Abstract: An electrically operated retractable mirror assembly for automobiles, which includes a mirror frame carried by a movable member rotatably mounted on an upright shaft on the automobile body. The shaft on the automobile body has a stationary gear which is in engagement with a rotatable gear mounted on a second shaft. A driving motor is mounted on the movable member and adapted for driving the rotatable gear on the second shaft through a reduction gear mechanism. Between the rotatable gear and the reduction gear mechanism, there is provided a torque limiting mechanism such as a friction mechanism.

Abstract: A disposable temple cover for use within environments in which the wearer of eyeglasses subjects them to potentially damaging substances includes a thin walled tube of plastic material having an end bearing a soft resilient ring. The resilient ring is attached to the tube by either a folding or rolling method.

Abstract: An improved pair of eyeglasses for use by a wearer including a frame member having lens rim portions and a nose bridge portion for connecting the lens rim portions together, with lens members adapted to be fitted within the lens rim portions and securing means with the frame membr for securing the frame member with the wearer when in use by the wearer. The improved pair of eyeglasses further includes a protector member mounted adjacent the nose bridge portion for protecting the nose of the wearer from harmful environmental effects, with the protector member being movable between a first position substantially covering the nose of the wearer and a second position wherein the protector member is substantially stowed adjacent the nose bridge portion, as is desired by the wearer.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a multi-focal spectacle lens having two progressive zones which are spatially separated from each other and which provide smooth transition of dioptric power, from one to the next of three different viewing-distance regions. This progressive surface is calculated in accordance with the technique of spline analaysis and is twice continuously differentiable. Such a progressive lens, which is illustratively described for use at computer-screen work stations, has an upper viewing-distance region designed for distant vision, a middle viewing-distance region designed for viewing the computer screen as well as a document arranged alongside the screen, and a lower viewing-distance region designed for near-vision requirements of keyboard operation. Laterally of the near-vision region the power of the lens decreases so that documents lying to the side of the keyboard can also be seen sharply, without moving one's head.

Abstract: In an instrument for the examination and surgery of the eye, an ophthalmological objective is combined with an operation microscope whose main objective is combined with an optical system of variable back focus and focal length. Every plane of the eye lying between the cornea and the fundus is imaged by the instrument at an intermediate image plane. In this way, with a single instrument, the operator can carry out work on the cornea, the eye lens, the vitreous body, and the retina. Since the instrument provides the observer with a reflection-free image, contact of the eye to be operated upon with an optical auxiliary means which eliminates the refractive power is unnecessary.

Abstract: To make it possible to simply and positively estimate on the spot the quality of the retinal photographing result, a retinal camera provided with an automatic exposure controlling device, an estimate reference signal generating means, a quality estimating means estimating the quality of the photographing result and an estimation indicating means indicating the estimation result. The automatic exposure controlling device comprises an integrator integrating the output from a light receiving element, a keyboard putting in exposure conditions, an exposure data signal generating means, a reference voltage generating means, a comparative calculating means and a flash light emission controlling means.

Abstract: An auto-keratometer attached to an operating microscope to measure the refraction and astigmatic condition of the cornea comprises a cornea irradiating light source section disposed below the operating microscope, and switching means for selectively switching the light source section between an irradiating position on the optical axis and a retracted position. When it is desired to measure the corneal condition, the light source section is set at the irradiating position below the operating microscope, so that the light from the light source section reflected by the cornea travels through a beam splitter and is detected by a detector, whereby the refraction or astigmatic condition of the cornea is measured. If the light source section is found interfering with the operation, the light source section is set at the retracted position by rotating it through 180 degrees, whereby the working region below the microscope is widened to facilitate the operator's surgical operation on the cornea.

Abstract: The system and method for detecting an intervehicle distance to a preceding vehicle which is moving on the same lane as the vehicle, means for radiating and sweeping an electromagnetic wave such as a laser beam toward the moving direction of the vehicle is provided, with the confirmation of a lane on which the vehicle moves on the basis of a comparison of their sweep angles to reflectors located on both ends of a road on which the vehicle moves from a center axis of the vehicle's movement direction, the traffic lane on which a vehicle moving in front of the vehicle moves is determined on the basis of their sweep angles of the electromagnetic wave with respect to the vehicle from the other vehicle moving in front of the vehicle to the reflectors located on both ends of the road and having the same distance to the vehicle as the other vehicle, and the intervehicle distance data is outputted upon determination that both vehicles move on the same traffic lane, a correct intervehicle distance from the vehicle to t

Abstract: A method and apparatus for flow cytometry in which laser light pulses are focused on a sheathed stream, a still picture of cells passing by the region of the focal point is taken by an objective lens-CCD camera combination, the still picture obtained is processed and analyzed to acquire information relating to the shape and internal state of individual cells, and the cells are subjected to analysis based on the information acquired.

Abstract: An improved pattern of lines (26, 28) is placed on a wedged substrate (18) used to locate the focal plane of a scanning projection aligner. This pattern replaces the conventional array of microscopic resolution targets with large regions of microscopic lines and spaces. When printed, in- and out-of-focus conditions are macroscopically apparent due to the presence or absence of photoresist (14). Desired quantities conventionally determined from microscopic data, such as location of the best focus plane, astigmatism, mask-to-wafer parallelism, mirror aberrations and misalignments, are macroscopically determined in accordance with the invention.

Abstract: A navigation device for wheeled vehicles using an optical locating system to determine the vehicle's position with respect to a set of coded, and therefore separately identifiable, fixed beacons. This optically obtained navigational information is used in conjunction with information from revolution counters on the vehicle's wheels to permit operation when one or no beacons are visible, and to refine the accuracy of the position determination as derived from the optical system alone.

Abstract: A laser velocimeter signal processor for measuring the signal frequency within a signal burst. The input signal is converted to digital by an ADC 16 and then shifted into shift registers 30 and 31. An automatic gain circuit 15 controls the gain of the input signal. A signal integration circuit 32 determines when a signal burst has been captured by the shift registers and and then transfers the contents of the registers to data latches 33 and 34. The data in data latches 33 and 34 is processed by digital bandpass filters 57-63, square law detectors 64-70, burst counters 71-77 and signal processor 78 to determine the frequency of the signal within the captured signal burst.

Abstract: An analytical instrument includes an optical system having a source of incoming radiation (11) which in a transmission test is focused by a primary focusing element (15) onto a sample (16). The radiation transmitted through the sample is collimate by a focusing-collimating element (20) and directed across the beam of incoming radiation (14) before focused on a detector (12). To perform a test of the reflectance of the sample, an intercept element (28) is moved into position in the incoming beam (14) to deflect a portion (36) of the beam which is directed to the focusing-collimating element (20) and focused on the sample. The reflected radiation from the sample is collected by the focusing-collimating element (20) into a collimated beam (38) that is parallel and adjacent to the incoming beam, and which is directed in a path which passes by the intercept element (28) to be focused onto the detector (12).

Abstract: An apparatus for the graphic representation and analysis of fluorescence signals that can be employed for the analysis of the decay behavior of pulses in fluorometry. The object of providing an arrangement for quantitative fluorometry, with which images of the spatial distribution of the decay behavior in microobjects in the nanosecond range can be generated and displayed, is accomplished by producing the fluorescence pulse, for example by pulsed laser light, and processing the pulse further in its totality or in parts thereof rapidly reacting electronic devices. The fluorescence energy can be deposited in memory elements and be used for the pictorial representation. The object is moved in grid fashion by an electronic control arrangement and the process can be repeated as often as desired.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for measuring the absorbance of fluid samples. The length of the light path through the sample is adjusted to optimize the amount of light absorbed by the sample, and the absorbance of the sample is calculated from the length of the path and the amount of light absorbed. Accurate measurement of the absorbance of the fluid may be made by taking measurements at two different path lengths, since light level changes due to fouling of the optical windows or other slow changes in the optical train are independent of the path length, while that of the fluid varies proportionally with the path length. A preferred form of probe includes a cylindrical cell having an exposed variable path length sensing portion at one end and an actuator for varying the spacing at the other end, and a cylindrical cell insertion tube having seals and a large valve mechanism to permit removal of the probe without loss or escape of the fluid being measured.

Abstract: A fiber-optic angular rate sensor having enhanced reliability is disclosed, wherein counter-propagating light beams are directed through a multi-turn fiber-optic coil. The light beams are phase shifted relative to each other as the coil rotates to produce a phase difference which is detected to provide a measurement of the rotational rate of the coil. A redundant light source and detector arrangement are included to enhance the reliability of the device and to insure a reciprocal device without sacrificing accuracy.

Abstract: A method for phase biasing a fiber-optic SAGNAC rotation sensor is disclosed comprising the inclusion near one end of the sensing coil of a phase modulator consisting of a second coil of fiber free to rotate independently of the sensing coil. The modulator coil is made to oscillate and the desired phase difference modulation is produced by means of the SAGNAC effect in the oscillating coil. Two novel modulator drivers are disclosed. Both have a rigid support hub having radially extending spokes which bend in mechanical synchronism in response to a piezoelectrically induced motive force. The optical fiber is wrapped like a rim around the outside of the spokes for being rotated in an oscillatory manner to effect the desired phase difference modulation.

Abstract: In a polychromator, the image plane or the focus line (28) is adapted optimumly to the plane of a detector (26), e.g. to a diode-array. At the same time, an optimum linear wavelength scale is obtained on the detector (26). To this end, an arrangement having a concave grating (14), and an imaging mirror (20) is provided. An optimizing method is described by which both curves can be optimized in converging steps by alternate variation of the distance b between concave grating (14) and mirror (20) and the asymmetry measure G' of the concave grating (14).

Abstract: A rotatable shear plate interferometer comprises a transparent shear plate mounted obliquely in a tubular supporting member at 45.degree. with respect to its horizontal center axis. This tubular supporting member is supported rotatably around its center axis and a collimated laser beam is made incident on the shear plate along this center axis such that defocus in different directions can be easily measured.

Abstract: To measure distances, light from a flash tube is plane polarized by a polarizing filter, then polarization modulated by an electro-optical crystal, then passed along a `wobbling` light path, then subjected to a relative retardation of about a quarter wavelength by a rhomb and then passed through a calibrated variable light path before being projected to a distant target reflector. The reflected light returns along the same path and is detected by a photomultiplier after passing through the polarizing filter. Adjustment of the variable light path until a null is obtained at the photomultiplier indicates that the length travelled by the light from the crystal to the reflector and back is an integral number of modulation wavelengths, possibly plus one half-wavelength. The quality of the null is adjustable by adjusting the orientation of the rhomb. Temperature correction may be provided by constructing a reference resonator defining the modulation wavelength of the same material as a structure being measured.

Abstract: A system for measuring the weft or mesh serial position in textiles, in which the angular position of the weft/mesh series is measured for determining the angle of distortion passing over a partial amount of the length thereof, includes an illumination measuring system which measures values of light from a light source either passing through or reflected from the textile fabric to be tested, in a substantially linear range, and an adjusting assembly which reciprocally and oscillatingly rotates the linear range about a central angle to adjust the linear range at an angle relative to the textile fabric; rotating or measuring the reflection or transmission values in several discrete equidistant angular units; a group of memories for storing the measured values corresponding to at least a few angular units; and a digital unit connected to the memories for comparing the stored values in calculating a distortion angle in response to such comparison.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the relative position and orientation of a reference beam of light includes first and second detectors for detecting the intersection of the reference beam with first and second spaced and substantially parallel reference planes. The measured horizontal and vertical deviations between the points of intersection on the two reference planes provide an indication of the orientation of the beam with respect to the apparatus.

Abstract: The invention includes apparatus and method for inhibiting the hardening of a wetted concrete premix in a filled concrete mixer including providing a rotatable concrete mixer drum having a plurality of sealed apertures located throughout the entire length and circumference of the drum such that at least one of the apertures is located at or near the bottom of the drum at all points of rotation, and injecting a fluid under pressure through at least one aperture and into the drum when filled with a charge of wetted concrete premix to disperse the fluid throughout a portion of the charge adjacent to the aperture and up to the surface of the charge thereby inhibiting hardening.

Abstract: A back-pressure bearing arrangement for a twin-screw extrusion device which prevents any back-pressure forces from affecting a gear arrangement used for driving the screws. By disposing the back-pressure bearings between the gear arrangement and the housing of the extrusion device and by providing a bearing plate, which is supported by adjustment bolts or tension rods, the bearings are frictionally disconnected from the gear arrangement housing and the back-pressure forces of the screw shafts are effectively prevented from adversely affecting the gear arrangement.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel extruder screw and method for extruding low melt viscosity polymers which form an anisotropic melt phase. In a preferred embodiment, the method and apparatus according to the present invention employ a high rate of rotational speed of the extruder screw in combination with a relatively low compression ratio and a high volume rate of flow through a compression section in order to effectively extrude the low melt viscosity liquid crystalline polymers. The particular design of the screw is dictated by the unique rheology of the polymers which are difficult to effectively move along the helix of the screw due, in part, to the extremely low viscosity. Each dimension and each relative size of the various sections of the screw must be carefully controlled in order to effectively extrude the unique material.

Abstract: In order to produce pellets (22) in a pellet press following a recipe which is constantly being adjusted in order that the physical properties of the pellets are optimized in relation to the total production costs, a method is used where control is effected on the basis of a current sampling of the composition of the raw materials (28, 29) and of the pellets (37, 39), and on the basis of a current recording of the raw materials (30, 4, 5) and of the conditioning means (34, 38).In order to ensure this control a coordinating computer unit (23) is used with subordinate computer units for raw material control (24, 25), economy control (42), pellet manufacturing (26) and stock control (27), which produce signals to the coordinating computer unit (23) in order that same may be adjusted (45, 48) on a constant basis, whereafter the pellets are manufactured.

Abstract: The mixing apparatus has a plurality of pump impellers having one common axis and extending parallel to each other. Immediately adjacent pump impellers have opposite directions of rotation. The blading of the pump impellers is such that the currents of the mediums exiting the pump impellers have an as large as possible peripheral component. The medium currents exiting the adjacent pump impellers and having opposite senses of rotation are guided together and generate at the mutual point of contact an extremely high turbulence because the peripheral components of the exiting rotating currents of the mediums are directed oppositely to each other and eliminate each other practically immediately.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing heterogeneous substances comprises a casing with phase inlet and outlet unions, and a container. Accommodated in the container are at least two agitator-carrying shafts connected with a drive. The drive has a driving shaft with a carrier rigidly secured thereon, a second carrier, at least two satellites meshing with a central gear wheel. Each of the satellites is provided with at least one crank movably connected with a pitman, said crank and pitman connecting each satellite with one of said carriers.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided which achieve an advantageous effect on the flow paths of fluid flowing in a pipe, wherein such an effect makes the apparatus and method particularly useful for mixing fluids. In accordance with the invention, fluid is flowed through an apparatus which includes a pipe member comprising a first tubular portion and a second tubular portion which outwardly extends from the first portion so as to be in communication with the interior of the first portion. A plate having apertures through which fluid flows is positioned in the first tubular portion so as to extend into the second tubular portion.

Abstract: A device with vertical buoyancy tanks fitted to its upper part is provided with rotors which generate horizontal and vertical propulsion, and which stirs the liquid uniformly as it moves freely through a liquid storage tank, thereby preventing the accumulation of sludge. The vertical buoyancy tanks stabilize the stirrer and provide a restoring force if the stirrer is upset. The stirrer is fitted with an ultrasonic wave emitter, and ultrasonic receptors are installed at several positions in the liquid tank. An ultrasonic pulse is emitted after a certain interval when the stirrer is at rest on the bottom of the tank. The position of the stirrer is computed for each pulse emission, and the average is taken to give the actual position of the stirrer.

Abstract: The invention is related to a method for dispersing two phases in an extraction process so that each extraction step includes several mixing stages, and at each mixing stage the mixing is carried out by means of a vertical circulation and advantageously at least one mixing stage is provided with an intensified vertical circulation. According to the invention, the dispersing apparatus of one extraction step in an extraction process is formed of several mixers provided with circulation cylinders (11). Advantageously at least one of the mixers is provided with a dispersing pump (16).

Abstract: A radiation instrument has a purging air flow system for passing air over the lens to keep it clean and free from particulate contaminants and also for providing a positive flow of air away from the lens. The air supply used for such purging is controlled adequately so the flow changes direction and particles are removed from the main flow of purge air by inertial separation prior to the time the air contacts the lens. Such air entrained particles might otherwise deposit on the lens. A flow control orifice provides a secondary flow to carry the particles separated from the main flow out of the flow passageway.

Abstract: A draw tape bag with two single draw tapes having a front wall and back wall of flexible sheet material joined to each other along edges of the bag. Tubular channels extend along opposed transverse top edges of the front and back walls. The channels define an open mouth for the bag. Each of the channels has openings at the opposite ends of the top edges of the bag. A pair of draw tapes extends through both of the channels. One end of each of the tapes is attached to opposite side edges of the bag beneath the openings in one of the channels and the other end of each of the tapes extends through the openings at the corresponding ends of the other of the channels so that the tapes cross each other in both channels and wrap around the mouth of the bag whereby when the tapes are pulled the mouth of the bag is drawn tightly together.

Abstract: A bag has wall panels defining a receptacle space and providing a bag mouth between upper end portions of the wall panels. A tamper evident, and if desired hermetic seal, non-reclosable closure located inwardly from a reclosable closure and located below upper ends of the upper end portions is accessible to be opened when the reclosable closure is open, and the reclosable closure is arranged for interim opening and closing of the bag. The non-reclosable closure may be a peel seal or a tear line. The reclosable closure may be formed from pressure sensitive adhesive.

Abstract: A draw tape bag with two single tapes has a front wall and back wall of flexible sheet material joined to each other along edges of the bag. Tubular channels extend along opposed transverse top edges of the front and back walls. The channels define an open mouth for the bag. Each of the channels has openings at the opposite ends of the top edges of the bag. A tape extends through each of the channels. One of the ends of each of the tape is attached to the opposite side edges of the bag beneath the openings in the channels and the other end of the tape extends through the respective opening at the other end of the channel so that the tapes cross in their respective channels, whereby when the tapes are pulled, the top of the bag is drawn tightly together. A method of forming this draw tape bag is also disclosed.

Abstract: A cartridge is provided in the form of a sheet of material having swingable flaps extending from opposing side regions. A folded bag, which is to be filled with fluid, is positioned on the sheet and attached to the flaps, and the flaps are folded thereover in the initial position. In use, the cartridge is placed in a casing and, upon filling, the bag expands in a controlled manner and pushes back the flaps.

Abstract: A truck assembly unit has two identical parts which lock together capturing two rollers. The truck assembly unit is supported on a cylindrical portion of a support bar so that it can rotate through a limited range, the range being limited by a ridge running along the bar. The bar is affixed eccentrically on journals captured in the frame of a typing machine so that rotation of the bar moves the supported truck assembly towards and away from a platen. Arms supporting the rollers provide flexure to bias the rollers against the platen.

Abstract: An electronic typewriter capable of being changed over in operating mode selectively between a non-print mode and a print mode, during text creating operation, for storing entered data in a text memory. An objective position, to which the print head is to be moved, is decided through calculation when operation mode is changed over again from non-print mode to print mode, after the operating mode has previously been changed from print mode to non-print mode. When the print head is moved toward the right margin on the basis of the calculated result, sheet feed operation is not executed, whereas, when the print head is moved toward the left margin on the basis of the calculated result, the sheet feed operation is executed prior to movement of the print head. Thus, duplicate printing on the recording paper is advantageously avoided.

Abstract: A thermal transfer printer which can simply and assuredly erase a symbol recorded in error with thermal transfer ink on record paper. The printer comprises, in addition to a printing transfer ribbon and a printing thermal head, an erasing ribbon carrying thereon a layer of a thermally adhesive resin material, and an erasing thermal head which is operated, during erasing operation, to generate heat to melt the thermally adhesive resin on said erasing ribbon sufficient to adhere to the thermally fusible ink of a symbol printed on record paper so that the ink may be removed from the paper as the erasing ribbon is moved away from the record paper. The printing and erasing thermal heads are mounted in a juxtaposed relationship on a movable carriage, and the erasing thermal head has a greater heat generating area than the printing thermal head.

Abstract: A propelling pencil comprising a body (1, 2), a lead follower (8) and a length of lead (7) supported between the forward end part (1) of the body and the follower. To minimize risk of lead breakages due to shock forces, the lead enters the follower through a smoothly tapering socket (12) and enters the bore (6) at the forward end of the body through a smoothly tapering recess (15).

Abstract: A twist actuated writing instrument comprised of a barrel, a cap, a two-directional cam, and an actuator wherein the barrel, the cap, the two-directional cam, and the actuator axially encase a writing element and a spring and wherein the cap may be rotated in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction relative to the barrel, such that when the cap is rotated in either direction relative to the barrel, the writing element will be advanced to the writing position and when the cap is rotated in the opposite direction relative to the barrel, the writing element will retract.

Abstract: Novel improved aqueous based, water-fast, shock resistant, shear-thinning ink compositions and ball-point pens including the ink compositions. The ink compositions comprise a substantially uniform dispersion of colorant(s), a water dispersible, polymeric shear-thinning material and a substantially water soluble polymeric binder material in a highly polar solvent system. On drying, the ink compositions provide a coalesced residue of binder and colorant(s) which is water-fast.

Abstract: An improved instant shaving lather forming brush includes a container which is to be filled with liquid soap. The container is joined with a specially structured brush body that completes a one touch system by matching the characteristics of a brush capable of containing a large amount of water. The inherent nature of the soap will produce a massive lather after it contacts the water and is brushed on one's face, thus achieving the lather required for shaving. In particular, the present invention is applicable to a brush having long hair (above 2.5 cm). The specially structured brush body includes a flexible central guide tube and a pad plate which controls the opening and closing of the flow of liquid soap through the guide tube to outermost ends of the brush hair.

Abstract: A binder strip for binding loose leaves having perforations therein through which flexible wires can be inserted. The binder strip comprises a substantially U-shaped rail having holes in its bottom surface for the passage of said wires, and the rail is provided at least at one end with a clamping member pivotally connected to the rail and in operative position accommodated by the rail for the clamping down a wire, said clamping member being formed in one integral part with said rail and with a flexible bridge member joining said rail and said clamping member and providing for pivoting action.

Abstract: Modular units are connected to each other with the aid of recesses provided in the edges of the modular units and with the aid of clamping bolts each carrying two nuts and a clamping nut in a mirror-symmetrical arrangement relative to a plane passing centrally through the clamping nut and perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the clamping bolt. The recesses are correspondingly dimensioned and located so that two sets of recesses in a mirror-symmetrical arrangement can receive the clamping bolt with its nuts. A clamping bolt has oppositely threaded ends so that the rotation of the bolt in one direciton tightens both nuts and rotation in the opposite directions loosens the nuts.

Abstract: A novel dual load path connector for pivotally joining a movable member to a structural member, is described which comprises a pair of spaced apart lugs attached to a first of the members, each of the lugs including an outwardly projecting boss, a clevis disposed between the lugs and attached to the first member, a pivot pin, received by the lugs and clevis, which may support a self-aligning bearing between the ends of the clevis, and a connecting link assembly including a first connecting link pivotally supported at a first end on the pin and connected at the other end to the second member, and a pair of second connecting links pivotally supported at respective first ends on the bosses and at the second ends to the second member, the first connecting link, pin and clevis providing a first load bearing path between the structural and movable members, and the second connecting links, bosses and lugs providing a second load bearing path.

Abstract: A connector assembly for joining a horizontal member and a vertical member without the formation of substantial exposed gaps. The assembly includes a base with a saddle surface at one end and an abutment flange at the other end. The base has an aperture between the ends and a slot communicating with the aperture. A locking collar has a bore receiving the base and an inwardly directed annular lip at a first end of the collar. The collar also includes an internal screw thread and an abutment for engaging the flange of the base. Also the assembly includes a locking insert with a body for reception in the base. The insert has extending arms at one end terminating in screw threads and at the other end a holding flange for retaining the horizontal member. A method of using the connector assembly is also disclosed.

Abstract: A clamping device for exerting clamping forces in two directions to a shank between a pair of spaced clamping members having a transverse stop. The device includes an elongated bolt like body having a pair of axially spaced sections, a head at one end and external threads on an opposite end portion with a nut on the threads for applying a first clamping force to the spaced members. An eccentric section between the shaft sections applies a transverse clamping force to the shank. A pair of flat plates forming the clamping members has two spaced clamping devices and is arranged to slidably clamp to a variety of movable supports. A pair of spaced clamping plates are affixed to the end of a longitudinal frame with the option of a shim to accomodate shanks of smaller sizes.

Abstract: This is a method and apparatus for the collection and utilization of environmental water in remote locations wherein the invention features the utilization of dome-protected water collection reservoirs suitable to collect rain in major or minor amounts, evaporative moistures such as dew, fog and the like. The invention is characterized by the utilization of a trough-like member having a dome-like cover to prevent undue evaporation and wherein the dome cover is provided with access ports such that animals can obtain water from the collected water. Alternately, the dome covering may be omitted and a conduit provided from the trough to another non-evaporative container.

Abstract: A tunnel wall lining method is provided, wherein annular recesses circumferentially are provided in outer periphery of a lining form into which arcuate segments are assembled, a plurality of rows of reinforcing bars are arranged annularly in the respective recesses of the lining form, and a lining is constructed with concrete cast into a space between the tunnel wall and the lining form. The lining thus constructed includes circumferentially extending and radially inwardly projecting beams in which the reinforcing bars are embedded, whereby a lining having a reinforcing structure can be constructed in a simple and economical manner and in a shortened construction period.