Abstract: An eyepiece lens is constructed with, in order from an entrance side for light to an exit side for light, first, second, third, fourth and fifth lens units of negative, positive, positive, positive and positive refractive powers, respectively. Each of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth lens units of the eyepiece lens is composed only of one lens or a cemented lens, and an intermediate image by an objective lens is formed between the second lens unit and the third lens unit. An objective lens is constructed with, in order from an object side to an image side, first and second lens units of positive and negative refractive powers, respectively. The first and second lens units of the objective lens are composed of one positive lens and of one positive lens and one negative lens, respectively, and the various conditions are appropriately set. An optical apparatus includes the eyepiece lens, the objective lens and an erecting prism.

Abstract: In a first variation, the novel optical unit (10) comprises several optical elements (14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5), and an integrally produced support structure (12) with element supports (16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5) for each of the optical elements (14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5). At least one of the element supports (16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5) is formed by a simply connected body, i.e. a linear support (16.4) or a plate (16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.5), or shell. The dimensions of this element support are matched to the optical element (14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5), wherein at least a portion of the element supports (16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5) is partially free along their rim. In a second variation the optical unit (10) comprises at least one optical element (14) and an integrally produced element support (16) made of the same material, preferably Zerodur®. The optical element (14) is preferably fastened directly on the element support (16) by gluing.

Abstract: A HSA includes a magnetic head slider with at least one thin-film magnetic head element, an actuator fixed to the magnetic head slider for performing precise positioning of the at least one thin-film magnetic head element, an IC chip having a first circuit for the thin-film magnetic head element and a second circuit for driving the actuator, and a suspension for supporting the actuator and the IC chip.

Abstract: A device and a method are provided in which stable tracking control can be carried out even in an arbitrary phase by optically reading pits provided in a disk when information is recorded on and reproduced from the disk with a magnetic head. With respect to difference signals obtained from a main beam signal and sub-beam signals obtained through three-beam type photodetectors, gain correction is executed in variable gain amplifiers, respectively, so that output signals therefrom have same amplitude levels and are different in phase by 90 degrees in a track crossing direction, and thus a tracking error signal is generated by being synthesized from the output signals. Based on the tracking error signal, tracking control is carried out.

Abstract: A disc cartridge includes at least a magneto-optical disc and a cartridge (upper shell) storing the magneto-optical disc in a rotatable manner and having an opening provided in a region including a position corresponding to a predetermined rotation center of the magneto-optical disc. The opening is longer on a forward side in the disc cartridge insertion direction (on the Y-direction side) with respect to the position corresponding to the rotation center than on a backward side in the disc cartridge insertion direction (on the X-direction side) along a straight line passing through the position corresponding to the rotation center and parallel to the disc cartridge insertion direction. Thus, a disc cartridge and a disc unit which are constructed to allow the disc cartridge to be smoothly loaded are provided.

Abstract: A read head has a flux guide layer that is immediately adjacent (abuts) the back edge of a read sensor. The flux guide layer is made of a high resistance soft magnetic material that conducts magnetic flux from the back edge of the read sensor so that the magnetic response at the back edge of the read sensor is significantly higher than zero. This increases the efficiency of the read sensor. The material for the flux guide layer is A-B-C where A is selected from the group Fe and Co, B is selected from the group Hf, Y, Ta and Zr and C is selected from the group O and N. In a preferred embodiment A-B-C is Fe-Hf-O and the Ms&rgr; of the flux guide layer is greater than 50 times the Ms&rgr; of the read sensor layer where the read sensor layer is NiFe, Ms is saturation magnetization and &rgr; is resistivity. Because of the flux guides high resistance current shunting losses are nearly eliminated.

Abstract: A spin valve element includes an antiferromagnetic layer, a pinned magnetic layer formed in contact with the antiferromagnetic layer so that the magnetization direction thereof is pinned by an exchange coupling magnetic field with the antiferromagnetic layer, a nonmagnetic conductive layer in contact with the pinned magnetic layer, and a free magnetic layer in contact with the nonmagnetic conductive layer. The free magnetic layer includes a nonmagnetic intermediate layer, and first and second free magnetic layers with the nonmagnetic intermediate layer provided therebetween, the second free magnetic layer is formed in contact with the nonmagnetic conductive layer, the first and second free magnetic layers are antiferromagnetically coupled with each other to bring both layers into a ferrimagnetic state, and either of the first and second free magnetic layers comprises a ferromagnetic insulating film.

Abstract: Chip assembly comprising a chip mounted on a support, said chip assembly comprising at least one terminal and discharge means for discharging a charge accumulated on or transferred to said terminal. Said discharge means is connected to an RF common mode node for at least one circuit on the chip.

Abstract: A method for controlling electromagnetic actuators for operating induction and exhaust valves in internal combustion engines where one actuator, connected to a control unit, is coupled to a respective valve having a real position and includes a movable element magnetically driven by means of a resultant force to control the movement of the said valve between a closure position and a fully open position, the control unit is further connected to a piloting unit and includes a supervision block, an open loop control block, a closed loop control block and a selector block commanded by a switching signal generated by the supervision block. The method includes the steps of: operating in an open loop control mode of the real position; operating in a closed loop control mode of the real position; and alternatively selecting the open loop control mode and the closed loop control mode.

Abstract: A compact size, portable audio/display electronic apparatus having a compact ass memory with the capability of entry of user originated inquirable and inquisitorial input relative to currently displayed information and the random access capability relative to the compact mass memory in retrieving data responsive the such input. The apparatus comprises recording and reproducing means for recording and reproducing data in the form of alphanumeric information, diagram graphics, animation graphics, music, voice and other audio reproducible material. The reproducing means is employed only for the reproduction of the data, retrieving means for only retrieving the data for reproduction on a random access basis. Further, the display and reproducing means is arranged in one compact housing for the synchronized reproduction of at least two kinds of such data, e.g., the display of information and the audio reproduction of information directly associated with the displayed information.

Abstract: A unit housing structure for detachably housing a unit mounted with electronic parts in a unit mounting portion of an electronic device in which a guide rail having a guide slot whose opposite wall surfaces are slopes gradually opening outwardly is provided on the side of said unit mounting portion or said unit and a guided portion to be slidably engaged with the guide slot of said guide rail is provided on the side of said unit mounting portion or said unit, whereby movement of said unit is guided by the engagement between said guided portion and the guide slot at the time of insertion/extraction of said unit into/from said unit mounting portion.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser stack apparatus 1 comprises three semiconductor lasers 2a to 2c, two copper plates 3a and 3b, two lead plates 4a and 4b, a supply tube 5, a discharge tube 6, four insulating members 7a to 7d, and three heat sinks 10a to 10c. Here, the heat sink 10a to 10c is formed by a lower planar member 12 having an upper face formed with a supply water path groove portion 22, an intermediate planar member 14 formed with a plurality of water guiding holes 38, and an upper planar member 16 having a lower face formed with a discharge water path groove portion 30 which are successively stacked one upon another, whereas their contact surfaces are joined together.

Abstract: A cooling unit comprises a heat sink overlapped on a semiconductor package. The semiconductor package has an IC chip mounted on a circuit board. The heat sink has a heat receiving portion for receiving heat of the IC chip. A flexible heat-transfer member such as grease and a heat-transfer sheet is provided between the heat receiving portion and the IC chip. The heat sink is pushed toward the IC chip via a fixing spring and thereby the heat receiving portion and the IC chip are thermally connected while sandwiching the heat-transfer member therebetween. A spacer is provided between the circuit board and the heat sink. The spacer supports the heat sink, at a position remote from the IC chip.

Abstract: The invention relates to a module provided with a thin-film circuit which comprises an integrated trimmable capacitor. At least one electrically conducting layer (2, 4) of the capacitor has a structured surface with recesses. This finger-type design has the result that the actual capacitor is composed of several capacitors connected in parallel. After the total capacitance value has been determined, this total capacitance value can be fine tuned through a selective cutting-off of fingers, i.e. of capacitors, from the main surface of the electrically conducting layer (2, 4).

Abstract: A drive unit for power control of electric motors comprises a circuit board (10) with surface leads and a number of logic components as well as power controlling semi-conductors (11), and two or more power distribution bars (16) which extend along the circuit board (10) and are connected to a power source and/or one or more motor connections, each of the power distribution bars (16) is a sheet metal stamping formed with a number of integral connector pins (20) which are to be received in a number of apertures (22) in the circuit board (10) and rigidly connected to the surface leads for communication with the semi-conductors (11), wherein each one of the power distribution bars (16) is stamped from a flexible thin sheet metal and folded along a longitudinal line (31) into two parallel sections (32,33) whereof the connector pins (20) extend from a first one (32) of the two sections (32,33), and each one of the connector pins (20) is substantially Z-shaped for providing an increased flexibility and for forming t

Abstract: An electromagnetic shield including at least one entry hole is placed in contact with a circuit board, thereby substantially enclosing a compartment. With the shield and circuit board held together, conformal coating is introduced into the compartment through the entry hole. The conformal coating coats the exposed portions of the circuit board within the compartment, but does not coat the portions of the circuit board contacted by the shield. The circuit board may include ground traces that divide the circuit board into sections. An optional electrically conductive gasket may be used between the ground traces and the shield to provide good electrical contact between the shield and the circuit board. In addition, a connector seal may be used to form a barrier preventing entry of environmental contaminants into critical connector interface areas. The connector seal is inserted into the forwardly facing pin cavity of a male connector so that the male pins pierce through the connector seal.

Abstract: Device for shadowless backlighting of large-area displays comprising at least two two-dimensional main light sources which are each surrounded by a frame, at least two frame sections abutting one another. One or more auxiliary light sources are mounted at least on a part of the mutually abutting frame sections.

Abstract: A hand held lighting device having a luminescent body for providing a light source in the absence of light. The hand held lighting device includes a housing having an outer curved wall surface and an end wall. The housing includes an attached lamp assembly having a light bulb, a reflector member and a lens therein. The housing also includes a battery cover and an interior compartment having a battery section for receiving one or more batteries for supplying power to the lamp assembly. The hand held lighting device includes a switching device in the housing for switching the lamp assembly to battery power in order to energize the lamp assembly.

Abstract: A vehicular bulb with its front end coated with a glare-protection paint that contains silicon carbide (SiC) as its pigment substance. With this silicon carbide contained paint, the front end externally assumes a color that is substantially the same color as reflectors and is thus prevented from being easily recognized from the outside of a lighting fixture that is installed with such a bulb.

Abstract: A lighting assembly 10 comprises a reflector 12 secured to a support portion 14, which support portion 14 forms a projection of a bulb housing and electrical supply unit 16. The bulb support unit supports the bulb 18 and the electrical supply unit receives an electrical supply via a lead 19. The reflector 12 comprises a central diffuser 20, either side of which are horizontal sections 22a and 22b. From these horizontal sections the body of the reflector is bent downwards in first, second and third sections 24a/b, 26a/b and 28a/b respectively to form a symmetrical structure having an inverted bowl shaped cross-section which reflects light downwards out of the reflector.

Abstract: A polyphase alternating current is supplied from an inverter (22) to a plurality of coils (L1-L12) of a motor/generator (10, 11). A plurality of PWM signal generating circuits (26) respectively control the current supplied to the coils (L1-L12) such that the difference between the electrical potential at a neutral point (Nm) of the coils (L1-L12) and the electrical potential at the neutral point (Ni) of the output terminals (TO) of the inverter (22) is reduced. Such control suppresses the generation of noise and vibration and torque fluctuations in the motor/generator (10, 11) due to a disconnection in the coils (L1-L12).

Abstract: In a solar power generation apparatus using a solar battery having a relatively large ground capacitor and a power conditioner having a non-insulated input and output, a customer's ground fault interrupter may perform unwanted interruption due to a ground fault outside the customer's premises. To prevent this, when a ground fault is detected by a detector capable of detecting a ground fault within a shorter time than the customer's ground fault interrupter, the gate of inverter of the power conditioner is blocked, a switch is changed to an open state, and the input voltage of inverter is held at a voltage value higher than the peak value of the alternate current voltage of a power system until at least the switch changes to the open state.

Abstract: In a switching arrangement for applying a pulse to a load, for example a magnetron, a plurality of FET modules are stacked along the longitudinal axis and surrounded by a housing enclosing four capacitors. The capacitor means provides a current return path for current applied via the FET switches of the modules the coaxial current cancelling construction of the arrangement results in low circuiting conductance. The capacitance may be sufficiently large to provide electrostatic screening.

Abstract: An inverter unit, especially suitable for use in an inverter charger, comprising eight inverters stages which each provide an alternating step function output current and which are arranged in two sets of four, the inverter stages of each set being serially connected and driven sequentially to produce in combination, a generally sinusoidal step function waveform comprising fifteen degree steps, the two step function waveforms thus produced, one by each set, being serially combined, and mutually relatively phase controlled to produce a regulated sinusoidal output voltage for a load, wherein regulation is effected in dependence upon the relative phase between the two step function waveforms.

Abstract: Nonvolatile memory device and a method of programming the same, is disclosed, wherein, for single level or multi-level programming of a cell, predetermined voltages are applied to a control gate, source and drain respectively for varying a charge amount in the floating gate. A channel in a transistor is turned off at an initial stage and then turned on thereafter, and at least one of the voltages applied to the control gate and the program/select gate is halted to stop the programming when a conductivity of the channel region reaches a reference value.

Abstract: A memory controller which performs a verification of the state of the erased block is performed prior to the writing operation is disclosed. The memory controller according to said present invention further performs a test operation to judge whether the erased block is a defective block to be disposed or not if the erased block is concluded to be not prefer to store data during the verification. In the case where the block is concluded to be a defective block with a permanent error by the test operation, the block is inhibited to use. In the case where the block is concluded to be a defective block with a transient error by the test operation, on the other hand, the block is treated as new erased block.

Abstract: A Flash EEPROM having negative voltage generator means for generating a negative voltage to be supplied to control gate electrodes of memory cells for erasing the memory cells. The Flash EEPROM also has first positive voltage generator means for generating a first positive voltage, independent from an external power supply of the Flash EEPROM, to be supplied to source regions of the memory cells during erasing.

Abstract: A circuit for the reading of charges injected at its input comprises a read MOS transistor, the type of which conditions the polarity of the charges that the read circuit is capable of reading without getting blocked, and an integration capacitor mounted between a first electrode of the drain-source pair of the read MOS transistor and a reference potential. The input of the circuit is at the second electrode of the drain-source pair of the read MOS transistor. The injected charges must cross the read MOS transistor to be integrated by the capacitor. The read MOS transistor is controlled by a control voltage that varies in a manner that is substantially inversely proportional to the input voltage.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device is provided in which no delay in writing of data occurs due to increases in the output load of the data input circuit, and which is also compatible with various bit configurations. The device comprises a plurality of data input circuits for inputting data from an external source, and a plurality of data write circuits for writing data input from the plurality of data input circuits to a memory cell array. The data to be stored is input from an external source by selectively using the plurality of data input circuits, and then each bit to be stored is distributed to the plurality of data write circuits according to the bit configuration of the data. Of the plurality of data input circuits, data input from a specific data input circuit is distributed to one of the plurality of data write circuits via another data input circuit.

Abstract: A non-volatile semiconductor memory device and a method for making the device are described. The device has a memory cell array region including a cell transistor capable of storing and erasing data and a peripheral circuit region including a transistor for driving the memory cell array region. The cell transistor includes a stacked gate pattern in which a floating gate, an interlayer insulating layer and a control gate are sequentially provided over a semiconductor substrate underlying a tunnel insulating layer. A source/drain region of a single diffused structure having a first impurity region is aligned along the sidewalls of the stacked gate pattern and formed in the vicinity of the surface of the semiconductor substrate. Alternatively, the cell transistor includes a source/drain region of a double diffused structure further having a fourth impurity region which is deep doped with impurities of a higher concentration than the that of the first impurity region.

Abstract: A semiconductor storage device that can be selectable between input/output (I/O) configuration and have reduced area for data buses and/or reduced number of circuit elements is disclosed. According to one embodiment, a semiconductor storage device may include first and second memory cell arrays (10 and 12). Eighteen first sense amplifiers (SA(L)1-18) can be connected to the first memory cell array (10) and eighteen second sense amplifiers (SA(R)1-18) can be connected to the second memory cell array (12). In addition, eighteen first I/O circuits (I/O(L)1-18) may correspond to the first sense amplifiers (SA(L)1-18) and eighteen second I/O circuits (I/O(R)1-18) may correspond to the second amplifiers (SA(R)1-18). Eighteen data buses (DB1-DB18) can be situated between the sense amplifiers (SA(L)1-18 and SA(R)1-18) and I/O circuits (I/O(L)1-18 and I/OR)1-18). Each data bus may be separated into at least two different portions by a disconnecting device (T1-T18). In one I/O configuration (e.g.

Abstract: A nitride programmable read only memory (NROM) cell with a pocket implant self-aligned to at least one bit line junction. Alternatively, the bit line junction(s) can have a thin area of effective programming and erasing located nearby. Further alternatively, the channel can have a threshold voltage level implant which has a low voltage level in a central area of the channel and which has a peak of high voltage level near at least one of the bit line junctions. With one pocket implant, the NROM cell stores one bit. With two pocket implants, the NROM cell stores two bits.

Abstract: As part of a memory array, a circuit is provided for altering the drive applied to an access transistor that regulates electrical communication within the memory array. In one embodiment, the circuit is used to alter the drive applied to a sense amp's voltage-pulling transistor, thereby allowing modification of the voltage-pulling rate for components of the sense amp. A sample of test data is written to the memory array and read several times at varying drive rates in order to determine the sense amp's ability to accommodate external circuitry. In another embodiment, the circuit is used to alter the drive applied to a bleeder device that regulates communication between the digit lines of the memory array and its cell plate. Slowing said communication allows defects within the memory array to have a more pronounced effect and hence increases the chances of finding such defects during testing.

Abstract: A method for operating a current sense amplifier having a latch configuration improves the signal-to-noise ratio by setting the supply voltage for the latch configuration to be greater than a voltage which is present at the input of the current sense amplifier.

Abstract: A DDR-SDRM includes a data write section including a latch section for latching first write data at a rising edge of a data strobe signal and second write data at a falling edge of the data strobe signal, and a write buffer section for writing the first write data and the second write data at a time based on the signals generated from the data strobe signal. A read operation is conducted based on the system clock signal.

Abstract: A mixing device for compounding polymers by elongational deformation is described. The device has a casing (1) with an inlet (2) and an outlet (3). The casing has inner walls (4) defining an enclosure (5) which communicates with the inlet and the outlet. A core (6) is arranged in the enclosure and defines a mixing space (7) between the core (6) and the enclosure wall (4). The mixing space (7) is divided into several slits (9) and chambers (10) by protrusions (8). The device is characterised in that the enclosure (5) and the core (6) are concentrically arranged around a common axis (A) and are conically tapered towards the outlet (3), and that the protrusions (8) are circumferentially arranged on at least one of the core (6) and the enclosure wall (4) with a slit gap in the range from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm and a width of the slit gap in the range of 0 to about 5 mm. Preferably, the enclosure wall (4) and the core (6) are adjustable relative to each other for adjustment of the slit gap.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an electric timepiece, in particular a wristwatch, supplied with electric current by an accumulator (16) intended to be recharged once flat, this timepiece (1) including a time-setting stem (4) and at least one control member (6) for at least one horological function of said timepiece (1), characterised in that the time-setting stem (4) is electrically connected to one of the poles (18) of the accumulator (16), and in that the control member (6) can be electrically connected to the other pole of the accumulator (16) after said member has been pressed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for updating a memory in a Compact Disc changer. Information identifying discs stored in a CD changer is stored in a memory. The memory is updated when a CD is loaded which does not have identifying features which are recognized by the CD changer. Updating is carried out via a modem connection to a remote database. The database can be stored locally in a local database residing in a personal computer where the database can be queried to locate desired tracks and can be used to facilitate control of the compact disc changer by providing a simplified interface for building a play list and the like.

Abstract: A disk drive system having a disk-shaped disk storage medium and a disk drive for accessing the disk storage medium including a media cartridge of the same shape as that of the disk storage medium to which not less than one small-sized storage medium is attachable, and an access unit provided in the disk drive for accessing the small-sized storage medium attached to the media cartridge.

Abstract: An optical record carrier is described comprising a track for carrying data encoded in optical marks. A parameter of the track has a periodic variation for generating a varying signal when scanning the track, for example a variation of the center of a pre-groove usually called wobble. The track further comprises reference elements, e.g. headers, interrupting the periodic variation. The phase of the periodic variation after the reference elements is indicative of a property of the record carrier for controlling the scanning of the record carrier in dependence of said property. In particular the phase may indicate whether or not the bottom of the pre-groove is closer to the scanning beam entry side of the disc. Further a scanning device is described comprising a detector for detecting said phase based on the varying signal. The device adapts its scanning control means to the indicated property.

Abstract: A servo adjustment apparatus for setting an adjustment value for servo control of at least one of optical recording of information on information recording surfaces and optical reproduction of information recorded on the information recording surfaces, is provided. A setting device sets an adjustment value corresponding to one of the information recording surfaces. Another setting device sets another adjustment value corresponding to another one of the surfaces other than the one of information recording surfaces. Then a calculation device calculates a relational value indicating a relationship between the adjustment value and another adjustment value. A storage device stores calculated relational value. A resetting device resets the adjustment value using another adjustment value set previously and the relational value when the adjustment value is reset, and resets another adjustment value using the adjustment value set previously and the relational value when another adjustment value is reset.

Abstract: For providing a optical disk driving device that is capable of accurately performing recording and reproduction also of disks including warpage without the provision of a tilt mechanism, a clamper is comprised of a central clamper portion for pinching and holding a disk with a turntable, and an outer clamper portion for abutting against an outer periphery of the disk and pressurizing the same in case the disk includes any warpage to thereby correct the warpage, if present, through pressurizing; it is accordingly possible to restrict an angle formed between a light beam and an information surface of the disk to be within a specified value for accurately performing reproduction.

Abstract: A dubbing system for inhibiting, for a predetermined length of time, a high-speed dubbing operation for a program for which a high-speed dubbing operation was executed within the predetermined length of time. When the power supply to a volatile memory in which high-speed dubbing permission and inhibition information for each program is stored is reset, the high-speed dubbing immediately after the restarting of the power supply to this volatile memory is forcibly inhibited for the predetermined length of time.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for optimally recording data on an optical recording medium by controlling recording beam power depending upon the state of the recording layer of the recording medium. To compensate for variant reflection ratio at inner and outer radius caused by the uneven recording layer thickness, the power of recording beam is adjusted and as a result the asymmetric ratio is maintained constant over the recording medium without regard to the radius. A signal associated with the recording layer thickness variation is detected and the recording beam power is adjusted to compensate for the variation of the characteristic of recorded marks, based upon the signal. The adjusted recording beam power is not readjusted by the running optimal power control (ROPC). The method in accordance with the present invention provides a constant asymmetric ratio over the recording medium, thereby reducing the likelihood of reproduced data error.

Abstract: In an information recording medium including a plurality of sector fields and having various pieces of information recorded in the sector fields, the header field in each sector field includes a first field in which a continuously repeated pattern complying with the run length limitation in the predetermined range is recorded, a second field in which an address mark including a violation pattern different from a reproduced pattern obtained by reproducing the repeated pattern when a defective pit which cannot be recognized as a pit is included in pits representing the repeated pattern is recorded, the violation pattern exceeding the run length limitation in the predetermined range, and a third field in which address data is recorded.

Abstract: An optical pick-up emits three laser beams onto an optical disk. The three laser beams are reflected on the optical disk and incident to a condenser lens. The three laser beams are further incident to a holographic device via the condenser lens. The surface of the holographic device is divided into a first and a second hologram region by a bisecting line oriented almost parallel to the track formed on the optical disk. The holographic device generates ±1th-order diffracted light beams on the hologram regions. The ±1th-order diffracted light beams are incident to a photodetector having a plurality of photo-detecting segments corresponding to the ±1th-order diffracted light beams. The photodetector detects signals recorded on the optical disk based on the ±1th-order diffracted light beams.

Abstract: In an optical pickup device employing a high-frequency superposition method, a high-frequency superposition circuit is mounted on an FPC. With this arrangement, the number of steps for attaching printed boards may be reduced and improvements in workability of assembly achieved. By electrically connecting a conductive plated surface that is conductive with a GND pattern formed on a projecting portion of the FPC with a conductive plated surface of a reinforcing plate, the GND pattern may be connected to a wide GND at a short distance, and actions of restricting extraneous emission may be improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical head, a magneto-optical head, and a disk apparatus, that have high light efficiency, can realize high-density recording medium and perform high-speed recording and reproduction, and can prevent erroneous record or erroneous reproduction, and a manufacturing method of the optical head. When a converged beam enters an incident surface of a transparent condensing medium, its refracted beam is condensed on a light-condensed surface and forms a light spot. Since leaking out to an aperture formed on an outer surface of the light-condensed surface of this light spot, near field light is scattered by a micro metal member. In addition, since, also in the micro metal member, plasmon resonance occurs by the irradiation of a laser beam, near field light leaks out therefrom. This near field light becomes propagation light and enters a recording medium of a disk, and recording into the recording medium is performed by this light.

Abstract: In the phase modulation multiplexing transmission unit 1, a digital input signal is divided by a signal division unit, each of the resultant division signal is output to multiplication units 3a and 3b, respectively. The multiplication units 3a and 3b multiply the division signals by spread code signals output from spread code generators 2a and 2b, respectively. A multiplication signal Sb output from the multiplication unit 3b is shifted by &pgr;/2 radian through a phase shifter 4, which is added to a multiplexing signal Sa output from the multiplication unit 3a through an adder 5. A synthetic signal Se(n) output from the adder 5 is BPSK modulated through a modulator 6, which is transmitted through a transmission amplifier 7 and an antenna 8.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a network status reporting method, for reporting in a communications network a network status to a data source with an adaptive transmission rate. The data sink reports the network status to the data source in order to enable the data source to adapt the transmission rate based on the network status. The communications network further contains at least one intermediate network node, and a data sink. Only the data sink reports to the data source on a status of the communications network in its neighborhood, and no intermediate network node reports to the data source on said network status of the communications network.