Abstract: A resonator type silencer connected to an air intake duct of an automotive internal combustion engine. The resonator type silencer comprises a first case having an open end section. A second case is fabricated separate from the first case. The second case has an open end section which is joinable with the open end section of the first case. The open end section of the first case includes an end edge portion having a linear projection extending along the end edge portion. The linear projection has an inclined face extending along the end edge portion and sloped down in a direction toward a surface of the open end section. The open end section of the second case includes an end wall portion. A guide wall is integral with the end wall portion and extending along an end edge portion of the open end section to define a groove extending along the end edge portion.

Abstract: A system for lubricating a 4-cycle engine includes a crank chamber having a crank portion of a crankshaft contained therein and storing a lubricating oil therein, a valve operating chamber having a valve-operating device contained therein, wherein the crank chamber and the valve-operating chamber are provided in an engine body. An oil mist producing means is provided in the crank chamber for producing an oil mist from the lubricating oil. The crank chamber and the valve operating chamber are in communication with each other above an oil level of the lubricating oil in the crank chamber through a control valve which is opened upon rising of the pressure in said crank chamber and closed upon reduction of the pressure in said crank chamber. The valve-operating chamber is substantially in communication at its upper portion with the atmosphere, and in communication at its bottom with the crank chamber through an orifice.

Abstract: A lubricating apparatus for small-sized four-cycle engines to be used in portable type bush cutters, knapsack type powered sprayers, etc. In the lubricating apparatus, an oil returning channel is arranged to provide communication between a valve gear room and an oil sump, and an oil inhaling channel is branched from the middle of the oil returning channel so as to provide communication to an opening in an immediate lower portion of a skirt of a piston being at the top dead center. By this means, when a crank room is negatively pressurized, the oil sucked from the valve gear room is taken through the oil inhaling channel being in communication to a point inside a cylinder where the highest negative pressure is generated, and fed into the cylinder. An opening portion of the oil returning channel is provided with a check valve for opening when the engine is upright and closing when the engine inverted or slanted to prevent the backflow of oil from the oil sump to the oil returning channel.

Abstract: An improved method and system for automatically continuously removing an engine's used lubricating oil and injecting the used oil into the engine's fuel system throughout operation based on engine operating conditions is disclosed. The present system includes a lube oil replacement pump system for injecting small amounts of used lube oil into the engine's fuel system and recycling controlled quantities of removed used oil into the engine's lube oil system. The process periodically determines an engine operating severity value, i.e. fuel consumption value, for an interval of engine operation and calculates a base line quantity of oil for injection based on the current fuel consumption of the engine during the current interval. The lube oil pump system may be in the form of a compact, unitized lube oil replacement pump assembly integrating the various components of the system.

Abstract: A 4-cycle engine, includes an engine body having a piston, a crankshaft and a crank chamber, an oil reservoir chamber adjacent the crank chamber and independent therefrom, the oil reservoir chamber having an oil mist generator therein drivably connected to the crankshaft, and a valve-operating chamber. Further, a first passageway connects the oil reservoir chamber with the crank chamber to provide oil mist communication therebetween. A second passageway connects the crank chamber with the valve-operating chamber to provide oil mist communication therebetween. Additionally, a third passageway connects the valve-operating chamber with the independent oil reservoir chamber to provide oil communication therebetween, wherein the three chambers and the three passageways form a lubrication oil feed channel to provide one-way circulation of lubrication oil therethrough.

Abstract: The drive arrangement for the two-cycle engine employs a multi-lobe cam and piston rods which are reciprocated in a rectilinear manner. A roller is mounted on each piston rod to contact and be driven by the multi-lobe drive cam off the drive shaft of the engine. Each lobe of the drive cam is of non-symmetrical shape so that ignition is timed to take place prior to the full extension of the piston rod into an associated combustion chamber.

Abstract: A fuel shutoff system that is usable on engines without a battery, and is inexpensive to manufacture. The fuel shutoff system operates without interfering with the engine governor, and effectively blocks the fuel flow downstream of the fuel bowl upon engine shutdown. One aspect of the invention is a fuel shutoff system for an internal combustion engine, wherein the engine has a carburetor with a fuel bowl and a fuel nozzle, an intake valve, and a fuel conduit between the fuel bowl and the intake valve. The invention includes a blocking member for selectively blocking the fuel conduit downstream of the fuel bowl to substantially prevent passage of fuel to the intake valve, and a manually-operable control for actuating the blocking member. In each embodiment, the engine includes a gas passageway through which a gas may pass to an intake valve of the engine, and the engine has a throttle valve disposed in the passageway, and the blocking member is distinct from the throttle valve.

Abstract: An automobile anti-theft device has a base (10), a connecting member (20), an activating member (30), an energizing device (40), a first connector (50), a second connector (60) and a bracket (70). The activating member (30) is able to be controlled by the energizing device (40) to block the fuel transmission so as to prevent any inappropriate operation to the engine.

Abstract: A torch jet spark plug (10) for use in a spark ignition system of an internal combustion engine. The spark plug (10) of this invention provides for ignition of an air/fuel mixture within a combustion prechamber (12) within the plug (10), which creates a jet of burning gases that are propelled through an orifice (32) into the engine main combustion chamber to increase the burning rate of the air/fuel mixture within the combustion chamber. The orifice (32) is oriented in the plug (10) so that its axis is not parallel with the longitudinal axis of the plug (10), enabling the jet of burning gases to be selectively directed to any desired region within the combustion chamber, such as a region within the chamber that would not otherwise burn well compared to other regions of the chamber.

Abstract: A process for operating of an internal combustion engine running on fuel that is both externally ignitible and self-ignitible, especially gasoline, the operating region of the engine including self-ignition or compression-ignition (CI) regions and external-ignition or spark-ignition (SI) regions, and a high compression ratio suitable for self-ignition of the fuel being provided, at least in compression-ignition regions, and combustion being initiated by self-ignition of the fuel-air mixture in compression-ignition regions and by spark-ignition of the fuel-air mixture in spark-ignition regions, and part-load operation being assigned to the compression-ignition region, whilst full-load operation and/or operating modes with high engine load as well as cold starts are assigned to the spark-ignition region. In order to improve the quality of the exhaust gases while maintaining high efficiency, a largely homogeneous fuel-air mixture should be produced in the combustion chamber in the compression-ignition region.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine, in particular for a motor vehicle, is provided with injection valves with which fuel can be directly injected into the combustion chambers of the internal combustion engine either in a first mode during an induction period or in a second mode during a compression period. The internal combustion engine has an electronic control unit, by which the fuel quantities injected into the combustion chambers in the two modes can be open-loop and/or closed-loop controlled in varying ways. The electronic control unit is configured such that the first mode can be operated as the normal mode and the second mode as the exceptional mode. In this manner, further fuel savings are achieved in the operation of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for improving the thorough mixing of the exhaust gas/fuel mixture in an internal combustion engine (1), whereby the exhaust gas stream is at least temporarily impinged upon by an increased exhaust-gas mass flow when additional fuel is supplied. According to said method, during the exhaust stroke, when the exhaust valve (8) or exhaust valves are open, the additional fuel is fed directly into the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine (1). The invention also provides for a device to carry out said method, according to which the additional fuel is injected during the exhaust stroke when the exhaust valve (8) or exhaust valves (8) are open by means of at least one injection nozzle (10) positioned in the combustion chamber. Both the method and the device are especially simple and cost-efficient.

Abstract: A concept of pulse input thermal energy to induce a rapid volume change in a vessel is introduced to provide rapid pressure raise as a means to inject fuel into internal combustion engines. A computer and sensors are incorporated to provide pulse width, height and multiple pulse using engine conditions such as RPM, exhaust pollution and efficiency, etc. as control parameters.

Abstract: A cylinder head for a four-valve per cylinder internal combustion engine comprises a bowl-shaped combustion chamber recess on a lower surface which cooperates with a piston in a cylinder to form a combustion chamber. The combustion chamber recess has first and second exhaust openings, and first and second intake openings. First and second exhaust ports extend from the first and second exhaust openings to an exhaust outlet through an exhaust side wall of the cylinder head. First and second intake ports, divided by a septum, extend from the first and second intake openings, along a curved flow path, to an intake passage. The intake passage delivers intake charge from an intake inlet in an intake side wall of the cylinder head to the first and second intake ports. The first and second intake ports have first and second intake valves to regulate flow of intake charge through the intake valve openings.

Abstract: An engine compression braking system includes an exhaust rocker arm pivotally supported on rocker shaft. One end of the rocker arm carries a roller which engages a camshaft which has a lost motion bump formed thereon. The other end of the rocker arm engages an exhaust valve stem assembly. A part of the rocker shaft engages a pressure operated piston. Extension of the piston moves the rocker shaft transversely to its axis, so that the rocker arm can selectively react to or ignore the lost motion portion bump. A pressure control system includes a solenoid operated valve controlled by an operator controlled switch, so that the piston selectively applies a light force or a very high force to the rocker arm rocker shaft, thus controlling the pivot point of the rocker arm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining the running smoothness of an Otto spark ignition engine by measuring the ionic current (I) in at least one combustion chamber of the Otto spark ignition engine. Once the spark plug has fired, a measuring voltage is applied to the spark plug, inducing the ionic current (I). Following each ionic current measurement, initially an active, average ionic-current value (IM) is defined, and a running-smoothness value (L) is subsequently determined from a reference value and the ionic-current average value (IM).

Abstract: A hydraulically actuated electronically controlled fuel injection system comprises a pressure intensifier (6, 7) associated with a hydraulically controlled differential valve (4) having a poppet valve (27) opening into a working chamber (10) of the pressure intensifier (6, 7). An external groove (8) is provided on the plunger (7) of the intensifier (6, 7) for connection of the plunger's compression chamber (12) with a nozzle's locking chamber (17) during an injection cut-off period.

Abstract: In a high-pressure fuel pump, a back-pressure chamber connected to a high-pressure fuel discharge passage is formed in a casing facing a central portion of a first plate.

Abstract: A common rail is provided for promoting inner pressure fatigue strength at location in proximity to a branch pipe. The common rail includes a main pipe rail with a main flow path. At least one boss in provided on the peripheral wall and includes a branch hole communicating the main flow path. The branch pipe is provided with a connecting head that has a pressing face at and end of the branch pipe. The pressing face of the branch pipe is urged into a pressure receiving seat of the boss. A compressive residual stress is provided at location in the peripheral wall where the main flow path of the main pipe rail communicates with the branch hole. The compressive residual stress increases the pressure fatigue strength by substantially canceling tensile stress.

Abstract: An improved fuel supply system for a direct injected engine accommodated in outboard motors includes a pump drive mechanism, instead of a camshaft, for driving a high pressure fuel pump. A pair of the high pressure fuel pumps is applied in one embodiment and a single one is applied in another embodiment. A pulsation damper is further provided for smoothing output of the fuel pump. The pump drive mechanism is unified with a fuel supply conduit, which has a plurality of fuel injectors, for increasing rigidity of components and affixed to the cylinder body of the engine. Openings on the cylinder head of the engine for accommodating the fuel injectors are larger than the injectors so that accumulated tolerances are absorbed by the gap made between the opening and the injector.

Abstract: A combustion engine based on the principle of pulsating combustion and a method of operating the engine includes a pressure-resistant housing in which a combustion chamber is provided, an intake mechanism for fuel and combustion air, and an exhaust mechanism connected to the combustion chamber for the exhaust gases produced during combustion. A piston is movably arranged in a cylinder which is connected to the combustion chamber, with spring energy being applied to the piston on the side facing away from the combustion chamber. This effectively transfers the energy of the pressure waves produced during pulsating combustion to a mechanical driving element.

Abstract: A fuel injection device is composed of a valve member to open and close an injection hole, a high pressure passage for generating a basic pressure force to urge the valve member in a direction of opening the injection hole, an electromagnetic valve, first and second springs for generating biasing forces to urge the valve member in a direction of closing the injection hole, and first and second control chambers disposed in the fuel passages. The respective control chambers are communicated with the high pressure passage when the electromagnetic valve is not actuated and respective fuel pressure in the first and second control chambers urge the valve member in a direction of closing the injection hole, and the respective control chambers are communicated one after another at different timings to a low pressure conduit to reduce fuel pressure therein when the electromagnetic valve is actuated.

Abstract: A system for controlling a fuel injector in accordance with an injection control strategy for an engine includes programmable control logic to provide selectable threshold signals for comparator circuits and/or control logic configured to receive various control signals in the control circuit and determine one or more timing signals. The programmable control logic allows the drive circuit to be modified, without changing any hardware, to accommodate injectors having different characteristics and to change the pulse modulation strategy. The control logic that receives the control signals produces injection timing signals to allow enhanced monitoring and control over the fuel is injection process.

Abstract: A module constructed to be disposed within a fuel tank of the vehicle fuel system carries a vapor vent valve, a fuel pump and other components, such as a fuel lever sender and an overpressure relief valve and outlet. Each of these components may thus be inserted through a single opening into the fuel tank to reduce the number of openings in the fuel tank to thereby reduce the emissions of hazardous hydrocarbon fuel vapors from the fuel tank. Further, the module provides additional protection to the vapor vent valve to prevent sloshing fuel within the fuel tank from entering the vent valve and escaping from the fuel tank and being transferred to the fuel vapor storage canister. The module is constructed such that a portion containing the fuel pump is designed to break away from the rest of the module sealed to the fuel tank, the fuel pump will move away from the vapor vent valve during a vehicle accident instead of crashing into the valve and damaging or destroying it as in prior fuel tank assemblies.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for blocking fluid and fuel vapors having a broken, but welded contiguous set of electrical wires passing through bores formed in a plug body. Each wire having been cut, stripped of insulation and welded back together within the bores to form a welded section of virtually solid copper. The welded section and a portion of the insulation is then overmolded with a fuel resistant plastic resin which further interrupts and eliminates fluid leakage and fluid vapor migration.

Abstract: In an evaporated fuel treatment device for an internal combustion engine which has a fuel tank, a canister having an interior and an opening that opens the interior to the atmosphere, and which adsorbs evaporated fuel generated inside the fuel tank, a charging passage that communicates with the fuel tank and with the canister, a pressure adjustment valve provided in the charging passage, an internal pressure sensor provided upstream from the pressure adjustment valve to detect and output the vapor pressure inside the fuel tank, and a fuel tank system leakage detector that detects leakage in the fuel tank system on the upstream side of the pressure adjustment valve according to the output of the sensor, the device having at least a first stored reference value for a first leak diameter constituting an object of detection and a second stored reference value for a second leak diameter constituting an object of detection, and the leakage detector configured to detect the presence or absence of leakage by comparin

Abstract: The invention seeks to improve the functioning of a piston internal combustion engine which uses heat vaporization of the fuel, already in the starting and cold running phase. This is achieved by using a fuel preheater having at least one glow plug fitted directly in the nozzle-holder shank. The glow plug protrudes into the modified fuel chamber of the valve body, and is in direct contact with the fuel. In this way, the fuel is instantaneously heated to a temperature far above boiling point at atmospheric pressure. As a result, the combustion process of the internal combustion engine is considerably more efficient in the starting and cold running phase. In addition, fuel consumption is lower and cleaner exhaust gases are given off.

Abstract: According to the present invention, the state of a liquid fuel such as diesel fuel is made a supercritical state by raising the pressure and the temperature of the fuel above the critical pressure and temperature. Then, the fuel is injected from the fuel injection valve into the combustion chamber of the engine in the supercritical state. When the fuel in the supercritical state is injected into the combustion chamber of the engine, it forms an extremely fine uniform mist in the entire combustion chamber. Therefore, the combustion in the engine is largely improved.

Abstract: A device for exhaust recycling for an internal combustion engine with an exhaust cooler has a valve that determines the quantity of exhaust that is recycled and is adjustable by an adjusting element. Provision is made for the exhaust cooler and the valve to connect to one another directly and to form a module.

Abstract: A fluid operated valve assembly is disclosed including a housing defining a cylinder, a piston arranged for reciprocal motion in the cylinder, a fluid inlet for admitting fluid into the working chamber of the cylinder to cause the piston to be displaced therein, a valve closure, a valve seat and a connector connecting the piston to the valve closure such that the closure is in an open position and the piston is in one end position and the valve closure sealingly engages the valve seat when the piston is in the other end position, the connector having a length which is variable dependent on the fluid pressure in the working chamber.

Abstract: Internal combustion engine with crankcase ventilation, having an outlet (13) placed to one side of an existing rotating wheel or gear (3) in a drive train (3, 4, 5), so that the wheel or gear, through its centrifugal effect, separates oil drops from the oil mist in the blow-by gas adjacent the outlet.

Abstract: A system and method of providing multicharge ignition are provided. The method and system preferably are adapted to trigger at least some of the multicharge events of the system and method in a current-dependent manner. Preferably, existing power train control units (PTCUs) can be used with the system and method, without the need for signals other than the timing signal (e.g., EST pulse) from the PTCU.

Abstract: An ignition coil comprises a center magnetic core, a secondary coil wound on a secondary coil bobbin which is arranged at an outer side of said center magnetic core, a primary coil wound on a primary coil bobbin which is arranged at an outer side of said secondary coil. At least one of said secondary coil bobbin and said primary coil bobbin is formed by a material which contains sulfur in a main chain of an aromatic class. The ignition coil has a superior anti-electric treeing. A coil component of the secondary coil and the primary coil of the ignition coil is arranged and accommodated in a coil case, an epoxy resin filling up at least melting silica is potted and is hardened. A development of the electric treeing can be restrained and the ignition coil having a superior endurance performance can be provided.

Abstract: A rapid feed paintball loader for use upon a conventional paintball gun. The rapid feed paintball loader includes a container for holding a plurality of paintballs. At a bottom portion of the container is a rotatable drive cone having a plurality of vertical fins. Each fin spirals outwardly from a center axis of the drive cone. In addition, each fin forms a gap with an adjacent fin large enough to accommodate a paintball. At the bottom of the container is an exit tube which exits from the bottom portion of the container and leads to an inlet tube of the paintball gun. A portion of the exit tube is sloped at an angle equivalent to the slope of a top surface of the drive cone. A catch arm is mounted on an interior surface of the container adjacent to the sloped exit portion of the exit tube. The catch arm is mounted at a height which is above the top surface of the fins, and which is approximately equal to the radius of a paintball.

Abstract: An air chamber that increases the volume of air stored inside a paintball gun. An increased volume of air allows the use of low-pressure/high volume valves in the gun.

Abstract: A shaped bolt with the same outside appearance as a standard bolt for a paint ball gun has a torpedo shape or flanged end adjacent to the air supply, and a trifurcated flow end or cross-flow end oppositely disposed from flanged end.

Abstract: The present invention describes a mechanism for assisting an archer in drawing back a bowstring. The bowstring draw assist mechanism includes two interactive components. The first component, a support frame in the form of cable guards and a cross bar, is affixed to the bow, and the second component, a gauntlet, is worn by an archer. The first and second components engage one another and utilize compressed gas to pressurize a cylinder, assisting an archer in drawing the bowstring.

Abstract: A nock for use with an arrow includes a receiver having a bowstring engaging notch with a pin extending thereacross to capture and retain the bowstring within the notch and an insert permanently attached to an arrow shaft for disengageably engaging the receiver. A retention device, such as a magnet attached to the receiver, magnetically cooperating with a magnetically responsive member attached to the insert, retains the arrow shaft in engagement with the bowstring as the bowstring is pulled back. Upon release of the bowstring, the forward momentum of the arrow overcomes the retention force of the retention device and the arrow shaft disengages from the receiver to begin its flight.

Abstract: A portable, self-contained stove system includes (i) a container; and (ii) a platform which selectively fits into storage and cooking positions with respect to the container. The platform is configured to be selectively mounted on a container and to selectively support a cooking surface thereon. Platforms are disclosed which are specially designed to separate the flow path of fire out of the container from that of oxygen flowing into the container. Platforms are also disclosed which are adjustable such that they can be selectively disposed within a container before and/or after use.

Abstract: A wood or multi-fuel stove comprises a primary combustion chamber, a flue duct extending from an upper part of the primary combustion chamber; a grate defining a lower boundary for the primary combustion chamber, the grate extending from the front towards the back of the stove interior and having a front edge juxtaposed with the front of the stove; a secondary combustion chamber located beneath the grate linked to the primary combustion chamber; an inlet path for supplying fresh air to the secondary combustion chamber, the inlet path by-passing the primary combustion chamber; and an outlet path for conveying combustion products from the secondary combustion chamber to the flue, the outlet channel by-passing the primary chamber; the stove being characterized in that: the primary combustion chamber (X) is defined at least on its rear side by an insulated member (12); the grate (1) has: (i) a rear edge off set from the insulated member to leave a gap (G); extending over all, or part of, the width of the grate (1

Abstract: A damper unit is provided that is adapted to be positioned in a furnace duct line. The damper unit has a housing which is in communication with a fresh air source and a furnace system. The housing has a damper blade which is moveable between an open position which allows air flow through the housing and a closed position which prevents air flow through the housing. The blade is coupled with a solenoid so that when the solenoid is activated the blade is moved to an open position allowing air flow through the housing. Further, a fan is located in the housing adjacent the damper blade. The fan operates to move air into and out of the housing and across the damper blade when the damper blade is in its open position. In one embodiment, a pair of sealing ridges are provided on the interior of the housing.

Abstract: A vent tube has an open end adapted to communicate with an oven chamber. A catalyst is retained in the vent tube by two sets of abutments. In one embodiment, the abutments are in the form of tabs. The tabs are lanced from the wall of the vent tube and slant inwardly. The set of tabs nearer to the open end of the vent tube will flex outwardly to permit the catalyst to be inserted through the open end of the vent tube into position between the two sets of tabs. A wall of the oven chamber has an extruded hole over which the open end of the vent tube is fitted. In another embodiment, the abutments are in the form of dimples formed in the wall of the vent tube.

Abstract: Apparatus for the supply of breathable gas cyclically at an inspiratory pressure and a lower expiratory pressure substantially in synchronism with a patient's respiration. A flow generator coupled to a gas delivery system delivers breathable gas to the patient's airway. A motor controller receives a signal representing respiratory flow. The motor controller sends out a signal to control an electric motor and turbine to generate the desired inspiratory and expiratory pressures. The controller detects transitions between inspiration and expiration via a flow signal to discriminate between the respiratory phases of the patient. A counter counts a first time duration commencing from the last transition to inspiration and whereby if the first time duration elapses before a transition to expiration is detected, the controller initiates the supply of a given expiratory pressure.

Abstract: A detector for determining the volume and volumetric changes of respiratory gases in a closed circuit anaesthesia circuit having a bellows ventilator. The device includes a first sensor positioned with respect to the bellows for detecting and indicating when the bellows assumes a given expanded position in a bellows housing indicative of the given volume of respiratory gas in the circuit. A second sensor detects and indicates when the bellows assumes an expanded position indicative of the greater amount of expansion than that corresponding to the given expanded position. During respiratory cycles of the patient, indications from the first sensor in the absence of indications from the second sensor indicates that the volume of gas in the closed circuit anaesthesia circuit is not changing, but is remaining at that corresponding to the given expanded position of the bellows.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a semi-removable nasal air cleaning system comprising of a surgically implanted portion including three sleeves implanted into the movable septum, a pair of stabilizer plates to distribute the stresses, and a septum stud deposed within the septum to support and orient the filter mediums. The septum supports a filtration means comprising of a connection component and a filter adapter component. The filters are easily retrievable when removal is necessary for cleaning or replacement.

Abstract: Electret fibers that contain a polymeric material and a fluorochemical additive. The electret fibers have a low level of extractable hydrocarbon material. Electret filters that have low extractable hydrocarbon levels exhibit improved filtration performance.

Abstract: A process for drawing, with plug assist, thin walled, closed-ended, tubular articles of thermoplastic elastomer is disclosed as well as a thermoplastic elastomer and apparatus therefor. According to the process, a plug, extensible into the mold cavity, is employed concurrently with a varying air pressure differential across the faces of the preform to bias the flow of the drawn article axially along the length of the tubular mold and away from the mold walls. At a point where the article is drawn substantially the length of the tubular mold, the mold is evacuated and the article finally formed against the mold walls. Such articles are usefully employed as condoms or finger cots.

Abstract: A surgical drape includes a sealable pouch to collect run-off from a surgical site. The pouch is open to receive fluid during a surgical procedure. When the procedure is completed, the pouch is sealed to prevent leakage of the fluid and to permit safe disposal of the contaminated drape. Preferably, the pouch is sealed with an interlocking ridge-and-channel structure of the type commonly used in food and sandwich bags.

Abstract: A device for protecting the face of a wearer is provided and includes a gas pervious mask dimensioned to fit over the nose and mouth of a wearer. A shield is coupled to the gas pervious mask. The shield is at least partially transparent over the eyes of the wearer. The shield is dimensioned to cover the gas pervious mask and the eyes of the wearer.

Abstract: A restriction in a restricted vessel lying closely proximate the heart is bypassed. An aperture is formed in a supply vessel suitable for providing a blood supply. An aperture is formed in the restricted vessel distal of the restriction. Heart tissue is removed from the surface of the heart to form a channel in the heart tissue between the aperture in the supply vessel and the aperture in the restricted vessel distal of the restriction. The channel is covered to form a conduit to conduct blood from the supply vessel to the restricted vessel distal of the restriction.