Abstract: A thickened composition is disclosed which comprises(A) at least one triglyceride estolide of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an aliphatic group or an aliphatic group containing an ester moiety R.sup.2 COO-- with the proviso that at least one R.sup.1 is an aliphatic group containing the ester moiety, and contains from about 5 to about 23 carbon atoms, and R.sup.2 is a hydrocarbyl group containing from 1 to 100 carbon atoms and(B) at least one animal fat, vegetable oil or synthetic triglyceride oil of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are aliphatic groups or hydroxy containing aliphatic groups that are at least 60 percent monounsaturated, and further wherein an oleic acid moiety:linoleic acid moiety ratio is from about 2 up to about 90, and contain from about 1 to about 23 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The inventive composition contains salt, calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) and sodium silicate, and may optionally contain sodium ferrocyanide, diatomaceous earth, and/or other materials. The composition is useful for facilitating the melting and removal of snow and ice, and is stable and non-corrosive. The inclusion of both CMA and sodium silicate in the salt composition provides better corrosion resistance than can be obtained by the inclusion of comparable quantities of either CMA or sodium silicate alone. The inventive salt composition is considerably less expensive to manufacture than CMA-containing salt compositions which provide comparable corrosion resistance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electroviscous fluid comprising the dispersion in an electrical insulating fluid of an organopolysiloxane having at least one metal sulfonate group in its molecule. The electroviscous fluid of the present invention can further comprise a polyether. The electroviscous fluid of the present invention does not wear or abrade surrounding equipment, is thermally stable, and that has a large electroviscous effect (yield value) and an excellent dispersion stability.

Abstract: The physical stability of liquid gel-like compositions based on thixotropic thickener is greatly improved by incorporating in the composition small amounts, such as 0.1 to 0.2 weight percent of long chain fatty acids and salts thereof. The aqueous compositions containing inorganic builder salts and other functional inorganic salts, chlorine bleach, bleach stable detergent, at least one thixotropic thickener and a fatty acid or alkali metal salt of the fatty acid as a physical stabilizer exhibit a significant increase in apparent viscosity and remain stable against phase separation for an extended period of time. The thixotropic properties can be retained or improved using smaller levels of the thixotropic thickener than in the absence of the physical stabilizer. The stability, chlorine-bleach loss and cleaning ability of the compositions is further improved, when the composition pH is at least 11.2, when added to an aqueous wash both at a concentration of about 10 grams per liter.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to liquid soap which includes a glow-in-the-dark feature. The soap has a basic soap composition and includes an effective amount of active glow-in-the-dark material contained within the soap and is dispersed therethrough. The glow-in-the-dark material, dispersed directly into the soap, may be chemiluminescent, phosphorus or other known active glow-in-the-dark material. By "active" is meant that it glows in the dark before being dispensed and is not latent material which requires an initiator such as air, water, or other stimulant to be activated. In another embodiment, the liquid soap itself does not contain the glow-in-the-dark material, but contains a glow-in-the-dark object, such as a toy or ornament object.

Abstract: A cleaning composition, method of manufacture and method of cleaning of for se in cleaning equipment including life support equipment employed in the generating, handling, storage and delivery of oxygen-enriched gases and liquids are provided in which the cleaning composition is inorganic, non-flammable, non-toxic, environmentally safe, non-corrosive, and ready to use and which includes an aqueous silicate solution together with fluoroborates and molybdates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to light and heat reactive paint or polymer stripping compositions preferably employing biodegradable components such as conjugated terpenes and related polyenes in combination with an alcohol such as a phenyl substituted benzyl alcohol for use in removing polymeric materials from substrates, in particular, cured paint from hard and/or flexible surfaces. The compositions avoid the use of methylene chloride, phenol, corrosives and caustics, methanol, toluol or acetone. Compositions according to the present invention preferably have flash points above about 49.degree. C. (about 120.degree. F.) and a pH which is preferably neutral. Methods of stripping polymeric coatings from surfaces and methods of making these compositions are also described.

Abstract: The synthesized crystalline ion exchange material or a hydrate thereof has a chain structure and a composition represented by the following general formula (A) in an anhydride form:xM.sub.2 O.ySiO.sub.2.zM'O, (A)wherein M represents Na and/or K; M' represents Ca and/or Mg; y/x is 0.5 to 2.0; and z/x is 0.005 to 1.0. The chain structure exhibits at least one main scattering peak at 970.+-.20 cm.sup.-1 in Raman spectra. The detergent composition contains the above synthesized inorganic crystalline ion exchange material. The inorganic ion exchange material of the present invention is excellent in both cationic exchange capacity and anti-solubility, making it useful to be used for a water softener and alkalinity regulator in detergents. The detergent composition of the present invention contains an inorganic ion exchange material which has anti-solubility as well as excellent ion exchange capacity and alkaline capacity, thereby offering excellent washing effects and is suitable for the concentration of detergent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to (A) 100 parts by weight of a liquid crystal polyester and/or liquid crystal polyesteramide capable of forming an anisotropic melt and (B) a liquid crystal polymer composition containing 5 to 300 parts by weight of a potassium titanate whisker having a pH of 6 to 8, wherein, the melt viscosity of the composition is 12 to 300 Pa.multidot.sec, and the weight average fiber length of the potassium titanate whisker in the composition is at least 4.5 .mu.m, the liquid crystal polymer composition having low anisotropy as well as balanced properties of superior dimensional stability, lubricating property (wear resistance), thin-wall moldability, heat resistance and mechanical properties, thereby allowing it to be useful as electrical and electronic parts, automotive parts, audio parts and various types of machine parts, and particularly as bearing and wear applications required to have lubricating property (wear resistance).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is made from an encapsulated liquid crystal structure comprising a liquid crystal composition dispersed in a containment medium. Selected additives may be added to the encapsulated liquid crystal structure to improve performance characteristics such as the operating field, the hysteresis, and the voltage holding ratio.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having a SC* phase and a light-switching element using the composition are provided, which composition comprises the following components, A, B and C, each in a specified proportion: Component A has the formula ##STR1## wherein ##STR2## R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are same or different linear or branched alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyloxy of 1-18C, X is H, halogen or CN, l, m and n are 0 or 1 and (l+m+n) is 1 or 2, and has smectic C phase;Component B has the formula ##STR3## wherein ##STR4## Y is H, halogen or CN, k is 0 or 1, R.sup.3 is linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy of 1-18C, and * is asymmetric C, and consists of optically active compounds having the same senses of Ps in SC* phase induced when dissolved in smectic C liquid crystal, to one another; andComponent C has the formula ##STR5## wherein ##STR6## Z is H, halogen or CN, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are same or different linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy of 1-18C R.sup.

Abstract: A composition comprising a) at least one polyheteroaromatic compound or one polyaniline in oxidized, polycationic form, and b) at least one polyanion of a film-forming thermoplastic polymer having sulfonate-alkylated alcohol groups ##STR1## in structural repeating units, wherein the group --(C.sub.n H.sub.2n)-- is linear or branched C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 -alkylene that has from 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the carbon chain and is unsubstituted or substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy. The composition is electrically conductive and can be processed thermoplastically. It can be used in the production of moulded articles or in the form of powders as a filler for plastics.

Abstract: Novel compound semiconductors are of the general formula,X.sub.5 YZ.sub.4,wherein X is a member selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and mixtures thereof, Y is a member selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, Tl and mixtures thereof, and Z is a member selected from the group consisting of Se, S, Te and mixtures thereof. Typical of the compound semiconductors are Cu.sub.5 AlSe.sub.4 and Ag.sub.5 AlSe.sub.4. These compound semiconductors are especially useful for making blue to UV light-emitting devices which include n-type and p-type compound semiconductor layers made of the above compound semiconductors.

Abstract: This invention relates to solid secondary alkyl sulfate/zeolite-containing surface active compositions which are formed by crystallization and which contain at least about 80 percent by weight of secondary alkyl sulfate and zeolite. These compositions are substantially free of unreacted organic matter and water. The invention further relates to a process for preparing these solid secondary alkyl sulfate/zeolite-containing compositions.

Abstract: A cooling tower (30) with a film fill assembly (37) includes a lower film fill stack (40 ) and an intermediate sloped or stepped film fill section (43). The lower stack (40) is disposed in a lower inboard corner (41) of the tower (30) proximal to an air outlet opening (35) and a collecting basin (36), and extends about 20% to 60% of the vertical height (L) of the film fill assembly (37). All film fill sections include vertical corrugated sheets (46) in composite forming an integral unit with adjacent sheets contacting each other and defining passages for gas and liquid. The film fill assembly (37) may include an upper vertically oriented film fill section (54) disposed in an upper outboard corner (44) of the cooling tower (30). A baffle assembly (73) collects and diverts descending water extending too far inwardly toward the tower plenum chamber (56) and past the lower film fill section (40).

Abstract: A carbutetor having an intake pass, an axially movable throttle valve, a main nozzle, a main jet fixedly disposed on the lower end of the main nozzle having an axial channel, a conical surface and a planar surface. The main jet comprises a plurality of downwardly directed oblique holes formed on the conical surface and extending to the axial channel. The surface of the oblique holes is made of a rough surface in order to reduce the boundary layer of fuel flowing through the oblique holes, thereby creating a smooth flow of fuel and improving fuel efficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of controlling the temperature of an injection mold, in particular for plastics and aluminium diecasting. The molten material being pressure-fed into the mold recess or the mold recesses of an injection mold by means of an extruder or the like in recurring cycles, cured therein, removed from the mold, and pressure-melted material being again supplied with the start of another cycle. A plurality of flow control valves are controlled by a sensor to provide an impulse or intermittent flow of the temperature control medium during each molding cycle at the same point in time as the previous cycle. The sensor compares a calculated temperature for a determined point in time of a molding cycle with the actual temperature of the molding cycle for that point in time and triggers the flow of temperature control medium for a set period of time to adjust the temperature of the molding cycle. This provides a more exact method of injection molding.

Abstract: Porous monolithic ceramic bodies containing reticulated macropores are produced by:a) forming a mixture of ceramic material particles, a first organic material and a second organic material,b) dissolving the first and second organic materials in each other to form a homogeneous solution, whereby the ceramic particles form a dispersion in the homogenous solution,c) forming the dispersion into a shape,d) cooling the shape at a rate sufficient to induce the non-equilibrium phase separation, thereby forming a first phase rich in the first organic material and a second phase rich in the second organic material, wherein at least a portion of the ceramic particles are segregated in the first phase,e) removing the second phase from the phase separated shape to form a porous shape,f) firing the porous shape to remove the any of the organic materials contained in the first phase and to sinter the segregated ceramic particles to form the porous monolithic ceramic body.

Abstract: A method of making a hollow-shaped green ceramic article by pressure slip casting in a slip casting mold having a porous mold part with porosity channels opening at the surface of the mold cavity. A slip composition is formed having solid phase components with an average particle size distribution less than the cross-sectional dimension of mold porosity channels, and also having a flocculating agent to cause agglomeration of the solid phase particles into floccules larger than the porosity channel dimension.The molding cavity is filled with the slip composition, and the same is then hydrostatically pressurized while withdrawing slip filtrate from the mold cavity via the mold porosity channels for a time sufficient to deposit to a desired thickness a layer of solids. Excess slip is then removed from the molding cavity to provide an exposed interior surface on the deposit layer.

Abstract: A distinctive method for contouring a fibrous web includes the steps of (a) providing a fibrous web which defines an interconnected series of appointed article segments along a length dimension of said web, and (b) conveying said web at a selected speed along an appointed machine direction. The method also includes the step of (c) removing predetermined quantities of fibers from selected regions of said fibrous web with a moving, outer peripheral scarfing surface, which is movable along a selected movement direction. The scarfing surface is constructed to provide each of the article segments with a selected contoured basis weight which varies along the length dimension of said segment in a selected correspondence with a predetermined scarfing pattern. The scarfing pattern is provided by the outer peripheral scarfing surface and is variably patterned along the movement direction of the scarfing surface.

Abstract: A process for making decorative articles. The process includes heating a polymeric substance up to its glass transition temperature and stretching in at least one direction from a first size to a second size. The substance is allowed to cool in the stretched condition. The stretched polymeric substance is thereafter heated locally at an intensity until surface cracks appear therein to a desired depth. The interior area of the cracks in the polymeric substance is then treated in various ways. Finally, the polymeric substance is heated further until the polymeric substance begins to retreat to its original dimensions and the cracks close.

Abstract: An improved process to make composites contains the steps of: (1) partially curing a tackifier resin in contact with a substrate to form a shapeable preform; (2) adding a matrix resin and co-curing the tackifier and matrix resin to form a composite. The resulting composites are useful in structural applications.

Abstract: An improved process to make composites contains the steps of: (1) contacting a substrate with a thermoplastic partially-cured curable resin at above the glass-transition temperature to form a preform; (2) adding a matrix resin that can dissolve the tackifier and co-curing the tackifier and matrix resin to form a composite. The resulting composites are useful in structural applications.

Abstract: Extrudable labelstock for in-mold labeling purposes which is characterized by a tensile ultimate elongation per ASTM D-882 of at least about 10% in one or both of the machine and transverse directions, and which contains a sufficient amount of one or more slip additives to prevent a significant degree of edge-welding between adjacent stacked sheets of the labelstock on a high type die cutter in an in-mold labeling process, and the improved in-mold labeling process employing such labelstock.

Abstract: A method of making a plurality of toothed belt constructions and a set of such belt constructions are provided, the method including the steps of disposing tubular sleeves of stretchable fabric material respectively onto a plurality of toothed mold members having different diameters, forcing mold material against the outside surfaces of the sleeves to tend to stretch the fabric material into the grooves of the toothed mold members as the mold material enters the grooves of the mold members so that the resulting toothed belt constructions will have the fabric material thereof carried in certain positions relative to the respective teeth thereof, and forming the sleeves from the same fabric material and with the same diameters in the nonstretched condition thereof.

Abstract: A method of filling a capillary with a substantially void-free gel by forming the gel outside of the capillary and then extruding the gel into the capillary. The initial gel can be formed as a rod of gel much larger in diameter than the capillary into which it is to be extruded. This rod of gel is rinsed to remove polymerization contaminants and then dried to form a dried gel preform. The gel can be resolvated with a compatible solvent and then extruded into one or more capillaries.

Abstract: A method for the production of biaxially stretched polyester film.The method comprises the steps of: adding cubic calcium carbonate particles of calcite structure satisfying the following conditions at any stage of polyester preparation, so as to prepare polyester resin:d.sub.25 /d.sub.75 <2.00 (1)0.7.ltoreq.d.sub.50 .ltoreq.1.50 (2)a:b:c=1:(1.about.1.5):(1.about.1.5) (3)wherein d.sub.25, d.sub.50 and d.sub.75 are the diameters (.mu.m) of particles when the accumulated weights of the particles are on the order of 25, 50 and 75% of the total weight of the particles, respectively, and a, b, c are width, length and height of the cubic calcium carbonate particles and the shortest one among a, b and c is set a=1; and applying melt-extrusion to the polyester resin.The biaxially stretched copolyester film provided is superior in travelling capacity as well as abrasion resistance and scratch resistance, so that it is useful for magnetic recording media.

Abstract: A process for compression molding a fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin article that includes subjecting the fiber reinforced resin material to heat and pressure to form the article, then directionally cooling the mold sequentially from bottom to top to provide a thermal gradient suitable for creating directional solidification of the material.

Abstract: A method of utilizing a male mold and a complementary female mold to thermoform first and second plastic sheets and thereafter fuse the sheets together to form a twin sheet plastic article.

Abstract: A temperature-controlled laser sintering system includes a laser beam 12 which is focussed onto a sintering bed 38 by a focussing mirror 26 and a set of scanning mirrors 32,34. Thermal radiation 114 emitted from the sintering bed 38 are imaged to the scanning mirrors and to a dichroic beamsplitter 110 which reflects such radiation but passes the wavelength of the laser beam 12. The radiation 118 is focussed onto an optical detector 126 which provides a signal on a line 128 to a power control circuit 104. The power control circuit 104 controls a modulator 100 which modulates the power of the laser beam 112 so as to maintain the thermal radiation emission 114 (and thus the temperature at the sintering location) at a substantially constant level.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a manufacturing method of a complex shaped R--Fe--B type sintered anisotropic magnet improved the moldability of injection molding and preventing the reaction between R ingredients and binder and controlled the degradation of magnetic characteristics due to residual carbon and oxygen. Utilizing the R--Fe--B type alloy powder or the resin coated said alloy powder, and methylcellulose and/or agar and water, instead of the usual thermoplastic binder, it is mixed and injection molded. The molded body is dehydrated by the freeze vacuum dry method to control the reaction between R ingredients and of the R--Fe--B alloy powder and water; furthermore, by administering the de-binder treatment in the hydrogen atmosphere, and sintering it after the dehydrogen treatment, residual oxygen and carbon in the R--Fe--B sintered body is drastically reduced, improving the moldability during the injection molding to obtain a three dimensionally complex shape sintered magnet.

Abstract: Dense superalloy foils are prepared by hot isostatically pressing a mixture of low melting alloy powders and high melting alloy powders at a temperature at least equal to or greater than three-quarters of the melting point of the low melting point alloy powder and below the melting point of the high melting point alloy powder, at a pressure of at least 10 thousand pounds per square inch for about one to five hours.

Abstract: A method for making metal alloy foils directly from metal alloy powder is described. The metal alloy foils are formed by the use of a combination of a means for heating and a means for pressing, such as a hot isostatic press, to densify a metal alloy powder so as to directly form a metal alloy foil. The metal alloy powder is contained within an apparatus which has a near-net shape of a foil, such that the application of heat and pressure will consolidate the metal powder and form the metal alloy foil. This method may be used to make metal foils out of a wide variety of metal alloys, particularly high temperature alloys, such as Ti-base, Ni-base, and B-base and Al-Si alloys. After the step with heating and pressing, the metal alloy foil is removed from the apparatus which is used to contain it, such as by the use of chemical etching or milling.

Abstract: A process and processing system are disclosed that provide for the processing of many forms of waste, such as medical and food waste, that both reduces the volume of waste solids and neutralizes the biological activity of such waste, thereby facilitating the disposal of potentially unhealthy or hazardous materials. Biological neutralization is accomplished by chopping the waste material and mixing it with a circulating stream of fluid such as water that is superheated to a temperature which effects disinfection or sterilization in accordance with the needs of the user. The superheated fluid is maintained substantially in a liquid form to facilitate intermixing with the waste material and absorption thereby in instances of the processing of fluid-absorbable materials. The processed waste can be filtered to remove solid particles having a size in excess of a predetermined amount, and the filtrate can be passed into municipal sewer systems.

Abstract: A method and system for detoxify hazardous waste is described. The waste is mechanically particularized to a predetermined particle size and is then subjected to a gas flow having a temperature between 250.degree. C. and 750.degree. C. At the same time, the particularized waste is agitated to enhance its exposure to the gals flow, resulting in gasification of a substantial portion of the solid waste. The remaining particularized waste residue is collected for recycling of further disposal. After passing through the agitated particularized waste, the gas flow is circulated to a thermolytic detoxification reactor and then recirculated to the agitated particularized waste.

Abstract: Apparatus for performing immunoassays which is essentially self-contained, requiring only the introduction of a sample and, at appropriate times, washing solution. The apparatus (10) includes: a fluid container (12) having a central platform area with a reaction area (30) which can contain a reactive agent; a sample receiving chamber (22) having a sample conduit (24) located above the porous medium; at least one openable reagent container (46); a conduit (28) for directing reagents onto the porous medium; an opening member (50) attached to the upper unit and positioned to contact and open reagent containers sequentially, by incremental relative rotation of the upper and base units; and a window (34) for viewing the reaction area. The apparatus can also include a sampler member (58) in the nature of a tampon for assays involving samples taken from body cavities.

Abstract: Tin oxide sensors are made by mixing antimony bearing material with tin oxide powder and formation of the sensor by deposition of a slurry of the mixture onto a substrate and drying and sintering the slurry, the antimony bearing material being present in an amount sufficient to render the sensitivity of the sensor to one or more of the gases H.sub.2, CO, or CH.sub.4 , relatively independent of the concentration of oxygen in the range P.sub.O2 10.sup.-1 -1 atm. A further type of a tin oxide gas sensor is disclosed having a resistivity that at a measuring temperature increases with concentration of at least one gas to be measured, the sensor is made by calcining the tin oxide in air at a temperature in excess of 1400.degree. C., or otherwise treating the tin oxide so that it has a state of physical aggregation consistent with being formed in such manner. At a second measuring temperature the resistivity of the sensor to said one gas decreases with increasing gas concentration.

Abstract: Containers for materials which are to be microwave heated such as in digesting or extracting operations, are made of thermoplastic material, such as a fluoropolymer, e.g., TEFLON.RTM. PFA, that is strengthened by reinforcing means that may be a fiber reinforced thermoplastic of high tensile strength, such as polyetherimide, e.g., ULTEM.RTM., with reinforcing continuous fibers in a matrix of such thermoplastic, which fibers are preferably of glass or other heat resistant and microwave transmissive material. The containers may be strengthened by incorporating the fiber reinforced thermoplastic in a wall or walls of the container or by inserting the container into a reinforcement, which is a sleeve or collar of the reinforced thermoplastic. In both such constructions the reinforcing means protects the container against peripheral or radial failure due to pressure that is generated by the microwave heating of the container contents.

Abstract: A tissue processing cassette adapted for processing small tissue specimens includes a base frame and a lid frame, each including a central opening and a face adapted to abut the face of the other in registered relationship in a closed position. A porous screen spans the central opening of each of the base frame and the lid frame, the screens being spaced apart when the cassette is closed, whereby the base frame, the lid frame and the screens define an enclosed area for holding a tissue specimen during preparation for histological examination. The porous screen permits processing fluids to flow through the enclosure, but resists entry of particulate contaminants into the enclosure, and also resists outflow of small tissue specimens from the enclosure during processing. The enclosure has an interior perimeter surface that includes no sharp corners that can trap a small specimen.

Abstract: A specimen carrier is designed for transporting specimen tubes throughout an automatic laboratory conveyance system. The specimen carrier includes a generally rectilinear carrier body with a forward face having an identification zone delimited thereon. An identification code is marked in the identification zone so as to permit mechanical sensing and identification of the carrier on a conveyor system. A plurality of holes of various diameters and depths are provided in the top surface of the carrier to receive specimen tubes of various types. The deepest holes are located centrally, so that the carrier is stable while retaining specimens therein. A groove is formed in the top surface of the carrier body which extends between the specimen tube holes, so as to communicate any fluid spilling from a test tube to the other empty holes in the specimen carrier, thereby retaining the fluid within the body of the carrier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the analysis of unknown oligosaccharides and more particularly the form of analysis in which an unknown oligosaccharide is sequentially brought together with different agents which cause monosaccharides to be cleaved from (or chemically bound to) the oligosaccharide. If cleavage occurs the monosaccharide will subsequentially be detected in the products of the experiment thus confirming that the monosaccharide was attached to the unknown oligosaccharide and providing a means of determining the structure of the unknown oligosaccharide. The invention proposes an analytical technique for determining the best agent to be used in performing such an experiment so that a maximum amount of information is obtained from the experiment.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus are disclosed for fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons using a cross-flow or swirl type catalyst regenerator. Instead of a single catalyst withdrawal outlet for regenerated catalyst, multiple catalyst withdrawal points are provided. Use of multiple catalyst outlets, or a continuous radial catalyst outlet, greatly reduces stagnant regions in the bed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the emissions from a thermal oxidizer for volatile organic compounds (VOC) containing waste gases. The waste gas is treated in a thermal reactor and either before, in or after the thermal reactor the waste gas is contacted with a catalyzed surface device in the gas stream within the thermal oxidizer. The catalyzed surface device has a catalyzed surface which contacts the waste gas and further oxidizes the waste gas.

Abstract: A chemical reactor for oxygenating hydrocarbons includes: a) a dielectric barrier discharge plasma cell, the plasma cell comprising a pair of electrodes having a dielectric material and void therebetween, the plasma cell comprising a hydrocarbon gas inlet feeding to the void; b) a solid oxide electrochemical cell, the electrochemical cell comprising a solid oxide electrolyte positioned between a porous cathode and a porous anode, an oxygen containing gas inlet stream feeding to the porous cathode side of the electrochemical cell; c) a first gas passageway feeding from the void to the anode side of the electrochemical cell; and d) a gas outlet feeding from the anode side of the electrochemical cell to expel reaction products from the chemical reactor. A method of oxygenating hydrocarbons is also disclosed.

Abstract: Described is a chemical feeder comprising a housing having a base and upwardly extending side walls that define a cavity for containing solid chemical material, e.g., calcium hypochlorite. A hollow coaxial chamber is located within the cavity and is seated on the base. The side walls of the chamber are spaced from the side walls of the housing, thereby to define an annular collection zone. A grid having a plurality of perforations covers the hollow coaxial chamber and has a flange associated with the edge of the grid, the perimeter of the flange being adjacent to, or close to but spaced from, the walls of the housing, thereby to permit liquid communication between the portion of the housing cavity above the grid with the collection zone. An inlet conduit is used to supply dissolving liquid to the hollow chamber. An outlet conduit from the annular collection zone to outside the housing wall removes liquid solution of solid chemical material from the collection zone.

Abstract: The specification describes a process for producing synthetic rutile from a titaniferous ore or concentrate. The process involves three basic steps which are reduction, removal or iron by leaching or aeration and removal of other impurities by leaching in a solution of a strong mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid. The conditions of reduction are controlled to promote the formation of metallic iron, a major rutile phase and a minor impurity bearing phase. The minor impurity phase may be a metatitanate, an anosovite or a pseudobrookite. However, formation of a metatinatate is normally preferred. Suitable reductants include carbonaceous materials or hydrogen bearing gases such as natural gas or synthesis gas. The process is capable of removing more than 80% of each of the contained iron magnesium and manganese remaining as oxides after reduction. Substantial proportions of contained aluminum can also be removed.

Abstract: Organic impurities are removed from Bayer process liquors using a polymer which contains vinylamine and/or vinylformamide.

Abstract: A technique for preparing an unsupported, high capacity CO.sub.2 sorbent. The sorbent is comprised of silver carbonate, alkali metal silicate and alkaline earth metal salt binders for structural integrity, and alkali metal carbonate for CO.sub.2 sorption promotion. The sorbent disclosed in this invention has a high silver oxide density, consumes minimum volume, exhibits high CO.sub.2 absorption rates, and resists dusting and degradation for at least 50 absorption/desorption cycles.

Abstract: A process for purifying high-temperature reducing gases containing sulfureous contaminants including hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide with an absorbent, said process characterized in that at least three reactor towers which are filled with an absorbent are used, and said process comprises the three steps of absorption, regeneration, and reduction, and during in a part of operation two reactor towers are connected in series so as to carry out regeneration, and O.sub.2 concentration can be controlled separately for each regenerating reactor tower in the regeneration step, and steam can be supplied so as to prevent excessive reduction of the absorbent from occurring in the reduction step. The life of the absorbent can be extended and operational costs may be reduced.

Abstract: Nitrogen oxides are removed from an oxygen rich exhaust gas containing nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons by bringing the oxygen rich exhaust gas into contact with a catalyst composed of phosphorus and at least one active metal contained in a zeolite having a molar ratio of SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 of at least 15.