Abstract: An RGB laser radiation source comprising a first laser radiation source whose first beam (1) is divided in the infrared wavelength region, wherein the first part thereof is frequency-doubled and green (G) light results and another part thereof is used to generate light of another primary color. It is wherein a second beam (2) is split in the infrared wavelength region from a second laser radiation source, wherein a first part of the second beam (2) together with a second part of the first beam (1) is supplied to a first sum frequency mixing and red (R) light results, and, further, a second part of the second beam (2) is frequency-doubled. This frequency-doubled beam (3) together with a third part of the first beam (1) is supplied to a second sum frequency mixing and blue (B) light results.

Abstract: A laser polarization control apparatus includes a polarization modifying device, such as a liquid crystal variable retarder, and a controller. The polarization modifying device receives a laser beam and modifies the polarization of the laser beam. The controller, which is connected to the polarization modifying device, adjusts an input to the polarization modifying device in order to control modification of the polarization of the laser beam based on alignment of a structure to be processed by the laser beam. For example, the polarization of the laser beam may be rotated to correspond with the alignment of a link in a semiconductor device to be cut by the laser beam. The polarization modifying device is configured for incorporation into a laser processing system that produces the laser beam received by the polarization modifying device and that focuses the laser beam modified by the polarization modifying device onto a workpiece that includes the structure to be processed by the laser beam.

Abstract: Neodymium-doped yttrium calcium oxyborate (Nd:YCOB) is the single active gain element for a solid-state laser device capable of achieving both lasing and self-frequency doubling optical effects. A pumping source for optically pumping Nd:YCOB can generate a laser light output of approximately 400 mW at approximately 1060 nm wavelength and a self-frequency doubled output of approximately 60 mW at approximately 530 nm wavelength. Thus, a laser device can be designed that is compact, less expensive and a high-powered source of visible, green laser light.

Abstract: A semiconductor optical device has a gain region for oscillating a laser light beam and a spot-size conversion region for converting a spot-size of the laser light beam emitted from the gain region. Further, an optical waveguide is formed by the use of a selective growth mask along the gain region and the spot-size conversion region. With such a structure, the optical waveguide includes a waveguide taper portion and has a width and a facet. In this event, the width gradually becomes narrower towards the facet. As a result, the waveguide taper portion is tapered along a direction from the gain region towards the facet.

Abstract: An optical system (in FIGS. 1A and 1B) wherein a rectilinear laser beam of homogeneous energy distribution is defined for annealing a non-single crystalline semiconductor film (a surface to-be-irradiated 1108), is constructed of reflectors (1106, 1107 etc.) easily and inexpensively without including lenses of transmission type. The rectilinear laser beam can be defined having a length of at least 600 (mm) which corresponds to the shorter latus of a large-sized substrate for mass production.

Abstract: A multi-path detection circuit can improve path detection accuracy in the environment where the path is located close in the extent of one chip in the multi-path detection circuit of CDMA type receiver unit. The multi-path detection circuit has generating means for generating a logic pattern of a correlated peak in the delay profile, and removing means for removing a power component of the detected correlated peak from the delay profile using the logical pattern of the correlated peak generated by the generating means.

Abstract: A filter arrangement with a linear phase characteristic is constituted by cascade coupling a first filter (F1) and a second filter (F2). The first filter (F1) is an analogue or digital filter designed so that its amplitude characteristic meets a predefined amplitude specification. The second filter (F2) is implemented as the anti-causal version of a fictive digital all-pass filter (APF) that is designed so that its phase characteristic, up to a linear function of frequency, equals the phase characteristic of the first filter (F1).

Abstract: A method for motion compensation adaptive image processing, which processes an image data received from an external source, stores the processed image data and restores the stored data to the received image data, the method comprising the steps of analyzing the received image data into image data having relatively high frequency component and relatively low frequency component, compressing/coding the image data having relatively high frequency component and relatively low frequency component by allocating predetermined bits, dividing the compressed/coded image data into a value corresponding to relatively high frequency component and a value corresponding to relatively low frequency component, and decoding the values and restoring the received image data based on the decoded image data

Abstract: An image data converting apparatus comprising an MPEG2-image data decoding section 19, a scan-converting section 20, an MPEG4-image encoding section 21, and a picture-type determining section 18. The MPEG2-image data decoding section 19 decodes input MPEG2-image compressed data in both the vertical direction and the horizontal direction by using only lower, fourth-order coefficients. The scan-converting section 20 converts interlaced-scan pixel data to sequential-scan pixel data. The MPEG4-image encoding section 21 generates MPEG4-image compressed data from the sequential-scan pixel signals. The sections 19, 20 and 21 are connected in series. The picture-type determining section 18 is connected to the input of the MPEG2-image data decoding section 19. The section 18 determines the picture type of each frame data contained in the interlaced-scan MPEG4-picture compressed data, outputs only the frame data about I/P pictures, discards the frame data about B pictures, thereby converting the frame rate.

Abstract: An MPEG2 decoder portion decodes an input bit stream and outputs a digital decoded image while extracting coding information and supplying the same to a control portion. An MPEG2 encoder portion re-encodes the digital decoded image output from the MPEG2 decoder portion. Coding information supplied from the control portion is reflected on a coding parameter in re-encoding. Transcoding between the MPEG2 standard and the DV standard can also be executed by arranging a decoder or an encoder corresponding to the DV standard in place of either the MPEG2 decoder portion or the MPEG2 encoder portion.

Abstract: A frame-rate converting device in a moving picture decoder which realizes a smooth display of pictures at a frame rate of 30 Hz or 60 Hz based on stream data whose frame rate of 24 Hz is provided. A control section performs a 3:2 pull-down processing when the output frame rate is 24 Hz and when a re-display of picture is indicated. When a re-display of picture is not indicated, the control section detects that the picture is of a progressive material, and repeats one field every two frames. When the picture is not a progressive material, the control section determines whether the top and the bottom of the picture are of the same time instant and repeats one field every two frames when they are of the same time instant but repeats one frame every four frames when they are not of the same time instant.

Abstract: A distortion compensating device provided in a receiver for compensating distortion which is added to a signal in a transmission path. The signal is generated in a multi-level modulator of a transmitter in which a digital signal is mapped to one of a plurality of specified signal points in a signal space diagram. The device includes a signal-point-position averaging circuit for producing an average signal point for each of a plurality of distributions of received signal points in the signal space diagram. A discrimination circuit in the device discriminates the average signal point closest to a received signal point from other average signal points in the signal space diagram.

Abstract: A bandwidth-efficient concatenated trellis-coded modulation (TCM) decoder which is realized by combining turbo codes having an advantage of coping effectively with a fading channel with TCM having an advantage of bandwidth efficiency, and a decoding method thereof are provided. A conventional TCM method has high bandwidth efficiency suitable for transmitting information at high speed. However, it is very sensitive to InterSymbol interference (ISI) so it is usually applied to a wire communication system rather than to a wireless communication system. A turbo code method is an error correction encoding method showing steadiness in a channel having severe ISI and having an excellent error correction ability, but has drawbacks of low data transmission rate and low bandwidth efficiency due to a low code rate.

Abstract: A digital transmission system is disclosed having a transmitter (11) and a receiver (12) for transmitting and receiving a digital audio signal. The digital audio signal is in the form of samples of a specific wordlength (WL) and occurring at a specific sampling rate.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention a digital data signal is given a pre-distortion by means of combining the amplitudes of the digital data signal and of at least one delayed version of the digital data signal. The delayed digital data signal is provided by a delay circuit having an adjustable time delay. A circuit for detecting the duration of a signal pattern in the digital data signal that is indicative of the duration of a repetitively occurring signal segment that determines the delay appropriate in view of the current data rate of the data signal, generates an adjustment signal for adjusting the time delay provided by the adjustable delay circuit. In this way it is possible to add a full bit or partial bit pre-distortion of any desired order to the digital data signal even if the data rate of the digital data signal is unknown at the time of manufacturing the circuit for providing pre-distortion or is allowed to vary, without there being a need for a bit rate synchronous clock.

Abstract: Power amplifier circuit incorporating a negative feedback circuit for a transmitter and phase control method therefor. An I-component test signal and an I-component baseband feedback signal are added for generating an I-component summing signal. A Q-component test signal and a Q-component baseband feedback signal are added for generating a Q-component summing signal. A carrier is orthogonally modulated with the I- and Q-component summing signals. A part of the modulated signal is orthogonally demodulated with the carrier, whereby I-component baseband feedback signal and Q-component baseband feedback signal are outputted. Phase of the carrier is changed in accordance with a phase control signal for holding the phase of the carrier at a time when the detected state of one of the i- and Q-component summing signals as selected meets predetermined condition.

Abstract: An automatic voice response section transfers voice input from a caller to a voice recognition section, and the voice recognition section generates a voice recognition result. The voice recognition result is synthesized at the voice response section into a voice confirmation message and sent back to the caller for confirmation that the voice input was correctly recognized. When a response by the caller to the confirmation message is negative, the automatic voice response section plays the previously received voice input from the caller as audio to a screener interface. A screener listens to the audio and enters a screener recognition result at the screener interface. The screener recognition result is synthesized into a voice response message by the voice response unit and transmitted to the caller for confirmation. Only if the caller responds negatively to the message based upon the screener recognition result is the call switched to an operator for manual handling of the callers special problems.

Abstract: An electronic mail system connected to a network includes a section for converting an image of a document surface into corresponding document image data, and a section for compressing the document image data into compression-resultant image data. The electronic mail system also includes a section for converting the compression-resultant image data into corresponding image data of a given electronic-mail format, a section for receiving information of an electronic-mail destination address, and a section for transmitting the image data of the electronic-mail format toward the electronic-mail destination address via the network.

Abstract: A premises gateway is provided with respect to a subscriber's premises and a plurality of different transmission media for connecting to network devices and host systems on a network. The premises gateway has interchangeable network interface cards and cards for communicating with different nodes on a subscriber's premises using different transmission media and protocols. The nodes are provided with premises network interfaces which operate in conjunction with the premises gateway to allow, for example, devices connected to the same telephone line, but to different telephone wall jacks, to be addressed separately. The premises gateway can communicate analog signals and broadband signals on a twisted pair to the same node. The premises gateway can also be provided at a central office to operate as an Internet protocol gateway.

Abstract: A network management system allowing traffic data collection not to overload switching equipment is disclosed. A schedule table has a plurality of entries, in which traffic data collection events for respective ones of traffic counters are distributed at intervals. A traffic data collection processor sequentially accesses the entries of the schedule table and, when a traffic data collection event is registered in an accessed entry, a traffic data collection request is transmitted to a corresponding traffic counter.

Abstract: A system for receiving a plurality of telephone calls on a single base of a telephone set while allowing access to all of the calls simultaneously with each call being answered by a separate handset dedicated to a specific individual call. The system includes a plurality of handsets and indicators with each handset having its own indicator for indicating an incoming call.

Abstract: An adapter in which a portable telephone having a socket including terminals connected to electric terminals therein is receivable includes an adapter body having a concave portion in which the portable telephone is receivable, a connector provided in the adapter body so as to be exposed to the concave portion, the connector having terminals connected to predetermined electric units including at least an antenna, the connector being connectable the socket of the portable telephone, and a clamping mechanism for clamping the portable telephone received in the concave portion of the adapter body in a state where the connector is connected to the socket of the portable telephone so that the terminals of the connector are in contact with the terminals of the socket of the portable telephone

Abstract: The invention relates to authenticating information sent to a set top box. In one embodiment, a process for distributing information to a plurality of conditional access receivers with a plurality of different signature checking capabilities is disclosed. In one step, a first signature is generated over the information and a second signature is generated over the information. The first and second signatures and the information are sent to the plurality of conditional access receivers.

Abstract: When generating a common key for use in an encryption process of encrypting a plaintext into a ciphertext and a decryption process of decrypting the ciphertext into the plaintext, components which are contained in the secret keys of one entity and correspond to other entity as a communicating party are extracted and composition of all the extracted components is performed while shifting the components to generate a common key. Thus, the common key consisting of a larger number of bits than the number of bits in each of the extracted components is generated. A common key of any size is generated by adjusting the amount of shift.

Abstract: In a scrambler used in the transmission side, a decryptor for generating a work key from a data key and system keys uses the same decryption algorithm as that used in a decryptor for encryption in the OFB mode. Under this condition, in a descrambler used in the receiving side, a decryptor for generating a work key from a data key and system keys can use the same decryption algorithm as that used in a decryptor for encryption in the OFB mode. In addition, another decryptor can use the same decryption algorithm. Therefore, one decryptor can serve as these three decryptors. The scale of the descrambler configuration can be reduced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a key recovery process used for strong encryption of a message sent by an entity, which message is either to be stored locally or transmitted to another entity, the reading of a message requiring a decryption key which can be reconstructed at least by a trusted third party for key recovery, while added to the message are a compensation field and a compulsory control field which itself comprises at least one key recovery field for allowing at least one trusted third party to supply the decryption keys that enable the encrypted message to be read. This key recovery process is remarkable in that the compulsory control field also comprises, in unencrypted form, the current date as well as the agreement number of the encryption hardware/software and, encrypted under a daily intermediate key, the dialogue key.

Abstract: A secret key of an entity is generated at each key generating agency (center) by using divided identification information obtained by dividing identification information of the entity into a plurality of blocks and a hash value which consists of a plurality of bits and is set for each key generating agency (center). A plurality of bits of any order are selected for each key generating agency (center) from an original hash-value sequence consisting of a predetermined sequence of a plurality of bits so as to set the hash value for each key generating agency (center). When a new key generating agency (center) is added to a plurality of existing key generating agencies (centers), a hash value is set for the new key generating agency (center) without changing the hash values of the existing key generating agencies (centers).

Abstract: In an electroacoustic transducer (1) having a magnet system (7) and having a moving coil (15), which is disposed in the air gap (14) of the magnet system (7), and having a diaphragm (17) attached to the moving coil (15) the diaphragm (17) has a mounting zone (24) for mounting the moving coil (15), the diaphragm (17) having projections (25) in the mounting zone (24) and the diaphragm (17) having an interspace between every two projections (25), two stabilizing walls (32, 33), which are inclined with respect to the diaphragm axis (18), are arranged each interspace and are arranged so as to form a roof shape and are formed so as to project beyond the mounting zone (24) in radial directions.

Abstract: A miniature microphone component comprises a miniature condenser microphone, conductive rubber contacts formed and fixed on a terminal area of the miniature microphone and a rubber casting (also called “bushing”) for protection against vibrations covering the circumference of the miniature microphone. To install the miniature microphone component, it is sufficient to insert the miniature microphone component into a small-size communication device so that the conductive rubber contacts formed and fixed on the terminal area of the miniature microphone are pressed against terminal portions on a circuit board. Thus, the working efficiency of the assembly can be considerably increased and the installation space can be minimized.

Abstract: This is a personal earphone assembly comprised of a flexible, elongate tube having open ends and a central lumen therethrough. Earphones are disposed at each open end of the tube, each earphone having a neck projecting therefrom and a wire passing from the neck, through the lumen, to a central aperture in the tube. In a stereophonic embodiment, the earphone wires run parallel from the central lateral aperture to a plug adapted to engage a stereo jack on a signal source. In a monaural embodiment, the earphone wires join a single double-strand lead to a mono jack. Lateral slits are provided adjacent the open ends of the tube for receipt of the temple ends of a pair of eyeglasses. The portions of the tube between the lateral apertures and the open ends wrap over and around the forward portions of a user's ear, and the earphones lodge in the outer ear canal. The assembly may also be worn without eyeglasses.

Abstract: In an electroacoustic transducer (1) having a magnet system (8) and having a diaphragm holder (2) for holding a diaphragm (17) and having a moving coil (115) connected to the diaphragm (17), the moving coil (15) has a hollow cylindrical coil body (27) and two connecting leads (28, 29), a holding element (38, 39) connected to the diaphragm holder (2) being provided for each connecting lead (28, 29), which holding elements (38, 39) are constructed to be elastically deformable in a direction substantially parallel to the diaphragm axis (26) and, preferably, also to be mechanically damping.

Abstract: It is one object of the present invention to prevent embedded verification information from being lost even when a quantization process is performed after verification information has been embedded. A pre-embedding portion 32 converts a image data value so that quantized values not changing by error introduced through the embedding process. A hash value calculator 300 calculates a hash value using image data and key information, and a hash value embedding portion 302 embeds the hash value in the image data. An output format converter 304 quantizes the image data in which the hash value is embedded, and generates JPEG data.

Abstract: Imagery is steganographically encoded with message data to serve a variety of purposes. For example, a photograph can be embedded with a message that identifies a corresponding record in a database, where the database record details information relating to the photograph (e.g., the photographer's name or address). Photocollages can be formed of plural photographic images, each encoded with a different steganographic message. Medical imagery can be embedded with steganographic messages, e.g., to aid in authentication of the images.

Abstract: An economical surveillance apparatus robust to an environmental change includes an input unit for inputting images in a time series, a background image memory unit for storing a plurality of input images, a difference image memory unit for calculating and storing difference degree between a plurality of background images of the background image memory unit and an image inputted afresh, and a judging unit for judging an existence/absence of an invading object by utilizing the value of the difference degree of the difference image memory unit. This surveillance apparatus can automatically register a plurality of background images from a camera image. Since the background images that are no longer used are automatically erased, the drop of detection speed and detection sensitivity can be prevented.

Abstract: An inter-image operation apparatus has temporal subtraction means for calculating a temporal subtraction image from two or more sets of base image data, and history data recording means for recording history data concerning the calculated temporal subtraction image in a database server and concurrently attaching the same history data to the data on the temporal subtraction image. The history data may include information identifying the two or more base images, the date of calculating the temporal subtraction image, the ID number of the patient, the name of the photographed portion of the patient, the photographing angle of the patient, etc. A desired temporal subtraction image may be immediately fetched from the database server by referring to the history data attached thereto if that temporal subtraction image had already been obtained, instead of recalculating that temporal subtraction image. Thus, the diagnostic process of comparing two or more images of an identical object can be carried out efficiently.

Abstract: There is disclosed an image processing apparatus comprises in order to judge an image prohibited by law from being printed at high speed, a judgment unit for judging for each predetermined area whether or not an output requested image includes information indicating that the image is a judgment object image; and a determination unit for determining the predetermined area for each predetermined distance with respect to the output requested image.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for scanning an object to obtain data on the object and determine the configuration of the object. A gantry (12) allows movement along a first direction (A-A′). A set of platforms (14A, 14B) allows movement along a second direction (B-B′). A set of scanning heads (16A, 16B) provide additional degrees of freedom and also provide for scanning the object (10) to obtain information about the object. The freedom of movement provided by the gantry, the platforms, and the scanning heads allows the object to be completely scanned. In addition, once the initial scanning process has been completely, areas which require additional scanning, such as compartments (10D), are identified. The scanning heads are then positioned, such as directly above or inside a compartment, and then the compartment is scanned to obtain information about the compartment that could not be obtained from the initial scanning procedure.

Abstract: An image processing method of an image processing system. The image processing system has a memory for storing programs and a picture image, and a processor for executing the programs stored in the memory. The picture image has a plurality of pixels. The method has three steps. The first step is to find at least one image area with a predetermined characteristic from the picture image according to a predetermined image area detecting method. The second step is to define a boundary area around the image area according to a predetermined boundary area defining method. The third step is to adjust pixels inside the image area according to a predetermined color adjusting method, and adjust pixels inside the boundary area according to a different but similar color adjusting method so that the color adjustment can be extended from the image area to the boundary area.

Abstract: An object of this invention is to provide a coding method and a coding apparatus for efficiently coding both a pixel value signal and a shape signal which are included in an image signal to be coded, wherein a prediction changing unit outputs a reference pixel value changing signal and a reference shape signal to a switching circuit which selects a reference pixel value signal and to a switching circuit which selects a reference shape signal, respectively, so as to control the switching circuit in a way that appropriate reference signals are to be selected.

Abstract: A four corner bag constructed of flexible thermoplastic sheet or film material having overlying front and rear wall panels and a bottom sealed end. The upper portion of the bag includes a first closure region terminating in a top sealed end, a second closure region disposed inwardly of the top sealed end, and a perforated seal or tear strip extending across the width of the bag and located between the first and second closure regions. The second closure region includes an inner heat seal which extends approximately halfway across the width of the bag and a reclosable fastener which extends the remaining distance across the bag. In one embodiment, the inner heat seal is oriented transversely across the bag while the reclosable fastener is upwardly angled so that it forms a natural pour spout during use. In other embodiments, the reclosable fastener is transversely oriented while the inner heat seal is angled.

Abstract: A bearing assembly wherein the inner diameter of the slotted compressible annular locking collar is provided with a protrusion which extends radially inwardly, and finger extensions of the inner ring are provided with a recessed groove which extends at least partially along the collective outer annular surface of the finger extensions. When the locking collar is disposed about the finger extensions of the inner ring, the protrusion is disposed within the recessed groove to retain the locking collar on the inner ring. The inner ring finger extensions and the locking collar are relatively sized such that when they are in their free states, the inner diameter of the protrusion is slightly smaller than the outer diameter of the recessed groove, such that the collar may be snapped over the finger extensions and into proper position on the inner ring prior to installation on a shaft. The protrusion may be an integrally formed part of the locking collar or a separate resilient member.

Abstract: An optical CDMA encoder-decoder is constructed by combining arrayed-waveguide gratings, matrix optical switches, and delay lines, otherwise by combining arrayed-waveguide gratings and variable delay lines, thus providing an encoding process that a wavelength change with respect to time in optical pulses.

Abstract: There is provided a reference wavelength setting device in an optical channel monitoring module having a variable filter, comprising: a reference wavelength provider with a light emitting device for outputting wide-band light upon receipt of a driving voltage; a light emitting device driver for switching the driving voltage to the light-emitting device upon the receipt of an emission-on signal; a fiber grating for reflecting only the light at the reference wavelengths from the wide-band light received from the light emitting device; an optical distributor for feeding the wide-band light received from the light-emitting device to the fiber grating and outputting the light at the reference wavelengths reflected by the fiber grating; and, an optical coupler for outputting the light received from the reference wavelength provider to the variable filter.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an optical-connector-adapter assembly for optically connecting a pair of optical fiber connectors. The assembly includes a base capable of mounting one of the optical fiber connectors, and a slidable base mounting an adapter for mounting the other connector. The slidable base can slide relative to the base, and one of the optical fiber connectors is fixed on the base, the other connector is inserted into the adapter mounted on the slidable base. The optical fiber connectors can be coupled or uncoupled optically when the slidable base advances to and retreat from the base. Further, the slidable base can incline to the base at a position in which the optical fiber connectors are apart each other.

Abstract: An optical module including a substrate having a groove; an optical waveguide layer formed on the substrate, the optical waveguide layer including an optical waveguide core having first and second ends, the first end being aligned with the groove, and an optical waveguide cladding covering the optical waveguide core; a ferrule having a through hole; and an optical fiber inserted and fixed in the through hole. The ferrule has a flat cut portion for semicylindrically exposing a part of the optical fiber inserted and fixed in the through hole. The ferrule is fixed at the flat cut portion to the substrate so that the part of the optical fiber exposed to the flat cut portion is inserted into the groove of the substrate until one end of the optical fiber abuts against the first end of the optical waveguide core.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided including a first chip having a plurality of solder bumps and recesses formed therein at preselected locations. A second chip is provided with a plurality of solder pads and projections. A plurality of solder bonds are coupled between the first and second chips. At least one of the recesses and projections includes angled walls for capturing and directing the other during reflow of the solder bonds such that the first chip aligns relative to the second chip under the surface tension of the solder bonds. If desired, vibrating waves may be applied to the first and second chips during reflow to assist movement of the projections relative to the recesses.

Abstract: An optical module capable of connecting signal lines to an external substrate easily without causing any degradation of the transmission characteristic is disclosed. The optical module comprises an optical element mounting block having an optical element mounting section and an optical fiber guide, and a wiring lead integrated resin substrate having a ferrule holding section, an optical element mounting block housing section, and wiring leads, where at least a part of the wiring leads are provided by signal lines in a coplanar guide structure entirely formed on the wiring lead integrated resin substrate such that a characteristic impedance does not change when the wiring leads are electrically connected to external wirings.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in contoured architectural milieus includes a contoured large screen display having a mounting means to which modular flat display tiles including, tiles of diverse or non-standard shapes and sizes are attached, each display tile having a plurality of optical fibers affixed behind the tile and communicating with a front surface of the tile.

Abstract: An optical fiber whose chromatic dispersions have an opposite sign relative to those of the 1380 nm zero-dispersion fiber at all of the wavelengths in the range of 1450 nm to 1620 nm is provided. This optical fiber has negative chromatic dispersions at all of the wavelengths in this range and the values of which are −7 ps·nm−1·km−1 or more but −1 ps·nm−1·km−1 or less at a wavelength of 1450 nm, −12 ps·nm−1·km−1 or more but −5 ps·nm−1·km−1 or less at a wavelength of 1550 nm and −17 ps·nm−1·km−1 or more but −6 ps·nm−1·km−1 or less at a wavelength of 1620 nm. This optical fiber can compensate the dispersions of 1380 nm zero-dispersion fiber over the entire wavelength in this range.

Abstract: A modular flow cell having a high optical throughput, a long optical path length and a small cross-section. The modular flow cell configuration includes remote ports or connections for liquid and light input, and liquid and light output. The flow cell includes a flow cell body having two ends, each with a respective end interface secured thereto. The flow cell is configured to form a part of a modular flow cell assembly. The flow cell body includes a channel having a through-aperture with an inner surface. A light guiding material, e.g. a transparent fluoropolymer material having a refractive index less than the refractive index of common chromatography solvents, is disposed proximate to the channel to form a light guiding through-aperture in the flow cell body.