Rotary kiln heat exchanger and method of assembling same
Rotary kiln heal exchangers having precast hub and leg assemblies are disclosed. The hub and leg assemblies include interlocking features which secure the heat exchanger components together. A method of installing such heat exchangers in rotary kilns is also disclosed. Installation is relatively fast and simple, and the heat exchangers are capable of withstanding the harsh operating conditions of rotary kilns for extended periods of time.
Latest Harbison-Walker Refractories Company Patents:
More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 6,688,884 B2. The reissue applications are application Ser. No. 11/069,643 and application Ser. No. 12/152,878 (the present application), which is a divisional reissue of Reissue application Ser. No. 11/069,643.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates to rotary kilns, and more particularly relates to heat exchangers installed in rotary kilns.
BACKGROUND INFORMATIONRotary kilns are long, slightly inclined cylinders used for processing materials such as lime, limestone, dolomite, magnesite, petroleum coke and cement. The material to be treated is introduced at the higher end and heated air flowing counter-current to the material is introduced at the lower end. Rotary kilns generally operate on a twenty-four hour basis for several months between scheduled down periods.
Rotary kilns typically have a refractory brick interior and a steel shell exterior, and some have at least one heat exchanger. The heat exchanger divides the cross section of the kiln into three or more segments to enhance the heat transfer from the gas to the material and improve mixing of the material. A three-segment heat exchanger comprises three spokes or legs which extend from the axial center of the kiln to locations equally spaced around the interior circumference of the steel shell. Commercially available three-segment heat exchangers have been sold under the trademark Trefoil®.
Rotary kiln heat exchangers encounter harsh operating conditions. For example, internal gas temperatures may typically be 1,000 to 3,000° F. in a highly basic atmosphere in a rotary lime kiln, although temperatures outside of this range are possible depending on the particular application. The heat exchanger must take the structural loading and erosion, e.g., from several hundred tons per day of partially calcined rock that slides across or falls against the surfaces of the heat exchanger. Furthermore, the heat exchanger rotates continuously with the kiln, which subjects the components of the heat exchanger to varying compressive and tensile forces. The heat exchanger must also withstand the kiln shell deflection upon revolution over its roller supports.
Conventional rotary kiln heat exchangers are typically from 8 to 16 feet long along the longitudinal kiln axis, depending on the kiln diameter and other parameters, and have spokes or legs typically from 9 to 13.5 inches thick. The heat exchangers are usually formed from individual refractory bricks, although some have been formed in-situ from refractory materials which are cast and cured inside the kiln. Installation of conventional brick heat exchangers is labor-intensive and requires specially skilled artisans. The bricks also require complicated forms specific to a single rotary kiln size to support them during construction. Thus, brick heat exchangers are slow to install and are expensive. In-situ cast refractory heat exchangers also suffer from disadvantages such as premature wear, complicated forms and slower installation than brick.
Some examples of rotary kiln heat exchanger designs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,030,091 to Wicken et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,036,822 to Andersen, U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,016 to Wicken et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,175,815 to Wicken et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,677 to Crivelli et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,351 to Ransom et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,257,878 to Marr et al.
Despite these prior designs, a need still exists for a rotary kiln heat exchanger that is relatively fast and simple to install, and can withstand the harsh operating conditions of rotary kilns for extended periods of time. The present invention has been developed in view of the foregoing, and to address other deficiencies of the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAn aspect of the present invention is to provide a precast monolithic rotary kiln heat exchanger hub comprising at least one recessed surface configured for engagement with a heat exchanger leg.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a rotary kiln heat exchanger hub comprising at least one portion configured for interlocking engagement with a heat exchanger leg, and at least one portion configured for slidable engagement with another heat exchanger leg.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a rotary kiln heat exchanger assembly comprising a heat exchanger hub including recesses, and heat exchanger legs received in the heat exchanger hub recesses.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a rotary kiln heat exchanger assembly comprising a heat exchanger hub, at least one precast heat exchanger leg interlocked with the trefoil hub, and at feast one precast heat exchanger leg slidably mounted in the trefoil hub.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a precast rotary kiln heat exchanger leg comprising an end configured for engagement with a heat exchanger hub.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a precast rotary kiln heat exchanger leg comprising a recess and/or protrusion extending along a side surface of the leg for engagement with a protrusion and/or recess of an adjacent heat exchanger leg.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a precast rotary kiln heat exchanger leg comprising an end including at least one recess or protrusion for engagement with an interior wall of a rotary kiln.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a precast rotary kiln heat exchanger leg comprising an end including means for adjusting the radial location of the heat exchanger in a rotary kiln.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a precast rotary kiln heat exchanger leg comprising a flared end for installation adjacent to an interior wall of a rotary kiln.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a rotary kiln comprising a refractory lining in the kiln, and a heat exchanger assembly in the kiln including precast heat exchanger legs and a central heat exchanger hub.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a rotary kiln comprising a refractory lining in the kiln, and a heat exchanger assembly in the kiln. The heat exchanger assembly includes a heat exchanger hub comprising recesses, and heat exchanger legs received in the heat exchanger hub recesses.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of installing a heat exchanger in a rotary kiln. The method comprises the steps of providing precast heat exchanger legs, providing a precast heat exchanger hub, and assembling the precast heat exchanger legs and precast heat exchanger hub in the rotary kiln.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of installing a heat exchanger in a rotary kiln. The method comprises positioning first and second heat exchanger legs in the kiln at initial positions, installing a hub between the first and second legs by moving the first and second legs from their initial positions to installed positions in which the first and second legs are engaged with the hub, and installing a third heat exchanger leg by engaging the third heat exchanger leg with the hub.
These and other aspects of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description.
FIG. 17A is a view of a heat exchanger leg showing shims beneath the outer end thereof.
Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiment of the invention only, and not for the purpose of limiting same,
The rotary kiln 10 is mounted for rotation on trunions 16 with the influent end 18 elevated so that a charge of material to be processed can flow by gravity downstream within the kiln as it rotates. The rotary kiln 10 at the effluent end 20 discharges the dried and/or calcined material. Heated air and gaseous products of combustion, indicated by arrows 22, are introduced at the effluent end 20 and flow in a countercurrent direction to the material being processed. Because the heat exchanger structure is subjected to extremely high torsional forces from the flowing materials charged, various means of construction are used to minimize the effect thereof. A retainer ring 24 may be constructed downstream from the heat exchanger 30. The retainer ring 24 is secured adjacent to a brick lining 34. A shaped refractory brick lining 34 is installed in the kiln 10 between legs 50, 50a and 64 of heat exchanger 30.
Referring now to
As shown in
In the embodiment shown in
As shown most clearly in
As shown most clearly in
As shown in
The legs 50, 50a and 64 are preferably formed of a monolithic refractory material having an alumina content of at least 70% by composition, and more preferably, having an alumina content of about 80% to about 95% by composition. In one embodiment, legs 50, 50a and 64 are formed of a dense, low cement/high alumina (80-85%) castable. The refractory material may be reinforced with metal fibers, e.g., stainless steel, such as by way of example and not limitation, 430ss, 310ss and/or 304ss fibers.
As shown in
As shown in the embodiment of
With the first and second legs 50 and 50a located at their respective initial positions Pi, there is sufficient clearance between the legs for insertion of the hub 40. The first and second legs 50 and 50a and the hub 40 may be moved from the positions shown in
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, kiln shells are not perfectly cylindrical. Thus, when forming legs 50, 50a and 64, it will be necessary to dimension such components to fit within the smallest cylindrical opening defined by the kiln shell. As a result, the insertion of shims 92 between the outer ends of legs 50, 50a and 64 and kiln shell 32, may be required for one or many of such legs 50, 50a and 64.
In one method of forming legs 50, 50a and 64, such legs are dimensioned shorter than necessary to fit within a given kiln shell, and the legs are then shimmed where necessary to account for areas of kiln shell 32 that are out of round.
As shown in
The following example is intended to illustrate various aspects of the present invention, but is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLEA heat exchanger is installed in a rotary kiln as follows. After the internal surface of the kiln shell has been exposed and cleaned, the following sequence is carried out.
-
- 1. enter kiln and establish a longitudinal centerline on the lowest segment of radius, or 6 o'clock position;
- 2. measure interior circumference and divide circumference first by one-half and record, then divide the circumference by thirds and record;
- 3. from the first centerline on floor, measure one-half of the circumference and establish upper point at the 12 o'clock position. From this line measure back down shell both to the left and right one-third of the circumference and establish these centerlines, at approximately the 4 o'clock and 8 o'clock positions;
- 4. at the 6 o'clock position, set track segments for the rolling support table, the full length of work area;
- 5. set both monorail segments, approximately 20 degrees to the left and 20 degrees to the right of the upper or 12 o'clock position centerline;
- 6. establish the starting point of the heat exchanger and mark kiln shell;
- 7. from each of the three centerlines, at 12 o'clock, 4 o'clock and 8 o'clock positions, set the support channels and weld to shell;
- 8. set one leg on the left side of a support table, and second leg on the right side of the table, then raise table to up position;
- 9. set a hub in place on the support table and lower these three items into place;
- 10. with support table in the down position, set the remaining leg into place and install locking pins; and
- 11. lower table, roll forward to next position and repeat steps #8, #9 and #10.
This sequence is continued until the heat exchanger is completely installed. Then the support table track and monorail segments are removed and the remaining kiln brick lining is installed.
Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims
1. A rotary kiln comprising:
- a refractory lining in the kiln; and
- a heat exchanger assembly in the kiln including a heat exchanger hub comprising recesses, and heat exchanges legs received in the heat exchanger hub recesses wherein the legs are installed adjacent to the refractory lining with at least one course of raised bricks.
2. A rotary kiln comprising:
- a refractory lining in the kiln; and
- a heat exchanger assembly in the kiln including a heat exchanger hub comprising recesses, and heat exchanger legs received in the heat exchanger hub recesses, wherein the legs are installed adjacent to the refractory lining with at least two courses of raised bricks, and the courses of raised bricks have different heights.
3. A method of installing a heat exchanger in a rotary kiln comprising:
- positioning first and second heat exchanger legs in the kiln at initial positions;
- installing a hub between the first and second legs by moving the first and second legs from their initial positions to installed positions in which the first and second legs are engaged with the hub; and
- installing a third heat exchanger leg by engaging the third heat exchanger leg with the hub.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first and second heat exchanger legs are positioned at four o'clock and eight o'clock positions, respectively.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the third heat exchanger leg is installed at a twelve o'clock position.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein at least one of said first and second heat exchanger legs includes recesses and projections dimensioned to engage and interlock with projections and recesses an said hub.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein a third heat exchanger leg slides into position relative to said hub.
8. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of inserting shims between said kiln and the outer end of at least one of said heat exchanger legs.
9. The method of claim 3, wherein at least one of said heat exchanger legs includes recesses and projections dimensioned to engage and interlock with projections and recesses on said hub, and at least one of said heat exchanger legs is pinned to said hub.
10. A trefoil structure for a rotary kiln, said kiln having a cylindrical body having a metal shell and a refractory brick lining therewithin, said trefoil structure, comprising:
- a central hub comprised of a plurality of side-by-side, pre-formed refractory hub sections, said hub sections aligned along a central axis that extends through said cylindrical body; and
- a plurality of legs extending radially outward from said hub to said metal shell, each of said legs comprised of side-by-side pre-formed leg sections, each of said leg sections being a unitary cast refractory shape that extends between said central hub and supports on said metal shell.
11. A trefoil structure of claim 10, wherein said hub sections are axially thicker than said leg sections, wherein each hub section engages at least two side-by-side leg sections.
12. A trefoil structure of claim 11, wherein shims are disposed between said metal shell and at least one of said legs.
13. A trefoil structure of claim 10, wherein the leg sections that form at least one of said legs are axially slidable into engagement with said hub sections forming said hub.
14. A trefoil structure of claim 13, wherein said leg sections are pinned to said hub sections.
15. A trefoil structure of claim 10, wherein at least one of said legs is comprised of leg sections that have innermost ends that interlockingly engage with said hub sections, and at least one of said legs is comprised of leg sections that have innermost ends that slide axially along the central axis of said cylindrical body into engagement with said hub sections.
16. A trefoil structure of claim 15, wherein said leg sections that slide into engagement with said hub sections are locked in position by pins extending into aligned slots in said slidably-aligned leg sections and said hub sections.
17. A trefoil structure of claim 15, wherein said leg sections that interlock with said hub sections have a plurality of recesses and protrusions formed along said innermost end of said leg sections that mate with opposing protrusions and recesses on said hub sections.
18. A trefoil structure for a rotary kiln, said kiln having a cylindrical body having a metal shell and a refractory brick lining therewithin, said trefoil structure, comprising:
- a refractory hub oriented along an axis that extends axially through said cylindrical body; and
- a plurality of elongated leg sections that extend radially from said hub to said metal shell, each of said leg sections being an elongated cast refractory shape dimensioned to have an innermost end that engages and interlocks with said hub and an outermost end supported by said metal shell of said cylindrical body.
19. A trefoil structure of claim 18, wherein groups of said leg sections are arranged side-by-side to form a plurality of equally spaced trefoil legs that extend from said hub to said metal shell.
20. A trefoil structure of claim 19, wherein each of said leg sections includes a protrusion on one lateral side and a recess on another lateral side, said protrusion and said recess being dimensioned, wherein a protrusion on one leg section is matingly received in a recess in another leg section when multiple leg sections are arranged side-by-side to form a trefoil leg.
21. A trefoil structure of claim 20, wherein said hub is comprised of a plurality of side-by-side pre-formed refractory hub sections.
22. A trefoil structure of claim 21, wherein a hub section is thicker than a leg section, wherein each hub section engages at least two side-by-side leg sections.
23. A trefoil structure of claim 18, wherein said leg sections are supported by said metal shell by elongated bars attached to said metal shell, said bars being received in channels formed in the outermost ends of said leg sections.
24. A trefoil structure of claim 23, wherein said channels are formed in the edge of said leg sections.
25. A trefoil structure of claim 18, wherein shims are disposed between said metal shell and the outermost end of at least one of said leg sections.
26. In a rotary kiln having a refractory lining in the kiln, a heat exchanger assembly, comprised of:
- a heat exchanger hub comprising recesses;
- multiple heat exchanger legs, each heat exchanger leg having an inner end received in the recesses of said heat exchanger hub and an outer end installed adjacent said refractory lining, each heat exchanger leg comprised of side-by-side preformed leg sections, each of said leg sections being a unitary cast refractory shape that extends between said heat exchanger hub and said refractory lining, said leg sections being stacked together along the axial length of the kiln, each of said heat exchanger leg sections having an elongated protrusion on one side of the leg section and an elongated recess on an opposite side of the leg section, said protrusion on a heat exchanger leg section dimensioned to fit in mating fashion within a recess on an adjacent heat exchanger leg section to interlock adjacent heat exchanger leg sections and to prevent lateral movement of the adjacent leg sections relative to one another, said protrusion and recess extending along a major portion of the length of said elongated leg section in a direction between said inner end and said outer end of said leg section.
27. A rotary kiln as defined in claim 26, wherein each heat exchanger leg section includes a flared, outer end dimensioned to be positioned along the inner surface of said kiln.
28. A rotary kiln as defined in claim 26, wherein each said heat exchanger leg section has an overall length L greater than about three (3) feet.
29. A rotary kiln as defined in claim 26, wherein each said heat exchanger leg section has a flared, inner end.
30. A rotary kiln as defined in claim 28, wherein said heat exchanger assembly includes a plurality of hub sections, said inner end of said legs interlocking with said hub sections.
31. An elongated, pre-cast leg section for use in forming a leg in a heat exchanger in a rotary kiln by stacking a plurality of said leg sections together along the axial length of said kiln, said leg section having an inner end and an outer end and an elongated protrusion on one side thereof and an elongated recess on an opposite side thereof, said protrusion and said recess being dimensioned such that a protrusion on one leg section fits in mating fashion within a recess on an adjacent leg section to interlock said one leg section to said adjacent leg section and to prevent lateral movement of the adjacent leg sections relative to one another when said legs are stacked together along the axis of said kiln, said protrusion and recess extending along a major portion of the length of said elongated leg section in a direction between said inner end and said outer end of said leg section.
1431530 | October 1922 | Leicester |
1534475 | April 1925 | Willett et al. |
1741680 | December 1929 | Davey |
2341971 | February 1944 | Antill |
2889143 | June 1959 | Reaney et al. |
3030091 | April 1962 | Gill et al. |
3036822 | May 1962 | Andersen |
3169016 | February 1965 | Schneider et al. |
3175815 | March 1965 | Wicken et al. |
3201100 | August 1965 | Dussossoy |
3221614 | December 1965 | Pertien |
3227430 | January 1966 | Vaughan, Jr. |
3346248 | October 1967 | Martinet et al. |
3362698 | January 1968 | Cerny et al. |
3521867 | July 1970 | Bucchi |
3834108 | September 1974 | Ludvigsen |
4301860 | November 24, 1981 | Pozzi |
4340360 | July 20, 1982 | Hoedl et al. |
4475886 | October 9, 1984 | Tyler |
4476637 | October 16, 1984 | Justus et al. |
4492043 | January 8, 1985 | Zannoni |
4543893 | October 1, 1985 | Künnecke |
4846677 | July 11, 1989 | Crivelli et al. |
4960058 | October 2, 1990 | Materna |
4975049 | December 4, 1990 | Roenigk et al. |
4984625 | January 15, 1991 | Lichtfuss |
5330351 | July 19, 1994 | Ransom, Jr. et al. |
6257878 | July 10, 2001 | Marr et al. |
6672256 | January 6, 2004 | Marr et al. |
338060 | August 1921 | DE |
394431 | April 1924 | DE |
494151 | March 1930 | DE |
610814 | March 1935 | DE |
633662 | August 1936 | DE |
698539 | November 1940 | DE |
860275 | December 1952 | DE |
869468 | May 1953 | DE |
887626 | August 1953 | DE |
910758 | May 1954 | DE |
966057 | July 1957 | DE |
1 085 089 | July 1960 | DE |
1 758 808 | February 1973 | DE |
2 255 069 | May 1974 | DE |
29 46 955 | May 1981 | DE |
G 84 34 907.7 | March 1985 | DE |
37 08 224 | September 1988 | DE |
0 080 444 | November 1985 | EP |
0 252 292 | January 1988 | EP |
0 185 916 | July 1990 | EP |
0 886 118 | December 1998 | EP |
388177 | February 1933 | GB |
Type: Grant
Filed: May 16, 2008
Date of Patent: Feb 3, 2015
Assignee: Harbison-Walker Refractories Company (Pittsburgh, PA)
Inventors: John Thibault (Cornwall), John J. Stephansky (Fair Oaks, PA), Jack Smaroff (Eighty Four, PA)
Primary Examiner: Gregory A Wilson
Application Number: 12/152,878
International Classification: F27B 7/14 (20060101);