Abstract: A parking lock system for a vehicle having an automatic transmission, a cover being secured to a case of the automatic transmission. The system comprises a shaft bridging to the case and the cover, a parking pawl rotatably mounted on the shaft, a cam for rotating the parking pawl to engage it with a parking gear secured to an output shaft of the transmission, and a spring for biasing the parking pawl to disengage it from the parking gear. A guide plate is engaged with the shaft at an end thereof and engaged with the case of the transmission at the other end. The spring is so arranged to bias the parking pawl toward a stopper of the guide plate to hold the parking pawl in disengagement from the parking gear.

Abstract: An automatic transmission for motorcycles includes a planetary gear train. The power input is applied to a ring gear of the train by a fixed speed ratio transmission and to a sun gear by a variable speed ratio transmission so that the sun gear rotates in a direction opposite to that of the ring gear. The power is output from the planetary gear carrier. The power output is zero when the pitch line velocity of the ring gear is equal to that of the sun gear. A centrifugal clutch is mounted on the input shaft for engaging fixed speed ratio transmission when the rotational speed of the input shaft reaches a predetermined value. Furthermore, another shaft is disposed parallelly near the input shaft and connected to the input shaft by means of two interengaging gears which are respectively mounted on the two shafts so as to act as a balancing shaft for the crank shaft of the engine.

Abstract: This system can be used, in particular, with a vehicle having a transverse drive motor unit and converts a front wheel drive vehicle into a four-wheel drive vehicle. The system includes a central differential driven from an output member of a gear box by means of a hollow body in which the differential associated with the front wheels is housed. The two outputs of the central differential drive the two differentials associated with the front and rear wheels. The arrangement of the differentials is particularly compact and the original housing of the differential can be retained.

Abstract: A power transmission for a four-wheel drive vehicle includes a change-speed gearing mounted within a transmission casing, and an intermediate differential unit assembled within the transmission casing and drivingly connected to an output shaft of the change-speed gearing to be applied with a driving torque through the change-speed gearing for transmitting the driving torque to a first drive shaft for front-wheel drive and to a second drive shaft for rear-wheel drive.

Abstract: The drive device consists of a rotating casing containing a fluid and carrying internally in an idle manner a sun gear and a pair of respective planet gears which mesh with the sun gear and define a gear pump therewith; the fluid is contained in an inner reservoir of the casing, and this latter is provided, in correspondence with the meshing zones between the planet gears and sun gear, with respective intake chambers connected to the reservoir and with delivery chambers closed by automatic valves which are kept closed by the preloading of a spring against a ball and arranged to open at a predetermined pressure in order to connect the delivery chambers to the reservoir. A pneumatic device also controls a respective shut-off valve in order to connect the delivery chambers to the reservoir independently of the opening of the automatic valves.

Abstract: A steplessly variable vehicle transmission has a speed ratio control system including an electronic control unit which functions to calculate a required vehicle acceleration rate based on the position of an engine control foot pedal and the rate of change of the position of the foot pedal. The control unit further calculates an engine output power required for accomplishing the vehicle acceleration rate, as well as the engine speed under which the required engine output power can be obtained with the given position of the engine control foot pedal. Further, the control unit produces an output for controlling the speed ratio of the transmission so that the required engine speed is obtained.

Abstract: Clutch-to-clutch downshifts in the course of a coast mode of operation are effected by releasing the off-going clutching device at a time determined in relation to the vehicle speed and deceleration rate, and applying the on-coming clutching device a predetermined time thereafter such that the apply occurs when the engine speed is substantially equal to the transmission input speed in the downshifted speed ratio. The predetermined time defines an neutral interval during which the on-coming clutching device is filled with hydraulic fluid in preparation for engagement, and the engine speed assumes its neutral idle value. At the end of the predetermined time, the engine speed and the transmission input speed in the downshifted speed ratio are at the neutral idle value, and the on-coming clutching device is applied to complete the shift.

Abstract: A belt type steplessly variable transmission includes a belt-pulley device of variable speed ratio and a fluid pressure operated actuator for changing the speed ratio of the belt-pulley device. A fluid control valve is provided for controlling a supply of fluid pressure to the actuator to thereby determine the speed ratio of the belt-pulley device. The fluid control valve is associated including with a manually operable member movable between a first position in which it does not affect operation of the fluid control valve and a second position in which the supply of fluid pressure is changed so that a change in the speed ratio does not take place until input speed to the belt-pulley device exceeds a predetermined value. A manually operable valve is provided for changing the supply of fluid pressure so that the speed ratio of the belt-pulley means is increased.

Abstract: An adapter tool device for transmitting rotary energy by means of special internal driving end splines to create and cut gripping channels in threaded and unthreaded cylindrical objects adapted to fit drive end shapes of rotary power sources and transfer torque from reversible and non-reversible variable speed rotary torque power sources such as impact wrenches, impact drivers and hand wrenches for in-line coincident centerlines as well as for non-coincident angularly disposed centerlines whereby rotary power is transferred to tighten or loosen cylindrical fastening components such as bolts, screws, combination nut-bolts, threaded components, non-threaded cylindrical components and the like.

Abstract: A fluid-operated wrench has a support, a ratchet gear turnably mounted on the support, a pair of driving pawls respectively having free ends engagable with the teeth of the ratchet gear, a drive with a driving element reciprocable along a forward and reverse stroke, a transmission between the driving element and the driving pawls and formed so that during the forward stroke one of the pawls turns the ratchet gear in one direction and during the rearward stroke the other of the pawls turns the ratchet gear in the same direction, wherein the transmission includes a driving arm, and the driving pawls are pivotally connected to the driving arm and at the same time guided in elongated curved slots formed as arcs of two circumferences which are described by two different radii with a center on the axis of the ratchet gear. The wrench has a housing accommodating the drive and also having an inner space in which the support together with the other element can be releasably insertable.

Abstract: Driver jaws for a driver head of an automatic screw feeding machine are disclosed. A pair of cantilever springs are oppositely disposed on a mandrel or housing. The springs are arranged such that the tips thereof form an opening therethrough which comprises the jaws for holding a fastener during the insertion process. The cantilever springs allow the jaws to open to permit the head of the fastener to pass therethrough after the fastener is fully inserted and to be released from the driver jaws. The cantilever springs permit an exceptionally small clearance spaced around the head of the installed fastener. The tips of the jaws spaced the movable portions of the apparatus away from the work surface so that marring or scratching of the work surface is avoided.

Abstract: A tool is provided having a back wall, two spaced bottom walls extending from the bottom end of the back wall and two spaced front walls extending upwardly from the ends of the bottom walls which form a generally "U"-shaped channel that is suitable to be used as a retaining clamp for disc brake pistons during the replacement of the disc brake pads in heavy duty, multiple piston brake systems.

Abstract: Before being coated with the magnetizable material, the substrate plates are machined on a precision turning lathe in such a way that the annular surface provided for the storage area is convexly arched on both sides of the plate. For this purpose, the substrate plate, during machining, is held on the chuck in a concave arch of the annular surface and machined flat with a purely radial free movement of the cutting tool, or held on a flat chuck and turned down under a feed movement of the tool, which feed movement corresponds to the required convex arching of the annular surface. In the first machining method, the elastically deformed substrate plate, after removal from the chuck, loses tension and forms a convexly arched annular surface.

Abstract: A cross slide contour forming box tool and base which can be applied to automatic screw machines for contour forming desired contours of desired width on the outside of a workpiece. The contour forming tool is positioned on a transverse slide perpendicular to the drive axis. The transverse slide is driven by a pin and cam groove in the face of a cam so that the contour forming tool is positioned in accordance with the shape of the cam groove. The workpiece is rotated relative to the contour forming tool and the desired contour is formed on the surface of the workpiece. The contour forming tool is carried by a base including a slide and cam which functions to move the box tool parallel to the center line of the workpiece in order to form a desired contour width.

Abstract: An instrumented tool holder is described wherein a multicomponent force sensor embedded in said tool holder beneath the cutting insert is so oriented that the resultant of cutting forces applied to the cutting insert will pass through the approximate center of the force sensor during a machining operation.

Abstract: A trimmer for making a circumferential cut through a hollow cylindrical object. The trimmer has a rotatably cup which holds a blade support assembly which rotates with the rotatable cup. A cam member is supported by the rotatable cup and rotates in the same direction as a rotatable cup but at a slightly different speed. In one cutting cycle, the cam member rotates one revolution different from the rotatable cup. This causes the blade to move in and out of contact with the object to be cut while the blade is rotating about the periphery of the object.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for perforating materials with a metal needle whereby the method involves the utilization of an ultrasonic vibration signal being applied to the metal needle in order to vibrate the needle in an axial direction to thereby penetrate a plurality of layered materials due to the axial vibration of the metal needle.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for cutting a pipe into a multiplicity of small pieces are provided wherein the pipe is fed by rotating the pipe about its longitudinal axis and simultaneously moving the pipe in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe, and wherein individual pieces are sequentially cut from an end of the pipe as it is being fed.

Abstract: A paper tail cutter for cutting and deflecting a tail from a moving sheet of paper. A cutter body member is pivotally mounted to swing a knife up through the moving sheet of paper, thereby cutting a narrow tail at one side of the moving sheet. The tail is supported by the body member and deflected away from the moving paper sheet for delivery to apparatus such as a stack of calender rolls.

Abstract: Windows are cut into envelopes and bags, in a machine with a feed device ing transport rollers for cut-out envelope blanks or for a web, a cutting roller, a tool cooperating with the cutting roller and at least one suction roller for further transport, are arranged in a window cutting station of the machine. The envelope material is moved along a straight line tangentially to the point of cutting out the windows and is then further conveyed in the peripheral direction of the cutting roller. The blanks with the windows cut therein and the cut-out waste are separately grasped by suction and removed.

Abstract: A machine for producing labels from tape is equipped with tape guide means defining a tape path between an entry point and exit point on the machine and tape drive means comprising at least a first roller, a first shaft on which the first roller is mounted and manual means for rotating the first shaft. A device for loading and positioning the tape in this machine comprises a control arm incorporating a finger having an end adapted to constitute an obstacle on the tape path. It is selectively retractable by the end of the tape when the tape is driven along the tape path. This finger thus constitutes a control lever for the control arm. The device also comprises a claw having an end adapted to immobilize the first shaft when the finger is retracted.

Abstract: A knife cylinder for processing a continuous web has a plurality of knife blades mounted therein by metallic bellows cylinders located in grooves which receive the knife blades. At least one force transmission element is likewise located in each groove between the blade and the bellows cylinders, or between the bellows cylinders and an opposing wall of the groove. Such elements contain pressure medium passageways connected with a pressure medium generating assembly for internally pressurizing the bellows.

Abstract: A positioning or displacement apparatus includes a first member having a first engaging facility and a second member having a plurality of second engaging facilities, wherein the first and second members are relatively movable between a first position wherein a first selected one of the second engaging facilities is engaged with the first engaging facility. The second member is preferably linearly displaceable by disengaging the first selected one of the second engaging facilities, and then engaging a second selected one of the second engaging facilities with the first engaging facility.

Abstract: A low profile capo for a stringed musical instrument having elevated strings such as dobro or the like. The capo comprises an elongated, rigid, bar-like frame adapted to be disposed over the top of the strings above the instrument neck. A pair of integral, elongated frame ridges which are offset from the recessed bottom frame surface provide definitive metal-to-metal contact with the dobro strings. Since the frame ridges establish a definitive point of contact across the strings above the neck, the strings are allowed, if not forced, to resonate at an elevated frequency without dampening of the resultant sound amplitude or quality. A cooperating compression arm assembly is adapted to swing in or out of operative position about a pivot point defined upon one end of the frame. The arm comprises a coaxially encircling, resilient sheath, preferably formed of rubber, polyethylene or the like, which is adapted to firmly engage and substantially surround at least a portion of the strings.

Abstract: A vibrato bridge assembly of an electric guitar is provided with a rotatable vibrato arm secured to a base plate by means of a bushing having a smooth-walled hole into which the arm fits. A set screw is provided to tighten against the arm to compensate for the tendency of the arm to become loose in the bushing.

Abstract: A resonance eliminator for a drum head. The resonance eliminator includes a body having a first and second pivotally connected sections. A clamp is provided for detachably mounting the first section of the body on the rim of a drum. The resilient pad is attached to the second section of the body and engages the surface of the drum to eliminate resonance of the drum head caused by vibrations from the drum set itself or external sources. The second section is pivotal with respect to the first section to enable normal sounds to be exhibited by the drum head during play of the drum. Counterweight means are provided in one embodiment to insure that the second section of the body remains in a predetermined positional relationship with respect to the first section of the body. The latter embodiment is suitable for use on the bottom drum head.

Abstract: The invention refers to a chord key for musical instruments comprising a number of plastic sheets (1) that are rotatably connected together about a common axis and provided with marks (7) to show fingering positions on the instrument for the positions of the notes included in various chords. Each sheet (1) with fingering marks for note positions is transparent and corresponds to all possible positions for a particular note in various chords, and is also provided with its own special mark for differentiating between the various possible grips of the chord. A bottom sheet (2) is likewise rotatably attached to the other sheets and depicts the fretboard or manual of the instrument, whereby all possible fingering positions for a particular chord in which particular notes are included, are obtainable by turning those sheets out that correspond to the notes of the chord and by positioning these sheets on to of the fretboard sheet.

Abstract: A feeder comprising a hopper and a pusher, the pusher comprising a pusher sleeve, which is provided at its bottom with a perforated plate, and a cylinder actuating the pusher sleeve along the wall surface of the hopper, which directly supplies a W/O emulsion explosive into a cartridge machine without mixing with air and without breakage of hollow microspheres.

Abstract: Actuating mechanism for the cocking device of a self-loading hand gun which has an actuating element, wherein two co-acting elements for limiting rotational movement of the actuating element are provided to stop movement of the actuating element after a predetermined angle of rotation, wherein one co-acting element is connected in driving relationship with the actuating element, while the other co-acting element is secured against rotation, wherein the co-acting elements include a guide cam for coaction with forward and rear arms of a lever, and wherein the lever pivots about an axis movable along a circular path, wherein the guide cam includes a first portion forming a stop for the forward lever arm, as viewed in a predetermined sense of rotation, when the forward lever arm has moved past the predetermined angle of rotation, and a second portion spaced at a certain angular distance from the first portion along opposite rotation sense, wherein the second portion comes into contact with the rear lever arm so a

Abstract: A military tank is equipped with an armored box structure in the space nolly occupied by the gun turret. A lid on the box structure is raisable to an inclined position suitable for the firing of a missile carried on the lid undersurface. As the missile is fired an explosive-charged line attached to the missile rear end is drawn out of the box structure onto the terrain (along the missile line-of-flight). By exploding the line charges it is possible to detonate enemy land mines in the vicinity of the charged line.

Abstract: In launching a missile from a launch tube, variable launch energy can be obtained by providing combustible products in the products of combustion from a gas generator and controlling the temperature and amount of oxygen present in the launch chamber to control the amount of secondary combustion in the launch chamber to provide a predetermined total launch energy and missile muzzle velocity.

Abstract: Shell magazine apparatus for tanks having a gun crew basket rotably mounted within a vehicle and having a cannon mounted to the basket comprises a primary shell magazine mounted in the gun crew basket and a secondary shell magazine mounted in the vehicle. The primary magazine includes a number of shell holding canisters pivotally mounted to a canister carrier rotatably mounted on a core. A Geneva drive incrementally rotating the carrier and canisters to sequentially position the canisters in a particular elevating position. A pressurized fluid cylinder is provided for pivoting a canister in the elevating position into a position from which a shell can be extracted by an associated shell loading apparatus. The secondary magazine comprises first and second drums rotatably mounted, side-by-side, in the vehicle rearwardly of the primary magazine when the gun crew basket is azimuthally zeroed.

Abstract: The sighting device comprises first means for displaying at least one displacement mark parallel to the central vertical spider-line, means for altering the position of said displacement mark, means for measuring the target moving time which has elapsed between one initial moment at which the target seen in the range finder is superimposed with a reference mark, and a subsequent moment at which said target seen in the range finder held in immobilized position reaches said displacement mark; and second means for displaying at least one cross velocity adjusted mark, parallel to said central vertical spider-line, and whose position is determined first as a function of the projectile flight time, which is itself determined from the firing distance, and second, as a function of the target moving time, measured for a given displacement mark.

Abstract: An electrohydraulic actuator system has a first pair of actuators and a control circuit and a control valve for each actuator. The control circuits generate actuator position error signals and are also responsive to divergence of the operating position of the respective valves from a mean valve operating position thereby tending to maintain the valve operating positions, and hence the forces on the actuators, identical. The magnitudes of the position error signals are limited to limit overdrive of the valves in the event of minor malfunctions thereof and to permit a malfunction indication to be provided. The system also includes a further pair of actuators having an associated control circuit which is responsive to a selected differential position of the further actuators, for causing one of these actuators to be driven away from a limiting position of the other actuator until the required position differential is obtained.

Abstract: A pneumatic booster including a housing, a power piston partitioning the interior of the housing into a front chamber and a rear chamber, with the front chamber being connected permanently to a source of a first reference pressure, the rear chamber being selectively communicated with the front chamber and a source of second reference pressure which is higher than the first reference pressure through a valve mechanism, an output shaft receiving the output force from the power piston, and an input shaft receiving an input force for actuating said valve mechanism and receiving a reaction force of the output force. There are provided a device between the output shaft and the power piston for changing the reaction force with respect to the output force on the output shaft, a mechanism for rotating the output shaft around the axis thereof, and a device for preventing the rotation of the power piston relative to the housing at least at the non-actuated condition of the pneumatic booster.

Abstract: Hydraulic assistance device, comprising a body (10) comprising a bore (12) in which a first piston mechanism and a second piston mechanism (18, 20) are slideably mounted, the first piston mechanism (18) being movable under the effect of the actuation of a third piston (16) slidably mounted in the body (10), and the second piston mechanism (20) being movable by the intermediary of a hydrostatic connection formed in a pressure chamber (22) defined between the first and the second piston mechanism (18, 20), a respective valve mechanism (60, 100) being associated with each piston mechanism (18, 20) in a respective hydraulic circuit between a source of fluid under pressure (52, 96) and a respective braking circuit (74, 110); and a third chamber (36) defined in the bore (12) between the first piston mechanism (18) and the third piston (16), the third chamber (36) being connected to a low pressure reservoir (25) through a passage in which a valve mechanism (42 ) is mounted, characterized in that the device incorpora

Abstract: A fluid actuated ram assembly includes a cylindrical barrel and a rear end cap attached to a rear end of the cylindrical barrel. A piston is located within the cylindrical barrel and both the piston and the cylindrical barrel are adapted for relative movement with respect to each other. There is also provided a piston rod having a piston attached to one end portion thereof. There is also provided a bearing member or guide bush located adjacent to the piston which has a central aperture for the piston rod and also one or more longitudinal passages communicating with the piston. There is also provided a front end cap releasably attached to the cylindrical barrel which has a fluid port communicating with the one or more longitudinal passages of the bearing member or guide bush.

Abstract: An improved air diffuser or air boot has a unique incremental air dampering and air pattern control mechanism, namely a plurality of independent adjacent flat damper plates or blades which are adjustably attached to an inner surface of a bottom ledge just above an air outlet throat and are slideable across the throat. Each plate may be manually or automatically slid from its open position resting on the ledge to a closed position where it butts against the far side of the air outlet throat.

Abstract: A rain cap or protective cover device for an exhaust stack of an internal combustion engine is disclosed that is movable between a standby protective position and an operating position. In the standby position a pair of rearwardly extending arms cause a fairing of the rain cap to cover an outlet of an exhaust stack to which the rain cap is pivotally connected. In the operating position, winglets connected to the arm interact with air flow past the stack to raise the arms and move the fairing to a conformable position about the exhaust stack. The fairing is shaped to aerodynamically interact with the air flow to establish a low pressure area at the outlet of the exhaust stack.

Abstract: Apparatus for mixing food ingredients is disclosed including a cabinet for supporting a mixer for the ingredients. A frame is arranged within the cabinet for being raised and lowered relative thereto. The frame supports a plate having a through hole for receiving the mixer and a movable tray for supporting a container for the ingredients. The tray is moved under the plate and the frame is raised by a weight arrangement, whereby the mixer engages the container and is actuated for mixing the ingredients therein.

Abstract: A device for selectively controlling the diameter of sections of a calender roll. The device comprises a plurality of nozzles which direct jets of superheated steam against sections of the calender roll. Thermal expansion, resulting from localized heating by the steam jets, corrects local non-uniformities in the gap between adjacent cooperating calender rolls. Moisture which condenses from the steam onto the calender roll surface is removed by a flow of air past the roll surface.

Abstract: Multi-colored designs are applied on a plurality of textile fabric or sheet materials with a silk screen printer having several platens arranged in two horizontal rows below a longitudinal heater which is movable across either row. The textiles, such as articles of clothing, are placed over respective platens and secured in pivotable hold down frames. A silk screen with a desired design is secured in a screen frame having a corner registration guide and is positioned against a main registration guide affixed to the hold down frame to align the design on the article. The color ink material is applied with a squeegee through the screen onto the article, and this is repeated manually with the same screen frame and design successively at each platen for several like articles.

Abstract: A dampening system for an offset printing press combines a centrifugal plate wetting agent sprayer and roller dampening to effect a suitable ink and wetting agent balance.

Abstract: An operation lever controller for a two-color printing apparatus having first and second units adapted to perform printing independently of each other and arranged such that all steps of respective printing operations are performed by rotating respective operation levers in multiple stages. The operation levers, ratchet wheels, set cams for changing and positioning the operation levers in respective multiple stages and arms provided with respective magnets are fixed on corresponding drive shafts of the first and second units. Pairs of feed pallets are respectively provided on unit frames so as to be linked with forward-drive solenoids, backward-drive solenoids, and pallet-drive shafts such that the respective pairs of feed pallets are disengaged and engaged with the ratchet wheels by operations of the solenoids to perform feeding operations using the pallet-drive shafts. Operation lever detecting switches are turned on by the magents at respective positions of the operation levers.

Abstract: A detonator is formed with a housing having an insert therein. The insert has an axial bore therethrough containing a primer charge, a donor charge and an output charge. The primer charge is carried in a cup like holder disposed in the insert bore and having flash holes therein providing continuity between the primer charge and the donor charge. The donor charge is separated from the output charge by a flyer plate and a barrel through which the flyer plate is propelled into the output charge upon detonation of the donor charge. An output disc at the end of the insert confines the output charge until it is detonated. The insert has spaced and radially displaced openings in the sidewall thereof in communication with the output charge and the donor charge to permit gas to escape from these charges when the detonator is subjected to elevated temperatures.

Abstract: A low energy fuse which has a tubular casing that is deformed at at least one end and intermediate its ends to form valve formations. Each valve formation defines a valve that is normally substantially closed and which is opened, in use, by a shock wave. Wall material of the casing may be deformed by heated displaceable forming elements. The deformed wall portions may be fused or bonded together to form an hermetic seal, the fusion or bond being sufficiently weak to be ruptured by the shock wave. Instead the deformed wall portions may merely touch one another or may be spaced slightly apart to define an aperture which is substantially smaller than the cross-sectional area of the casing.

Abstract: The target-effective mass of cartridged ammunition is increased while maintaining a predetermined cartridge length.A projectile body has a projectile tail portion extending rearwardly on which a fin or wing-stabilization arrangement is mounted. This tail portion extends rearwardly towards the immediate vicinity of the propellant charge casing bottom. A projection extends rearwardly past the wing or fin-stabilization guide arrangement. This projection includes a massive portion which separates at firing from the propellant charge casing bottom. The rear portion of the projectile body is surrounded by a sheathing of combustible material forming the ignition element which sheathing extends from the cartridge case bottom up to at least the middle of the propellant charge casing and has a longitudinal extent l.sub.2.

Abstract: An improved armor-piercing inertial penetrator projectile having a prepenetrator which has a substantially uniform flight diameter D, over substantially its entire length. A prepenetrator assembly is formed by a plurality of elements which are adapted to interact with the material of the corresponding target upon impact so as to form an effective surface which has a diameter larger by a predetermined amount than the flight diameter D of the prepenetrator.

Abstract: An armor-piercing projectile has a steel jacket threadedly or otherwise positively connected with a core which has a forwardly projecting point and leaves a space to the rear of the jacket receiving an incendiary charge and a winged tail unit mechanically connected with that charge. Upon penetration of an armor plate, the tail unit is torn from the jacket and extracts the incendiary charge which then ignites and destroys the surrounding armor.

Abstract: An inertia projectile includes a penetrator (1) and a caliber-compensating propellent cage (2). The propellent cage has at its rear front front wall (9) perforations (3) opening into a cavity (4). The cavity is otherwise completely closed by a front wall (7) conically extending relative to the penetrator (1) and by a surrounding cylindrical mantle (6).