Abstract: A power device utilizing a housing and rotor assembly receiving pressurized, non-compressible liquid from a pump for driving an output shaft which may be employed for many purposes. The housing is communicated with and positioned on top of the tank or sump for the liquid and the pump includes an intake associated with the tank for circulating the liquid which may be in the form of an oil, such as that used as transmission fluid, or the like. A bypass control is provided for the pump for varying the output characteristics of the shaft and a DC electric motor drives the pump. The electric motor is associated with an electric power system for providing electrical energy to the pump motor which includes an alternator or equivalent charging device, battery assembly and an inverter and convertor, in one embodiment, associated in a manner to supply sufficient electrical energy to the pump motor for driving the pump.

Abstract: A speed controller for a rotary pump and motor hydraulic power transmission comprises a pair of pulse generators, one driven at a reference speed and the other proportionally to motor speed. An algebraic summing circuit connects the two pulse generators to the displacement regulator of the hydraulic pump. Error signals produced by the changes in phase of the pulse generators adjust the pump displacement to maintain the motor speed in step with the reference speed.

Abstract: A motor vehicle fluid power circuit is disclosed which includes a primary pump, a closed center brake booster, and an open center steering valve. These components are hydraulically connected in series with the fluid flowing from the pump to the closed center brake booster and then to the open center steering valve. The brake booster includes valve means throttling fluid flow from the pump to the steering valve and maintaining the outlet pressure of the pump at at least a predetermined pressure differential above the working pressure of the brake booster under normal operating conditions in order to conserve output load requirements of the pump while assuring adequate pump pressure for brake booster actuation. In a second embodiment, a back-up pump is also provided in the circuit, and a pilot valve hydraulically disconnects the primary pump and hydraulically connects the back-up pump to the brake booster in response to a fluid pressure failure in the primary pump.

Abstract: An auxiliary automotive drive system consisting of a steam engine coupled through a clutch to an auxiliary pinion gear of a differential assembly to the drive wheels of an automobile.

Abstract: An electric power plant having dual turbine-generators connected to a steam source that includes a high temperature gas cooled nuclear reactor. Each turbine comprises a high pressure portion operated by superheat steam and an intermediate-low pressure portion operated by reheat steam; a bypass line is connected across each turbine portion to permit a desired minimum flow of steam from the source at times when the combined flow of steam through the turbine is less than the minimum. Coolant gas is propelled through the reactor by a circulator which is driven by an auxiliary turbine which uses steam exhausted from the high pressure portions and their bypass lines. The pressure of the reheat steam is controlled by a single proportional-plus-integral controller which governs the steam flow through the bypass lines associated with the intermediate-low pressure portions.

Abstract: A power plant including dual steam turbine-generators connected to pass superheat and reheat steam from a steam generator which derives heat from the coolant gas of a high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor. Associated with each turbine is a bypass line to conduct superheat steam in parallel with a high pressure turbine portion, and a bypass line to conduct superheat steam in parallel with a lower pressure turbine portion. Auxiliary steam turbines pass a portion of the steam flow to the reheater of the steam generator and drive gas blowers which circulate the coolant gas through the reactor and the steam source. Apparatus and method are disclosed for loading or unloading a turbine-generator while the other produces a steady power output. During such loading or unloading, the steam flows through the turbine portions are coordinated with the steam flows through the bypass lines for protection of the steam generator, and the pressure of reheated steam is regulated for improved performance of the gas blowers.

Abstract: An electric power plant having a cross compound steam turbine and a steam source that includes a high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor. The steam turbine includes high and intermediate-pressure portions which drive a first generating means, and a low-pressure portion which drives a second generating means. The steam source supplies superheat steam to the high-pressure turbine portion, and an associated bypass permits the superheat steam to flow from the source to the exhaust of the high-pressure portion. The intermediate and low-pressure portions use reheat steam; an associated bypass permits reheat steam to flow from the source to the low-pressure exhaust. An auxiliary turbine driven by steam exhausted from the high-pressure portion and its bypass drives a gas blower to propel the coolant gas through the reactor.

Abstract: An artificial island including at least one modular, upright supporting column having a base portion normally standing on the ocean floor, a platform supported by the column or columns in an operative position above the water surface, one or more floats sufficiently buoyant when filled with air to hold the platform in its operative position, and guide cables guiding the floats between a position of engagement with the platform and a position adjacent the ocean floor is assembled by floating the platform, floats, and column modules on the water surface to a desired location, lowering the column into the water until its base portion engages the ocean floor, attaching the floats to the platform in fixed spatial relationship while the floats are at least partly flooded and submerged, raising the platform by expelling water from the floats by means of compressed air, fastening the raised platform to the column in the operative position, and releasing the floats.

Abstract: A marine platform for offshore installation has a fixed central platform and an annular arrangement of floating dock units positioned thereabout arranged for movement therearound and vertical movement responsive to wave and water level changes. The annular arrangement of floating dock units accommodate the docking of ships and barges which may be rotated about the marine platform by rotary motion imparted the dock units.

Abstract: A thermoelectric refrigeration unit in which the heat-sink plate and cold plate are separated by spacer blocks, and the space between the plates is filled with thermal insulation. A separator encloses the insulation and the space between the plates and has the fan and power supply mounted to it. A cover encloses the fan, power supply and heat-radiating fins and has openings for circulation of air. The separator and cover are fastened to the cold plate which serves as the base for the unit and as the means for mounting the unit in an insulated enclosure. In a modified embodiment, a shroud and fan assembly is mounted over the cold plate for circulating refrigerated air within the insulated enclosure.

Abstract: An evaporative refrigerator or cooler comprising a bundle of spaced, porous walled tubes closed at one of their ends and vented to a vacuum at the other end is disclosed. The tube bundle is surrounded by a water jacket having a hot water inlet distribution manifold and a cooled water outlet through a plenum chamber. In operation, hot water is pumped into the jacket to circulate around the tubes, and when this water meets the vacuum existing inside the tubes, it evaporates thereby cooling the water in the jacket. If cooling proceeds to the point where water penetrating or surrounding all or part of the tubes freezes, operation continues with local sublimation of the ice on the tubes while the circulating water attempts to melt the ice. Under some conditions, both sublimation and evaporation may take place simultaneously in different regions of the device.

Abstract: A freezer-refrigerator unit is provided with exterior ice service through the front of the cabinet. The unit has a panel forming a portion of the front closure of the freezer compartment and hinged at its lower edge to swing outwardly. Behind the panel is an ice tray, and the tray is supplied with ice cubes from an automatic ice maker located in the freezer compartment.

Abstract: In an apparatus for defrosting an evaporator in a heat pump which is driven by a compressor, the evaporator consists of a fan and a heat exchanger through which the fan drives air for heat exchange with the heat transport medium flowing through the heat exchanger. A pressure sensitive switch is arranged to actuate a member for reversal of the pumping direction of the compressor when the pressure differential .sigma. p of the air over the heat exchanger has reached a predetermined value, and a temperature sensitive switch which senses the temperature at the heat exchanger, is arranged to actuate the reversal member to maintain the reversed pumping direction of the compressor as long as the temperature at the heat exchanger is less than or equal to 0.degree. C.

Abstract: In a dual temperature refrigerator with a single compressor from which refrigerant flows through a condenser and a capillary tube into a first evaporator, and from the first evaporator through a connecting line into a second evaporator, a refrigerant collector being connected to the condenser at the beginning of the capillary tube, the collector having a volumetric capacity equal to that of the second evaporator and being provided with a heater, a control element in the chamber of the second evaporator intermittently activating the compressor and heater, a suction line from the second evaporator to the compressor, and at least part of the capillary tube in heat-exchange contact with the connecting line. Preferably part of the capillary tube is disposed within the connecting line. Desirably the capillary tube and connecting line are disposed in the insulation of the refrigerator.

Abstract: In a refrigeration system having at least a condensor with a plurality of coils for passage therethrough of a refrigerant of the system and means for directing air flow in a selected path over the condensor, there is provided means for attaining a weighted average of the temperatures of at least some of the coils and the air flow. The attaining means includes means disposed across at least some of the coils and generally in the path of the air flow for heat transfer therewith, respectively.A method of attaining a weighted average temperature and a method of operating a refrigeration system are also disclosed.

Abstract: A hydrogen gas extractor adapted for use with a refrigerating machine in which a high vacuum is maintained and hydrogen gas is evolved largely by corrosive reactions of a solution, comprising a case, hydrogen gas exhaust means fabricated of palladium or its alloy and gas tightly secured through the walls of said case, a connecting pipe communicated at one end with said machine and open at the other end in said case, a mass of metal contained in said case, said metal being capable of occluding hydrogen gas at ordinary temperature and releasing the same at elevated temperature, and heater means for heating both said hydrogen gas exhaust means and said metal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling selectively the sliver feeding rates of the carding mechanisms of a multi-feed high pile fabric circular knitting machine, whereby the sliver feeding rates harmonize continuously with the fabric pattern for which the machine has been programmed. The selected pattern is incorporated into the fabric during knitting by electronically controlled needle selection. The knitting pattern data is stored in digital form in a computer type memory, such as a magnetic disc, tape or drum, or equivalent digital data storage means. The rate of sliver feed at each sliver feeding station is determined continuously during knitting, and adjusted as required, by the pattern data controlling the needle selection at that particular station, to ensure that the sliver input to the machine harmonizes with the demand of the needles for sliver fibers in accordance with the knitting pattern selected.

Abstract: A cam system for a circular knitting machine includes a cam retainer having an aperture for receiving a cam carrier, so that the cam carrier may be held in the retainer in a fixed position. The cam carrier may be fixed in the cam retainer at a number of predetermined positions, and the cam carrier has affixed thereto at least two cam surfaces which may be selectively positioned in opposite relationship in the knitting machine.

Abstract: Twisted beard needle for crochet frames raschel chain and similar products comprising a rectangular stem, a heel on one end of the stem and a beard with the needle point of the beard bent towards the heel on the other end of the stem in a direction displaced on the side with respect to the longitudinal axis of the needle and in repose being positioned within the cross section of the rectangular stem, the portion of the beard bent towards the heel consisting of two segments inclined upwardly to a point extending above the cross section of the rectangular stem to form an obstacle to the loop which slides on the beard so that the loop is obliged to slack its sliding and to widen to overcome the above-mentioned obstacle constituted by the point, said widening determining the recovery of the thread from the stitch previously formed to thereby tighten more the stitch.

Abstract: A case holds a plurality of different size knitting needles, flexible cords, flanged stitch holders, and coupling members. The parts may be combined to form stitch holders, or circular or straight needle assemblies in different sizes, tips and lengths. The needles have a generally cylindrical body with a tip at one end and a coupling end. The flexible cords or elongate units have a body with an outer diameter not greater than the needle and likewise have coupling ends. The coupling ends of the needle and elongate units have cooperative means providing a disconnectable twist-type connection.

Abstract: A knitted yarn and a method for knitting the yarn. The yarn comprises two strands formed into successive stitches alternately disposed about two needle axes. Alternate strands form the successive stitches along each axis. Each stitch on one axis is drawn through a preceding stitch on that axis. As a result, each stitch on each strand passes through an adjacent stitch formed of the other strand.Each stitch in a strand is formed at a single or one of two reciprocating latch needles which pull the newly formed stitches in each strand through preceding stitches in the other strand and cast off the preceding stitches. Then the needles extend to accept the next stitches formed in the strands. The yarn knitting apparatus feeds strands at a controlled rate to service bars which reciprocate and oscillate over the needles to form the stitches at the needles alternately each time the needles reciprocate.

Abstract: An improved washing machine of simplified construction including means for stabilizing same during the fluid extraction or spin portion of its operation cycle. When a spin basket therein rotates at high speed the stabilization means counteracts the imbalance in the basket caused by clothes placed therein. The means for stabilizing the washing machine includes in combination: a fluid retaining jacket surrounding the spin basket and in fluid communication therewith for obtaining fluid extracted therefrom and retaining a portion therein by centrifugal force; and a plurality of flexible casing mounting support bars generally vertically positioned in spatial relation inside the washing machine casing adjacent its external corners. Each of the bars is rigidly mounted at its top end to the casing inwardly adjacent the top thereof and extends substantially freely downwardly through the casing.

Abstract: A security device for protecting equipment such as typewriters, calculators and the like, comprises a base member having a hole through which the shank of a bolt passes through a mounting body and into the frame or housing of the equipment to be protected, the head of the bolt being held at a seat within the base member. A protective envelope has an end member positioned to be juxtaposed to, and cover, a portion of the base member around the seat to prevent access to the bolt head. The end member has a threaded hole through it communicating with the bolt head, and a lock body having a barrel with a threaded protruding neck which engages the threaded hole, fits within a hollow shank of the protective member. The lock body contains a number of transversely slidable locking blades which resiliently protrude from the barrel to engage spline stops of the shank when in the normal locked position.

Abstract: A lock device for vehicles such as bicycles and motorcycles having tubular frames which comprises a cable or chain threaded into an opening in a frame member with a stop to prevent full extraction from the frame, and a loop to receive a padlock shackle to lock the vehicle to a post or to lock the wheel of a vehicle to prevent rotation.

Abstract: A push key type lock mechanism which requires insertion and removal of the key for operating of the associated bolt. The lock mechanism includes an anti-picking device which requires complete key insertion for operation of the lock mechanism to prevent trial and error picking of the lock.

Abstract: A process of manufacture to produce low cost pressure vessels from a length of metal tubing by use of localized heat and/or axial tensile force to shrink the diameter of the tubing at selected locations of a predetermined starting length approximately one diameter long and many diameters apart to permit subsequent separation to form open-ended pressure vessels. Subsequent conventional swaging operations could thicken and reduce the end diameters so they can be threaded.

Abstract: Rod or wire shaped material is produced by substantial reduction of the cross-sectional area of a metal blank in each of two types of alternating, sequentially arranged rolling passes, each of one type of pass being effected by flat-rolling the blank in at least one pair of rolls having substantially smooth roll barrels, and each of the other type of pass being effected by upset-rolling the blank in at least one pair of rolls having grooves which exhibit a rounded groove bottom.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for retrofitting a hydraulic roll actuating mechanism in a screw down rolling mill. A hydraulic cylinder is fitted to the mill frame in the situs of the original screw down mechanism, and an externally threaded piston rod sleeve which coaxially extends from the hydraulic cylinder and receives the piston rod is disposed within the frame opening which originally accommodated the screw member. The piston rod sleeve is threadedly engaged with the original screw nut carried by the frame for purposes of transmitting reaction forces to the frame.

Abstract: A container for an extrusion press with a liner space which has its shape defined by at least one, if desirable several, component parts in which in the liner wall where the highest stresses arise there is provided at least one groove or similar recess. These grooves run approximately in the extrusion direction, and are filled and sealed with a weld which behaves elastically during extrusion. The intrusion of extruded metal into the gaps is thus prevented and a longer lifetime of the container is achieved.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for forming drawn and ironed containers from metal blanks. A duplex drive mechanism rotated by a single motive device translates rotary into recipricatory motion by means of pivoted levers, transmitting it to the reciprocating carriages of a pair of juxtaposed machines through linkages having disengagable latches so that one machine may be disconnected while the other remains in operation. A pair of disc-like cams are provided, one operating a stripper punch disposed within an ironing ram used to advance metal blanks through successively smaller forming dies. The other cam is used to control the operation of a redraw die disposed about the ironing ram and which acts in concert with the ram to redraw blanks fed into the machine. Each carriage is articulated, force being applied to a rear portion of the carriage through linkages coupled to a source of motive power. A toggle linkage for operating the stripper punch is also carried by the rearward portion of the carriage.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to processes for forming hollow articles by drawing; apparatus to carry out such processes; tool sets for incorporation in such apparatus; and hollow metal articles such as cans made by said methods.

Abstract: Device for bending thin-walled pipes from inside by embossing them with eccentric corrugations, comprising an expander block introducible into the pipe to the point of bend, the block being formed by a supporting shoe and a punch whose side facing the pipe has a toroidal surface following the shape of the desired corrugation and which is mounted on the shoe with a provision for positive movement in a radial direction to the pipe surface for making the corrugation on the pipe. In the cross-sectional plane of the pipe the punch has the shape of a ring which is open at the side of the shoe and is composed of individual elements around its parameter, each element being articulated to a movable member of one of the power cylinders whose axes are arranged radially to a cross-sectional plane of the pipe while their stationary members are connected with the supporting shoe.

Abstract: A spring assembly consisting of an elongate piece of flat spring material formed into a spiral configuraton and a free running spool in circumscribing relation to which this spring is disposed. The spring has a distal end that is externally accessible so that when the distal end is drawn along a path, the spring unwinds against a restoring force present in the portion of the spring that resides in a transition region between a relatively straight condition on the path and a fully wound condition on the spool. When the distal end is released, the distal end is accelerated toward the spool by the force existing at the transition region which force is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the spring.An accelerator having a carriage for a test load and a pair of the above mentioned spring assemblies installed to bias the carriage toward the center of a linear path on which the carriage is constrained to move.

Abstract: The detection of electronegative gases through the use of a dissociative electron attachment process is enhanced by exciting the molecules of an electronegative gas of interest to an electronic or vibrational level to increase the cross section of the molecule for dissociative attachment of electrons to produce negative ions indicative of the gas molecules of interest.

Abstract: A fluidic oscillator assembly including a fluidic oscillator having an inlet and two outlets, and a piezoelectric element for picking-up frequency oscillations induced in the fluid oscillator, the piezoelectric element being located at and closing one of the outlets of the fluidic oscillator.

Abstract: Chromatographic analysis of the volatile components of a liquid having both volatile and nonvolatile components is accomplished by vaporizing the volatile portion of a liquid sample in a hollow tubular vaporizing column and subsequently analyzing the thus-vaporized portion of the sample. The nonvolatile components of the sample are retained in the vaporizing column during vaporizaton and then are removed by backflushing the vaporizing column with a preselected volume of a liquid solvent.

Abstract: A density transducer employs a hollow cylinder capable of vibrating in the circumferential (or hoop) mode as the density sensing element, the cylinder being open at both ends and arranged so that the fluid whose density is to be transduced can come into contact with only the internal surface of the cylinder. The opposite ends of the cylinder are each secured to a respective clamping ring, which establishes a node at its respective end of the cylinder. The clamping rings each have a piston face which faces axially away from the cylinder and is acted on by the pressure of the fluid, thereby applying a compressive axial force to the cylinder which tends to reduce the effect of variations in the pressure of the fluid on the frequency of the vibration.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for remotely monitoring air leakage in communication cables. Improved volume flow meters are remotely attached at the air inlet to manhole mounted manifolds for supply of dehumidified air to telephone cables. Dehumidified air passes through the remote meters into the manifolds and then interior of a sheath of a communication cable wherein the discrete conduits can be kept dry and under air pressure. The remote volume flow meter at each manifold includes a diaphragm having an air flow conduit mounted in movable opposition to a variable area orifice. The diaphragm actuates a variable resistor, which preferably includes a tailored neutral density wedge. This wedge moves with the diaphragm towards and away from a position between a light source and a photo sensor. The volume flow meter receives its power through and also has its output communicated through a single pair of wires.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring the degradation of oil, particularly crankcase oil. A first sensor includes creep material positioned under constant stress in thermal contact with the oil to act as an analogue computer as it changes its length in response to temperature and the time at that temperature to register the degradation of oil due to the oil's oxidation. In addition, a second sensor registers the contamination of the oil by adding the number of times the oil is heated but not heated to a high enough predetermined temperature to disperse the water, acids and sludge which contaminate the oil. When the combination of these outputs reach a predetermined limit, a signal is provided.

Abstract: There is disclosed a device for detecting damage on rotators or rotary bodies such as for example ball bearings having rolling elements. A mechanical vibration or sound produced periodically due to damage on the rotator when it is rotated is converted into an electric signal. In order to identify such damage on the rotator by utilizing the periodic characteristic of said electric signal, a peak detector is provided for detecting a peak value of said electric signal, holding the detected peak value for a fixed period, and being reset to a base level by a reset signal.

Abstract: Spot welds are evaluated using stress-wave emission techniques by measuring the stress-wave energy emitted from the weld area during n time intervals of the weld cycle, where n.gtoreq.4. Each of the time intervals corresponds to a different aspect of the weld cycle such as, for example, the initiation of heating, the separate solid-to-liquid phase transformation in each of the articles being welded, material combination within the weld nugget, cooling stresses occurring during resolidification, and post-weld cracking. The energy values obtained for each of the time interval can be compared with predetermined acceptable energy value ranges for corresponding ones of the intervals and/or compared with predetermined ratio values between two or more of the obtained interval values to determine the quality of a weld.

Abstract: A punch and die test cell device for use in combination with a compression orce measuring instrument in the testing of food products to determine their textural qualities, such as toughness or tenderness. Also, a method of evaluating the textural qualities of a food product by determining the value of at least one of three parameters which characterize the food. These parameters are determined by punching a cylindrically-shaped plug from a slice of the food and obtaining certain force and deformation measurements during the punching. Thereafter, calculations are made of the value of said at least one parameter and this value is compared with a standard value found to be characteristic of desirable samples of the food product.

Abstract: A hollow, projectile-shaped body containing an acoustical transducer is rased into the sea such that the body descends in free fall until it strikes and penetrates the sea floor, coming to a rest therein. Acoustic signals emanating from the acoustic transducer are processed utilizing the doppler effect to generate a direct current analog signal which is the function of the velocity of the body from a time immediately preceding the body striking the sea floor surface until the body comes to rest in the sea floor, thereby obtaining an indication of the physical characteristics of the sea floor.

Abstract: A digital fuel rate monitor apparatus for vehicles which apparatus measures signals proportional to units of fuel flow volume and signals proportional to distance of vehicle travel and electronically relating such signals to effect digital readout in miles per gallon. The apparatus is characterized by a positive displacement flow volume monitoring cylinder that includes a low friction piston and seal arrangement and associated control apparatus which are adapted to reveal piston position with respect to the metering cylinder in a highly accurate manner.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an improvement for a fluid-volume apparatus for measuring a fluid under pressure. A measuring chamber housing with a movable measuring part is arranged in a pressure-resistant outer housing. A fluid medium is present in the space between the outer housing and the measuring-chamber housing. The improvement includes separating this space between the measuring-chamber housing and the outer housing from the fluid to be measured in a fluid-tight manner and providing a pressure-responsive element for placing the above-mentioned space between housings in pressure-equalizing communication with the liquid to be measured whereby the pressure of the fluid medium in the space between the housings is at a pressure which corresponds to the pressure of the liquid to be measured.

Abstract: A liquid metal level indicator is provided comprising a number of separate, substantially identical coils supported in a vertical array and adapted to be extended into a liquid metal bath. Means are provided for comparing the impedance of each coil to that of the next adjacent coil successively from one end of the array to the other to indicate the liquid level by the change in impedance of the coils due to the presence of liquid metal surrounding them.

Abstract: A temperature recorder which produces a continuous graphic record, scribed on a removable tape, of the temperature existing in an enclosure (such as a refrigerated railroad car) during a given period of time (e.g., the transit time of such a railroad car). The present temperature recorder--which is a modification, in disposable form, of the recorder for like purpose shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,826,140, dated July 30, 1974-- comprises, in a sealed case, a slow travelling tape which spans between a tape feed spool an a spring-driven tape take-up spool; there being a temperature-responsive device which scribes--in terms of temperature in relation to time--on the tape as it so travels, and means to regulate the speed of travel of said tape.

Abstract: Liquid samples of like composition and like or unlike volume are collected simultaneously. Liquid is withdrawn continuously from a body of liquid to be sampled. The withdrawn liquid is passed continuously into and fills a confining region having multiple outlets. Streams of liquid from the respective outlets are diverted intermittently for sample collection and otherwise are returned to the source body of liquid or to waste. The multiple-outlet confining region is embodied in a plenum chamber, and individual diverter chambers are provided for the streams of liquid from the plenum chamber, together with means for effecting the diversion.

Abstract: A capillary vessel for blood comprises a nozzle of capillary diameter, with a remaining portion widened of size such that a micropipette can be inserted therein, the end of the nozzle being closable with a plug.

Abstract: The specification and drawings disclose an embodiment of an apparatus for taking samples from a flowing stream of molten metal. The apparatus comprises a container defining a sample mold cavity having a flat mold sample chamber and a pin sample chamber that are interconnected. The apparatus is so designed that a sample tube communicating with the mold cavity can be placed in the stream of molten metal to fill the cavity with a quantity of sample metal. The apparatus is externally ribbed to facilitate slidable housing in a suitable protective shield so that the sample tube may be selectively exposed for use in drawing a sample. The sample tube, mold sample chamber and pin sample chamber define a flow path which creates a turbulent flow of molten metal in the sample chambers thereby to equalize the carbon content of the sample metal in both the pin sample and mold sample chambers.