Cactus pear variety named ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’

Abstract

A new and distinct variety of cactus pear having the following unique combination of desirable features: 1. A fruit with a yellow/orange colored edible interior portion. 2. An average Brix of 13.1% 3. An average firmness of the pulp of 3.1 lb 4. An average pulp percentage of 55%. 5. A fruit weight ranging from 140 to 220 g. 6. Cladodes that have a low percentage of areoles with spines and those areoles only have 1 spine per areole of maximum length of 10 mm.

Description

Latin name of the genus and species of the plant claimed: Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller.

Variety denomination: ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’.

No federal or state sponsored research funding was used in the development of these materials.

Fruits of spiny and spineless Opuntia ficus indica are about 110-180 grams, range from 12 to 15% total soluble solids (Brix), have a variety of fruit colors, i.e. green, orange, red and purple, and have been grown in many arid regions of the world such as Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Spain, Italy, Israel, and South Africa for commercial fruit production (Parish and Felker, 1997). The market use of the fruit is to be consumed fresh after the peel is removed. Mexico is the world center of production with great variation in spines, fruit colors, dates of maturity and Brix (Mondragon and Gonzalez, 1996). While the lime green variety ‘Reyna’ is the leading cactus pear variety in Mexico (Mondragon and Gonzalez, 1994), this variety has long spines that prevent its cultivation in the USA due to objections from harvesting crews. Mondragon and Gonzalez, (1996) have reported fruits of many colors, but they have not provided experimental details on field design, laboratory methods or coefficients of variation for these properties and they do not provide data on firmness of the edible inner portion which Felker et al., (2005) have suggested needs to be greater than 2.2 lb for a good quality fruit. Moreover D'Arrigo Bros data on fruit Brix, firmness, weight, peel thickness, percentage of edible portion on more than 30,000 fruit of existing varieties and progeny of new crosses is not in agreement with Brix values of 15-16 for red or purple colored fruits reported by Mondragon and Gonzalez, (1996). Opuntia fruit data, from refereed journal articles with field and laboratory experimental details and estimates of variation, have been provided by Barbera et al., (1992), Nerd et al., (1991) and Felker et al., (2005).

In 1998, copies of the more than 100 Opuntia clones obtained from Kingsville, Tex. (that were later deposited in the USDA Opuntia germplasm collection in Parlier, Calif.) that represented all of the major types present in Mexico, South Africa, Argentina and Chile. As described below, none of the existing cultivars met the objectives of high pulp firmness (>2.8 lb), high Brix (>13), thornlessness and orange color in the same plant and therefore hybridizations were conducted to obtain the desired variety. This collection included the Kingsville, Tex. accession 1287 with long spines that has acceptable firmness and brix that was collected at Agua Prieta, Mexquite, San Luis Potosi and that is similar to the spiny ‘Naranjona’ described by Mondragon and Gonzalez (1996).

There are extensive plantations of cactus pear for fruit in the Mediterranean, principally Sicily but also Spain and Israel. Opuntia ficus indica was brought to Spain on one of the first voyages of Christopher Columbus from where it spread to the rest of the Mediterranean region. In the largest commercial production area of the Mediterranean in Sicily, there are 3 varieties, ‘Rossa’ (with red fruit), ‘Gialla’ (with yellow fruit) and ‘Bianca’ (with almost colorless fruit) (Barbera et al., 1992). These three varieties were essentially the same with regard to fruit quality with a maximum Brix of about 13% (Barbera et al., 1992). Nerd et al., (1991) in Israel, found the Brix of the summer ‘Ofer’ variety (which is yellow and similar to the Gialla from Sicily) to be 11.8% in the winter and 12.8% in the summer. In Argentinean field trials, Texas A&M Kingsville (TAMUK) accession 1281 (which is very similar to the Italian ‘Rossa’) and TAMUK 1277, and 1320 (which are similar to Italian ‘Gialla’) had Brix values of about 12.6, 12.7 and 13.0 respectively (Felker et al., 2005).

In spite of acceptable fruit sugar concentrations of about 13% in high yielding varieties, such as Italian ‘Rossa’ and ‘Gialla’ types (including 1281, 1277, 1320), these varieties have very low pulp firmness of about 2 lb (versus 4 lb for spiny orange 1287 and green fruited Argentine and Chilean varieties) which lead to poor consumer acceptance in Argentina (Felker et al., 2005). While firmness is the parameter measured, the objectionable quality is that pulps with low firmness value lack structural integrity and may break apart when the peel is separated from the pulp. A pulp firmness of about 2.2 lb has been suggested as the minimum acceptable for cactus fruit (Felker et al., 2005).

In the USA, the only commercial variety, the ‘Andyboy Red’, is similar to the Italian ‘Rossa’ and has a Brix of about 13.5 in the summer crop but maybe as low as 10.5 in the mid winter crop. Perhaps due to the cooler weather of the growing region in the USA, the red fruits do not break apart when peeled, but they are not as firm and juicy as other types. The ‘Andyboy Red’ is also in the low range of pulp firmness of about 2 lb. In the USA, the major demand from consumers is for the red colored fruit which also has higher antioxidant values than the yellow or green fruits, but is less than the purple ones (Stintzing et al., 2005).

Due to the attractive orange color, juicy pulp, and firmness of 4 lb, TX 1287 has fruit that is much more desirable than other yellow/orange fruit such as TX 1320, TX 1277 and TX 1380 that have a firmness less than 2 lb (Felker et al., 2005). Unfortunately the presence of multiple 2-4 cm spines at each areole prevents commercial harvest of the TX 1287 fruit due to safety considerations. In addition to the published work on the lack of firmness in essentially spineless orange fruit, one of us (PF) has visited cactus plantations in South Africa, Italy, Mexico, Chile and Argentina and has not found firm, high Brix purple fruits in any existing germplasm collection.

Therefore using the basic crossing technique of Wang et al., (1996), hybrids were made between thornless high firmness, high Brix fruits and thorny, high firmness, high Brix orange fruits to develop a high Brix, high firmness, and thornless orange fruited variety with a good commercial yield. Progeny of various crosses were planted near Chualar, Calif. and evaluated for Brix and firmness using previously described techniques (Felker et al., 2005). About one dozen clones of each color class (green, orange, red and purple) from more than 3000 progeny of various crosses were selected and planted in a randomized complete block trial with four replicates (with one plant per replicate) to directly compare fruit characters for these advanced selections. For two years, several fruits were taken from each of the four replicates, once a month from about September till May. The best orange fruited variety of this randomized complete block trial, originally from Block 1, row 27 plant 24 of this trial was found to have the best overall combination of characters and is the subject of this patent. The parents of this plant were a spiny orange fruited TX1287 and a spineless green fruited plant R7:53YT:1-01-05 from our germplasm collection. None of the parents have been patented or have patent pending.

Asexual Propagation

All cactus pear varieties are asexually propagated by cutting an approximate one year old cladode from the mother plant, allowing the cut scar to heal over for approximately 2 weeks and then planting this unrooted cladode (botanically a portion of a dicot stem) about ⅓ of its height into dry soil. If the cladode does not rot, 100% of them will root in less than a month without any hormone treatments.

Apomixis that is the asexual reproductive process that occurs in the ovule of flowering plants frequently occurs in Opuntia ficus indica (Mondragon-Jacobo, 2001). While the ratio of apomictic seedlings to seedlings resulting from fertilization varies greatly among female parents, we have found that apomixis occurs in this new variety. Thus this variety could be propagated asexually from apomictic seedlings. It is envisioned that this variety could be genetically engineered to include other traits.

This variety is asexually propagated by planting unrooted cladodes. The claimed plant retains its distinctive characteristics and reproduces true to type in successive generations.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to overcoming soft, low Brix characteristics in orange fruited cactus pears by controlled hybridization to produce cactus pears with significantly greater fruit firmness and total soluble solids (Brix).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In FIG. 1 can be seen the exterior and interior view of fruits of ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ at optimal harvest conditions after the spines and glochids have been removed.

In FIG. 2 can be seen immature ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ fruits showing the glochids.

FIG. 3 illustrates a one year old cladode of ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ showing spines on the flat surface and margins of a cladode.

FIG. 4 shows a mature plant of ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ illustrating the overall decumbent plant shape and form of the cladodes. This plant was thinned to increase fruit size.

FIG. 5 shows an open flower of ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ showing petal colors, stigma and dehiscing anthers.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The color chart used in this specification follows The Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart year 1996. The fruits have a medium elliptic shape. At optimal harvest conditions, the external peel color ranges from 171B to 168B, while the interior edible portion of the fruit ranges from 34A to 40B. Other red and purple varieties are too soft if harvested when 100% of the fruit surface has the red or pink color and must be harvested when only 50-60% of the fruit is covered with this reddish/purple color. In contrast, due to the high firmness, this variety can be harvested when 95% of external peel surface is orange. There are about 48 areoles per fruit in which the number of glochids per areola greater than 2 mm in length is about 3. The maximum length of glochids greater than 2 mm in length is about 8 mm as can be seen in FIG. 2. There are fewer than 100 glochids per areole less than 1 mm in length. There is no pubescence. According to the UPOV classification, the stalk length is medium and the classification of the floral scar depression is 2. The peel thickness is about 6 mm.

While this variety does not have multiple, long (3-5 cm) spines coming out from each areole of the cladodes as do Opuntias from the wild, it does have single small semi erect spines of color 155D about 10 mm in length coming out of some of the areoles FIG. 3. These spines occur most frequently on the margins of the cladode but can also be seen on the flat side of the cladodes. There are about 30 areoles per cladode with a color of 166A. There are no glochids on one year old mature pads. The cladodes, which have a color of 137C, have a smooth surface that is not waxy or pubescent. The sizes of the cladodes are greatly influenced by the climate and growing conditions. Nevertheless, near Gonzalez, Calif. where these plants are grown, a typical mature pad would have a medium elliptic shape and be about 55 cm long, 24 cm wide and 2.2 cm thick. A mature 4 year old plant is about 4 meters wide and 2.5 meter tall.

The flower diameter is about 6 cm and the length of the flower only (not including the immature supporting bud) is about 3.5 cm long. The length of supporting immature bud, when the flower is open, varies from about 2 cm to 7 cm depending on season of the year and moisture/fertility conditions. The flowers lack fragrance. The color of the broad elliptic shaped petals ranges is about a 7A of the yellow-orange group. Only one stigma, with a height of about 7 mm, occurs with a light green color (144B). The style has a color of 63B on the top and 2D on the bottom. There are about 500 stamens per flower that are about 18 mm long and that have color 2D. Anthesis, in the location where the plants are grown, peaks in May and June depending on the weather but some anthesis occurs as late as November. The flowers are not pollinated by honey bees but rather by a specialized cactus bee that makes its nest in holes in the ground.

In Table 1 can be found a comparison of the means and 95% confidence intervals for 93 analyses of Texas A&M 1281 which is a red fruited variety, that is very similar to the commercial ‘Rossa’ from Italy, four existing, thornless orange varieties and our new orange variety ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’. It is to be noted that the Brix of 12.7, fruit size of 145 grams and 55% pulp percentage for TX 1281 is similar to published values for the ‘Rossa’ variety described above. In contrast, the average of 140 analyses for ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ shows a similar Brix to the other orange varieties, a slight decrease in pulp percentage (from 58 to 55), but a 63% increase in firmness (from 1.9 to 3.1). The average fruit weight of ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ at 191 grams is considerably larger than 1281 and the other orange fruit varieties as well.

TABLE 1
A comparison of new ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ Opuntia ficus indica with orange fruit to a
standard commercial red type fruit TX 1281, a standard yellow/orange type and progeny
that have orange fruit of various crosses i.e. DAR 7-53:1-35-18, DAR 7-53:1-20-08 and
DAR 7-53:1-20-18.
				Average		Average	95%	Average	95 %
	Number	Average	95%	of	95% CI	of Fruit	CI of	of pulp	CI of
	of	of Brix	CI of	firmness	of	weight	fruit	percent	pulp
Variety	analyses	(%)	Brix	(lb)	firmness	(g)	weight	(%)	percent
‘DAR 1-27-24	140	13.3	0.13	3.1	0.12	191.4	7.1	55	0.9
Orange’
TX1281	93	12.7	0.21	1.9	0.08	145.5	5.3	55	1.3
DAR Yellow	120	13.3	0.22	1.8	0.07	149.3	7.0	55	1.1
DAR 7-53:	144	12.7	0.25	1.9	0.07	147.6	6.1	58	1.1
1-35-18
DAR 7-53:	139	13.1	0.22	1.9	0.05	146.1	5.3	58	0.8
1-20-08
DAR 7-53:	128	12.9	0.23	1.8	0.07	152.2	6.2	59	1.0
1-20-18

With regard to seed content, the TX 1281 had 4.59 grams of seeds per 100 gram of edible pulp(with a 95% confidence interval of 0.56) while the ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ had 3.55 grams of seeds per 100 grams of pulp (with a 95% confidence interval of 0.48)

In the area where these cacti are grown commercially in Gonzalez, Calif., approximately 40 km from the Pacific Ocean, the maximum daily temperatures during the growing season rarely exceed temperatures of 30 C for more than a few hours. However occasionally in the fall of the year, the orchards experience daily maximum temperatures of 35 C for several days This abrupt change in temperature, results in some varieties, particularly green varieties without any betaxanthin or betacyanin pigments, to experience serious damage to fruit quality. In this case, the edible portion of the fruits has changed from an opaque solid appearance to a water soaked, translucent appearance. This phenomenon has been denoted “clearing” by growers. In contrast to the green fruited varieties, this orange ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’ does not experience “clearing”.

In the location where the varieties are grown in the cool coastal region of central California, normally the date of first picking is the middle of September and the date of last picking is May 10. Under optimal storage conditions of refrigeration and humidity control, this non climacteric fruit has a shelf life of about 3 weeks. The plant can withstand a few hours of 20 F with the only damage being to flowers and immature cladodes. Temperatures in the Salinas Valley where the plants are grown never exceed 98 F and the plants suffer no damage from these temperatures. The plant is has good vigor in producing new cladodes from March/April until late November.

The major disease is known as engrosamiento de cladodios (pad swelling) in Mexico that causes stunting of fruits and pads. Our recent research indicates this is caused by an Umbravirus that is transmitted by cowpea aphids. To date all commercial fruit type varieties are susceptible to this virus. The plant is also susceptible to damage from wild cochineal (Dactylopius spp) insects.

Claims

1. A new and distinct orange fruited Opuntia ficus indica plant named ‘DAR 1-27-24 Orange’, substantially as illustrated and described, characterized by equivalent Brix and increased firmness over any thornless, orange fruited cactus pear variety.