Abstract: An electric motor drive unit for driving a worm wheel such as for vehicle window regulator applications wherein a casing housing a rotatable armature utilizes a synthetic plastic end cap at one end, and a worm wheel housing constitutes the motor end cap at the other end. A worm shaft rotatably mounted within the wheel housing upon its own radial and thrust bearings interconnects to the motor armature through a self-aligning drive element extending through a thrust bearing defined in the worm wheel housing. The brush holders for the motor are homogeneously formed of synthetic plastic material upon the associated end cap, and the armature utilizes an inexpensive self-aligning bearing mounted within the end cap and worm wheel housing.

Abstract: An annular magnet assembly for a dynamoelectric machine includes a plurality of arcuate permanent magnets disposed in an annular array and a frame member of a non-magnetic material for rigidly connecting the magnets together. The magnets are disposed in end-to-end abutment to form the annular array, both ends of each magnet being cut to form a recess in the inner or outer peripheral surface of the annular array at the respective abutments of the magnets. The frame member comprises a pair of annular portions which tightly engage the opposite sides of the annular array and ledge portions extending through the recesses to connect the pair of annular portions together.

Abstract: A permanent split capacitor induction motor rated at 460 volts AC is provided with first and second main winding parts and an auxiliary winding. The motor includes a core of magnetic material having a plurality of winding receiving slots formed in it. The main and auxiliary windings are constructed from a plurality of wire turns arranged in coil sets. The auxiliary winding is placed adjacent the first main winding part in the core slots, and is electrically connected to it. The coil sets of the auxiliary winding are separated from the coil sets defining the second main winding part by the coil sets of the first main winding part. Individual wire turns are distributed in the slots of the motor and positioned so that the voltage between coil sets forming the main winding parts and the auxiliary winding can never exceed the voltage across the capacitor.

Abstract: A direct current motor, having armature windings superposed on each other in double layers, is provided with a fixed field magnet having 2 mn poles (m being a positive integer of 1 or more, n a positive integer of 2 or more) magnetized alternately to N and S polarities in equal angular spaces, a magnetic material member for closing the magnetic path of the field magnet, rotating shaft supported by bearings provided in the housing of the motor, and an armature secured to the shaft for rotation in the magnetic path facing to the field magnet poles. A first series of m(2n-1) armature windings mounted on the armature are juxtaposed side by side at equal pitches, the angular spacing between the conductor portions of the windings, which contribute to generate torque, being equal to the angular width of the field magnet pole.

Abstract: A laminated iron core for rotary electromachines comprises a plurality of metallic plates laminated on each other, a glass layer disposed between opposed side surfaces of each pair of the contiguous metallic plates to hermetically bond the latter together, and an aggregate-containing glass compound layer disposed on at least a portion of the end faces of the laminar metallic plates which is likely to be subject to a thermal/mechanical impact during use in rotary electro-machines.

Abstract: A system for ensuring uniform axial expansion of a dynamoelectric machine's stator core subjected to elevated temperatures. The stator core constitutes axially adjacent ferromagnetic laminations held in axial compression by through-bolts axially extending through an intermediate portion thereof and building bolts situated in notches formed in the radially outer periphery of the laminations. The building bolts are secured to bore rings which circumferentially encircle and provide support for the stator core. The bore rings are rigidly secured in the axial direction by structural members connected to the bore rings and surrounding machine frame. Nuts disposed on each axial end of the through-bolts are torqued to allow at first axial expansion of the core while maintaining a selected degree of axial compression of the laminations during operation at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: A control system for a Tonpilz transducer which is positioned between the transducer and the transducer drive amplifier. The control system determines the head velocity of the transducer from the input current and voltage and utilizes this determination in a feedback arrangement to maintain proper transducer excitation.

Abstract: A flexible, low-density piezoelectric transducer utilizing a PZT-polymer posite that is formed with the two phases three-dimensionally interpenetrant. The ceramic PZT microstructure, which is produced by a replication process that in one embodiment reproduces the structure of a coral species, is filled with silicone rubber and thereafter its transverse connectivity is broken by a light shearing deformation to give it flexibility.

Abstract: An X-ray tube including a tubular envelope having therein an X-ray target comprised of a support body made of a first material and provided with a composite surface layer comprising a controlled gradient of a second material disposed in the first material, one of the materials being an X-ray emissive material and the other of the materials being a heat absorbent material, and an electron emitting cathode disposed to beam electrons onto a focal spot area of the composite surface layer.

Abstract: An incandescent lamp of a type in which infrared (IR) energy is to be reflected back to the filament. The lamp has one section which is coated with an IR reflecting material which also will transmit visible light and another section coated with material which has a high reflectivity to IR energy and a low transmissivity to visible light. The filament is mounted off-center of the optical image axis of the envelope and substantially all of the energy in the visible light range exits from the envelope in no more than two passes.

Abstract: This disclosure depicts a high-voltage cathodoluminescent gas discharge image display panel having an ordered array of display elements. The panel includes envelope means containing an ionizable gas at a predetermined very low pressure. The envelope means includes a transparent faceplate on the inner surface of which are disposed cathodoluminescent target elements. Electron source means produces at a given time at least one high-density electron beam, and includes means to cause a plasma sac to generate and gather electrons, and accelerate them to form a concentrated electron beam. An ultor electrode receiving a predetermined relatively high ultor voltage establishes a high voltage gradient in a plasma-free acceleration section which is effective to straight-line accelerate said electron beam in a substantially collision-free path directly into high-energy bombardment of the cathodoluminescent target elements.

Abstract: The bridges between apertures located at the edge of the shadow mask of a color display tube are made at least 20% wider than the others. The width of the bridges increases linearly from row to row from the center to the edge of the mask whereby a continuously varying brightness distribution is obtained. The reproduction mask used in the fabrication of such a shadow mask can be made photographically by exposing photosensitive material through a pattern of bridges, rotating the pattern and repeating the exposure.

Abstract: A gun for a linear-beam electron tube has a control grid for modulating the beam current which consists of an array of conductive web elements whose spacing from each other is much larger than their spacing from the concave emissive surface of the cathode. It was found that when this condition is met the grid can be operated at cathode potential while beam current is being drawn without distorting the electric accelerating field enough to ruin the focusing of the beam. Thus, when the grid is used to pulse the beam current on and off, it can have zero bias in the "on" condition, whereby the pulse modulator can be greatly simplified.

Abstract: A picture display device comprising an electron source for producing band-shaped electron beams, electron beam control means for controlling the selective passage of the electron beams, deflection means for horizontally and vertically deflecting the electron beams and display means for emitting light in response to impingement of the electron beams thereon. The electron source comprises a plurality of linear thermionic cathodes, a focusing electrode for focusing the electron beams emitted from each linear thermionic cathode to band-shaped electron beams and an electron beam emitting electrode having a plurality of apertures therethrough, and a negative pulse voltage is sequentially applied to the linear thermionic cathodes to emit the required electron beams for one scanning line.

Abstract: An electric discharge lamp circuit arrangement wherein rapid starting of the lamp is obtained by charging a ballast impedance capacitance via a unidirectional current conducting path in a sense such as to breakdown a voltage breakdown device in the control electrode lead of a controllable switching device connected with the lamp to provide a current path between the supply terminals comprising, in series, the capacitance, heating means for the lamp main electrodes and the switching device. On breakdown, the switching device temporarily conducts to complete the series path and cause a pulse of current to flow through the heating means, whereafter the capacitor recharges and a further current pulse is produced. The unidirectional current path may extend through the breakdown device or by-pass the breakdown device via a rectifier.

Abstract: A lighting device in which an amount of light emitted by a lamp is detected by a light receiving element for controlling the input voltage of the lamp commensurate with the detected amount of light. By utilizing a pre-illumination system in conjunction with the lighting device, it is possible to improve the sensitivity characteristics of the light receiving element as the lamp is being charged up to a desired level of illuminescence and to prevent the input of an excessive voltage to the lamp.

Abstract: An improved magnetic core of an amorphous metal alloy is provided for electrodeless fluorescent lamps.

Abstract: A waveform observing method and apparatus incorporating signal sampling and digital technologies is disclosed. An input signal to be observed is compared with the output from a digital-to-analog converter and the comparison output is used for controlling display means such as a cathode-ray tube. A wideband input signal can be measured with much higher accuracy than the conventional apparatus.

Abstract: In a convergence device for a three primary-color projection type color television system with three cathode-ray tubes, it is known to use two separate cores respectively for dynamic and static convergence correction. In the present invention a single core is used and the core is provided with eight pole pieces aligned along the vertical, horizontal and two diagonal axes, each pole piece having a winding therearound. The vertically and horizontally aligned pole pieces are used to correct horizontal and vertical dynamic convergence respectively. The diagonally aligned pole pieces are used for both the horizontal and vertical static convergence correction by producing magnetic fields horizontally and vertically. The construction is much simpler than the prior art, and the correction of dynamic and static convergence which is required as a result of the difference in incident angles between electron beams projected on a screen can be easily attained.

Abstract: An amplifier includes first and second switches coupled at a junction to form a series circuit. The series circuit is serially coupled with an inductor across a source of energizing potential. A capacitor couples the junction between the switches to a load. The switches conduct alternately under the control of a duty cycle modulator. The duty cycle modulation tends to vary the amplitude of the two opposite-polarity portions of the signal appearing across the load. A clamp is coupled to the junction of the series switch circuit and the inductor. The clamp operates during a first of the two alternate switch conduction intervals to clamp the voltage across the inductor at a fixed value. Since a direct voltage cannot be established across an inductor, the voltage across the inductor during the second switch conduction interval is established by the clamp voltage and the duty cycle, and varies with duty cycle.

Abstract: A sweep generator circuit for use with a cathode ray oscilloscope. It provides for a high duty-cycle by eliminating the discharge and recovery time of a conventional sweep generator circuit. This is accomplished by alternately charging and discharging the timing capacitor at equal rates, forming linear up and down ramp signals. Then, by amplifying the ramp signals along with synchronously reversing the polarity of the amplified down ramp signals, using electronic switching, identical unidirectional sweeps are produced during both charging and discharging times of the timing capacitor.

Abstract: The trace switch of a horizontal deflection circuit is coupled to a secondary winding of a flyback transformer. The primary winding is coupled to a source of energy and a regulator switch. A control circuit varies the phase angle of the regulator switch in accordance with an energy level of the deflection circuit. A regulator commutating inductance in combination with a commutating and tuning capacitance controls the duration of conduction of the regulator switch. The capacitance independently tunes with a flyback transformer winding to transfer energy from the source in a resonant manner.

Abstract: There is disclosed apparatus suitable for use in conjunction with film editing tables or other devices requiring precise control over shaft rotation speed, that is, apparatus for interlocking two or more shaft rotating systems to rotate one or more slave shafts in precise speed synchronism with one remote master shaft. For each slave shaft to be controlled, there is provided a differential amplifier connected in a velocity servo loop designed to force the slave shaft to rotate in precise speed synchronism with a remote or line master shaft. The primary feedback loop comprises means for generating trains of pulses having a characteristic representative of each of the rotational speeds and for deriving from these pulse trains analog voltages which are applied to a differential amplifier to produce an error signal to be driven to zero for controlling the speed of the slave shaft.

Abstract: A motor speed control circuit includes a resistor, a voltage reference circuit, a first voltage comparator, a current mirror circuit for deriving first and second output currents according to the output of the first voltage comparator, and a motor. A voltage consisting of the sum of a reference voltage and a voltage generated across the resistor by the first output current of the current mirror circuit is applied to the first input terminal of the first voltage comparator. The second output current of the current mirror circuit is fed to the motor and to the second input terminal of the first voltage comparator. A second comparator detects the voltage difference between the first and second input terminals of the first voltage comparator. The output of the second comparator is applied to the current mirror circuit to enhance the starting torque of the motor.

Abstract: A motor control circuit is provided for an appliance or the like of the type utilizing a speed adjustment device that controls an adjustable centrifugally controlled governor device. The governor includes a switch contact arrangement which is connected in the triggering circuit of a power switching device, a TRIAC for example, for selectively connecting the motor of the appliance to the power source connections. The switch contacts of the governor device open and close as the rotational speed of the motor increases and decreases respectively from the speed selected on the speed adjustment device. A variable impedance element mechanically coupled to and adjusted by the speed adjustment device is also provided in the triggering circuit of the power switching device in series with the governor switch contacts to vary the triggering of the power switching device as the speed setting is varied. Thus, a variable speed versus motor supply voltage characteristic is provided when the governor contacts are closed.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting the speed of an electric motor that forms part of a web transport system employs a bridge circuit adapted to measure the back emf of the motor. Thermally induced changes to the armature resistance of the motor are compensated for by varying the bridge resistances, such changes being identified by comparing the bridge circuit signal output with a reference signal.

Abstract: A torque compensation system is disclosed for d.c. motor drives using field weakening for speed control. A diode switching matrix and a static divider are connected so that the divider receives signals which are functions of motor armature current and speed respectively, and delivers at its output a signal which is proportional to motor torque for adjusting the speed reference to the motor.

Abstract: A control circuit for an electrically adjustable patient chair that is adapted when actuated by the momentary depression of a start button, to automatically return the chair to its fully down and tilt forward position. The control circuit includes a multiple-pole relay that is latched in the closed position to energize both motor windings by a solid state switching device that is gated to the on state by a current transformer that senses the load current in a conductor that passes through the core of the transformer. The adjustment motors remain energized until a pair of limit switches are opened upon the chair attaining its exit position. The resulting current drop to zero in the load line is sensed by the current transformer which turns off the solid state switching device which in turn unlatches the relay.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a thyristor interlock circuit for energizing a DC motor, the circuit comprising a solenoid switch including an actuating coil, the solenoid switch and the motor being connected in series relation between the opposed terminals of the DC source, a thyristor having an anode, a cathode, and a gate, an ignition switch which connects the anode to one terminal of the DC source, a start switch normally biased to an open position, the start switch being linked to close after closing of the ignition switch, the start switch being connected to the one terminal of the DC source and to the gate, a resistor for limiting the gate current, a controller having a switch with two terminals, and a sub-circuit comprising a first lead including a first resistor and connecting the first resistor and the actuating coil in series relation between the thyristor cathode and the other terminal of the DC source, a second lead connecting one terminal of the controller switch to the start switch and the gate, a third le

Abstract: A photoelectric transducer (14) produces first and second periodic signals (A), (B) which are 90.degree. out of phase with each other in response to rotation of a servo motor shaft (12a). The first and second signals (A), (B) are differentiated, directly full wave rectified and summed to produce a velocity signal (Vw+), (Vw-) having a magnitude proportional to the rotational velocity of the shaft (12a). The peaks of the first and second signals (A), (B) are detected to produce a reference signal (Vr) having a magnitude corresponding thereto. The magnitude of the reference signal (Vr) is reduced in accordance with the difference between the present position of the shaft (12a) and a command position to produce a velocity command signal (Vc+), (Vc-). The velocity signal (Vw+), (Vw-) is compared with the velocity command signal (Vc+), (Vc-) to produce a drive signal corresponding to the difference therebetween which is applied to the motor (12). Fluctations in the amplitude, D.C.

Abstract: A machine tool such as a multiple spindle automatic machine tool is provided with a motor acting through a slippable clutch on each of the multiple spindles to rotate the spindles and each spindle is provided with a brake to brake each spingle to a stop. A spindle rotational means is provided to rotate the spindle at a speed less than that established by full engagement of the clutch. This is accomplished by partial engagement of each the clutch and brake so that each slips. A spindle positioning means is further provided to position the spindle at a desired arcuate position. At such time the clutch is disengaged and the spindle is locked in rotational position. The clutch and brake are differentially controlled to control the relative average torque transmission therethrough to maintain a desired slow speed.

Abstract: A step motor driving circuit for selectively effecting a rotational stepping of a rotor in a forward rotational direction or in a reverse rotational direction is provided. The driving circuit is coupled to the drive coil of a motor and is disposable into a first mode for applying, to the drive coil, a first drive signal for effecting a periodic rotation of the rotor in a first rotational direction. The drive circuit is further disposable into a second mode for applying to the drive coil a second drive signal for effecting a periodic rotation of the rotor in the opposite rotational direction. A mode select circuit is coupled to the drive circuit and is adapted to dispose the drive circuit into either a first or second mode to thereby select the direction of rotation of the rotor.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a controllable infinitely variable speed A.C. electrical motor, comprising a rotor having a core of soft magnetic material carrying a peripheral layer of magnetizable permanent magnet material, which layer is magnetized by a stationary excitation coil energized with A.C. potential so that the peripheral layer assumes a selected configuration of north and south magnetic poles as the rotor revolves; A.C. potential is also applied to windings in slots in the stator core to provide a plurality of magnetic poles in the stator coacting magnetically with the configuration of north and south magnetic poles in the layer of magnetic material in the rotor, whereby to cause the rotor to revolve. Phase shifting means are provided in the circuit leading to the excitation coil to enable the phase of the A.C. current being supplied thereto to be shifted with respect to the phases of the A.C.

Abstract: The rotor speed of a three phase induction motor is detected by a two channel pulse tachometer, which generates per revolution of the rotor 384 signals that are summed with a slip rate command signal in the first of two successive digital counters. The counters divide the 384 signals/revolutions by 192, thereby producing a four bit counter output which cycles twice per revolution of the rotor. The four bit output is decoded by a read-only memory which produces six output signals each half revolution of the rotor. The read-only output signals are applied to an inverter circuit which controls the gating of the SCR's in the lines of the stator winding of the motor. Gating circuits associated with the counters prevent undesirable simultaneous triggering of count up and down terminals, respectively, on the counters. Also balanced choke coils are employed in two of the stator winding leads between the inverter and the rectifier which supplies DC current to the inverter-controlled SCR's.

Abstract: A variable speed ac motor drive such as a controlled current inverter drive with load angle control generates an inverter frequency command signal which at low speed has a large ripple component and a small dc component representing the desired frequency. A variable frequency oscillator is responsive only to the dc component and supplies timing pulses to a ring counter which generates thyristor gating signals in the forward and reverse phase sequence. Smooth reversing over a wide range of torque is realized, and multipulse operation is inherent at low speeds to modulate the inverter output and minimize cogging torque.

Abstract: A motor control circuit for an a.c. motor which is energized via power switches by a direct voltage obtained from an alternating voltage mains via rectifiers and a smoothing capacitor. A frequency reference signal is applied to a circuit which controls the power switches via a first amplifier with output signal limitation in series with an integrator, whose output provides feedback to the input of the first amplifier. A negative current-feedback loop with a motor current detector, whose output signal is compared with the reference signal in a comparator, acts at a point between the amplifier and the integrator in order to close the negative feedback loop when the motor current exceeds a predetermined value. A negative voltage-feedback loop with a detector for the direct voltage obtained from the a.c.

Abstract: An improved battery charger of the type having a housing with a source of electrical energy therein suitable for recharging units capable of being electrically recharged. The housing includes a plurality of cavities each arranged to accommodate a unit to be recharged, and each cavity has electrical contacts which are positioned to contact the terminals of the unit inserted into each cavity for delivering electrical energy to that unit. The improvement comprises a switch in each cavity which is activatable by insertion of the unit therein, the switch being separate from and free from direct contact with the electrical contacts, but electrically connected to the energy source which, in turn, energizes the electrical contacts for recharging the unit upon activation of the switch.

Abstract: For use in an automatic electric battery charger, a charge controller which monitors the rate of rise of battery voltage, and terminates the charge when the rate of rise falls below a predetermined value, typically 11 mV per cell in 45 minutes for a lead-acid battery. The battery voltage is monitored by combining with it a ramp signal which changes, in the opposite sense to the rise in battery voltage, at a rate just sufficient to offset a rise in battery voltage of the said predetermined value. In the preferred embodiment, the combining step is performed by a summing amplifier, and a bias signal is also fed to the summing amplifier; this bias signal is shifted, in one direction only, to hold the output of the amplifier between narrow limits as long as the rate of rise of battery voltage is greater than the predetermined value.

Abstract: Alternator having a pulsed excitation. Means are provided to supply short current pulses into the pick-up coils at a suitable time so to magnetize the circuit. As a consequence the shape of the magnetic circuit can be simplified and the weight of iron and copper can be reduced.

Abstract: A high voltage transformer comprising a secondary winding composed of coils which are wound one on top of the other and which are electrically interconnected by diodes which are connected in the same rectifying sense. Each coil consists of a number of series connected sub-coils, each of which consists of a first layer of turns which contact each other, and a second layer which comprises a smaller number of turns. The first layers of two successive subcoils directly contact each other, whereas the second layers are separated by a clearance having a width equal to the wire thickness.

Abstract: In order to correct errors in a synchro control transmitter, the error in the transmitter is measured at equal angular increments, the magnitude and phase of the maximum error of the second harmonic determined and resistors placed across two pairs of the three transmitter outputs selected such as to establish a second harmonic load unbalance which is approximately equal in magnitude and opposite in phase to the measured error.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for use in combination with an electric power distribution cable and the normal source of voltage supply to said cable, the cable being connected between said normal source of voltage supply and at least one load normally applied to said cable, said apparatus detecting faults in said power cable and comprising a solid state switch unit comprising two thyristors arranged in an inverse-parallel configuration and continuously conducting current up to a pre-set maximum and becoming non-conductive after conducting a current in excess of the pre-set maximum for a pre-set period, a metering unit connected to said solid state switch unit for indicating the size of a current flowing through said cable, said metering unit including means for measuring the current in the solid state switch unit, and a trigger circuit connected to said solid state switch unit and metering unit which includes a manually operated trigger switch so connected to said solid state switch unit that when the trigger switch

Abstract: Disclosed is a cable tester for multi-conductor cables having a constant current power supply and circuitry for connecting the conductors of the cable in series with one another across the power supply simultaneously. The circuitry includes "open" detector lines, one connected in parallel with each cable conductor, and "short" detector lines, one connected in series with each conductor. The "open" detectors and "short" detectors have light sources in them, the "open" detector lights being normally off and the "short" detector lights being normally on. The "short" and "open" lights are arranged in an easily interpreted display. When only one end of a cable is accessible for testing, means are provided for connecting the cable conductors in selected pairs for testing by the test circuitry.

Abstract: The disclosed device is an electromechanical parametric amplifier. It utilizes, as the required nonlinear mixing element, the square law force of an electric field on the surface of a conductor. In an exemplary device, a wire grid (10) is placed adjacent to a conducting diaphragm (11). The diaphragm (11) is mechanically resonant at the local oscillator (LO) frequency. When a signal from the local oscillator (15) is applied to the grid (10), the diaphragm (11) experiences both the electrostatic force from the grid (10) and electrostatic force from the electric field to be measured. The amplitude of the vibration of the diaphragm (11) at the LO frequency is a measure of the electric field of interest. In an exemplary embodiment the vibration was measured by an electret microphone (12) and a lock-in amplifier (14). The measurement of electric field is important, for example, in industrial environments in which the buildup of static electricity is a problem.

Abstract: This invention relates to the modification of a moving magnet type of a direct current reading meter wherein by the addition of an electro-magnetic coil, the permanent magnet of the meter is influenced by the magnetic field of the coil with respect to the current flow to provide a reading to indicate full scale values of a much lower current value than that of the basic movement of the meter.

Abstract: A sensing apparatus for determining the precise location of a conductive feature on an insulating substrate which has a base, a plurality of flexible flat elongated contact blade elements having end portions for contacting and establishing electrical contact to a conductive surface feature, insulating means between the blade elements, and a base member for supporting the blade elements in a bowed condition with the end portions arranged in a plane parallel to the plane of the top surface of the insulating substrate.

Abstract: A system for indicating measured values, particularly the speed of movement of a motor vehicle, includes a pulse generator generating pulses having a frequency corresponding to a measured value, a counting circuit including first and second counters for counting pulses generated during successive time intervals to produce a pulse count signal for each time interval, a comparator comparing the pulse count signals from successive time intervals to produce a pulse difference signal corresponding to the difference therebetween, a memory for storing the pulse difference signal and transmitting the pulse difference signal to a stepper motor, and a pointer driven via gears from the output of the stepper motor to produce an indication of the measured value.

Abstract: A measuring cell for use in measuring and monitoring the electrical conductivity of a liquid. The cell comprises at least four concentric circular electrodes which are disposed in a flat or substantially flat surface. The concentric electrodes are mutually separated by annular areas of electrically non-conductive material.Also disclosed are a system for monitoring the electrical conductivity of a liquor sample and a system for comparing the electrical conductivities of two liquor samples both of which systems include a measuring cell having the aforegoing construction.

Abstract: A method and a device for training the equalizer of a receiver used in a QAM transmission system, by means of an unknown data signal, thereby enabling in particular said equalizer to be trained in the cases described above. In accordance with the method of the present invention, in a data receiver wherein, under normal operating conditions, the data is detected with respect to a first constellation, the equalizer is trained by detecting the data with respect to a second constellation which comprises fewer points than said first constellation and by adjusting the coefficients of the equalizer by means of an error signal produced as a result of the detection operation performed with respect to the second constellation.In accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, the second constellation is comprised of those points of the first constellation that are farthest from its center.

Abstract: High power, phase coherent pulses are generated by superconducting appara which includes a superconducting cavity resonator that is pumped by a low power microwave source while being isolated from a load. Switching of the cavity to an emitting mode is accomplished in 5 to 10 nanoseconds by firing a gas discharge tube that acts to couple the activity to the load while decoupling it from the pumping source.