 137	L.1.2	N,N-dimethyl glycine	prep. HPLC, method 1	40% (TFA salt)
Ex. 140			Ex. 137	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	50%
Ex. 141			Ex. 137	L.1.2	2-naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 3, then FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	39%

TABLE 26b
Examples of Core 08 (Ex. 132-Ex. 141,)
					Rt
				Monoisotopic	(purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R11	R50	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 132-Ex. 133: cf. experimental description
Ex. 134			C30H45FN6O7	620.3	1.40 (20), 1.45 (77)	621.5/621.5	Method 2
Ex. 135	H		C25H37FN6O5	520.3	0.94 (85)	521.4	Method 2
Ex. 136			C36H45FN6O7	692.3	1.83 (91)	693.5	Method 2
Ex. 137	H		C31H37FN6O5	592.3	1.41 (80)	593.4	Method 2
Ex. 138			C37H45FN6O6	688.3	1.46 (15), 1.51 (84)	689.5/689.5	Method 2
Ex. 139			C35H44FN7O6	677.3	1.43 (92)	678.5	Method 2
Ex. 140			C33H39FN6O6	634.3	1.57 (97)	635.5	Method 2
Ex. 141			C43H45FN6O6	760.3	1.86 (95)	761.5	Method 2

TABLE 26c
Examples of Core 08 (Ex. 132-Ex. 141,)
No	R11	R50	IUPAC name
Ex. 132		OCH2Ph	12-benzyl 2-(tert-butyl) (12R,20aR)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo- 3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-dodeeanydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-2,12(1H)-dicarboxylate
Ex. 133		OH	(12R,20aR)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14- trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxylic acid
Ex. 134			tert-butyl (12R,20aR)-12-({[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino}carbonyl)-16- fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- dodecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 2(1H)-carboxylate
Ex. 135	H		(12R,20aR)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14- trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 136			tert-butyl (12R,20aR)-16-fluoro-12-({[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino} carbonyl)-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- dodecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine- 2(1H)-carboxylate
Ex. 137	H		(12R,20aR)-16-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14- trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino [2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 138			(12R,20aR)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-2-[2-(2- naphthyl)acetyl]-6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 139			(12R,20aR)-2-[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]-16-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl]-8,13-dimethyl-6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 140			(12R,20aR)-2-acetyl-16-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-8,13-dimethyl- 6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-6H- pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 141			(12R,20aR)-16-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-8,13-dimethyl-2-[2-(2- naphthyl)acetyl]-6,9,14-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4,7,12] benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-12-carboxamide

TABLE 27a
Examples of Core 09 (Ex. 142-Ex. 163,)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R50	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 142-Ex. 143: cf. experimental description
Ex. 144			Ex. 143	L.2	pyrrolidine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	91%
Ex. 145			Ex. 143	L.2	2-naphthyl- methylamine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	72%
Ex. 146			Ex. 143	L.2	4- (aminomethyl) pyridine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	87%
Ex. 147	NH2		Ex. 144	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	100%  (HCl salt)
Ex. 148	NH2		Ex. 145	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	97% (HCl salt)
Ex. 149	NH2		Ex. 146	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	87% (HCl salt)
Ex. 150			Ex. 147	L.1.2	2-naphthylacetic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 3	72%
Ex. 151			Ex. 147	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2.0 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	73%
Ex. 152			Ex. 147	L.1.2	1-pyrriolidin- acetic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 2	26%
Ex. 153			Ex. 148	L.1.2	2-naphthylacetic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 3	68%
Ex. 154			Ex. 148	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2.0 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	76%
Ex. 155			Ex. 148	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5.0 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	72%
Ex. 156			Ex. 148	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	69% (NH4+ salt)
Ex. 157			Ex. 149	L.1.2	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.7 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	24%
Ex. 158			Ex. 149	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2.0 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	42%
Ex. 159			Ex. 149	L.1.2	1-pyrriolidin- acetic acid (2.5 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	55%
Ex. 160			Ex. 149	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	69% (NH4+ salt)
Ex. 161			Ex. 147	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 2	53%
Ex. 162			Ex. 148	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 2	48%
Ex. 163			Ex. 149	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (1.7 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	63%

TABLE 27b
Examples of Core 09 (Ex. 142-Ex. 163,)
					Rt
				Monoisotopic	(purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R50	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 142-Ex. 143: cf. experimental description
Ex. 144			C31H44FN5O7	617.3	1.66 (90)	618.4	Method 2
Ex. 145			C38H46FN5O7	703.3	1.90 (90)	704.5	Method 2
Ex. 146			C33H43FN6O7	654.3	1.39 (92)	655.5	Method 2
Ex. 147	NH2		C26H36FN5O5	517.3	1.36 (79)	518.4	Method 3
Ex. 148	NH2		C33H38FN5O5	603.3	1.53 (98)	604.4	Method 2
Ex. 149	NH2		C28H35FN6O5	554.3	1.25 (8), 1.31 (85)	555.4	Method 3
Ex. 150			C38H44FN5O6	685.3	1.72 (98)	686.5	Method 2
Ex. 151			C31H44FN5O6	601.3	1.55 (98)	602.5	Method 2
Ex. 152			C32H45FN6O6	628.3	1.52 (94)	629.5	Method 3
Ex. 153			C45H46FN5O6	771.3	1.94 (96)	772.5	Method 2
Ex. 154			C38H46FN5O6	687.3	1.82 (97)	688.5	Method 2
Ex. 155			C35H40FN5O6	645.3	1.67 (99)	646.4	Method 2
Ex. 156			C37H42FN5O8	703.3	1.65 (99)	704.5	Method 2
Ex. 157			C40H43FN6O6	722.3	1.48 (94)	723.8	Method 2
Ex. 158			C33H43FN6O6	638.3	1.50 (95)	639.5	Method 3
Ex. 159			C34H44FN7O6	665.3	1.47 (96)	666.5	Method 3
Ex. 160			C32H39FN6O8	654.3	1.04 (96)	655.4	Method 3
Ex. 161			C34H43FN6O6	650.3	1.47 (91)	651.5	Method 3
Ex. 162			C41H45FN6O6	736.3	1.55 (96)	737.6	Method 2
Ex. 163			C36H42FN7O6	687.3	1.42 (99)	688.5	Method 3

TABLE 27c
Examples of Core 09 (Ex. 142-Ex. 163,)
No	R2	R50	IUPAC name
Ex. 142		OCH2Ph	benzyl (2R,12S,20aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-16-fluoro- 8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxylate
Ex. 143		OH	(2R,12S,20aS)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-16-fluoro-8,13- dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxylic acid
Ex. 144			tert-butyl N-[(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14- trioxo-12-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2-yl]carbamate
Ex. 145			tert-butyl N-((2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-12-{[(2- naphthylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-5,9,14-trioxo- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2-yl)carbamate
Ex. 146			tert-butyl N-((2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14- trioxo-12-{[(4-pyridinylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2- yl)carbamate
Ex. 147	NH2		(2R,12S,20aS)-2-amino-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-12-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,7,8,10,11,12,13,20,20a-decahydro- 1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine- 5,9,14(6H)-trione
Ex. 148	NH2		(2R,12S,20aS)-2-amino-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthyl- methyl)-5,9,14-trioxo-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 149	NH2		(2R,12S,20aS)-2-amino-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo- N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 150			N-[(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-12-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2-yl]-2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 151			N-[(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-12-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2-yl]pentanamide
Ex. 152			N-[(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-12-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2-yl]-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide
Ex. 153			(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-2-{[2-(2-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)-5,9,14-trioxo- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro- 1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12- carboxamide
Ex. 154			(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,9,14-trioxo-2-(pentanoylamino)- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12- carboxamide
Ex. 155			(2R,12S,20aS)-2-(acetylamino)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-N- (2-naphthylmethyl)-5,9,14-trioxo- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 156			4-[((2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-12-{[(2- naphthylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-5,9,14-trioxo- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2-yl)amino]-4- oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 157			(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-2-{[2-(2-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-5,9,14-trioxo-N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 158			(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-2- (pentanoylamino)-N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12- carboxamide
Ex. 159			(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-N-(4- pyridinylmethyl)-2-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 160			4-[((2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-12- {[(4-pyridinylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2-yl)amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 161			N-[(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-12- (1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a- tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,8,13] benzoxatriazacyclohexadecin-2-yl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)propanamide
Ex. 162			(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 5,9,14-trioxo-2-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxamide
Ex. 163			(2R,12S,20aS)-16-fluoro-8,13-dimethyl-5,9,14-trioxo-N-(4- pyridinylmethyl)-2-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}- 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,20,20a-tetradecahydro-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4,8,13]benzoxatriazacyclohexadecine-12-carboxamide

TABLE 28a
Examples of Core 10 (Ex. 164-Ex. 180,)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R5	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 164-Ex. 165: cf. experimental description
Ex. 166			Ex. 165	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2.0 equiv.)	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	ca.70%
Ex. 167		NH2	Ex. 166	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	quant.
Ex. 168			Ex. 165	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid	FC (EtOAc)	68%
Ex. 169			Ex. 165	L.1.3	1-pyrrolidinacetic acid	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	76%
Ex. 170			Ex. 167	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	78%
Ex. 171			Ex. 167	L.1.1	2-naphthoyl chloride (2.6 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	42%
Ex. 172		NH2	Ex. 168	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	97%
Ex. 173		NH2	Ex. 169	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	96%
Ex. 174			Ex. 172	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	97%
Ex. 175			Ex. 172	L.1.2	1-pyrrolidinacetic acid (2.2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	58%
Ex. 176			Ex. 172	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 3	71%
Ex. 177			Ex. 172	L.1.2*)	1-naphthylacetic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 3	68%
Ex. 178			Ex. 173	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 2	48%
Ex. 179			Ex. 173	L.1.2*)	1-naphthylacetic acid	Prep. HPLC, method 3	84%
Ex. 180			Ex. 173	L.1.1*)	2-naphthoyl chloride (1.5 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	78%
*)The treatment with (polystyrylmethyl)trimethylammonium bicarbonate was replaced by an aqueous workup (CHCl3, sat. aq. NaHCO3 soln)

TABLE 28b
Examples of Core 10 (Ex. 164-Ex. 180,)
					Rt
				Monoisotopic	(purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R5	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 164-Ex. 165: cf. experimental description
Ex. 166			C30H38N4O6	550.3	1.96 (99)	551.3	Method 4a
Ex. 167		NH2	C22H32N4O4	416.2	1.4 (99)	417.3	Method 4a
Ex. 168			C37H38N4O6	634.3	2.2 (98)	635.3	Method 4a
Ex. 169			C31H39N5O6	577.3	1.57 (99)	578.4	Method 4a
Ex. 170			C30H39N5O5	549.3	1.47 (97)	550.4	Method 4a
Ex. 171			C33H38N4O5	570.3	2.1 (100)	571.3	Method 4a
Ex. 172		NH2	C29H32N4O4	500.2	1.60 (91)	501.3	Method 4a
Ex. 173		NH2	C23H33N5O4	443.3	1.48 (99)	444.2	Method 5a
Ex. 174			C31H34N4O5	542.3	1.82 (99)	543.2	Method 4a
Ex. 175			C35H41N5O5	611.3	1.69 (96)	612.2	Method 4a
Ex. 176			C37H39N5O5	633.3	1.68 (99)	634.3	Method 4a
Ex. 177			C41H40N4O5	668.3	2.24 (92)	669.3	Method 4a
Ex. 178			C31H40N6O5	576.3	1.07 (98)	577.3	Method 4a
Ex. 179			C35H41N5O5	611.3	1.69 (93)	612.3	Method 4a
Ex. 180			C34H39N5O5	597.3	1.69 (97)	597.8	Method 4a

TABLE 28c
Examples of Core 10 (Ex. 164-Ex. 180,)
No	R2	R5	IUPAC name
Ex. 164			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-6-({[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}amino)-2-oxa-8,13- diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl] carbamate
Ex. 165	NH2		benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-amino-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-2-oxa- 8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl] carbamate
Ex. 166			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-6-(pentanoyl- amino)-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca- 1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl]carbamate
Ex. 167		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,10S)-10-amino-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-2-oxa-8,13- diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-6-yl] pentanamide
Ex. 168			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl] amino}-9,14-dioxo-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8] nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl]carbamate
Ex. 169			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-6-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo [13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl]carbamate
Ex. 170			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-10-{[3-(4-pyridinyl) propanoyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8] nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-6-yl]pentanamide
Ex. 171			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-6-(pentanoylamino)-2- oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien- 10-yl]-2-naphthamide
Ex. 172		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,10S)-10-amino-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-2-oxa-8,13- diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-6-yl]-2-(2- naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 173		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,10S)-10-amino-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-2-oxa-8,13- diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-6-yl]-2-(1- pyrrolidinyl) acetamide
Ex. 174			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-10-(acetylamino)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-2-oxa- 8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-6-yl]- 2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 175			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-10-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca- 1(19),15,17-trien-6-yl]-2-(2-naphthyl) acetamide
Ex. 176			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,14-dioxo-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca- 1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)propanamide
Ex. 177			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,14-dioxo-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca- 1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl]-2-(1-naphthyl) acetamide
Ex. 178			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-6-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca- 1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)propanamide
Ex. 179			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-6-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca- 1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl]-2-(1-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 180			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-13-methyl-9,14-dioxo-6-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,13-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.04,8]nonadeca- 1(19),15,17-trien-10-yl]-2-naphthamide

TABLE 29a
Examples of Core 11 (Ex. 181-Ex. 195)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R5	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 181-Ex. 182: cf. experimental description
Ex. 183			Ex. 182	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH)	75%
Ex. 184			Ex. 182	L.1.3	2- naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	FC (EtOAc, then CH2Cl2/MeOH)	94%
Ex. 185		NH2	Ex. 184	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	99%
Ex. 186			Ex. 185	L.1.3	2- naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	60%
Ex. 186			139	Synthesis on solid support	2- naphthylacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 3	32%
Ex. 187			Ex. 185	L.1.3	pyrrolidin- 1-acetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3 then prep. HPLC, method 1	38% (TFA salt)
Ex. 188			Ex. 185	L.1.3	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3 then prep. HPLC, method 1	32% (TFA salt)
Ex. 189			Ex. 185	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	52%
Ex. 190	NH2		Ex. 193	1.2	TBAF (4 equiv.) in THF	crude product, contaminated with TBAF	ca 70%
Ex. 191			Ex. 190	L.1.1	Acetic anhydride (10 equiv.) Pyridine/ CH2Cl2 1:1 (3 mL)	prep. HPLC, method 3	62%
Ex. 192			Ex. 190	L.1.3	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	63%
Ex. 193			Ex. 194	L.1.1	3,5- difluorbenzoyl chloride (2 equiv.)	FC (EtOAc)	85%
Ex. 194		NH2	Ex. 181	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	quant.
Ex. 195			Ex. 190	L.1.1	benzoyl chloride (2 equiv.)	preparative HPLC method 3	78%

TABLE 29b
Examples of Core 11 (Ex. 181-Ex. 195, continued on the following pages)
				Mono-	Rt
				isotopic	(purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R5	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 181-Ex. 182: of. experimental description
Ex. 183			C28H34N4O6	522.3	1.56 (99)	523.3	Method 2
Ex. 184			C38H40N4O6	648.3	1.92 (96)	649.5	Method 2
Ex. 185		NH2	C30H34N4O4	514.3	1.48 (98)	515.4	Method 2
Ex. 186			C42H42N4O5	682.3	2.00 (91)	683.5	Method 2
Ex. 186			C42H42N4O5	682.3	2.26 (98)	683.3	Method 4a
Ex. 187			C36H43N5O5	625.3	1.62 (100)	626.4	Method 2
Ex. 188			C38H41N5O5	647.3	1.60 (99)	648.3	Method 2
Ex. 189			C35H42N4O5	598.3	1.88 (85), 1.93 (8)	599.5	Method 2
Ex. 190	NH2		C25H28F2N4O4	486.2	1.42 (98)	487.3	Method 4a
Ex. 191			C27H30F2N4O5	528.2	1.69 (99)	529.3	Method 4a
Ex. 192			C33H35F2N5O5	619.3	1.50 (99)	620.3	Method 4a
Ex. 193			C31H40F2N4O6Si	630.3	2.13 (97)	631.4	Method 2
Ex. 194		NH2	C24H38N4O5Si	490.3	1.62 (99)	491.3	Method 2
Ex. 195			C32H32F2N4O5	590.2	1.99 (98)	591.3	Method 4a

TABLE 29c
Examples of Core 11 (Ex. 181-Ex. 195, continued on the following pages)
No	R2	R5	IUPAC name
Ex. 181			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-14-methyl-9,15-dioxo-6({[2- (trimethylsily)ethoxy]carbonyl}amino)-2-oxa-8,14- diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien- 10-yl]carbamate
Ex. 182	NH2		benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-amino-14-methyl-9,15- dioxo-2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa- 1(20),16,18-trien-10-yl]carbamate
Ex. 183			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-(acetylamino)-14-methyl-9,15- dioxo-2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa- 1(20),16,18-trien-10-yl]carbamate
Ex. 184			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-14-methyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14- diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18- trien-10-yl]carbamate
Ex. 185		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,10S)-10-amino-14-methyl-9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14- diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien-6-yl]- 2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 186			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-14-methyl-10-{[2-(2-naphthy)acetyl]amino}- 9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa- 1(20),16 ,18-trien-6-yl]-2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 187			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-14-methyl-9,15-dioxo-10-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,14- diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien-6-yl]- 2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 188			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-14-methyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8] icosa-1(20),16,18-trien-10-yl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)propanannide
Ex. 189			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-14-methyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa- 1(20),16,18-trien-10-yl]pentanamide
Ex. 190	NH2		N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-amino-14-methyl-9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14- diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien-10-yl]-3,5- difluorobenzamide
Ex. 191			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-(acetylamino)-14-methyl-9,15-dioxo-2- oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien- 10-yl]-3,5-difluorobenzamide
Ex. 192			3,5-difluoro-N-[(4S,6S,10S)-14-methyl-9,15-dioxo-6-{[3-(4- pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo [14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien-10-yl]benzamide
Ex. 193			2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-10-[(3,5- difluorobenzoyl)amino]-14-methyl-9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14- diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 194		NH2	2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-10-amino-14-methyl- 9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa- 1(20),16,18-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 195			N-[(4S,65,10S)-6-(benzoylamino)-14-methyl-9,15-dioxo- 2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.04,8]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien- 10-yl]-3,5-difluorobenzamide

TABLE 30a
Examples of Core 12 (Ex. 196-Ex. 214 continued on the following pages)
				General			Yield,
			Starting	Pro-		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R5	material	cedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 196-Ex. 198: cf. experimental description
Ex. 199			Ex. 197•HCl	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (10 equiv.) pyridine (2 mL)	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH) then prep HPLC, method 1	36%
Ex. 200			Ex. 197•HCl	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.5 equiv.), HATU (1.5 equiv.), HOAt (1.5 equiv), i-Pr2NEt (5 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH) then prep HPLC, method 1	22%
Ex. 200			Ex. 197•TFA	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.5 equiv.), HATU (1.5 equiv.), HOAt (1.5 equiv), i-Pr2NEt (5 equiv.)	FC (EtOAc, then CH2Cl2/MeOH)	78%
Ex. 201			Ex. 197•HCl	L.1.3	N,N-dimethyl glycine (1.7 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH) and prep HPLC, method 1	91% *) (TFA salt)
Ex. 202		NH2	Ex. 200	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	97%
Ex. 203		NH2	Ex. 201	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	99%
Ex. 204			Ex. 214	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.2 equiv.), HATU (1.5 equiv.), HOAt (1.5 equiv), i-Pr2NEt (3 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH)	64%
Ex. 205			Ex. 214	L.1.3	N,N-dimethyl glycine (1.7 equiv.)	prep HPLC, method 1	47% (TFA salt)
Ex. 206			Ex. 202	L.1.3	N,N-dimethyl glycine (1.7 equiv.)	prep HPLC, method 1	39% (TFA salt)
Ex. 207			Ex. 202	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv.) pyridine (49 equiv.)	prep HPLC, method 2	48%
Ex. 208			Ex. 203	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (10 equiv.) pyridine/CH2Cl2 1.1 (3 mL)	prep HPLC, method 2	59%
Ex. 209			L.1.1	Ex. 203	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv.) pyridine (49 equiv.)	prep HPLC, method 2	35%
Ex. 210			Ex. 203	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep HPLC, method 1	38% (TFA salt)
Ex. 211			Ex. 202	L.1.2	3-(pyridine- 4-yl) propanoic acid	prep HPLC, method 1	44% (TFA salt)
Ex. 212			Ex. 202	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep HPLC, method 1 then FC (EtOAc/MeOH)	53%
Ex. 213		CH3(CH2)8CONH	Ex. 202	L.1.1	decanoyl chloride (2 equiv.)	prep HPLC, method 1 then FC (EtOAc/MeOH)	35%
Ex. 214		NH2	Ex. 199	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	98%
*)An analytical sample was further purified by prep. HPLC (method 1), to afford the TFA salt of the corresponding product

TABLE 30b
Examples of Core 12 (Ex. 196-Ex. 214, continued on the following pages)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R5	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 196-Ex. cf.198: experimental description
Ex. 199			C29H35N5O7	565.3	1.92 (100)	566.4	Method la
Ex. 200			C37H40N6O7	680.3	2.23 (98)	681.4	Method la
Ex. 200			C37H40N6O7	680.3	1.68 (93)	681.5	Method 2
Ex. 201			C31H40N6O7	608.3	1.28 (99)	609.4	Method 2
Ex. 202		NH2	C29H34N6O5	546.3	1.32 (76)	547.4	Method 2
Ex. 203		NH2	C23H34N6O5	474.3	0.77	475.5	Method 9c
Ex. 204			C31H36N6O6	588.3	1.49 (87)	589.2	Method 4a
Ex. 205			C25H36N6O6	516.3	1.42 (100)	517.3	Method 1a
Ex. 206			C33H41N7O6	631.3	1.84 (97)	632.4	Method 1a
Ex. 207			C33H38N6O8	646.3	1.42 (100)	647.4	Method 2
Ex. 208			C25H36N6O6	516.3	0.95 (100)	517.4	Method 2
Ex. 209			C27H38N6O8	574.3	1.02 (92)	575.4	Method 3
Ex. 210			C35H42N6O6	642.3	1.37 (100)	643.4	Method 2
Ex. 211			C37H41N7O6	679.3	1.34 (92)	680.5	Method 2
Ex. 212			C41H42N6O6	714.3	1.75 (86)	715.5	Method 2
Ex. 213		CH3(CH2)8CONH	C39H52N6O6	700.4	1.96 (99)	701.6	Method 2
Ex. 214		NH2	C21H29N5O5	431.2	0.81*)	432.2	Method 9c
*) Analytical HPLC (5% CH3CN): 2.52 (93)

TABLE 30c
Examples of Core 12 (Ex. 196-Ex. 214, continued on the following pages)
No	R2	R5	IUPAC name
Ex. 196			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-6-({[2- (trimethylsilypethoxy]carbonyllamino)-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13- yl]carbamate
Ex. 197	NH2		benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-amino-11,15-dimethyl- 9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 198			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-[(tert-butolcarbonyl)amino]- 11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13- yl]carbamate
Ex. 199			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-(acetylamino)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16- trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 200			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}- 11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13- yl]carbamate
Ex. 201			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}- 11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13- yl]carbamate
Ex. 202		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa- 8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6- yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 203		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa- 8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6- yl]-2-(dimethylamino)acetamide
Ex. 204			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-(acetylamino)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo- 2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19- trien-13-yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 205			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-(acetylamino)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo- 2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19- trien-13-yl]-2-(dimethylamino)acetamide
Ex. 206			2-(dimethylamino)-N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3- yl)acetyl]amino}-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa- 8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13- yl]acetamide
Ex. 207			4-{[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}- 11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 208			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-13-(acetylamino)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo- 2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien- 6-yl]-2-(dimethylamino)acetamide
Ex. 209			4-{[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]amino}- 4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 210			2-(dimethylamino)-N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-13-{[2-(2- naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6- yl]acetamide
Ex. 211			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}- 11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)propanamide
Ex. 212			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-13-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 213		CH3(CH2)8CONH	N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino)-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19- trien-13-yl]decanamide
Ex. 214		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo- 2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]acetamide

TABLE 31a
Examples of Core 13 (Ex. 215-Ex. 230, continued on the following pages)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R5	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 215-Ex. 216: cf experimental description
Ex. 217			Ex. 221	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (10 equiv.) pyridine/CH2Cl2 1:1 (2 mL)	prep. HPLC, method 1	41%
Ex. 218			Ex. 216 •HCl	L.1.3	N,N-dimetyl glycine (1.7 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH)	85%*)
Ex. 219			Ex. 216 •HCl	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.1 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (5 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/MeOH)	63%
Ex. 220		NH2	Ex. 218	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	93%*)
Ex. 221		NH2	Ex. 219	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	94%*)
Ex. 222			Ex. 220	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (5 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	25% (TFA salt)
Ex. 223			Ex. 220	L.1.3	N,N-dimetyl glycine (1.7 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	24% (TFA salt)
Ex. 224			Ex. 220	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	37% (TFA salt)
Ex. 225			Ex. 220	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.2 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (3 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	28% (TFA salt)
Ex. 226			Ex. 221	L.1.3	N,N-dimetyl glycine (1.7 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	45% (TFA salt)
Ex. 227			Ex. 221	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.05 equiv.) pyridine (49 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	49%
Ex. 228			Ex. 221	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.2 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (3 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	33%
Ex. 229			Ex. 221	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	56%
Ex. 230			Ex. 220	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	52% (TEA salt)
*) Analytical sample further purified by prep. HPLC, method 1 to afford the TFA salt of the corresponding product

TABLE 31b
Examples of Core 13 (Ex. 215-Ex. 230, continued on the following pages)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R5	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 215-Ex. 216: cf. experimental description
Ex. 217			C31H36N6O6	588.3	1.82 (94)	589.2	Method 1b
Ex. 218			C31H40N6O7	608.3	1.36 (100)	609.2	Method 4b
Ex. 219			C37H40N6O7	680.3	1.64 (96)	681.3	Method 2
Ex. 220		NH2	C23H34N6O5	474.3	1.19 (92)	475.2	Method 5b
Ex. 221		NH2	C29H34N6O5	546.3	1.38 (96)	547.2	Method 4b
Ex. 222			C25H36N6O6	516.3	1.23 (97)	517.2	Method 5b
Ex. 223			C27H41N7O06	559.3	1.33 (94)	560.3	Method 5b
Ex. 224			C27H38N6O8	574.3	1.04 (100)	575.2	Method 5b
Ex. 225			C33H41N7O6	631.3	1.30 (97)	632.3	Method 4b
Ex. 226			C33H41N7O6	631.3	1.39 (92)	632.2	Method 4b
Ex. 227			C33H38N6O8	646.3	1.49 (94)	647.2	Method 4b
Ex. 228			C39H41N7O6	703.3	1.75 (91)	704.3	Method 4b
Ex. 229			C41H42N6O6	714.3	1.91 (92)	715.3	Method 4b
Ex. 230			C35H42N6O6	642.3	1.50 (100)	643.2	Method 4b

TABLE 31c
Examples of Core 13 (Ex. 215-Ex. 230)
No	R2	R5	IUPAC name
Ex. 215			benzyl N-[(4S,6R,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-6-({[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}amino)-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl] carbamate
Ex. 216	NH2		benzyl N-[(4S,6R,13S)-6-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2- oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien- 13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 217			N-[(4S,6R,13S)-13-(acetylamino)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2- oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6- yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 218			benzyl N-[(4S,6R,13S)-6-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 219			benzyl N-[(4S,6R,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 220		NH2	N-[(4S,6R,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa- 8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6- yl]-2-(dimethylamino)acetamide
Ex. 221		NH2	N-[(4S,6R,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa- 8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6- yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 222			N-[(4S,6R,13S)-13-(acetylamino)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo- 2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19- trien-6-yl]-2-(dimethylamino)acetamide
Ex. 223			2-(dimethylamino)-N-[(4S,6R,13S)-13-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl] amino}-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]acetamide
Ex. 224			4-{[(4S,6R,13S)-6-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 225			2-(dimethylamino)-N-[(4S,6R,13S)-13-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl] amino}-11,15-11-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]acetamide
Ex. 226			2-(dimethylamino)-N-[(4S,6R,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl] amino}-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl] acetamide
Ex. 227			4-{[(4S,6R,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 228			2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[(4S,6R,13S)-13-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl] amino}-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]acetamide
Ex. 229			N-[(4S,6R,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-13-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 230			2-(dimethylamino)-N-[(4S,6R,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-13-{[2-(2- naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien- 6-yl]acetamide

TABLE 32a
Examples of Core 14 (Ex. 231-Ex. 237)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R5	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 231-Ex. 232: cf. experimental description
Ex. 233			Ex. 232•TFA	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.5 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (5 equiv)	FC (EtOAc, then CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	68%
Ex. 234		NH2	Ex. 233	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	99%
Ex. 235			Ex. 234	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	68%
Ex. 236			Ex. 234	L.1.3	pyrrolidin-1- acetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 3	28%
Ex. 237			Ex. 234	L.1.3	3-phenylpropionic acid	prep. HPLC, method 3	66%

TABLE 32b
Examples of Core 14 (Ex. 231-Ex. 237)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R5	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 231-Ex. 232: cf. experimental description
Ex. 233			C37H40N6O7	680.3	1.80 (96)	681.4	Method 2
Ex. 234		NH2	C29H34N6O5	546.3	1.47 (93)	547.3	Method 2
Ex. 235			C41H42N6O6	714.3	1.80 (90)	715.4	Method 2
Ex. 236			C35H43N7O6	657.3	1.45 (94)	658.4	Method 2
Ex. 237			C38H42N6O6	678.3	1.81 (96)	679.4	Method 2

TABLE 32c
Examples of Core 14 (Ex. 231-Ex. 237)
No	R2	R5	IUPAC name
Ex. 231			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13R)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 232	NH2		benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13R)-6-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa- 8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl] carbamate
Ex. 233			benzyl N-[(4S,65,13R)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 234		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,13R)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa- 8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]- 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 235			N-[(4S,6S,13R)-11,15-dimethyl-13-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 236			N-[(4S,6S,13R)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-13-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide
Ex. 237			N-[(4S,6S,13R)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-11,15-dimethyl- 9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]-3-phenylpropanamide

Table 33a
Examples of Core 15 and Core 16 (Ex. 238-Ex. 247)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R5	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 238-Ex. 239: cf. experimental description
Ex. 240			Ex. 239	L.1.3	3-phenylpoanoic acid	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)*)	47%
Ex. 241			Ex. 239	L.1.3	pyrrolidin-1- acetic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/aq. NH3)	56%
Ex. 242	NH2		Ex. 240	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	quant. (HCl salt)
Ex. 243	NH2		Ex.241	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	quant. (HCl salt)
Ex. 244			Ex. 242	L.1.3	pyrrolidin-1- acetic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/aq. NH3)	81%
Ex. 245			Ex. 242	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/aq. NH3)	59%
Ex. 246			Ex. 243	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/aq. NH3)	51%
Ex. 247			Ex. 243	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/aq. NH3)	58%
*)An analytical sample was further purified by prep. HPLC, method 2

TABLE 33b
Examples of Core 15 and Core 16 (Ex. 238-Ex. 247)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R5	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 238-Ex. 239: cf. experimental description
Ex. 240			C33H44N4O6	592.3	2.12 (90)	593.3	Method 4a
Ex. 241			C30H45N5O6	571.3	1.58 (91)	572.3	Method 4a
Ex. 242	NH2		C28H36N4O4	492.3	1.53 (88), 1.59 (6)	493.2	Method 4a
Ex. 243	NH2		C25H37N5O4	471.3	1.08 (91)	472.4	Method 4a
Ex. 244			C34H45N5O5	603.3	1.63 (93)	604.4	Method 4a
Ex. 245			C38H43N5O5	649.3	2.01 (91)	650.3	Method 4a
Ex. 246			C37H45N5O5	639.3	1.69 (90)	640.3	Method 4a
Ex. 247			C35H44N6O5	628.3	1.52 (94)	629.3	Method 4a

TABLE 33c
Examples of Core 15 and Core 16 (Ex. 238-Ex. 247)
No	R2	R5	IUPAC name
Core 15
Ex. 238			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-15- methyl-9,16-dioxo-2-oxa-8,15-diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),12,17,19-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate
Core 16
Ex. 239		NH2	tert-butyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-10-amino-15-methyl-9,16-dioxo-2-oxa- 8,15-diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl] carbamate
Ex. 240			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-15-methyl-9,16-dioxo-10-[(3- phenylpropanoyl)amino]-2-oxa-8,15-diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 241			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-15-methyl-9,16-dioxo-10-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,15-diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 242	NH2		N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-amino-15-methyl-9,16-dioxo-2-oxa-8,15- diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-10-yl]-3- phenylpropanamide
Ex. 243	NH2		N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-amino-15-methyl-9,16-dioxo-2-oxa-8,15- diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-10-yl]-2-(1- pyrrolidinyl) acetamide
Ex. 244			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-15-methyl-9,16-dioxo-6-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,15-diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-10-yl]-3-phenylpropanamide
Ex. 245			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-15-methyl- 9,16-dioxo-2-oxa-8,15-diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-10-yl]-3-phenylpropanamide
Ex. 246			N-[(4S,6S,10S)-15-methyl-9,16-dioxo-10-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,15-diazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]-2-(2-naphthyl) acetamide
Ex. 247			2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-[(4S,6S,10S)-15-methyl-9,16-dioxo-10- {[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,15-diazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]acetamide

TABLE 34a
Examples of Core 17 (Ex. 248-Ex. 271)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R50	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 248-Ex. 249: cf. experimental description
Ex. 250			Ex. 249	L.2	pyrrolidine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	81%
Ex. 251			Ex. 249	L.2	N-(2-aminoethyl) pyrrolidine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3 soln.)	88%
Ex. 252			Ex. 249	L.2	2- naphthylmethylamine (1.5 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (3 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	91%
Ex. 253			Ex. 249	L.2	4- (aminomethyl)pyridine (1.5 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (3 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)*)	97%
Ex. 254	NH2		Ex. 251	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	96% (HCl salt)
Ex. 255	NH2		Ex. 252	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	100%  (HCl salt)
Ex. 256	NH2		Ex. 250	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	93% (HCl salt)
Ex. 257	NH2		Ex. 253	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	91% (HCl salt)
Ex. 258			Ex. 255	L.1.2	1-pyrrolidinacetic acid (2.7 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt v(4 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	61%
Ex. 259			Ex. 255	L.1.1	succininc anhydride (1.05 equiv.) pyridine (49 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	15%
Ex. 260			Ex. 255	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid	prep. HPLC, method 1	55% (TFA salt)
Ex. 261			Ex. 255	L.1.3	1-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	69%
Ex. 262			Ex. 255	M	acetaldehyde	prep. HPLC, method 1	76% (TFA salt)
Ex. 263			Ex. 256	L.1.1	acetic anhydride (10 equiv.) Pyridine/CH2Cl2 1:1 (3 mL)	prep. HPLC, method 1	82%
Ex. 264			Ex. 256	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	61%
Ex. 265			Ex. 257	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	59% (TFA salt)
Ex. 266			Ex. 257	L.1.2	1-pyrrolidinacetic acid	prep. HPLC, method 2	71%
Ex. 267			Ex. 257	L.1.1	succininc anhydride (1.5 equiv.) pyridine (49 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	89% (TFA salt)
Ex. 268			Ex. 257	L.1.3	1-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 2	45%
Ex. 269			Ex. 257	M	Acetaldehyde (0.75 mL)	prep. HPLC, method 2	70%
Ex. 270			Ex. 255	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	77%
Ex. 271			Ex. 257	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2 equiv.)	prep. HPLC, method 1	58% (TFA salt)
*)An analytical sample was further purified by prep HPLC, method 1

TABLE 34b
Examples of Core 17 (Ex. 248-Ex. 271)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R50	Formula	Mass	at 220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 248-Ex. 249: cf. experimental description
Ex. 250			C30H43N5O7	585.4	1.58 (96)	586.4	Method 2
Ex. 251			C32H48N6O7	628.4	1.35 (98)	629.5	Method 2
Ex. 252			C37H45N5O7	671.3	1.86 (88)	672.4	Method 2
Ex. 253			C32H42N6O7	622.3	1.29 (92)	623.4	Method 2
Ex. 254	NH2		C27H40N6O5	528.3	1.31 (97)	529.5	Method 3
Ex. 255	NH2		C32H37N5O5	571.3	1.45 (94)	572.4	Method 2
Ex. 256	NH2		C25H35N5O5	485.3	1.06 (96)	486.4	Method 2
Ex. 257	NH2		C27H34N6O5	522.3	0.85 (96)	523.3	Method 2
Ex. 258			C38H46N6O6	682.4	1.47 (95)	683.5	Method 2
Ex. 259			C36H41N5O8	671.3	1.59 (87)	672.4	Method 2
Ex. 260			C40H44N6O6	704.3	1.47 (100)	705.5	Method 2
Ex. 261			C44H45N5O6	739.3	1.93 (99)	740.5	Method 2
Ex. 262			C36H45N5O5	627.3	1.50 (100)	628.5	Method 2
Ex. 263			C27H37N5O6	527.3	1.23 (99)	528.3	Method 2
Ex. 264			C37H43N5O6	653.3	1.68 (100)	654.4	Method 2
Ex. 265			C39H42N6O6	690.3	1.44 (99)	691.5	Method 2
Ex. 266			C33H43N7O6	633.3	0.99 (94)	634.5	Method 2
Ex. 267			C31H38N6O8	622.3	1.05 (94)	623.3	Method 2
Ex. 268			C39H42N6O6	690.3	1.68 (93)	691.5	Method 3
Ex. 269			C31H42N6O5	578.3	0.96 (96)	579.5	Method 2
Ex. 270			C37H45N5O6	655.3	1.81 (100)	656.4	Method 2
Ex. 271			C32H42N6O6	606.3	1.25 (100)	607.4	Method 2

TABLE 34c
Examples of Core 17 (Ex. 248-Ex. 271)
No	R2	R50	IUPAC name
Ex. 248		OCH2Ph	benzyl (4S,6R,15S)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,16- dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8] docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxylate
Ex. 249		OH	(4S,6R,15S)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,16-dimethyl- 9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa- 1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxylic acid
Ex. 250			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-15-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8] docosa-1(20),18,21-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 251			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-15-({[2- (1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]amino}carbonyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16- triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 252			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-15-{[(2- naphthylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16- triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 253			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-15-{[(4- pyridinylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo [16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 254	NH2		(4S,6R,15S)-6-amino-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-N-[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8] docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 255	NH2		(4S,6R,15S-6-amino-11,16-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)- 9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa- 1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 256	NH2		(4S,6R,15S)-6-amino-11,16-dimethyl-15-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)- 2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21- triene-9,12,17-trione
Ex. 257	NH2		(4S,6R,15S)-6-amino-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-N-(4- pyridinylmethyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa- 1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 258			(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17- trioxo-6-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,16- triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 259			4-{[(4S,6R,15S )-11,16-dimethyl-15-{[(2-naphthylmethyl) amino]carbonyl }-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo [16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-trien-6-yl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 260			(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17- trioxo-6-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,16- triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 261			(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-6-{[2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- N-(2-naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo [16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 262			(4S,6R,15S)-6-(diethylamino)-11,16-dimethyl-N-(2- naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo [16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 263			N-[(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-15-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8] docosa-1(20),18,21-trien-6-yl]acetamide
Ex. 264			N-[(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-15-(1- pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8] docosa-1(20),18,21-trien-6-yl]-2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 265			(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,12,17-trioxo-N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo [16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 266			(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-N-(4- pyridinylmethyl)-6-{[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa- 8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-triene- 15-carboxamide
Ex.267			4-{[(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-15-{[(4- pyridinylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo [16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-trien-6-yl]amino}-4- oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 268			(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-6-{[2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}- 9,12,17-trioxo-N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo [16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 269			(4S,6R,15S)-6-(diethylamino)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo- N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8] docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 270			(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-N-(2-naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17- trioxo-6-(pentanoylamino)-2-oxa-8,11,16-triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8] docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 271			(4S,6R,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-6- (pentanoylamino)-N-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-2-oxa-8,11,16- triazatricyclo[16.2.2.04,8]docosa-1(20),18,21-triene-15-carboxamide

TABLE 35a
Examples of Core 18 (Ex. 272-Ex. 296)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R5	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 272-Ex. 274: cf. experimental description
Ex. 275			Ex. 273 (HCl salt)	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.1 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (5 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	53%
Ex. 276			Ex. 274	L.1.3	3-phenylpropanoic acid (1.2 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (3 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	72%
Ex. 277	NH2		Ex. 276	J	HCl-dioxane	crude product	quant. (HCl salt)
Ex. 278			Ex. 277	L.1.3	3-indoleacetic acid (1.1 equiv.) HATU (1.5 equiv.) HOAt (1.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (5 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	75%
Ex. 279			Ex. 273 (HCl salt)	L.1.3	pyrrolidine-1-acetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	67%
Ex. 280			Ex. 273 (HCl salt)	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2 equiv.)	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	71%
Ex. 281		NH2	Ex. 279	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	quant.
Ex. 282		NH2	Ex. 280	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	crude product	quant.
Ex. 283			Ex. 281	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	27%
Ex. 284			Ex. 281	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.5 equiv.) Pyridine (49 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	51%
Ex. 285			Ex. 281	L.1.3	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (1.2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	12%
Ex. 286			Ex. 281	L.1.3	pyrrolidine-1-acetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	16%
Ex. 287			Ex. 282	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	79%
Ex. 288			Ex. 282	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.5 equiv.) Pyridine (49 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	57%
Ex. 289			Ex. 282	L.1.3	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (1.2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	17%
Ex. 290			Ex. 282	L.1.3	pyrrolidine-1-acetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3)	65%
Ex. 291			Ex. 292 (HCl salt)	L.1.3	2-naphthylacetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)*)	79%
Ex. 292		NH2	Ex. 291	K	H2, Pd(OH)2—C	FC (EtOAc/ MeOH)	69%
Ex. 293			Ex. 292	L.1.3	pyrrolidine-1-acetic acid (1.2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	64%
Ex. 294			Ex. 292	L.1.3	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (1.2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	70%
Ex. 295			Ex. 292	L.1.1	succinic anhydride (1.5 equiv.) Pyridine (49 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	73%
Ex. 296		CH3(CH2)8 CONH	Ex. 292	L.1.1	decanoyl chloride (2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 3	40%
*)An analytical sample was further purified by prep. HPLC, method 3

TABLE 35b
Examples of Core 18 (Ex. 272-Ex. 296)
				Monoisotopic	Rt (purity at	[M + H]+	LC-MS-
No	R2	R5	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 272-Ex. 274: cf. experimental description
Ex. 275			C36H39N7O7	681.3	1.53 (97)	682.5	Method 2
Ex. 276			C32H42N6O7	622.3	1.57 (95)	623.4	Method 2
Ex. 277	NH2		C27H34N6O5	522.3	1.10 (98)	523.4	Method 2
Ex. 278			C37H41N7O6	679.3	1.50 (98)	680.5	Method 2
Ex. 279			C32H41N7O7	635.3	1.32 (98)	636.3	Method 2
Ex. 280			C31H40N6O7	608.3	1.54 (98)	609.3	Method 2
Ex. 281		NH2	C24H35N7O5	501.3	1.32 (98)	502.3	Method 5a
Ex. 282		NH2	C23H34N6O5	474.3	1.24 (94)	475.1	Method 4a
Ex. 283			C36H43N7O6	669.3	1.42 (95)	670.3	Method 4a
Ex. 284			C28H39N7O8	601.3	0.99 (100)	602.2	Method 5a
Ex. 285			C32H42N8O6	634.3	1.47 (98)	635.2	Method 5a
Ex. 286			C30H44N8O6	612.3	1.55 (99)	613.3	Method 5a
Ex. 287			C35H42N6O6	642.3	1.77 (98)	643.3	Method 4a
Ex. 288			C27H38N6O8	574.3	1.32 (100)	575.2	Method 4a
Ex. 289			C31H41N7O6	607.3	1.25 (95)	608.3	Method 4a
Ex. 290			C29H43N7O6	585.3	1.30 (95)	586.4	Method 4a
Ex. 291			C38H40N6O7	692.3	1.91 (97)	693.3	Method 4a
Ex. 292		NH2	C30H34N6O5	558.3	1.55 (99)	559.3	Method 4a
Ex. 293			C36H43N7O6	669.3	1.52 (96)	670.3	Method 4a
Ex. 294			C38H41N7O6	691.3	1.46 (97)	692.3	Method 4a
Ex. 295			C34H38N6O8	658.3	1.58 (99)	659.2	Method 4a
Ex. 296		CH3(CH2)8CONH	C40H52N6O6	712.4	2.22 (99)	713.4	Method 4a

TABLE 35c
Examples of Core 18 (Ex. 272-Ex. 296)
No	R2	R5	IUPAC name
Ex. 272			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 273	NH2		benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16- trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8] henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 274		NH2	tert-butyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16- trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 275			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}- 11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13- yl]carbamate
Ex. 276			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-13- [(3-phenylpropanoyl)amino]-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl] carbamate
Ex. 277	NH2		N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa- 8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19- trien-13-yl]-3-phenylpropanamide
Ex. 278			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-11,15- dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]-3- phenylpropanamide
Ex. 279			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-6-{[2- (1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl] carbamate
Ex. 280			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-6- (pentanoylamino)-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamate
Ex. 281		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2- oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide
Ex. 282		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2- oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]pentanamide
Ex. 283			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-6-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]- 2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 284			4-{[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-6-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl] amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 285			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-6-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]- 3-(4-pyridinyl)propanamide
Ex. 286			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-13-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]- 2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide
Ex. 287			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-13-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl] amino}-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]pentanamide
Ex. 288			4-{[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-6- (pentanoylamino)-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]amino}-4- oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 289			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-13-{[3-(4- pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl] pentanamide
Ex. 290			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-13-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl] pentanamide
Ex. 291			benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl) acetyl]amino}-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13- yl]carbamate
Ex. 292		NH2	N-[(4S,6S,13S)-13-amino-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2- oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa- 1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]-2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 293			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-13-{[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,15,19- tetraazatricyclo[15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-6-yl]- 2-(2-naphthyl)acetamide
Ex. 294			N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl] amino}-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]-3-(4-pyridinyl) propanamide
Ex. 295			4-{[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl] amino}-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]amino}-4- oxobutanoic acid
Ex. 296		CH3(CH2)8CONH	N-[(4S,6S,13S)-11,15-dimethyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl] amino}-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15,19-tetraazatricyclo [15.3.1.04,8]henicosa-1(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]decanamide

TABLE 36a
Examples of Core 19 (Ex. 297-Ex. 310)
							Yield,
			Starting	General		Purification	(isolated
No	R2	R50	material	Procedure	Reagent	Method	salt)
Ex. 297-Ex. 298: cf. experimental description
Ex. 299			Ex. 298	L.2	N,N-dimethylethylene- diamine	Flash Chroma- tography	80%
Ex. 300	NH2		Ex. 299	J	HCl-dioxane	No purification	quant. (HCl salt)
Ex. 301			Ex. 298	L.2	1-naphthylmethyl- amine	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	75%
Ex. 302	NH2		Ex. 301	J	HCl-dioxane	Crude product	quant. (HCl salt)
Ex. 303			Ex. 302	M	acetaldehyde	Prep. HPLC, method 2	45%
Ex. 304			Ex. 302	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (5 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	22%
Ex. 305			Ex. 302	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (3.7 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (4 equiv.) bicarbonate resin (4 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH/ aq. NH3) then Prep. HPLC, method 3	55%
Ex. 306			Ex. 302	L.1.2	N,N-dimethyl glycine (6.2 equiv.) carbodiimide resin (2.5 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (5 equiv.) bicarbonate resin (5 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	43%
Ex. 307			Ex. 300	L.1.1	valeroyl chloride (2 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	36%
Ex. 308			Ex. 300	L.1.2	3-(pyridine-4- yl)propanoic acid (1.2 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (4 equiv.), bicarbonate resin (4 equiv.)	FC (CH2Cl2/ MeOH)	77%
Ex. 309			Ex. 300	L.1.2*)	2-naphthylacetic acid i-Pr2NEt (4 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	58%
Ex. 310			Ex. 300	L.1.2	3-indoleacetic acid (3.7 equiv.) i-Pr2NEt (4 equiv.) DMF (0.2 mL) bicarbonate resin (4 equiv.)	Prep. HPLC, method 2	28%
*)The treatment with (polystyrylmethyl)trimethylammonium bicarbonate was replaced by an aqueous workup (CHCl3, sat. aq. NaHCO3 soln)

TABLE 36b
Examples of Core 19 (Ex. 297-Ex. 310)
					Rt
				Monoisotopic	(purity at	[M + H] +	LC-MS-
No	R2	R5	Formula	Mass	220 nm)	found	Method
Ex. 297-Ex. 298: cf. experimental description
Ex. 299			C33H47N7O7	653.4	1.62 (97)	654.4	Method 4a
Ex. 300	NH2		C28H39N7O5	553.3	1.11 (64), 1.08 (35)	554.3	Method 4a
Ex. 301			C40H46N6O7	722.3	2.19 (89)	723.4	Method 4a
Ex. 302	NH2		C35H38N6O5	622.3	1.70 (79)	623.3	Method 4a
Ex. 303			C39H46N6O5	678.4	1.75 (100)	679.4	Method 4a
Ex. 304			C40H46N6O6	706.4	2.09 (100)	707.4	Method 4a
Ex. 305			C43H45N7O6	755.3	1.67 (57), 1.70 (38)	756.4	Method 4a
Ex. 306			C39H45N7O6	707.3	1.71 (86)	708.3	Method 4a
Ex. 307			C33H47N7O6	637.4	1.50 (638.3)	638.3	Method 4a
Ex. 308			C36H46N8O6	686.4	1.57 (92)	687.4	Method 5a
Ex. 309			C40H47N7O6	721.4	1.68 (98)	722.4	Method 4a
Ex. 310			C38H46N8O6	710.4	1.52 (97)	711.4	Method 4a

TABLE 36c
Examples of Core 19 (Ex. 297-Ex. 310)
No	R2	R5	IUPAC name
Ex. 297		OCH2Ph	benzyl (4S,6S,15S)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,16- dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26-tetraazatetracyclo [16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(24),18,20,22,25-pentaene-15- carboxylate
Ex. 298		OH	(4S,6S,15S)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,16-dimethyl- 9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26-tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25] hexacosa-1(24),18,20,22,25-pentaene-15-carboxylic acid
Ex. 299			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6S,15S)-15-({[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino} carbonyl)-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26- tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(24),18,20,22,25- pentaen-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 300	NH2		(4S,6S,15S)-6-amino-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-11,16-dimethyl- 9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26-tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25] hexacosa-1(24),18,20,22,25-pentaene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 301			tert-butyl N-[(4S,6S,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-15-{[(1- naphthylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26- tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23- pentaen-6-yl]carbamate
Ex. 302	NH2		(4S,6S,15S)-6-amino-11,16-dimethyl-N-(1-naphthylmethyl)- 9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26-tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25] hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23-pentaene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 303			(4S,6S,15S)-6-(diethylamino)-11,16-dimethyl-N-(1- naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26- tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa- 1(25),18(26),19,21,23-pentaene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 304			(4S,6S,15S )-11,16-dimethyl-N-(1-naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17-trioxo- 6-(pentanoylamino)-2-oxa-8,11,16,26-tetraazatetracyclo [16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23-pentaene-15- carboxamide
Ex. 305			(4S,6S,15S)-11,16-dimethyl-N-(1-naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17-trioxo- 6-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,16,26- tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23- pentaene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 306			(4S,6S,15S)-6-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-11,16-dimethyl- N-(1-naphthylmethyl)-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26- tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23- pentaene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 307			(4S,6S,15S)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17- trioxo-6-(pentanoylamino)-2-oxa-8,11,16,26-tetraazatetracyclo [16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23-pentaene-15- carboxamide
Ex. 308			(4S,6S,15S)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17- trioxo-6-{[3-(4-pyridinyl)propanoyl]amino}-2-oxa-8,11,16,26- tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23- pentaene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 309			(4S,6S,15S)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-11,16-dimethyl-6-{[2-(2- naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26- tetraazatetracyclo[16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23- pentaene-15-carboxamide
Ex. 310			(4S,6S,15S)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl) acetyl]amino}-11,16-dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,16,26- tetraazatetracyc1o[16.6.2.04,8.021,25]hexacosa-1(25),18(26),19,21,23- pentaene-15-carboxamide

TABLE 37
Examples of Core 20 and Core 21 (Ex. 311-Ex. 313)
No
Core 20	R2	R5	R38	IUPAC name
Ex. 311				benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S,17S)-17-[(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,15-dimethyl- 9,12,16-trioxo-6-({[2-(trimethylsilyl) ethoxy]carbonyl}amino)-2-oxa-8,11,15- triazatetracyclo[15.6.2.04,8.020,24] pentacosa-1(24),20,22-trien- 13-yl]carbamate
No
Core 21	R2	R50	IUPAC name
Ex. 312		OCH2Ph	benzyl (4S,6R,15S)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,16- dimethyl-9,12,17-trioxo-2-thia-8,11,16- triazatricyclo[16.3.1.04,8]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene-15- carboxylate
Ex. 313		OCH2Ph	benzyl (4S,6R,15S)-6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-11,16- dimethyl-2,2,9,12,17-pentaoxo-2λ6-thia-8,11,16- triazatricyclo[16.3.1.04,8]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene-15- carboxylate

Biological Methods
1. Preparation of the Example Compounds

Example compounds were weighed on a Microbalance (Mettler MX5) and dissolved in 100% DMSO to a final concentration of 2.5 mM for Ca²⁺ assays.

Example compounds were dissolved in DMSO/H₂O 90:10 to a final concentration of 10 mM for plasma stability determination and metabolic stability determination.

2. Ca²⁺ Assays: GPCR Assays for Motilin Receptor, Prostaglandin F (FP) Receptor and 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT_2B) Receptor

Assays were performed using a FLIPR Tetra (Molecular Devices); the data analysis and FLIPR Tetra Operating-Soft ware was ScreenWorks version 2 (Molecular Devices).

Dose dependent agonist and antagonist activities were determined. Percentage activation and percentage inhibition values were determined.

Percentage activation was determined upon initial addition of the sample compounds followed by 10 minutes incubation at 25° C. Following compound incubation, reference agonists were added at EC₈₀ to determine percentage inhibition.

Reference agonists were purchased from reputable commercial vendors and prepared according to specifications specific to each ligand. All handling of ligands were done to ensure proper control throughout the experiments.

Test compounds were serially diluted with DMSO. Once the appropriate concentrations were attained, the compounds were diluted into assay buffer.

GPCR Assay Buffer:

Assay buffer was a supplemented HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution). HBSS was supplemented with 20 mM HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-ethansulfonic acid) and 2.5 mM Probenecid (Sigma P8761).

Assay Plate Seeding:

GPCR assays were performed using Ca²⁺ optimized hematopoietic cell lines (rat) with cultures never exceeding 90% confluency. Cells were harvested and seeded (from cultures at less than 90% confluency) at 50000 cells/well for a 96-well plate (12500 cells/well for 384). After seeding, the assay plates were incubated for forty-five (45) minutes at room temperature. After room temperature incubation, the assay plates were incubated at 37° C. 5% CO₂ for 24 hours prior to assaying.

Calcium Dye Loading:

All GPCR assays were performed using Fluo-8 Ca²⁺ dye. Ca²⁺ dye was prepared at 1× dye concentration in GPCR assay buffer. After 24 hours of incubation, cells were washed with GPCR assay buffer, then Ca²⁺-dye (100 μL/well) was added. The plates were incubated for 90 minutes at 30° C. 5% CO₂ prior to FLIPR assay.

Agonist Assay:

Compound plates were prepared to add 50 μL/well during the agonist assay mode. During the FLIPR assay, 50 μL/well from the compound plate was diluted 3-fold into the existing 100 μL/well from the dye loading step. Therefore all compounds were prepared as 3× the final concentration desired in the assay.

After completion of the first single addition assay run, assay plate was removed from the FLIPR Tetra and placed at 25° C. for seven (7) minutes before antagonist assay.

Antagonist Assay:

Using the EC₈₀ values determined during the agonist assay, all pre-incubated sample compound and reference antagonist (if applicable) wells were stimulated with EC₈₀ of reference agonist (motilin; prostaglandin F2α).

After the addition of the reference agonist fluorescence was monitored for 180 sec using FLIPR Tetra.

Data Analysis:

From the FLIPR data, with negative control correction enabled, the maximum statistic for each well was exported and percentage activation relative to E_max control was calculated.

3. Plasma Stability

Human plasma (3-5 donors, Blutspendedienst SRK, Basel) and CD-1 mouse plasma (mixed gender pool>50 animals, Innovative Research, CA, USA) are both sodium citrate stabilized. The assay is performed in triplicates at 10 μM compound concentration and 37° C. Samples are taken at 0, 15, 60, and 240 minutes and stopped by precipitation with 2 volumes of acetonitrile. The supernatant is collected, evaporated and reconstituted in a 5% acetonitrile solution to be analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. The resulting peak area counts are expressed in percent of the 0 value and used to determine the endpoint stability in % and the half life T½ in minutes. In order to monitor assay integrity the degradation of propantheline is assayed with every experimental set

4. Metabolic Stability

Microsomes from a human 50 donor mixed gender pool and 1:1 mixtures of microsomes from CD-1 mouse single-gender pools are purchased from Celsis (Belgium). The enzymatic reaction is performed in a buffer containing an NADPH regeneration system and microsomes with the following end concentrations: 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (all from Sigma), 1 mg/mL glucose-6-phosphate, 1 mg/mL β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), 0.65 mg/mL magnesium chloride, 0.8 units/mL of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (prediluted with 5 mM citrate buffer), 10 μM compound and 1 mg/ml microsomal protein. Compounds are incubated at 37° C. in duplicates and samples are taken after 0, 20 and 60 minutes. After acetonitrile precipitation (2 volumes) and HPLC/MS/MS analysis metabolic turnover is expressed in % of the initial 0 minutes value and half life T½ (min) is calculated. Verapamil for human and propranolol for mouse are used as reference and are assayed with every experimental set.

• • F. P. Guengerich, Analysis and Characterization of Enzymes; in: Principles and Methods of Toxicology; A. W. Hayes (Ed.) Raven Press: New York, 1989, 777-813.
  • R. Singh et al., In vitro metabolism of a potent HIV-protease inhibitor (141W94) using rat, monkey and human liver S9, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1996, 10, 1019-1026.
    5. Results

The results of the experiments described under 1.-4. (above) are indicated in Table 38 and Table 39 herein below.

TABLE 38
Biological Data
	Motilin receptor		FP receptor		5-HT2B receptor
	antagonist activity	Motilin receptor	antagonist activity	FP receptor	agonist activity	5-HT2B receptor
	[% inhibition	antagonist activity	[% inhibition	antagonist activity	[% activation	agonist activity
No	at 10 μM]	IC50 [μM]]	at 10 μM]	IC50 [μM]	at 12.5 μM]	EC50[μM]
Ex. 9	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	48	12
Ex. 11	79	0.78	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Ex. 12	95	2.7	44	n.d.	36	3.3
Ex. 16	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	45	6.6
Ex. 30	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	48	3.3
Ex. 49	98	0.16	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Ex. 184	n.d.	n.d.	74	0.52	n.d.	n.d.
Ex. 200	n.d.	n.d.	38	28	n.d.	n.d.
Ex. 213	n.d.	n.d.	78	1.7	n.d.	n.d.
n.d. not determined

TABLE 39
Plasma Stability and Metabolic Stability
	Plasma Stability	Metabolic Stability
	T ½ [min]	240 min	T ½ min]	240 min	T ½ [min]	60 min	T ½ [min]	60 min
No	hum	hum	mouse	mouse	hum	hum	mouse	mouse
Ex. 9	240	99	240	93	32	20	60	80
Ex. 11	240	100	240	100	60	74	60	77
Ex. 12	240	99	240	100	17	7	35	33
Ex. 16	240	95	240	97	38	31	60	79
Ex. 30	240	85	240	100	22	2	60	55
Ex. 37	240	77	240	100	60	100	60	100
Ex. 43	240	82	240	89	60	100	60	98
Ex. 49	240	83	240	96	24	10	60	83
Ex. 78	240	65	240	100	60	78	60	100
Ex. 91	240	96	240	88	60	91	60	95
Ex. 93	240	100	240	100	24	1	29	15
Ex. 95	240	100	240	93	60	76	60	94
Ex. 98	240	100	240	78	60	97	60	100
Ex. 102	240	65	240	75	23	4	42	39
Ex. 103	240	97	240	75	35	22	36	25
Ex. 138	240	89	240	78	60	62	60	99
Ex. 184	240	66	240	58	15	0	22	0
Ex. 200	240	91	240	100	27	12	30	26
Ex. 208	240	98	240	90	60	84	60	100
Ex. 213	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	16	0	17	4
Ex. 230	240	100	240	95	60	61	60	90
Ex. 260	240	100	240	100	37	19	60	69
Ex. 262	240	100	240	93	21	0	23	4
Ex. 264	240	94	240	88	n.d.	n.d.	42	32
Ex. 266	240	92	240	74	60	100	60	98
Ex. 267	240	75	240	79	60	99	60	100
Ex. 272	240	95	240	92	60	65	60	81
n.d. not determined

Claims

1. Compounds of the general formula I incorporating the building blocks A, B and C wherein the encircled moiteties a, b and c in building blocks A, B and C are selected from Tables 1, 2 and 3, respectively, and are appropriately and independently substituted as defined below: TABLE 1 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 a16 a17 a18 a19 a20 a21 a22 a23 a24 a25 TABLE 2 B1 (b1) B2 (b2) B3 (b2) B4 (b3) B5 (b3) B6 (b3) B7 (b3) B8 (b3) B9 (b3) B10 (b3) B11 (b4 ) B12 (b4) B13 (b4) B14 (b4) B15 (b4) B16 (b4) B17 (b5) B18 (b8) B19 (b10) B20 (b11) B21 (b11) the encircled parts of the bridge subunits c1-c3 representing optionally substitued groups, definitions of c1-c3 being depicted in Table 3, below, each reading from the N-terminus to the C-terminus of the linker C, said linker C being, in the simplest case, constituted by one subunit c1, i.e. c1-1 to c1-6, and for the embodiments consisting of two or three subunits all possible combinations of the subunits c1-c3 and the connectivities U, V and W being possible; TABLE 3 Scope of Subunits of c1-c3 of the Linker Group C C U = V, W = c1-1 c1-2 c1-3 c1-4 c1-5 c1-6 c2-1 c2-2 c2-3 c2-4 c2-5 c2-6 c3-1 c3-2 c3-3 the substituents directly attached to building blocks A, B and C, i.e. R1-R17, being defined as follows: substituents introduced in the sub-definitions of the radical R1-R17 being defined as follows: TABLE 4 Groups of Formulae H1-H34 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29 H30 H31 H32 H33 H34 TABLE 5 Radicals of formulae H35-H41 H35 H36 H37 H38 H39 H40 H41 TABLE 6 Groups of Formulae H43-H50 H42 H43 H44 H45 H46 H47 H48 H49 H50 TABLE 7 Groups of Formulae H51-H55 H51 H52 H53 H54 H55 TABLE 8 Groups of Formulae H56-H110 H56 H57 H58 H59 H60 H61 H62 H63 H64 H65 H66 H67 H68 H69 H70 H71 H72 H73 H74 H75 H76 H77 H78 H79 H80 H81 H82 H83 H84 H85 H86 H87 H88 H89 H90 H91 H92 H93 H94 H95 H96 H97 H98 H99 H100 H101 H102 H103 H104 H105 H106 H106 H108 H109 H110 TABLE 9 Heterocyclic Groups Defined by Linking the Residues of the Disubstituted Amino Groups —NR4R11; —NR27R28; —NR28R31 or —NR28R43. H111 H112 H113 H114 H115 H116 H117 H118 varibale heteroatoms and connector groups in the aforementioned structures being as follows:

R1 is H; F; Cl; Br; I; CF3; OCF3; OCHF2; NO2; CN; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)qOR20; —(CR18R19)qSR20; —(CR18R19)qNR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qOCONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qOCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qNR4COOR21;

—(CR18R19)qNR4COR22; —(CR18R19)qNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2R23;

—(CR18R19)qNR4SO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qPO(OR21)2; —(CR18R19)qOPO(OR21)2;

—(CR18R19)qCOR22; —(CR18R19)qSO2R23; —(CR18R19)qOSO3R21;

—(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R2 is H; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR18R19)qOR20;

—(CR18R19)qSR20; —(CR18R19)qNR4R11; —(CR18R19)qOCONR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qOCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qNR4COOR21; —(CR18R19)qNR4COR22;

—(CR18R19)qNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2R23; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qR24;

—(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R3 is H; CF3; alkyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

R4 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; or heteroarylalkyl;

R5, R7 and R9 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)sOR20; —(CR18R19)sSR20; —(CR18R19)sNR4R11;

—(CR18R19)sOCONR4R11; —(CR18R19)sOCOOR21; —(CR18R19)sNR4COOR21;

—(CR18R19)sNR4COR22; —(CR18R19)sNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4SO2R23;

—(CR18R19)sNR4SO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qPO(OR21)2;

—(CR18R19)qCOR22; —(CR18R19)qSO2R23; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R6, R8 and R10 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; or heteroarylalkyl;

R11 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)rOR20; —(CR18R19)rSR20; —(CR18R19)rNR4R27;

—(CR18R19)rOCONR4R27; —(CR18R19)rOCOOR21; —(CR18R19)rNR4COOR21;

—(CR18R19)rNR4CONR4R27; —(CR18R19)rNR4SO2R23; —(CR18R19)rNR4SO2NR4R27;

—(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R27; —(CR18R19)qCOR22;

—(CR18R19)qSO2R23; —(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R27; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)sR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R12 and R13 are independently defined as H; or alkyl;

R14 and R16 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)sOR20; —(CR18R19)sNR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4COOR21;

—(CR18R19)sNR4COR22; —(CR18R19)sNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4SO2R23;

—(CR18R19)sNR4SO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11; or —(CR18R19)qCOR22;

R15 and R17 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; or heteroarylalkyl;

R18 is H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR29R30)sOR31;

—(CR29R30)sSR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28R31; —(CR29R30)sOCONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)sOCOOR21; —(CR29R30)sNR28COOR21;

—(CR29R30)sNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28SO2R23;

—(CR29R30)sNR28SO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOOR21; —(CR29R30)qCONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qSO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qPO(OR21)2; —(CR29R30)qCOR31;

—(CR29R30)qSO2R23;

—(CR29R30)qR24; —(CR29R30)qR25; or —(CR29R30)qR26;

R19 is H; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

R20 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)rOR31; —(CR29R30)rSR31;

—(CR29R30)rNR28R31; —(CR29R30)rOCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)rNR28COOR21;

—(CR29R30)rNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)rNR28SO2R23;

—(CR29R30)rNR28SO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qCOOR21; —(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qSO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qCOR31; —(CR29R30)qSO2R23; —(CR29R30)qR24; —(CR29R30)qR25; or —(CR29R30)qR26;

R21 is alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; or heteroarylalkyl;

R22 is alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)sOR31; —(CR29R30)sSR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28R31;

—(CR29R30)sOCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28COOR21; —(CR29R30)sNR28COR31;

—(CR29R30)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28SO2R23;

—(CR29R30)sNR28SO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)sCOOR21; —(CR29R30)sCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sSO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)tCOR31; —(CR29R30)sSO2R23; —(CR29R30)tR24; —(CR29R30)tR25; or —(CR29R30)tR26;

R23 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or —(CR32R33)tR24;

R24 is aryl, an optionally substituted phenyl group of type C6H2R34R35R31; or a heteroaryl group, one of the groups of formulae H1-H34 (Table 4), below;

R25 is one of the groups of formulae H35-H41 as shown in Table 5, below;

R26 is one of the groups of formulae H42-H50 as shown in Table 6, below;

R27 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or

—(CR29R30)R24;

R28 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR32R33)sOR21; —(CR32R33)sNR43R42; —(CR32R33)sNR42CONR43R42;

—(CR32R33)sNR42COR21; —(CR32R33)sNR42SO2NR21; —(CR32R33)qCOOR21;

—(CR32R33)qCOR23; —(CR32R33)qSO2R21;

R29 is H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR32R33)sOR31;

—(CR32R33)sSR31; —(CR32R33)sNR28R31; —(CR32R33)sOCONR28R31; —(CR32R33)sOCOOR21; —(CR32R33)sNR28COOR21;

—(CR32R33)sNR28COR31; —(CR32R33)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR32R33)sNR28SO2R23;

—(CR32R33)sNR28SO2NR28R31; —(CR32R33)qCOOR21; —(CR32R33)qCONR28R31;

—(CR32R33)qSO2NR28R31; —(CR32R33)2PO(OR21)2; —(CR32R33)qCOR31;

—(CR32R33)qSO2R23;

—(CR32R33)qR31;

R30 is H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

R31 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or one of the groups of formulae H51-H55 as shown in Table 7 below;

R32 and R33 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

R34 and R35 are independently defined as H; F; Cl; CF3; OCF3; OCHF2; NO2; CN; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; ——(CR29R30)qOR31;

—(CR29R30)qSR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28R31; —(CR29R30)qOCONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qNR28COOR21; —(CR29R30)qNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28CONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qNR28SO2R23; —(CR29R30)qNR28SO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qCOOR21;

—(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qSO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31;

—(CR29R30)qSO2R23; or —(CR29R30)qR31;

R36 H; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; or —NR28R31;

R37 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)rOR31; —(CR29R30)rSR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28R31; —(CR29R30)rOCONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)rNR28COOR21; —(CR29R30)rNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28CONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)rNR28SO2R23; —(CR29R30)rNR28SO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOOR21;

—(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)rSO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31;

—(CR29R30)qSO2R23; or —(CR29R30)qR31;

R38 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR29R30)qOR31; —(CR29R30)qSR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qNR28COOR21; —(CR29R30)qNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28CONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qCOOR21; —(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31; or

—(CR29R30)qR31;

R39 is H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR32R33)uOR21;

—(CR32R33)uNR28R43; —(CR32R33)tCOOR21; or —(CR32R33)tCONR28R43;

R40 is H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —(CR32R33)uOR21;

—(CR32R33)uNR28R43; —(CR32R33)tCOOR21; or —(CR32R33)tCONR28R43;

R41 is H; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —OR21; —NR28R43; —NR28COR23; —NR28COOR21;

—NR28SO2R23; —NR28CONR28R43; —COOR21; —CONR28R43; —C(═NR43)NR28N43;

—NR28C(═NR43)NR28N43; or one of the groups of formulae H56-H110 as shown in Table 8 below;

R42 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; cycloheteroalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl;

—(CR23R33)sOR21; —(CR23R33)sNR28R43; —(CR23R33)qCOOR21; or —(CR23R33)qCONR21R43;

R43 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; or heteroarylalkyl;

R44, R45 and R46 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; OCF3; OCHF2; NO2; CN; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —OR23; —NR28R43; —NR28COR23;

—NR28SO2R23; —NR28CONR28R43; —COR23; —SO2R23;

R47 is H; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; —COOR21; or —CONR28R43;

R48 is H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; cycloheteroalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl;

—(CR23R33)tOR21; —(CR23R33)tNR28R43; —(CR23R33)tCOOR21;

—(CR23R33)tCONR21R43;

R49 and R50 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; alkyl; alkenyl; cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR32R33)qOR21; —(CR32R33)qNR28R43; —(CR32R33)qCOOR21; or

—(CR32R33)qCONR28R43;

taken together the following pairs of said substituents can define cyclic structural elements:

(R4 and R11); (R4 and R27); (R5 and R6); (R5 and R7); (R5 and R9); (R5 and R14); (R5 and R16); (R7 and R8); (R7 and R9); (R7 and R16); (R9 and R10); (R14 and R15); (R16 and R17); (R18 and R19); (R27 and R28); (R28 and R31); (R28 and R43); (R29 and R30); (R32 and R33); (R34 and R35); (R37 and R38); (R39 and R40); (R39 and R41); (R39 and R49); (R42 and R43); (R44 and R45); or (R44 and R46) can form optionally substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl moieties;

in addition, the structural elements —NR4R11; —NR27R28; —NR28R31 or —NR28R43 can form one of the groups of formulae H111-H118 as shown in Table 9, below;

Z: O; S; S(═O); S(═O)2; or NR28;

Y: O; S; or NR37;

X: O; S; S(═O); or S(═O)2;

Q: O; S; or NR28;

U, V and W: as defined in Table 3, above;

T: CR46 or N;

in case T occurs several times in the same ring structure each T being defined independently of the other; and

the indices being defined as follows: q=0-4; r=2-4; s=1-4; t=0-2; and u=1-2;

all possible stereoismers and pharmaceutical acceptable salts thereof.

2. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein A, B and C are selected from Tables 10, 2 and 12, and are appropriately and independently substituted as defined below: TABLE 10 Radicals A1(a1)-A626(a25) A1(a1) A2(a1) A3(a1) A4(a1) A5(a1) A6(a1) A7(a1) A8(a1) A9(a1) A10(a1) A11(a1) A12(a1) A13(a1) A14(a1) A15(a1) A16(a1) A17(a1) A18(a1) A19(a1) A20(a1) A21(a1) A22(a1) A23(a1) A24(a1) A25(a1) A26(a1) A27(a1) A28(a1) A29(a1) A30(a1) A31(a1) A32(a1) A33(a1) A34(a1) A35(a1) A36(a1) A37(a1) A38(a1) A39(a1) A40(a1) A41(a1) A42(a1) A43(a1) A44(a1) A45(a1) A46(a1) A47(a1) A48(a1) A49(a1) A50(a1) A51(a1) A52(a1) A53(a1) A54(a1) A55(a1) A56(a1) A57(a1) A58(a1) A59(a1) A60(a2) A61(a2) A62(a2) A63(a2) A64(a2) A65(a2) A66(a2) A67(a2) A68(a2) A69(a2) A70(a2) A71(a2) A72(a2) A73(a2) A74(a2) A75(a2) A76(a2) A77(a2) A78(a2) A79(a2) A80(a2) A81(a2) A82(a2) A83(a2) A84(a2) A85(a2) A86(a2) A87(a2) A88(a2) A89(a2) A90(a2) A91(a2) A92(a2) A93(a2) A94(a2) A95(a2) A96(a2) A97(a2) A98(a2) A99(a2) A100(a2) A101(a2) A102(a2) A103(a2) A104(a2) A105(a2) A106(a2) A107(a2) A108(a2) A109(a2) A110(a2) A111(a2) A112(a2) A113(a2) A114(a2) A115(a2) A116(a2) A117(a2) A118(a2) A119(a2) A120(a2) A121(a2) A122(a2) A123(a2) A124(a2) A125(a2) A126(a2) A127(a2) A128(a2) A129(a2) A130(a2) A131(a2) A132(a2) A133(a2) A134(a2) A135(a2) A136(a2) A137(a2) A138(a2) A139(a2) A140(a2) A141(a2) A142(a2) A143(a2) A144(a3) A145(a3) A146(a3) A147(a3) A148(a3) A149(a3) A150(a3) A151(a3) A152(a3) A153(a3) A154(a3) A155(a3) A156(a3) A157(a3) A158(a3) A159(a3) A160(a3) A161(a3) A162(a3) A163(a3) A164(a3) A165(a3) A166(a4) A167(a4) A168(a4) A169(a4) A170(a4) A171(a4) A172(a4) A173(a4) A174(a4) A175(a4) A176(a4) A177(a4) A178(a4) A179(a4) A180(a4) A181(a4) A182(a4) A183(a4) A184(a4) A185(a4) A186(a4) A187(a4) A188(a4) A189(a5) A190(a5) A191(a5) A192(a5) A193(a5) A194(a5) A195(a5) A196(a5) A197(a5) A198(a5) A199(a5) A200(a5) A201(a6) A202(a6) A203(a6) A204(a6) A205(a6) A206(a6) A207(a7) A208(a7) A209(a7) A210(a7) A211(a7) A212(a7) A213(a7) A214(a7) A215(a7) A216(a7) A217(a7) A218(a7) A219(a7) A220(a7) A221(a7) A222(a7) A223(a7) A224(a7) A225(a7) A226(a7) A227(a7) A228(a7) A229(a8) A230(a8) A231(a8) A232(a8) A233(a8) A234(a8) A235(a9) A236(a9) A237(a9) A238(a9) A239(a9) A240(a10) A241(a10) A242(a10) A243(a10) A244(a10) A245(a10) A246(a10) A247(a10) A248(a10) A249(a10) A250(a10) A251(a10) A252(a10) A253(a10) A254(a10) A255(a10) A256(a10) A257(a10) A258(a10) A259(a10) A260(a10) A261(a10) A262(a10) A263(a10) A264(a10) A265(a10) A266(a10) A267(a10) A268(a10) A269(a10) A270(a10) A271(a10) A272(a10) A273(a10) A274(a10) A275(a10) A276(a10) A277(a10) A278(a10) A279(a10) A280(a10) A281(a10) A282(a10) A283(a10) A284(a10) A285(a10) A286(a10) A287(a10) A288(a10) A280(a10) A290(a10) A291(a10) A292(a10) A293(a10) A294(a10) A295(a10) A296(a10) A297(a10) A298(a10) A299(a10) A300 (a10) A301 (a10) A302 (a10) A303 (a10) A304 (a10) A305 (a10) A306 (a10) A307 (a10) A308 (a10) A309 (a10) A310 (a10) A311 (a10) A312 (a10) A313 (a10) A314 (a10) A315 (a10) A316 (a10) A317 (a10) A318 (a10) A319 (a10) A320 (a10) A321 (a10) A322 (a10) A323 (a10) A324 (a10) A325 (a10) A326 (a10) A327 (a10) A328 (a10) A329 (a10) A330 (a10) A331 (a10) A332 (a10) A333 (a10) A334 (a10) A335 (a10) A336 (a10) A337 (a10) A338 (a10) A339 (a10) A340 (a10) A341 (a10) A342 (a10) A343 (a10) A344 (a10) A345 (a10) A346 (a10) A347 (a10) A348 (a10) A349 (a10) A350 (a10) A351 (a10) A352 (a10) A353 (a10) A354 (a10) A355 (a10) A356 (a10) A357 (a10) A358 (a11) A359 (a11) A360 (a11) A361 (a11) A362 (a11) A363 (a11) A364 (a11) A365 (a11) A366 (a11) A367 (a11) A368 (a11) A369 (a11) A370 (a11) A371 (a11) A372 (a11) A373 (a12) A374 (a12) A375 (a12) A376 (a12) A377 (a12) A378 (a12) A379 (a12) A380 (a12) A381 (a12) A382 (a12) A383 (a12) A384 (a12) A385 (a12) A386 (a13) A387 (a13) A388 (a13) A389 (a13) A390 (a13) A391 (a13) A392 (a13) A393 (a13) A394 (a13) A395 (a13) A396 (a13) A397 (a13) A398 (a13) A399 (a14) A400 (a14) A401 (a14) A402 (a14) A403 (a14) A404 (a14) A405 (a14) A406 (a14) A407 (a14) A408 (a14) A409 (a14) A410 (a14) A411 (a14) A412 (a14) A413 (a14) A414 (a15) A415 (a15) A416 (a15) A417 (a15) A418 (a15) A419 (a15) A420 (a15) A421 (a15) A422 (a15) A423 (a15) A424 (a15) A425 (a15) A426 (a15) A427 (a15) A428 (a15) A429 (a15) A430 (a15) A431 (a15) A432 (a15) A433 (a15) A434 (a15) A435 (a15) A436 (a15) A437 (a15) A438 (a15) A439 (a15) A440 (a15) A441 (a15) A442 (a15) A443 (a15) A444 (a15) A445 (a15) A446 (a15) A447 (a15) A448 (a15) A449 (a15) A450 (a16) A451 (a16) A452 (a16) A453 (a16) A454 (a16) A455 (a16) A456 (a16) A457 (a16) A458 (a16) A459 (a16) A460 (a17) A461 (a17) A462 (a17) A463 (a17) A464 (a17) A465 (a17) A466 (a17) A467 (a17) A468 (a17) A469 (a17) A470 (a17) A471 (a17) A472 (a17) A473 (a17) A474 (a17) A475 (a17) A476 (a17) A477 (a17) A478 (a17) A479 (a17) A480 (a17) A481 (a17) A482 (a17) A483 (a17) A484 (a17) A485 (a17) A486 (a17) A487 (a17) A488 (a17) A489 (a17) A490 (a17) A491 (a17) A492 (a17) A493 (a17) A494 (a17) A495 (a17) A496 (a17) A497 (a17) A498 (a17) A499 (a17) A500 (a17) A501 (a17) A502 (a17) A503 (a17) A504 (a17) A505 (a17) A506 (a17) A507 (a17) A508 (a17) A509 (a17) A510 (a17) A511 (a17) A512 (a17) A513 (a17) A514 (a17) A515 (a17) A516 (a18) A517 (a18) A518 (a18) A519 (a18) A520 (a18) A521 (a18) A522 (a18) A523 (a18) A524 (a18) A525 (a18) A526 (a18) A527 (a18) A528 (a18) A529 (a18) A530 (a18) A531 (a18) A532 (a18) A533 (a18) A534 (a18) A535 (a18) A536 (a18) A537 (a18) A538 (a18) A539 (a18) A540 (a18) A541 (a18) A542 (a18) A543 (a18) A544 (a18) A545 (a18) A546 (a18) A547 (a18) A548 (a18) A549 (a19) A550 (a19) A551 (a19) A552 (a19) A553 (a19) A554 (a19) A555 (a19) A556 (a19) A557 (a19) A558 (a19) A559 (a19) A560 (a19) A561 (a19) A562 (a19) A563 (a19) A564 (a19) A565 (a20) A566 (a20) A567 (a20) A568 (a20) A569 (a20) A570 (a20) A571 (a20) A572 (a20) A573 (a20) A574 (a20) A575 (a20) A576 (a20) A577 (a20) A578 (a21) A579 (a21) A580 (a21) A581 (a21) A582 (a21) A583 (a21) A584 (a21) A585 (a21) A586 (a21) A587 (a21) A588 (a22) A589 (a22) A590 (a22) A591 (a22) A592 (a22) A593 (a22) A594 (a22) A595 (a22) A596 (a22) A597 (a22) A598 (a22) A599 (a22) A600 (a22) A601 (a22) A602 (a23) A603 (a23) A604 (a23) A605 (a23) A606 (a23) A607 (a23) A608 (a23) A609 (a24) A610 (a24) A611 (a24) A612 (a24) A613 (a24) A614 (a24) A615 (a24) A616 (a24) A617 (a24) A618 (a24) A619 (a25) A620 (a25) A621 (a25) A622 (a25) A623 (a25) A624 (a25) A625 (a25) A626 (a25) B is selected from the divalent building blocks B1-B21 shown in Table 2, below which are based on optionally substituted cyclic secondary amines carrying a moiety of type —CHR3-LG, wherein LG is a suitable leaving group that can be replaced by the nucleophilic groups of building blocks A thus forming an ether (—O—) or a thioether (—S—) linkage between building blocks of type A and B; TABLE 2 B1(b1) B2(b2) B3(b2) B4(b3) B5(b3) B6(b3) B7(b3) B8(b3) B9(b3) B10(b3) B11(b4) B12(b4) B13(b4) B14(b4) B15(b4) B16(b4) B17(b5) B18(b8) B19(b10) B20(b11) B21(b11) TABLE 12 Embodiments of Linker C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 C37 C38 C39 C40 C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 C47 C48 C49 C50 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 C57 C58 C59 C60 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 C67 C68 C69 C70 C71 C72 C73 C74 C75 C76 C77 C78 C79 C80 C81 C82 C83 C84 C85 C86 C87 C88 C89 C90 C91 C92 C93 C94 C95 C96 C97 C98 C99 C100 C101 the variable heteroatom Z and the connector U are defined as: being defined as in claim 1.

R1 is H; F; Cl; Br; I; CF3; OCF3; OCHF2; NO2; CN; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkynyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —(CR18R19)qOR20;

—(CR18R19)qNR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4COOR21; —(CR18R19)qNR4COR22;

—(CR18R19)qNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2R23; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qPO(OR21)2; —(CR18R19)qCOR22; —(CR18R19)qSO2R23;

—(CR18R19)qOSO3R21; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R2 is H; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)qOR20; —(CR18R19)qNR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4COOR21;

—(CR18R19)qNR4COR22; —(CR18R19)qNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2R23;

—(CR18R19)qNR4SO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qPO(OR21)2; —(CR18R19)qCOR22;

—(CR18R19)qSO2R23; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R3 is defined as in claim 1;

R4 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower cycloalkyl;

R5, R7 and R9 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)3OR20; —(CR18R19)sNR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4COOR21;

—(CR18R19)sNR4COR22; —(CR18R19)sNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4SO2R23;

—(CR18R19)sNR4SO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qPO(OR21)2; —(CR18R19)qCOR22;

—(CR18R19)qSO2R23; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R6, R8 and R10 are independently defined as H; CF3; or lower alkyl;

R11 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —(CR18R19)rOR20;

—(CR18R19)rNR4R27; —(CR18R19)rNR4COOR21;

—(CR18R19)rNR4CONR4R27; —(CR18R19)rNR4SO2R23; —(CR18R19)rNR4SO2NR4R27; —(CR18R19)qCOOR21;

—(CR18R19)qCONR4R27; —(CR18R19)qCOR22; —(CR18R19)qSO2R23;

—(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R27; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)sR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R12 and R13 are independently defined as H; or lower alkyl;

R14 and R16 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)sOR20; —(CR18R19)sNR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4COOR21;

—(CR18R19)sNR4COR22; —(CR18R19)sNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4SO2R23;

—(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qCOR22;

R15 and R17 are independently defined as H; CF3; lower alkyl;

R18 is H; F; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)sOR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28COOR21;

—(CR29R30)sNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28SO2R23;

—(CR29R30)sNR28SO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qCOOR21; —(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qSO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qPO(OR21)2; (CR29R30)qCOR31; —(CR29R30)qSO2R23;

—(CR29R30)qR24; —(CR29R30)qR25; or —(CR29R30)qR26;

R19 is H; CF3; or lower alkyl;

R20 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)rOR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28R31; —(CR29R30)rNR28COOR21;

—(CR29R30)rNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)rNR28SO2R23;

—(CR29R30)qCOOR21; —(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qSO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qCOR31; —(CR29R30)qSO2R23; —(CR29R30)qR24; —(CR29R30)qR25; or —(CR29R30)qR26;

R21 and R23 are as defined in claim 1;

R22 lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)sOR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28COOR21;

—(CR29R30)sNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28SO2—R23;

—(CR29R30)sCOOR21; —(CR29R30)sCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sSO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)tCOR31; —(CR29R30)sSO2R23; —(CR29R30)tR24; —(CR29R30)tR25; or —(CR29R30)tR26;

R24, R25 and R26, R27 and R28 are as defined in claim 1;

R29 is H; F; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR32R33)sOR31; —(CR32R33)sNR28R31; —(CR32R33)sNR28COOR21;

—(CR32R33)sNR28COR31; —(CR32R33)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR32R33)sNR28SO2R23;

—(CR32R33)qCOOR21; —(CR32R33)qCONR28R31; —(CR32R33)qSO2NR28R31;

—(CR32R33)qPO(OR21)2; —(CR32R33)qCOR31; —(CR32R33)qSO2R23;

—(CR32R33)qR31;

R30 and R33 are H; CF3; lower alkyl;

R31 and R32 are as defined in claim 1;

R34 and R35 are independently defined as H; F; Cl; CF3; OCF3; OCHF2; NO2; CN; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkynyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —(CR29R30)qOR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qNR28COOR21; —(CR29R30)qNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28CONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qNR28SO2R23; —(CR29R30)qCOOR21;

—(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qSO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31;

—(CR29R30)qSO2R23; or —(CR29R30)qR31;

R36 is as defined in claim 1;

R37 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)rOR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28R31;

—(CR29R30)rNR28COOR21; —(CR29R30)rNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28CONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)rNR28SO2R23; —(CR29R30)qCOOR21;

—(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)rSO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31;

—(CR29R30)qSO2R23; or —(CR29R30)qR31;

R38 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)qOR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28R31; —(CR29R30)qNR28COOR21;

—(CR29R30)qNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOOR21;

—(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31; or —(CR29R30)qR31;

R39; R40; R41; R42; R43; R44; R45; R46; R47; R48; R49 and R50 are as defined in claim 1;

Z being O; S(═O); or S(═O)2; and

U being —C(═O)—; —NR4—C(═O)—; —C(═O)—C(═O)—; or —C(—OR20)2—C(═O)—; and

substituents that can be pairwise taken together and form optionally substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl moieties;

structural elements that can form one of the groups of formulae H111-H118 (Table 9);

variable heteroatoms Q, T, X and Y; and

indices q-u

3. Compounds according to claim 2 wherein A is A1(a1); A2(a1); A3(a1); A4(a1); A5(a1); A6(a1); A7(a1); A9(a1); A10(a1); A73(a2); A170(a4); A209(a7); A240(a10); A272(a10); A532(a18); A609(a24); A612(a24) and A614(a24) as shown in Table 13, below; TABLE 13 Building Blocks of Type A A1(a1) A2(a1) A3(a1) A4(a1) A5(a1) A6(a1) A7(a1) A9(a1) A10(a1) A73(a2) A170(a4) A209(a7) A240(a10) A272(a10) A532(a18) A609(a24) A612(a24) A614(a24) B is B4(b3); B5(b3); B6(b3); B7(b3); B8(b3); B9(b3); B10(b3); B12(b4); B13(b4); B14(b4); B15(b4); B16(b4) or B17(b5) as shown in Table 14, below; TABLE 14 Building Blocks of Type B B4(b3) B5(b3) B6(b3) B7(b3) B8(b3) B9(b3) B10(b3) B12(b4) B13(b4) B14(b4) B15(b4) B16(b4) B17(b5) linker C is one of the groups shown in Table 15, below; TABLE 15 Linkers of type C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C34 C35 C36 C37 C38 C39 C43 C44 C45 C46 C47 C48 C49 C50 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 C57 C58 C59 C60 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 C67 C68 C69 C70 C71 C72 C73 C74 C75 C76 C77 C78 C79 C80 C81 C86 C87 C88 C89 C90 C91 C92 C93.

4. Compounds according to claim 3 wherein the building blocks of type A are A1(a1); A2(a1); A3(a1); A4(a1); A5(a1); A6(a1); A7(a1); A9(a1); A10(a1); A73(a2); A170(a4); A209(a7); A240(a10); A272(a10); A532(a18); A614(a24) as shown in Table 16, below; TABLE 16 Building Blocks of Type A A1(a1) A2(a1) A3(a1) A4(a1) A5(a1) A6(a1) A7(a1) A9(a1) A10(a1) A73(a2) A170(a4) A209(a7) A272(a10) A532(a18) A614(a24) the building blocks of type B are B7, B8, B9 and B-17 as shown in Table 17, below; TABLE 17 Building Blocks of Type B B7-1 B7-2 B7-3 B7-4 B8-1 B8-2 B8-3 B8-4 B9-1 B9-2 B9-3 B9-4 B17-1 B17-2 the linkers C are those listed in Table 18, below; TABLE 18 Embodiments of Linker C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C34 C35 C36 C37 C38 C39 C43 C44 C45 C46 C47 C48 C49 C54 C55 C56 C57 C58 C59 C60 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C70 C71 C72 C73 C74 C75 C76 C77 C90 C91 C92 C93

R1 is H; F; Cl; CF3; OCF3; OCHF2; NO2; CN; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkynyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)qOR20; —(CR18R19)qNR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4COR22;

—(CR18R19)qNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2R23; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qCOR22; —(CR18R19)qSO2R23; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R2 is H; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)qOR20; —(CR18R19)qNR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4COR22;

—(CR18R19)qNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2R23; —(CR18R19)qNR4SO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qCOOR21; —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11;

—(CR18R19)qCOR22; —(CR18R19)qSO2R23; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26,

R3 is as defined in claim 1;

R4 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;

R5, R7 and R9 are independently defined as H; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)sOR20; —(CR18R19)sNR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4COR22;

—(CR18R19)sNR4CONR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4SO2R23; —(CR18R19)qCOOR21;

—(CR18R19)qCONR4R11; —(CR18R19)qSO2NR4R11; —(CR18R19)qCOR22;

—(CR18R19)qSO2R23; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)qR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R6, R8 and R10 are independently defined as H; CF3; or CH3;

R11 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —(CR18R19)rOR20;

—(CR18R19)rNR4R27; —(CR18R19)rNR4CONR4R27;

—(CR18R19)rNR4SO2R23; —(CR18R19)qCOOR21;

—(CR18R19)qCONR4R27; —(CR18R19)qCOR22; —(CR18R19)qR24; —(CR18R19)sR25; or —(CR18R19)qR26;

R12 and R13 are independently defined as H; or lower alkyl;

R14 and R16 are independently defined as H; F; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR18R19)sOR20; —(CR18R19)sNR4R11; —(CR18R19)sNR4COR22;

—(CR18R19)qCOOR21; or —(CR18R19)qCONR4R11;

R15 and R17 are independently defined as H; CF3; or CH3;

R18 is H; F; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)sOR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28R31;

—(CR29R30)sNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28SO2R23;

—(CR29R30)qCOOR21; —(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qSO2NR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qCOR31; —(CR29R30)qSO2R23; —(CR29R30)qR24;

—(CR29R30)qR25; or —(CR29R30)qR26;

R19 is H; CF3; or CH3;

R20 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)rOR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28R31; —(CR29R30)rNR28COR31;

—(CR29R30)rNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)rNR28SO2R23; —(CR29R30)qCOOR21;

—(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qSO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31;

—(CR29R30)qSO2R23; —(CR29R30)qR24; —(CR29R30)qR25; or —(CR29R30)qR26;

R21 and R23 are as defined in claim 1;

R22 is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)sOR31; —(CR29R30)sNR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28COR31;

—(CR29R30)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sNR28SO2R23; —(CR29R30)sCOOR21;

—(CR29R30)sCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)sSO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)tCOR31;

—(CR29R30)sSO2R23; —(CR29R30)tR24;

—(CR29R30)tR25; or —(CR29R30)tR26;

R24, R25, R26, R27 and R28 are as defined in claim 1;

R29 is H; F; CF3; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR32R33)sOR31; —(CR32R33)sNR28R31;

—(CR32R33)sNR28COR31; —(CR32R33)sNR28CONR28R31; —(CR32R33)qCOOR21;

—(CR32R33)qCONR28R31; —(CR32R33)qCOR31; or —(CR32R33)qR31;

R30 and R33 are H; CF3; or CH3;

R31 and R32 are as defined in claim 1;

R34 and R35 are independently defined as H; F; Cl; CF3; OCF3; OCHF2; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkynyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl; —(CR29R30)qOR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qNR28SO2R23; —(CR29R30)qCOOR21;

—(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)gSO2NR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31;

—(CR29R30)qSO2R23; or —(CR29R30)qR31;

R36 is as defined in claim 1;

R37 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)rOR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28R31;

—(CR29R30)1NR28COOR21; —(CR29R30)rNR28COR31; —(CR29R30)rNR28CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOOR21; —(CR29R30)qCONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31; or —(CR29R30)qR31;

R38 is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower cycloalkyl; lower heterocycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; lower arylalkyl; lower heteroarylalkyl;

—(CR29R30)qOR31; —(CR29R30)qNR28R31; —(CR29R30)qNR28COR31;

—(CR29R30)qNR28CONR28R31;

—(CR29R30)qCOOR21; —(CR29R30)9CONR28R31; —(CR29R30)qCOR31; or —(CR29R30)qR31;

R39; R40; R41; R42; R43; R44; R45; R46; R47; R48; R49; and R50 are as defined in claim 1;

the variable heteroatom Z and the connector U are defined as: Z: O; or S(═O); U: —C(═O)—; —NR4—C(═O)—; or —C(═O)—C(═O)—; and

substituents that can be pairwise taken together and form optionally substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl moieties;

structural elements that can form one of the groups of formulae H111-H118 as shown in Table 9; and

variable heteroatoms Q, T, X and Y;

indices q-u;

are as defined in claim 1.

5. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein readily accessible substances that define possible subunits of the linker C are those listed in Table 19, below; TABLE 19 Code Chemical Name Ala L-Alanine DAla D-Alanine Arg L-Arginine DArg D-Arginine Asn L-Asparagine DAsn D-Asparagine Asp L-Aspartic acid DAsp D-Aspartic acid Cys L-Cysteine DCys D-Cysteine Glu L-Glutamic acid DGlu D-Glutamic acid Gln L-Glutamine DGln D-Glutamine Gly Glycine His L-Histidine DHis D-Histidine Ile L-Isoleucine DIle D-Isoleucine Leu L-Leucine DLeu D-Leucine Lys L-Lysine DLys D-Lysine Met L-Methionine DMet D-Methionine Phe L-Phenylalanine DPhe D-Phenylalanine Pro L-Proline DPro D-Proline Ser L-Serine DSer D-Serine Thr L-Threonine DThr D-Threonine Trp L-Tryptophan DTrp D-Tryptophan Tyr L-Tyrosine DTyr D-Tyrosine Val L-Valine DVal D-Valine Apa 3-Amino-propanoic acid H-β3-HAla-OH (3S)-3-Amino-butyric acid H-β3-HVal-OH (3R)-3-Amino-4-methyl-valeric acid H-β3-HIle-OH (3R,4S)-3-Amino-4-methyl-hexanoic acid H-β3-HLeu-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-methyl-hexanoic acid H-β3-HMet-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-methylthio pentanoic acid H-β3-HTyr-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-HHis-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(imidazole-4′-yl)-butyric acid H-β3-HPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-phenyl butyric acid H-β3-HTrp-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(indol-3′-yl)-butyric acid H-β3-HSer-OH (3R)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-butyric acid H-β3-HAsp-OH 3-Amino-pentanedioic acid H-β3-HGlu-OH (3S)-3-Amino-hexanedioic acid H-β3-HLys-OH (3S)-3,7-Diamino-heptanoic acid H-β3-HArg-OH (3S)-3-Amino-6-guanidino-hexanoic-acid H-β3-HCys-OH (3R)-3-Amino-4-mercapto-butyric acid H-β3-HAsn-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-carbamoyl-butyric acid H-β3-HGln-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-carbamoyl-pentanoic acid H-β3-HThr-OH (3R,4R)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-pentanoic acid Gaba 4-Amino-butyric acid H-γ4-DiHAla-OH (4S)-4-Amino-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHVal-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-methyl-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHIle-OH (4R,5S)-4-Amino-5-methyl-heptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHLeu-OH (4R)-4-Amino-6-methyl-heptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHMet-OH (4R)-4-Amino-6-methylthio-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHTyr-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHHis-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(imidazole-4′-yl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-phenyl-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHTrp-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(indol-3′-yl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHSer-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHAsp-OH (4R)-4-Amino-hexanedioic acid H-γ4-DiHGlu-OH 4-Amino-heptanedioic acid H-γ4-DiHLys-OH (4S)-4,8-Diamino-octanoic acid H-γ4-DiHArg-OH (4S)-4-Amino-7-guanidino-heptanoic-acid H-γ4-DiHCys-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-mercapto-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHAsn-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-carbamoyl-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHGln-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-carbamoyl-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHThr-OH (4R,5R)-4-Amino-5-hydroxy-hexanoic acid Cit L-Citrulline DCit D-Citrulline Orn L-Ornithine DOrn D-Ornithine tBuA L-t-Butylalanine DtBuA D-t-Butylalanine Sar Sarcosine Pen L-Penicillamine DPen D-Penicillamine tBuG L-tert.-Butylglycine DtBuG D-tert.-Butylglycine 4AmPhe L-para-Aminophenylalanine D4AmPhe D-para-Aminophenylalanine 3AmPhe L-meta-Aminophenylalanine D3AmPne D-meta-Aminophenylalanine 2AmPhe L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine D2AmPhe D-ortho-Aminophenylalanine Phe(mC(NH2)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine DPhe(mC(NH2)═NH) D-meta-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(pC(NH2)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine DPhe(pC(NH2)═NH) D-para-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(mNHC(NH2)═NH) L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine DPhe(mNHC(NH2)═NH) D-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine Phe(pNHC(NH2)═NH) L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine DPhe(pNHC(NH2)═NH) D-para-Guanidinophenylalanine 2Pal (2S)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-2′-yl)-propionic acid D2Pal (2R)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-2′-yl)-propionic acid 4Pal (2S)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-4′-yl)-propionic acid D4Pal (2R)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-4′-yl)-propionic acid Phg L-Phenylglycine DPhg D-Phenylglycine Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine DCha D-Cyclohexylalanine C4al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine DC4al D-3-Cyclobutylalanine C5al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine DC5al D-3-Cyclopentylalanine Nle L-Norleucine DNle D-Norleucine 2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine D2Nal D-2-Naphthylalanine 1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine D1Nal D-1-Naphthylalanine 4ClPhe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine D4ClPhe D-4-Chlorophenylalanine 3ClPhe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine D3ClPhe D-3-Chlorophenylalanine 2ClPhe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine D2ClPhe D-2-Chlorophenylalanine 3,4Cl2Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine D3,4Cl2Phe D-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine 4FPhe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine D4FPhe D-4-Fluorophenylalanine 3FPhe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine D3FPhe D-3-Fluorophenylalanine 2FPhe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine D2FPhe D-2-Fluorophenylalanine Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine DThi D-β-2-Thienylalanine Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine DTza D-2-Thiazolylalanine Mso L-Methionine sulfoxide DMso D-Methionine sulfoxide AcLys N-Acetyllysine DAcLys N-Acetyl-D-lysine Dap 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid DDap D-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid Dab 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid DDab (2R)-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid Dbu (2S)-2,3-Diamino-butyric acid DDbu (2R)-2,3-Diamino-butyric acid Abu γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Aha ε-Aminohexanoic acid Aib α-Aminoisobutyric acid Cyp 1-Amino cyclopentane carboxylic acid Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine DY(Bzl) D-O-Benzyltyrosine H(Bzl) (3S)-2-Amino-3-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′- yl)-propionic acid DH(Bzl) (3R)-2-Amino-3-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′- yl)-propionic acid Bip L-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine DBip D-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine DS(Bzl) D-O-Benzylserine T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine DT(Bzl) D-O-Benzylthreonine alloT (2S,3S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-butyric acid DalloT (2R,3S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-butyric acid Leu3OH (2S,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl- pentanoic acid DLeu3OH (2R,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl- pentanoic acid hAla L-Homo-alanine DhAla D-Homo-alanine hArg L-Homo-arginine DhArg D-Homo-arginine hCys L-Homo-cysteine DhCys D-Homo-cysteine hGlu L-Homo-glutamic acid DhGlu D-glutamic acid hGln L-Homo-glutamine DhGln D-Homo-glutamine hHis L-Homo-histidine DhHis D-Homo-histidine hIle L-Homo-isoleucine DhIle D-Homo-isoleucine hLeu L-Homo-leucine DhLeu D-Homo-leucine hNle L-Homo-norleucine DhNle D-Homo-norleucine hLys L-Homo-lysine DhLys D-Homo-lysine hMet L-Homo-Methionine DhMet D-Homo-Methionine hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine DhPhe D-Homo-phenylalanine hSer L-Homo-serine DhSer D-Homo-serine hThr L-Homo-threonine DhThr D-Homo-threonine hTrp L-Homo-tryptophan DhTrp D-Homo-tryptophan hTyr L-Homo-tyrosine DhTyr D-Homo-tyrosine hVal L-Homo-valine DhVal D-Homo-valine hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine DhCha D-Homo-cyclohexylalanine Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine DBpa D-4-Benzoylphenylalanine OctG L-Octylglycine DOctG D-Octylglycine Tic (3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid DTic (3R)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid Tiq (1S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-1- carboxylic acid DTiq (1R)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-1- carboxylic acid Oic (2S,3aS,7aS)-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2- carboxylic acid DOic (2R,3aS,7aS)-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2- carboxylic acid 4AmPyrr1 (2S,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid D4AmPyrr1 (2R,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 4AmPyrr2 (2S,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid D4AmPyrr2 (2R,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 4PhePyrr1 (2S,4R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid D4PhePyrr1 (2R,4R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid 4PhePyrr2 (2S,4S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid D4PhePyrr2 (2R,4S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid 5PhePyrr1 (2S,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid D5PhePyrr1 (2R,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid 5PhePyrr2 (2S,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid D5PhePyrr2 (2R,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid 4Hyp1 (4S)-L-Hydroxyproline D4Hyp1 (4S)-D-Hydroxyproline 4Hyp2 (4R)-L-Hydroxyproline D4Hyp2 (4R)-D-Hydroxyproline 4Mp1 (4S)-L-Mercaptoproline D4Mp1 (4S)-D-Mercaptoproline 4Mp2 (4R)-L-Mercaptoproline D4Mp2 (4R)-D-Mercaptoproline Pip L-Pipecolic acid DPip D-Pipecolic acid H-β3-HCit-OH (3S)-3-Amino-6-carbamidyl-hexanoic acid H-β3-HOrn-OH (3S)-3,6-Diamino-hexanoic acid H-β3-HtBuA-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid H-β3-HSar-OH N-Methyl-3-amino-propionic acid H-β3-HPen-OH (3R)-3-Amino-4-methyl-4-mercapto- pentanoic acid H-β3-HtBuG-OH (3R)-3-Amino-4,4-dimethyl-pentanoic acid H-β3-H4AmPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-aminophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H3AmPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-aminophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H2AmPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(2′-aminophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3- (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-amidinophenyl)-butyric HPhe(mC(NH2)═NH)—OH acid H-β3- (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-amidinophenyl)-butyric HPhe(pC(NH2)═NH)—OH acid H-β3- (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-guanidinophenyl)- HPhe(mNHC(NH2)═NH)—OH butyric acid H-β3- (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-guanidino-phenyl)- HPhe(pNHC(NH2)═NH)—OH butyric acid H-β3-H2Pal-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(pyridine-2′-yl)-butyric acid H-β3-H4Pal-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(pyridine-4′-yl)-butyric acid H-β3-HPhg-OH (3R)-3-Amino-3-phenyl-propionic acid H-β3-HCha-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-cyclohexyl-butyric acid H-β3-HC4al-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-cyclobutyl-butyric acid H-β3-HC5al-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-cyclopentyl-butyric acid H-β3-HNle-OH (3S)-3-Amino-heptanoic acid H-β3-H2Nal-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(2′-naphthyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H1Nal-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(1′-naphthyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H4ClPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-chlorophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H3ClPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-chlorophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H2ClPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(2′-chlorophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H3,4Cl2Phe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)- butyric acid H-β3-H4FPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-fluorophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H3FPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(3′-fluorophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-H2FPhe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(2′-fluorophenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-HThi-OH (3R)-3-Amino-4-(2′-thienyl)-butyric acid H-β3-HTza-OH (3R)-3-Amino-4-(2′-thiazolyl)-butyric acid H-β3-HMso-OH (3R)-3-Amino-4-methylsulfoxyl-butyric acid Code Chemical Name H-β3-HAcLys-OH (3S)-7-Acetylamino-3-amino-heptanoic acid H-β3-HDpr-OH (3R)-3,4-diamino-butyric acid H-β3-HA2Bu—OH (3S)-3,5-Diamino-pentanoic acid H-β3-HDbu-OH (3R)-3,4-Diamino-pentanoic acid H-β3-HAib-OH Amino-dimethyl acetic acid H-β3-HCyp-OH 1-Amino-cyclopentane-1-yl-acetic acid H-β3-HY(Bzl)-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-benzyloxyphenyl)- butyric acid H-β3-HH(Bzl)-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′- yl)-butyric acid H-β3-HBip-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-biphenylyl-butyric acid H-β3-HS(Bzl)-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(benzyloxy)-butyric acid H-β3-HT(Bzl)-OH (3R,4R)-3-Amino-4-benzyloxy-pentanoic acid H-β3-HalloT-OH (3R,4S)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-pentanoic acid H-β3-HLeu3OH—OH (3R,4R)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-5-methyl- hexanoic acid H-β3-HhAla-OH (3S)-3-Amino-pentanoic acid H-β3-HhArg-OH (3S)-3-Amino-7-guanidino-heptanoic acid H-β3-HhCys-OH (3R)-Amino-5-mercapto-pentanoic acid H-β3-HhGlu-OH (3S)-3-Amino-heptanedioic acid H-β3-HhGln-OH (3S)-3-Amino-6-carbamoyl hexanoic acid H-β3-HhHis-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-(imidazole-4′-yl)- pentanoic acid H-β3-HhIle-OH (3S,5S)-3-Amino-5-methyl-heptanoic acid H-β3-HhLeu-OH (3S)-3-Amino-6-methyl-heptanoic acid H-β3-HhNle-OH (3S)-3-Amino-octanoic acid H-β3-DiAoc-OH (3S)-3,8-Diamino-octanoic acid H-β3-HhMet-OH (3S)-3-Amino-6-methylthio-hexanoic acid H-β3-HhPe-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-phenyl-pentanoic acid H-β3-HhSer-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid H-β3-HhThr-OH (3S,5R)-3-Amino-5-hydroxy-hexanoic acid H-β3-HhTrp-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-(indol-3′-yl)-pentanoic acid H-β3-HhThr-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)- pentanoic acid H-β3-HhCha-OH (3S)-3-Amino-5-cyclohexyl-pentanoic acid H-β3-HBpa-OH (3S)-3-Amino-4-(4′-benzoylphenyl)-butyric acid H-β3-HOctG-OH (3S)-3-Amino-undecanoic acid H-β3-HNle-OH (3S)-3-Amino-heptanoic acid H-β3-HTic-OH (3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-yl- acetic acid H-β3-HTiq-OH (1S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-1- acetic acid H-β3-HOic-OH (2S,3aS,7aS)-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2- yl-acetic acid H-β3-H4AmPyrr1-OH (2S,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H4AmPyrr2-OH (2S,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H4PhePyrr1-OH (2S,4R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H4PhePyrr2-OH (2S,4S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H5PhePyrr1-OH (2S,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H5PhePyrr2-OH (2S,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H4Hyp1-OH (2S,4S)-4-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H4Hyp2-OH (2S,4R)-4-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H4Mp1-OH (2R,4S)-4-Mercapto-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-H4Mp2-OH (2R,4R)-4-Mercapto-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-HPip-OH (2S)-piperidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-HPro-OH (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid H-β3-HDPro-OH (2R)-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid Ahb 4-Amino-2-hydroxy butyric acid H-γ4-DiHCit-OH (4S)-4-Amino-7-carbamidyl-heptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHOrn-OH (4S)-4,7-Diamino-heptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHtBuA-OH (4R)-4-Amino-6,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHSar-OH N-Methyl-4-amino-butyric acid H-γ4-DiHPen-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-methyl-5-mercapto-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHtBuG-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiH4AmPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-aminophenyl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH3AmPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-aminophenyl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH2AmPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-aminophenyl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4- (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-amidinophenyl)- DiHPhe(mC(NH2)═NH)—OH pentanoic acid H-γ4- (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-amidinophenyl)- DiHPhe(pC(NH2)═NH)—OH pentanoic acid H-γ4- (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-guanidino-phenyl)- DiHPhe(mNHC(NH2)═NH)—OH pentanoic acid H-γ4- (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-guanidino-phenyl)- DiHPhe(pNHC(NH2)═NH)—OH pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH2Pal-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(pyridine-4′-yl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH4Pal-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(pyridine-4′-yl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHPhg-OH (4R)-4-Amino-4-phenyl-butyric acid H-γ4-DiHCha-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-cyclohexyl-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHC4al-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-cyclobutyl-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHC5al-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-cyclopentyl-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHNle-OH (4S)-4-Amino-octanoic acid H-γ4-DiH2Nal-OH (4S)-4-Amino-5-(2′-naphthyl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH1Nal-OH (4S)-4-Amino-5-(1′-naphthyl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH4ClPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-chlorophenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH3ClPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-chlorophenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH2ClPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-chlorophenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH3,4Cl2Phe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′,4′-dichloro-phenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH4FPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-fluorophenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH3FPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(3′-fluorophenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiH2FPhe-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-fluorophenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHThi-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-thienyl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHTza-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(2′-thiazolyl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHMso-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-methylsulfoxyl-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHAcLys-OH (4S)-8-Acetylamino-4-amino-ocatanoic acid H-γ4-DiHDpr-OH (4R)-4,5-diamino-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHA2Bu—OH (4R)-4,5-Diamino-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHDbu-OH (4R)-4,5-Diamion-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHAib-OH 3-Amino-3,3-dimethyl propionic acid H-γ4-DiHCyp-OH (1′-Amino-cyclopentane-1′-yl)-3-propionic acid H-γ4-DiHY(Bzl)-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-benzyloxyphenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHH(Bzl)-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′- yl)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHBip-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-biphenylyl-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHS(Bzl)-OH (4S)-4-Amino-5-(benzyloxy)-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHT(Bzl)-OH (4R,5R)-4-Amino-5-benzyloxy-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHalloT-OH (4R,5S)-4-Amino-5-hydroxy-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHLeu3OH—OH (4R,5R)-4-Amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyl- heptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhAla-OH (4S)-4-Amino-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhArg-OH (4S)-4-Amino-8-guanidino-octanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhCys-OH (4R)-Amino-6-mercapto-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhGlu-OH (4S)-4-Amino-ocatanedioic acid H-γ4-DiHhGln-OH (4S)-4-Amino-7-carbamoyl-heptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhHis-OH (4S)-4-Amino-6-(imidazole-4′-yl)-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhIle-OH (4S,6S)-4-Amino-6-methyl-octanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhLeu-OH (4S)-4-Amino-7-methyl-ocatanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhNle-OH (4S)-4-Amino-nonanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhLys-OH (4S)-4,9-Diamino-nonanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhMet-OH (4R)-4-Amino-7-methylthioheptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhPhe-OH (4S)-4-Amino-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhSer-OH (4R)-4-Amino-6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhThr-OH (4R,6R)-4-Amino-6-hydroxy-heptanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhTrp-OH (4S)-4-Amino-6-(indol-3′-yl)-hexanoicacid H-γ4-DiHhTyr-OH (4S)-4-Amino-6-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)- hexanoic acid H-γ4-DiHhCha-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-cyclohexyl-pentanoic acid H-γ4-DihBpa-OH (4R)-4-Amino-5-(4′-benzoylphenyl)- pentanoic acid H-γ4-DiHOctG-OH (4S)-4-Amino-dodecanoic acid H-γ4-DiHNle-OH (4S)-4-Amino-octanoic acid H-γ4-DiHTic-OH (3R)-1′,2′,3′,4′-Tetrahydroisoquinoline- 3′-yl-3-propionic acid H-γ4-DiHTiq-OH (1′R)-1′,2′,3′,4′-Tetrahydroisoquinoline- 1′-yl-3-propionic acid H-γ4-DiHOic-OH (2′S,3′aS,7′aS)-1′-Octahydro-1H-indole- 2′-yl-3-propionic acid H-γ4-DiH4AmPyrr1-OH (2′R,4′S)-4′-Amino-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3- propionic acid H-γ4-DiH4AmPyrr2-OH (2′R,4′R)-4′-Amino-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3- propionic acid H-γ4-DiH4PhePyrr1-OH (2′R,4′R)-4′-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3- propionic acid H-γ4-DiH4PhePyrr2-OH (2′R,4′S)-4′-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3- propionic acid H-γ4-DiH5PhePyrr1-OH (2′S,5′R)-5′-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3- propionic acid H-γ4-DiH5PhePyrr2-OH (2′S,5′S)-5′-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3- propionic acid H-γ4-DiH4Hyp1-OH (2′R,4′S)-4′-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2′-yl- 2-propionic acid H-γ4-DiH4Hyp2-OH (2′R,4′R)-4′-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2′-yl- 3-propionic acid H-γ4-DiH4Mp1-OH (2′R,4′S)-4′-Mercapto-pyrrolidine-2′-yl- 3-propionic acid H-γ4-DiH4Mp2-OH (2′R,4′R)-4′-Mercapto-pyrrolidine-2′-yl- 3-propionic acid H-γ4-DiHPip-OH (2′S)-Piperidine-2′-yl-3-propionic acid H-γ4-DiHPro-OH (2′S)-Pyrrolidine-2′-yl-3-propionic acid (AEt)G N-(2-Aminoethyl)glycine (APr)G N-(3-Amino-n-propyl)glycine (ABu)G N-(4-Amino-n-butyl)glycine (APe)G N-(5-Amino-n-pentyl)glycine (GuEt)G N-(2-Guanidinoethyl)glycine (GuPr)G N-(3-Guanidino-n-propyl)glycine (GuBu)G N-(4-Guanidino-n-butyl)glycine (GuPe)G N-(5-Guanidino-n-pentyl)glycine (PEG3-NH2)G N—[H2N—(CH2)3—(OCH2—CH2)2—O(CH2)3]glycine (Me)G N-Methylglycine (Et)G N-Ethylglycine (Bu)G N-Butylglycine (Pe)G N-Pentylglycine (Ip)G N-Isopropylglycine (2MePr)G N-(2-Methylpropyl)glycine (3MeBu)G N-(3-Methylbutyl)glycine (1MePr)G (1S)-N-(1-Methylpropyl)glycine (2MeBu)G (2S)-N-(2-Methylbutyl)glycine (MthEt)G N-(Methylthioethyl)glycine (MthPr)G N-(Methylthiopropyl)glycine (Ben)G N-(Benzyl)glycine (PhEt)G N-(2-Phenylethyl)glycine (HphMe)G N-([4′-hydroxyphenyl]methyl)glycine (HphEt)G N-(2-[4′-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl)glycine (ImMe)G N-(Imidazol-5-yl-methyl)glycine (ImEt)G N-(2-(Imidazol-5′-yl)ethyl)glycine (InMe)G N-(Indol-2-yl-methyl)glycine (InEt)G N-(2-(Indol-2′-yl)ethyl)glycine (CboMe)G N-(Carboxymethyl)glycine (CboEt)G N-(2-Carboxyethyl)glycine (CboPr)G N-(3-Carboxypropyl)glycine (CbaMe)G N-(Carbamoylmethyl)glycine (CbaEt)G N-(2-Carbamoylethyl)glycine (CbaPr)G N-(3-Carbamoylpropyl)glycine (HyEt)G N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)glycine (HyPr)G (2R)-N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)glycine (Mcet)G N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)glycine NMeAla L-N-Methylalanine NMeDAla D-N-Methylalanine NMeVal L-N-Methylvaline NMeDVal D-N-Methylvaline NMeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine NMeDIle D-N-Methylisoleucine NMeLeu L-N-Methylleucine NMeDLeu D-N-Methylleucine NMeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine NMeDNle D-N-Methylnorleucine NMeMet L-N-Methylmethionine NMeDMet D-N-Methylmethionine NMeTyr L-N-Methyltyrosine NMeDTyr D-N-Methyltyrosine NMeHis L-N-Methylhistidine NMeDHis D-N-Methylhistidine NMePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine NMeDPhe D-N-Methylphenylalanine NMeTrp L-N-Methyltryptophane NMeDTrp D-N-Methyltryptophane NMeSer L-N-Methylserine NMeDSer D-N-Methylserine NMeAsp L-N-Methylaspartic acid NMeDAsp D-N-Methylaspartic acid NMeGlu L-N-Methylglutamic acid NMeDGlu D-N-Methylglutamic acid NMeLys L-N-Methyllysine NMeDLys D-N-Methyllysine NMeArg L-N-Methylarginine NMeDArg D-N-Methylarginine NMeDab L-N-Methyl-2,4-diamino butyric acid NMeDDab D-N-Methyl-2,4-diamino butyric acid NMeCys L-N-Methylcysteine NMeDCys D-N-Methylcysteine NMeAsn L-N-Methylasparagine NMeDAsn D-N-Methylasparagine NMeGln L-N-Methylglutamine NMeDGln D-N-Methylglutamine NMeThr L-N-Methylthreonine NMeDThr D-N-Methylthreonine.

6. Compounds according to claim 1, selected from:

(2S,11S,19aS)-2-(acetylamino)-15-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide, (2S,11S,19aS)—N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-2-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide; (2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-2-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide; (2S,11S,19aS)-2-{[2-(dimethylamino)acetyl]amino}-15-fluoro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide; tert-butyl N-[(2S,11S,19aS)-15-fluoro-11-({[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}carbonyl)-7,12-dimethyl-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecin-2-yl]carbamate; (2S,11S,19aS)—N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-15-fluoro-7,12-dimethyl-2-{[2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-5,8,13-trioxo-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,19,19a-dodecahydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4,7,12]benzoxatriazacyclopentadecine-11-carboxamide; benzyl N-[(4S,6S,10S)-14-methyl-6-{[2-(2-naphthyl)acetyl]amino}-9,15-dioxo-2-oxa-8,14-diazatricyclo[14.3.1.0˜4,8˜]icosa-1(20),16,18-trien-10-yl]carbamate; benzyl N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.0˜4,8˜]henicosa-[(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]carbamat; N-[(4S,6S,13S)-6-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-11,15-dimethyl-9,12,16-trioxo-2-oxa-8,11,15-triazatricyclo[15.3.1.0˜4,8˜]henicosa-[(21),17,19-trien-13-yl]decanamide.

7. A composition having the compound according to any one of claims 2, 3, 5, 6 or 1 in a therapeutically active amount and having agonistic activity on the motilin receptor (MR receptor), on the serotonin receptor of subtype 5-HT2B (5-HT2B receptor), and on the prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP receptor).

8. A pharmaceutical composition containing a compound according to any one of claims 2, 3, 5, 6 or 1 and a therapeutically inert carrier.

9. The composition according to claim 8 having agonistic or antagonistic activity on the motilin receptor (MR receptor), on the serotonin receptor of subtype 5-HT2B (5-HT2B receptor), and on the prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP receptor).

10. The composition according to claim 9 in a form suitable for oral, topical, transdermal, injection, buccal, transmucosal, pulmonary or inhalation administration.

11. The composition according to claim 10 in form of tablet, degree, capsule, solution, liquid, gel, plaster, scream, ointment, syrup, slurry, suspension, spray, nebuliser or suppository.

12. A medicament comprising the compound according to claim 1 having agonistic or antagonistic activity on the motilin receptor (MR receptor), on the serotonin receptor of subtype 5-HT2B (5-HT2B receptor), and on the prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP receptor).

13. A method of treating hypomotility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract selected from the group consisting of diabetic gastroparesis and constipation type irritable bowl syndrome; CNS diseases selected from the group consisting of migraine, schizophrenia, psychosis and depression; ocular hypertension associated with glaucoma or preterm labour; said method comprising:

administering the compound of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof.