`Harrow Sweet` pear
A new and distinct cultivar of pear, which has been given the designation Harrow Sweet, bears a high quality late-season pear for the fresh market.
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The present invention relates to a pear cultivar and more specifically to a pear cultivar bearing a high-quality, late-season pear for the fresh market.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONHarrow Sweet is a fresh market pear which is distinguished in characteristics from the varieties similar to it, Bartlett, Harrow Delight and Harvest Queen. It is described by Hunter, D. M. et al, HortScience, vol. 27 (12):1331-1334, Dec. 1992, French Patent Breeders Rights No. D6277, issued November, 1991 and Swiss Plant Breeders Rights No. 94.51.805, issued 1994.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe new and distinct pear cultivar which has been given the designation of Harrow Street produces a high quality late-season pear for the fresh market.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a photographic illustration of the whole fruit of Harrow Street pear.
FIG. 2 is a photographic illustration of the sliced fruit of Harrow Sweet pear.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONHarrow Street originated from a cross of Bartlett.times.Purdue 80-51 made in 1965 by R. E. C. Layne. It was selected and asexually propagated by budding by H. A. Quamme, at Agriculture Canada Research Branch, Research Station, Harrow, Ont. N0R 1G0, Canada, and has been observed to remain true to the description set forth herein.
The tree is medium-sized, upright to spreading, and consistently very productive, even following exposure to winter minima of -28.degree. C. There has been no evidence of biennial bearing. The bark of dormant shoots is reddish brown (R.H.S., 166-B) and shoot diameter is similar to that of Bartlett. The leaves are elliptic with acuminate tips. Leaf serrations are small but distinct. The flowers are white with pink to red anthers.
Harrow Sweet matured September 18 at Harrow, 23 days after Bartlett (Table 1). Preharvest fruit drop is not a problem. The medium to large fruit are slightly smaller than Bartlett on unthinned trees (Table 1). Fruit weight is improved by fruit thinning, since it is comparable to Bosc (Table 2). Fruit are pyriform in shape, with a shallow medium basin and an open calyx (FIG. 2). Fruit shape has been rated 5.2 using International Board for Plant Genetic Resources descriptors (Thibault et al., 1983); individual fruits have received ratings of 3.2, 3.4, 5.4 and 7.2. Following ripening at 20.degree. C., the skin has an attractive, yellow ground color (color code 11A; Royal Horticultural Soc., 1966) with visible lenticels and a red blush where fully exposed to the sun. There may also be some russetting. The appearance of ripened fruit of Harrow Street has been rated slightly lower than Bartlett and Harrow Delight and equal to Harvest Queen (Table 1). However, in blind sensory evaluations using untrained or semitrained panelists, Harrow Sweet scored better in general appearance than Aurora, Bartlett, and Comice and equal to Conference (Table 3). The flesh is cream-white, very sweet, and juicy, with excellent flavor. Trained panelists have rated the flavor as good as that of Bartlett, but worse than Harrow Delight and Harvest Queen (Table 1). Using the Just Right scale (Robertson et al., 1990) the flavor was rated as slightly intense, texture was slightly soft, and the sweet source balance was considered just right (Table 3). The overall flavor rating of Harrow Sweet was similar to that of traditional high-quality cultivars (Table 3); it can be gritty around the core and the skin can be tough, but these do not detract from its overall quality. Thefruit has been kept in cold storage (2.degree. C.) at Harrow for about 10 weeks; longer-term storage (3 to 4 months) is possible at 0.5.degree. C. (Masseron et al., 1991; Masseron and Trillot, 1991). If kept too long in storage, there can be some wilting at the stem end of the fruit.
TABLE 1
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Fresh fruit performance of Harrow Sweet pear in
comparison to Bartlett, Harrow Delight, and Harvest Queen
at Harrow, Ont.
Cultivar
Character- Harrow Harvest Harrow
istic Bartlett Delight Queen Sweet
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Years 17 18 19 16
evaluated
Harvest
dates
Avg. 26 Aug. 11 Aug. 18 Aug. 18 Sept.
Earliest 16 Aug. 5 Aug. 6 Aug. 30 Aug.
Latest 9 Sept. 16 Aug. 31 Aug. 8 Oct.
Size (mm).sup.z
Length 82 .+-. 1.sup.y
80 .+-. 1 73 .+-. 1
84 .+-. 2
Diam 64 .+-. 1 59 .+-. 1 58 .+-. 1
62 .+-. 1
Ratings
Appearance.sup.x
8.0 .+-. 0.1
7.9 .+-. 0.2
7.4 .+-. 0.2
7.4 .+-. 0.2
Flavor.sup.x
8.0 .+-. 0.2
8.2 .+-. 0.1
8.2 .+-. 0.1
7.8 .+-. 0.2
Texture.sup.x
7.8 .+-. 0.1
7.9 .+-. 0.2
8.5 .+-. 0.2
6.8 .+-. 0.1
Grit.sup.w
3.8 .+-. 0.1
3.9 .+-. 0.1
4.5 .+-. 0.1
3.2 .+-. 0.1
Juiciness.sup.v
3.9 .+-. 0.1
4.4 .+-. 0.1
4.2 .+-. 0.1
4.3 .+-. 0.1
Core size.sup.u
3.1 .+-. 0.1
3.1 .+-. 0.1
2.4 .+-. 0.1
3.8 .+-. 0.2
Weighted 79.6 .+-. 1.1
80.7 .+-. 1.2
80.6 .+-. 1.3
75.2 .+-. 1.7
score.sup.t
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.sup.z Fruit produced from unthinned trees. A random sample of two to
three fruit per year was measured.
.sup.y Mean .+-. SE.
.sup.x Appearance, flavor, and texture ratings are on a 1 (poor) to 10
(excellent) scale, as determined by trained panelists.
.sup.w Grit is on a 1 (undesirable, i.e., large and/or many grit cells) t
5 (desirable, i.e., very small and/or few or no grit cells) scale.
.sup.v Juiciness is on a 1 (dry) to 5 (very juicy) scale.
.sup.u Core size is on a 1 (small) to 5 (large) scale.
.sup.t Weighted score = (3 .times. appearance) .+-. (5 .times. flavor) +
(2 .times. texture).
TABLE 2
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Mean fruit weight of Anjou, Bosc, and
Harrow Sweet pear grown at Summerland, B.C..sup.z
Cultivar 1989 1990 1991
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g/fruit
Anjou 211 .+-. 9 a.sup.y
158 .+-. 10 b
147 .+-. 9 b
Bosc 180 .+-. 15 ab
202 .+-. 19 a
181 .+-. 2 a
Harrow Sweet
148 .+-. 16 b
137 .+-. 6 b
190 .+-. 6 a
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.sup.z Data were collected from five singletree replicates planted in
Spring 1987. In 1991, fruit were handthinned to 15 to 20 cm apart
following June drop. No handthinning was conducted in 1989 or 1990.
.sup.y Mean .+-. SE. Mean separation within columns by WallerDuncan k
ratio test, P = 0.05, k = 100.
TABLE 3
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Perception of pear fruit quality by untrained.sup.z
and semitrained.sup.y panelists at Summerland, B.C.
General Sour/ Overall
appear- Sweet flavor
Cultivar
ance.sup.x
Flavor.sup.w
Texture.sup.w
balance.sup.w
rating.sup.x
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Aurora 2.4 .+-. -0.1 .+-.
-0.7 .+-.
0.0 .+-.
1.9 .+-.
0.3b.sup.v
0.3a 0.3c 0.2ab 0.4b
Bartlett
2.6 .+-. -0.6 .+-.
-0.8 .+-.
-0.8 .+-.
3.0 .+-.
0.2b 0.5a 0.3c 0.2b 0.3a
Comice 3.3 .+-. -0.3 .+-.
0.1 .+-.
0.0 .+-.
3.2 .+-.
0.4a 0.4a 0.3ab 0.3ab 0.4a
Confer-
1.6 .+-. -0.6 .+-.
0.6 .+-.
0.3 .+-.
2.9 .+-.
ence 0.2c 0.3a 0.2a 0.2a 0.3a
Harrow 1.3 .+-. 0.4 .+-.
-0.3 .+-.
0.0 .+-.
2.4 .+-.
Sweet 0.2c 0.2a 0.3bc 0.3ab 0.4ab
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.sup.z Judges were not familiar with rating scales or procedures used.
Nine judges were used to determine general appearance, flavor, texture,
and sour/sweet balance.
.sup.y Judges were familiar with rating scale used. Twelve judges were
used to determine overall flavor, and tasting was done in individual
booths.
.sup.x Scale for general appearance and overall flavor rating is a
fivepoint hedonic scale where 1 = like very much and 5 = dislike very
much.
.sup.w Just Right scale was used for flavor (-2 = much too bland and 2 =
much too intense), texture (-2 = much too soft and 2 = much too hard) and
sour/sweet balance (-2 = much too sour and 2 = much too sweet). A rating
of 0.1 is considered Just Right (Robertson et al., 1990).
.sup.v Mean .+-. SE. Mean separation within columns by WallerDuncan k
ratio test, p = 0.05, k - 100.
When ripened fruit are processed as halves or puree, Harrow Sweet does not rate as highly as Bartlett and generally is rated equal to or lower than Harrow Delight and Harvest Queen. While acceptability of processed fruit products is good, the quality is probably not sufficiently high for Harrow Sweet to have potential as a processed pear in the present market.
Harrow Sweet has excellent resistance to fire blight. Using natural fire blight infection scores (van der Zwet et al., 1970), resistance of Harrow Sweet is between that of Harvest Queen and Harrow Delight, while the response to artificial inoculation is similar to that of Harrow Delight. Fire-blight resistance of Harrow Sweet is much greater than that of Bartlett, Bosc, or Anjou. Based on field observations, Harrow Sweet appears to be less susceptible to pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster) than other cultivars, especially Harrow Delight.
Harrow Sweet is reciprocally pollen-compatible with Bartlett. It will also pollinate Harrow Delight and, to a lesser extent, Harvest Queen. Harrow Sweet blooms slightly ahead of Bartlett; at Harrow, first bloom is 1 day before Bartlett, whle information from France indicates bloom is 2 to 4 days earlier than Bartlett (Masseron et al., 1991).
In Ontario, Harrow Sweet has been compatible with P. communis rootstocks, such as Bartlett seedling and Old Home.times.Farmingdale (OHF) clones 69 and 87. Harrow Sweet is also compatible for direct grafting onto quince (Cydonia clones BA29 and EMC) and OHF clone 333 (Brokmal; Masseron et al., 1991).
Because of its resistance to fire blight, Harrow Sweet has performed better than Bartlett in a replicated trial planted at Harrow in 1984 (Table 4). Fire blight has resulted in the loss of 50% of the Bartlett trees, and surviving trees of Bartlett are also affected by fire blight. Harrow Sweet is more precocious than Bartlett, producing fruit from lateral buds on first-year wood and on spurs, thus coming into production in the 2nd or 3rdyear after planting. In Summerland, Harrow Street produced significantly higher yields in the 2nd and 3rd years after planting than Anjou or Bosc. By the 5th year after planting, annual and cumulative yields of Harrow Sweet were higher, but not significantly so, than those of Bosc and Anjou (Table 4). Harrow Sweet appears to be adapted to regions where Bartlett and Bosc have been successfully grown and can be considered a replacement for Bosc in areas where fire blight has presented serious problems.
TABLE 4
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Annual and cumulative yields of Harrow Sweet
pear and standard cultivars grown at Harrow, Ont.,.sup.z and
Summerland, B.C..sup.y
Harrow Summerland
(kg/tree) (kg/tree)
Harrow Harrow
Year Bartlett.sup.x
Sweet Anjou Bosc Sweet
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1986 0.0 b.sup.w
2.0 .+-.
0.0 a.sup.v
1987 0.2 .+-.
5.7 .+-.
0.0 b 1.5 a
1988 3.8 .+-.
4.6 .+-.
0.0 b 0.1 .+-.
2.5 .+-.
1.4 a 1.0 a 0.1 b 0.3 a
1989 5.6 .+-.
13.3 .+-.
1.2 .+-.
3.2 .+-.
7.7 .+-.
1.4 b 2.2 a 0.3 b 0.8 b 1.4 a
1990 0.4 .+-.
17.5 .+-.
2.4 .+-.
4.5 .+-.
8.1 .+-.
0.1 b 3.5 a 0.7 a 1.2 a 2.7 a
1991 4.3 .+-.
8.8 .+-.
9.4 .+-.
16.5 .+-.
16.4 .+-.
0.3 a 1.8 a 1.4 a 4.6 a 4.9 a
Cumulative
14.3 .+-.
51.9 .+-.
12.9 .+-.
24.3 .+-.
34.7 .+-.
yield to
2.4 b 9.2 a 2.0 a 5.7 a 9.0 a
1991
TCSA.sup.u
42.9 .+-.
68.1 .+-.
18.3 .+-.
16.6 .+-.
17.2 .+-.
(cm.sup.2)
6.8 b 13.8 a 1.7 a 2.8 a 3.6 a
Yield 0.35 .+-.
0.80 .+-.
0.70 .+-.
1.41 .+-.
1.92 .+-.
efficiency.sup.t
0.11 b 0.15 a 0.08 b 0.18 a 0.20 a
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.sup.z Data collected from four singletree replicates planted in 1984,
first cropped in 1986.
.sup.y Data collected from five singletree replicates planted in 1987,
first cropped in 1988.
.sup.x For Bartlett, n = 2. Two of four trees were lost to fire blight;
surviving two trees are also affected.
.sup.w Mean separation within locations and years by WallerDuncan k ratio
test, P = 0.05, k = 100.
.sup.v Mean .+-. SE.
.sup.u TCSA = trunk crosssectional area (cm.sup.2) measured in Fall 1991
at Harrow and in Spring 1991 at Summerland.
.sup.t Yield efficiency = cumulative yield to 1991/cm.sup.2 TCSA.
Claims
1. A new and distinct pear tree substantially as shown and described herein.
- Swiss plant protection certificate No. 94.51.805, Harrow Sweet, Dec. 15, 1994. Netherlands plant protection certificate No. 13270, Harrow Sweet, Sep. 7, 1993. European Union plant protection certificate No. 93-51-956, Harrow Sweet, Nov. 23, 1994. French plant protection certificate No. 6227, Harrow Sweet, Dec. 30, 1991. "Harrow Sweet" Pear, Hunter, David M. et al, HortScience 27(12):1331-1334, 1992.
Type: Grant
Filed: Oct 12, 1995
Date of Patent: Apr 22, 1997
Assignee: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Ontario)
Inventors: David M. Hunter (Ontario), Frank Kappel (British Columbia), Richard E. C. Layne (Ontario), Harvey A. Quamme (British Columbia)
Primary Examiner: James R. Feyrer
Law Firm: Flynn, Thiel, Boutell & Tanis, P.C.
Application Number: 8/542,398
International Classification: A01H 500;
