Abstract: A connecting element for connecting two link chain strands comprises a central oval chain member, and two coupling links each having an axis and two axial ends and connected to the chain member and one of the link chain strands. Each coupling link is composed of a U-shaped suspension part and a W-shaped base part whose legs and projections interdigitate with one another in a comb-like manner. A coupling bolt extends through the legs and projections so as to connect the base part with the suspension part of each coupling link. Grooves of the base part which are bounded by the projections, extend from a front end face of the base part through the region of the coupling bolt and further up to an axis of a through bore through which latter the chain member extends. Side walls bounding these grooves and located adjacent to a longitudinal axis of the chain link diverge outwardly in the transverse direction in the region outside of the coupling bolt and near the through bore.

Abstract: In a gas turbine engine an auxiliary airflow is provided to power accessories. This auxiliary airflow is obtained from a bleed aperture which is constructed immediately downstream of a diffuser vane in a cusp which is formed in the trailing edge of the vane to provide inertial separation. This high energy air from the diffuser is used as the primary airflow in an ejector to draw ambient air into the auxiliary airflow to lower the temperature of the bleed air. The ejector is constructed to automatically adjust the amount of ambient air according to the energy of the bleed airflow by means of a piston actuated spike mounted for sliding movement in the primary nozzle. The spike varies the volume of flow through the primary nozzle according to the pressure exerted by the airflow on the piston.

Abstract: The jet propulsion engine employs a duct modified from a theoretical taper to be enlarged in transverse cross-section along the duct by an amount equal to the area of a cross-section through impellers and stators at any point along the duct. The tube radius at any point r.sub.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus which provides a positive flow of ambient air through the temperature sensor of the fuel control equipment used with a turbofan engine. The temperature sensing element of the fuel control unit is bathed in a continuously fresh sample of ambient air drawn in from the engine inlet by an air-jet pump that is powered by pressurized air bled-off from the bypass fan duct.

Abstract: The useful life of a catalyst being used in an engine exhaust system to lower the undesirable constituents in the exhaust gas of an engine being operated on gasoline containing a cyclopentadienyl manganese antiknock is greatly prolonged by providing an exhaust system having a plurality of substantially parallel proximately spaced vanes in the exhaust flow path upstream from the catalyst.

Abstract: The exhaust manifold for a transversely mounted automobile engine terminates adjacent to the engine in an outlet having an articulated connection with the inlet of an exhaust header that terminates in an exhaust pipe discharging to the atmosphere.The articulated connection comprises an annular coupling portion having a spherical surface at the header inlet seated in sealing engagement with a downstream enlarging conical sealing surface defining the manifold outlet. An annular flange adjacent to the inlet of the header may be seated in sealing engagement against a second sealing surface of the annular coupling portion. The sealing engagements may be maintained by a collar yieldingly urged against the annular flange by spring means that engage the collar at spaced locations on a line parallel to the roll axis of the engine and passing through the center of the first named spherical surface.

Abstract: An exhaust manifold for an internal combustion engine is provided with internal insulation so as to maintain the outside skin temperature preferably below 450.degree. F. The manifold is provided with an exhaust conduit or lining that is comprised of interfitting relatively axially movable sections in contact with the exhaust gases. A low specific gravity or porous sleeve of insulating material is fitted in slightly spaced relationship around the exhaust conduit. The sleeve of insulating material may be wrapped to prevent the metal of the outer cast manifold housing from penetrating the insulation. Each section of the exhaust conduit has a branch for connection to a flanged nipple which is permitted some limited movement relative to the manifold housing when connected to the exhaust ports of the engine.

Abstract: A hydraulic power plant has a reservoir with a dam wall, a water turbine connected to a generator, a penstock extending from the reservoir to the water turbine and passing over the dam wall without passing through the dam wall to supply water from the reservoir to the turbine, and a vacuum pump adapted to fill at least a portion of the penstock with water by a siphon effect and being connected at a substantially uppermost portion of the penstock which is located on the top of the dam wall.

Abstract: A power-producing device, comprising a vertically oriented chamber of enormous height, incorporating within its upper end an electric motor-driven, aftercooled air compressor, being connected via suitable power transmission, to an electric generator driving, reheated air turbine, located within the lower chamber end. Atmospheric air is compressed at a given rate of flow to a given pressure into the upper chamber end, which, due to the gravitational force exerted on its compressed mass, and due to the chamber height, is expanded within the turbine at the lower chamber end at an equal rate of flow, but, at a substantially higher pressure, and at a substantial gain in energy, thus, producing a substantially greater amount of work than is consumed by the compressor.

Abstract: A control circuit (10) for the variable displacement pump (18) of a hydrostatic transmission (16) or the like comprises an underspeed actuator (31) connected to the servo system (19) of the pump (18), a venturi (15) interconnected between a source of pressurized working fluid (11) and the pump (18) and a pressure regulating valve (36) interconnected between a downstream side of the venturi (15) and the pump (18). A throat (29) and upstream side of the venturi (15) are connected to the underspeed actuator (31) for communicating a differential fluid pressure signal thereto to automatically control the displacement of the pump (18) under certain operating conditions of an engine of a vehicle.

Abstract: A servo controlled, proportional valve is connected in parallel with a forklift truck control valve to regulate the speed at which the fork is raised or lowered by shunting the forklift pump output to the hydraulic fluid reservoir during the raising of the fork and by restricting the return flow of fluid from the lift jack during lowering of the fork with the setting of the proportional control valve being servo controlled in response to a fork height sensor.

Abstract: A system for recovering otherwise lost power from a compressor and prime mover utilizing a Rankine cycle. While heat recovery from prime movers has been done, much energy is wasted by compressors which convert all the driving power to heat which has not been recovered. Thus, this invention provides for power recovery from both the prime mover and the compressor. A working fluid is pre-heated utilizing waste heat from the prime mover and compressor, such as that in the cooling medium, oil cooler, and the like. The pre-heated working fluid is passed to a boiler where it is vaporized and super heated and then is passed to a turbine or other type of expander. From the turbine, the working fluid goes to a condenser and is then pumped to the heat exchanger, or heat exchangers, to begin another cycle. The turbine or other type of expander is used to supplement the prime mover in driving the compressor or for any other suitable application of power.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for producing electrical power during peak power demand periods and for, in effect, storing electrical power or energy during low power demand periods. Two or more cavities are provided in an underground salt dome or other thick salt deposit, with a first one of the cavities being located above the level of the second. Oil or other liquid in which salt is substantially insoluble, such as saturated brine, is placed in at least one of the cavities for use as a working liquid to produce electrical power. The power is produced by delivering the liquid from the first cavity to a pump/turbine unit located at a level below the first cavity to thereby drive the unit so that it produces electrical power. Such power would be produced, for example, during peak load demand periods when the need for power was greatest. Liquid discharged from the pump/turbine unit is delivered to the second cavity for temporary storage.

Abstract: A heat exchanger comprising:(a) a housing having an interior surface;(b) a thermally conductive member in intimate contact with the housing;(c) a thermally conductive element coaxially disposed in said housing and having an inner and an outer surface and in thermal communication with the member, wherein the inner surface of the element defines a first fluid passage, and wherein the interior surface of the housing and the outer surface of the element are in spaced relationship thereby defining a second fluid passage, the first and second fluid passages being in fluid communication;(d) a first port for maintaining the first fluid passage in fluid communication with a first external fluid;(e) a second port for maintaining the second fluid passage in fluid communication with a second external fluid; and(f) means for regulating the member's temperature; wherein heat is transferred between the member and the element via solid conduction.

Abstract: The method and apparatus relates to defrosting cooling elements in an open type display cooler or freezer cabinet. The method involves circulating air over cooling elements and over the open display cabinet top having articles therein that are cooled or frozen. The air, during circulation, is taken into a channel along a side edge of the stored articles, and a guide member assumes another position other than its normal position during defrosting.

Abstract: An adiabatic process condensing unit is disclosed for incorporation in air conditioning systems operating in a non-conventional manner to achieve superior energy-saving results. The condensing coils wherein hot Freon gas from the compressor is cooled and condensed to provide liquid Freon for delivery to the evaporator is contained within a path for conducting cooling air therethrough. Prior to passing through the condensing coil, the cooling air is passed through an adiabatic pad wherein it is cooled to wet bulb temperature such that the condensing coil is cooled by wet bulb temperature air rather than ambient air. Additionally, the liquid Freon from the condensing coil is passed through a cooling coil submerged in wet bulb temperature water to provide additional cooling of the liquid Freon. In the preferred embodiment shown, the structure is designed to assure that all air passing through the condenser coil is at wet bulb temperature.

Abstract: Tropical and subtropical regions having high ambient temperatures and relative humidity can be locally subjected to cooling and dehumidification according to the invention by a tower in which, upon a post or other vertically extending support, a pair of vertically aligned spaced apart air guides are provided. The lower air guide includes the cooler which can simultaneously condense moisture from the air while the upper air guide can include a heat dissipator of a refrigeration cycle, the air guides being associated with respective blowers and inducing ambient air into the air guide at a location between them and displacing the air through the air guides into heat exchanging relationship. The tower can also be used to collect potable (drinking) water by condensation from the atmosphere.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method for controlling refrigerant flow through the indoor coil of air conditioning equipment including a refrigeration system such that upon predetermined humidity conditions being sensed refrigerant flow will be routed to provide additional latent cooling and dehumidification. Within the liquid header of the indoor coil in the refrigeration system a solenoid valve is mounted to isolate at least one of a plurality of refrigerant circuits. This valve is closed when a need for dehumidification is detected by a humidistat located in communication with the air of the enclosure to be conditioned. When a need for dehumidification is not detected by the humidistat the valve is opened and refrigerant flows through all of the circuits of the indoor coil. Additionally, a check valve is mounted in parallel with the solenoid valve such that if a reversible refrigeration system is utilized refrigerant flow can bypass the solenoid valve in the heating mode of operation.

Abstract: A component and structural arrangement of a transport refrigeration unit for the front wall of a trailer and which utilizes a generally planar frame attached to the front wall to provide a support arrangement in which the load of the components is transferred back to the planar frame, and which includes an airflow plenum through which trailer air is passed for conditioning which is disposed relative to the plane of the frame with a material part of the front-to-rear depth of the plenum being forwardly of the plane to significantly reduce the projection of the plenum into the trailer cargo space.

Abstract: The invention relates to an installation for distributing refrigerated air, wherein an air distributing shaft is provided with a series of pairs of air insufflation orifices and air recovery orifices, two orifices of each pair being connected to a container. A refrigerator-centrifugal fan unit is mounted on the shaft between an air inlet passage and an air outlet passage. On each side of the inlet passage and of the outlet passage, the shaft comprises channels arranged in spike-fashion, which present a sharp reduction in section at the level of each of the air insufflation or recovery orifices. These reductions in section are determined in order to have the same static pressure of insufflation or recovery at the level of the different air insufflation or recovery orifices. The invention is more particularly applied to ships carrying refrigerated containers.

Abstract: A suction accumulator for the compressor of a refrigeration system comprising a storage vessel having an inlet and an outlet located within the upper portion thereof, a generally rounded peripheral side wall and a U-shaped conduit extending downwardly into the lower portion of the vessel. One end of the conduit is connected to the outlet and the other end is open to the interior of the vessel. A generally funnel-shaped bleed-through orifice in the lowermost portion of the conduit causes liquid refrigerant and oil to be drawn into the stream of gaseous refrigerant flowing through the conduit. A baffle interposed between the inlet and outlet of the vessel has a peripheral portion positioned below the inlet which is spaced slightly from the side wall so as to cause swirling movement of the incoming refrigerant in close proximity to the side wall of the vessel.

Abstract: A cooling system having an electric drive motor utilizes a portion of the sub-cooled liquid which would otherwise be passed from the condenser through an expansion device to the evaporator to cool the motor. The rotor cooling passage which extends longitudinally through the outer portion of the rotor has its outermost surface (that is, the surface farthest removed from the center of the motor) shaped in an arc having the same center as the center of the rotor. This ensures even distribution of the cooling liquid under the high centrifugal forces developed during motor operation. The stator has a passage from its outside surface inwardly to the longitudinal cooling portion of the stator. The inwardly extending passage includes an orifice, sufficiently large to prevent contamination problems but of an appropriate size to ensure good throttling and thus provide good heat transfer. The cross-sectional areas of the cooling passages are sized to minimize the velocity of the generated vapor.

Abstract: A rotary energy storage device comprises a rotor and a hub for mounting the rotor on a shaft. The rotor is joined to the hub by an interlayer disposed between the rotor and hub. One surface of the interlayer is bonded to a mounting surface of the hub. A second surface of the interlayer, which is opposite the first surface, is bonded to a surface of the rotor which is opposite and spaced from the mounting surface of the hub. Due to differences in their constructions, such as their relative dimensions, the rotor and the hub experience different strains due to the centrifugal forces exerted during rotation of the energy storage device. The difference between the strain at the mounting surface of the hub and the strain at the opposed surface of the rotor induces a shear stress in the interlayer. To accommodate the induced shear stress, the interlayer has a thickness and a shear modulus which permit the interlayer to deflect in response to the difference in strains without structural or bond failure.

Abstract: An elastic shaft coupling, especially a cardan shaft coupling for motor vehicles, which is equipped with a disk-shaped elastic base body, in which are arranged about the center axis of the base body an even number of connecting elements having parallel axes; of these connecting elements, successive ones are coordinated to opposite sides and are connected by way of at least one band loop that is supported on at least one of the respective connecting elements by way of an elastic intermediate member.

Abstract: In apparatus for cleaning cloth with steam and liquid flow, a cloth such as a textile, knitted fabrics or a tubular knitted material, is supplied into a chamber containing wet heat of about 105.degree. to 110.degree. C., then it is made to advance in a left and right zigzag manner, further the cloth is contacted with a cleaning liquid flowing down from the upper part of the chamber.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for carrying out a continuous cloth material treating process through a high pressure steamer drum body which is capable of keeping a high humid heat within it and permits entrance into and exit therefrom of a cloth material to be treated in a continuous manner. An arrangement of one or a plurality of liquid flow tanks is provided inside the high pressure steamer drum body to effect conveyance of the cloth material through the inside of the liquid flow tank arrangement by means of a liquid flow which takes place there. A liquid supply piping arrangement is provided for returning liquid which overflows one end of the liquid flow tank arrangement, back to the other end of the tank arrangement.

Abstract: A continuous cloth dyeing-and-washing apparatus of simplified construction comprising a liquid reservoir divided into a dye solution liquid reservoir and a washing liquid reservoir; a vertical cover which has its lower side open with the edge portion of the open lower side immersed in the liquids contained in the dye solution reservoir and the washing liquid reservoir to keep the inside of the cover air-tight; spaces formed between outer wall faces of the open lower side of the vertical cover and the inner wall faces of the dye solution reservoir and the washing liquid reservoir to allow a cloth material to pass therethrough respectively; guide rolls vertically arranged inside the vertical cover in two columns and in many steps to allow the cloth material to ascend zigzag for a hygro-thermic treatment with steam jet pipes arranged within the vertical cover; and a group of guide rolls arranged within the washing liquid reservoir to allow the cloth material to travel zigzag for washing therein with air jet pipe

Abstract: A high pressure steamer for high hygro-thermic treatment of a cloth material, comprising a drum body which is capable of maintaining a high humid heat of 110.degree. to 160.degree. C. therein and is arranged to continuously introduce the cloth material thereinto and to guide it out therefrom, a cloth material transporting mechanism which conveys the cloth material in a no tension and relaxed state and a slow cooling tank which gradually cools the conveyed cloth material down to about 50.degree. C. The high pressure steamer incorporates therein a monomer recovering mechanism wherein, between the end part of the cloth material transporting mechanism and the slow cooling tank, there is provided a washing tank for washing off a monomer sticking to the cloth material, which is made of, for example, polyester fiber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a door handle lock and latch mechanism for a corrugated roller shutter door wherein the door handle is situated some distance up from the bottom of the door.The door handle and lock is situated in a corrugation which is open to the front face of the door and the latch mechanism is located in an adjacent corrugation(s) open to the rear face of the door. The latch mechanism attaches to the lock mechanism through an opening in either or both of the top or bottom wall of the corrugation in which the lock is situated.

Abstract: A key-operated security lock of the kind including a key-identification mechanism, a thrower turned by the key and a deadbolt, has the deadbolt isolated from the thrower, and includes means operable only by correct identification of the key for connecting the thrower to the deadbolt and for removing a stop preventing retraction of the deadbolt from its extended position. The said means preferably includes a lever pivoted to the deadbolt and formed with a locking projection capable of engagement with a complementary recess in a runner driven along a path parallel with that of the bolt by co-operation with the thrower to connect the thrower to the deadbolt as a result of pivoting of the lever which is prevented by a further member in the form of a pivoted arm which holds the pivoted lever in a position such that its locking projection is clear of its recess until the pivoted arm is allowed to turn by the key-identification mechanism.

Abstract: A hot rolling mill and a method of operation to reduce scrap upon failure of a portion of the mill. A first furnace device is provided in the mill adapted to receive and reel up a strip which is ready to go to the finishing section of the mill. A second furnace device is provided to receive a strip of material being rolled in the roughing section of the mill without reeling up. Both furnace devices maintain the material therein at working temperature and in continuous motion.

Abstract: A rolling block for rolling a bar-shaped article having several rolling units mounted on a common frame, each rolling unit having three or more rollers journalled to respective pivotable elements and defining a sizing pass. For replacing the rollers, the pivotable elements can be swung about respective drive shafts from which the rollers are driven via step-up transmissions within the pivotable elements. The pivotable elements can be locked in their operative positions by hydraulically actuable coupling means and all the pivotable elements with the respective rollers therein can be fine-adjusted in the radial direction of the rollers.

Abstract: A multi-line rolling system having a plurality of rolling positions aligned in the direction of rolling. Each rolling position includes a housing or housing structures supporting at least two sets of work rolls which may be selectively coupled to a common power source, thereby permitting the rolling line formed by one roll set to be rendered inoperative while the rolling line of the other roll set continues to roll product received from a feed line. The system further includes an appropriate switching mechanism for directing product from the feed line to either rolling line.

Abstract: A rolling mill stand, particularly for rolling rod, has two roll shafts each carrying a roll. Each roll shaft is carried by an eccentric shaft which also carries a drive shaft aligned with the roll shaft and coupled to it through a drive coupling permitting limited misalignment between the roll and drive shafts. An adjustment drive mechanism acts on the two eccentric shafts to turn them equally and oppositely and to cause the separation between the roll shafts and between the drive shafts to be altered. Each drive shaft has a gear drive consisting of a gear on the drive shaft meshing with a gear on an auxiliary drive shaft and the gears on the two auxiliary drive shafts mesh with one another.

Abstract: In a carriage drawing machine for uniformly drawing and longitudinally severing elongated material to be drawn, having two drawing carriages on a carriage bed, a drive shaft disposed parallel to the carriage bed and having two cams revolvable therewith for effecting reciprocating motion of the carriages in mutually opposite directions, a drawing jaw vise on each carriage for alternatingly gripping the material to be drawn, each of the vises having two drawing jaws held in a housing by a wedge structure with bearing rollers interposed which serves to self-lock during the drawing, and an after-connected severing device which is advanceable each time the drawn material is severed, the improvement wherein the two drawing jaws of each vise are disposed on top of one another and, within clamping travel distance, the lower one of the drawing jaws is movable parallel to the direction of drawing and the upper one of the drawing jaws is movable parallel to the wedge structure of the housing.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the clearing of liquids retained in recesses, for example, in the lid holding groove at the rim of a paint can, by using a tool to perforate the base of the groove and allow the paint residue retained in the groove after pouring to drain into the can when it is uprighted.

Abstract: An improved grid sleeve bulge tool designed for securing control rod guide tubes to sleeves brazed in a fuel assembly grid. The tool includes a cylinder having an outer diameter less than the internal diameter of the control rod guide tubes. The walls of the cylinder are cut in an axial direction along its length to provide several flexible tines or ligaments. The end of each alternate tine is equipped with a semispherical projection which extends radially outwardly from the tine surface. A ram or plunger of generally cylindrical configuration and about the same length as the cylinder is designed to fit in and move axially of the cylinder and thereby force the tined projections outwardly when the ram is pulled into the cylinder.

Abstract: A kit for use in selecting a proper spring bar for use in connecting a watch band to a watch case, and including a container holding a supply of spring bars of different lengths and types, a gauge part having portions of different widths adapted to be received within and measure differently dimensioned recesses or gaps in a watch case into which a band is to be connected, and coding markings on the gauge part and bars indicating which bar in the container will fit a particular case which has been measured by the gauge part.

Abstract: A tubular sleeve with reflector body, water ingress and venting openings is used to produce specific echoes of a test signal launched by an inserted transducer. Amplitude and transit times of the element serve as a transferable standard.

Abstract: A transducer for an ultrasonic thickness gauge of the pitch and catch type has transmitting and receiving transducer elements on adjoining blocks of delay material separated by an acoustic barrier is calibrated by operating the receiving transducer element in pulse-echo mode. The lengths of the two delay blocks differ by an amount calculated to make the pulse-echo travel time in the longer delay block greater than pitch and catch travel time by an amount at least equal to the geometric delay of the transducer to provide an unambiguous readout during pulse-echo operation when the gauge is adjusted to the proper zero point calibration for the transducer.

Abstract: A measuring device for measuring the angle of rotation of a machine shaft between a reference angular position of the shaft and the angular position at the instant of the occurring of a phenomenon caused by the operation of the machine.

Abstract: Percolation testing apparatus comprising an elongated guide rod having one end to be driven into the bottom of a test hole for simple and sole support of the rod along which a gauge rod is slidable by means of guide brackets on the latter and a scale strip is attached to the upper end of said gauge rod for vertical movement relative to a reference marker supported adjustably upon the upper portion of said guide rod. A float is connected to the lower end of the gauge rod for floating movement vertically in the test hole to move the scale strip relative to the reference marker which is stationary on the guide rod.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for pressure testing the static pressure orifices and associated connections used in wind tunnels. A cylindrical module, having in one end an open hemispherical calibration pressure chamber separated from and surrounded by an annular vacuum chamber, is placed over the orifice of the system to be tested. O-rings ensure seating and a vacuum seal between the chambered end of the module and the surface around the orifice: one O-ring separates the two chambers and another separates the outer chamber from the outside environment. Ports lead from each of the chambers out the other end of the module to tubes connected to a control box consisting of calibration pressure and vacuum supply lines, bleeder valves, and guages. The calibration pressure supply may be above or below atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A tool for pressure testing flow conductors. The tool can engage the inside wall of a flow conductor at any location and form a pressure barrier to allow hydrostatic testing of the flow conductor on one side of the tool for leaks. The tool can be used to test either vertical or horizontal flow conductors. The tool is particularly adapted for use with pumpdown or through the flowline (TFL) servicing equipment for hydrostatic testing of tubing in wells. The tool is initially inserted into the flow conductor in a retracted condition. The tool can be moved through the conductor as desired until activated at a selected position within the flow conductor.

Abstract: A tester having a pair of bolsters connected together by a tension framework and adapted to receive therebetween a pipe to be tested. One of the bolsters is movable along the framework to accommodate pipes of different lengths and locking pins are provided to secure the movable bolster at select positions along the length of the framework. The pins are received in openings having enlarged portions to facilitate pin insertion and reduced portions to provide confronting surface-to-surface contact between the pins and the openings upon test loading. The movable bolster carries its own pumping facility to withdraw water from a sump disposed beneath the tester and pump the water through a charging conduit on the bolster and into the pipe being tested. A stripper extends through the charging conduit to selectively remove a pipe from the movable bolster upon completion of a test. Vertically adjustable carriages are provided to support pipes of different diameter in a condition aligned with the bolsters.

Abstract: A device for automatically timing and recording the sedimentation rate of fluid samples contained in cylindrical, transparent test tubes includes a generally rectangular rack having flat vertical walls formed with cylindrical bores for receiving the test tubes, and vertical channels at outer sides of the walls for receiving photographic strips. A lamp inside the rack shines through test tubes to the strips to record the amount of sedimentation of the fluid. The walls of the rack may be transparent for passing light therethrough or may be provided with slits at inner sides thereof for communicating with the bores. The bores communicate with the channels via other slits formed at outer sides of the bores. A rectangular housing may be fitted over the rack to exclude ambient light.

Abstract: A durometer is provided. The durometer includes an indentor point for penetrating under pressure of an applied load a surface being tested for hardness. Also included is a load generator, which may be a hydraulic cylinder. A support structure is provided for suspending the durometer's indentor point therefrom. An articulation joint connects the indentor point to support structure. Due to the use of this articulation joint, this invention avoids the deleterious effects generally accompanying transmission of moment from the support structure to the indentor point.

Abstract: The strength of a material is measured by positioning a tool against a surface of the material and driving an elongated piercing plug having a blunt front end into the material. The penetration depth of the piercing plug is proportional to the material strength. A trigger on the tool for releasing the piercing plug for driving movement into the material requires manual force acting through the trigger on the tool in a direction for maintaining the front end portion of the tool in engagement with the surface of the material being tested.

Abstract: A semi-automatic penetration hardness tester for measuring hardness of a test specimen in a selected one of a number of hardness number scales. A digital display indicates penetrator displacement during application of a minor load in a first mode of operation and may be monitored by an operator to achieve a penetrator displacement within a preselected range corresponding to application of a minor load of desired magnitude. A control circuit senses manual initiation of a major load application and automatically scales the minor load penetrator reference position to a reference hardness number corresponding to and correlated with the selected hardness number scale. The control circuit also senses an operator error during the test procedure and automatically aborts the test.

Abstract: A semi-cylindrical body member with a flat section is disposed in a fluid flow conduit in an arrangement to allow the surface of the flat portion to face upstream. Means for counting the number of Karman vortexes created by the body member under flowing of the fluid is disposed in the body member.