Abstract: A lock device for bicycle, which comprises an outer cylinder of a frame, an inner cylinder of front fork, and a transmission assembly mounted between the aforesaid parts; the transmission assembly includes a fixed member, which has a transverse cylindrical hole for receiving a lock device; the outer surface of the lock cylinder of the lock device is furnished with a gear portion; a key is plugged into the keyhole of the lock device to push a plurality of tumbler disks to move; the engage surface of the key can drive the outer casing to turn, and then the gear portion of the outer casing will actuate the transmission assembly to move so as to have the frame and the front fork locked up at an angle of 45 degrees.

Abstract: A push-lock includes a body. The body is formed with a channel having a pair of portions. A cylinder is movable in the body between a front position and a rear position, and has a latch rotatably connected thereto. The latch defines two opposed cutouts in a periphery thereof. A clip has a pair of shanks resiliently flexible in the portions of the channel. The shanks normally abut the periphery of the latch. A spring is provided for moving the cylinder back to the front position. Additionally, the latch can be turned relative to the cylinder in such a manner that the shanks snapped in the cutout may be pushed outward by the turning latch till the shanks filly slide out of the cutouts and abut the periphery of the latch again.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for making alloy components characterised in that after casting the preform (2) and before transferring it into a forging matrix (5), said preform, still hot at the end of casting, is transferred and completely immersed in a vessel (3) for graphitization coating, then, on coming out of the vessel, the preform temperature enabling the water to be evaporated so that the preform is homogeneously coated with graphite.

Abstract: Multi-gauge strips are mainly used as materials for terminals of lead frames, relays, connectors, etc. of power transistors. The objective of the present invention is to provide a method of producing multi-gauge strips by means of forming copper, a copper alloy, or a metal strip which can undergo plastic work in such a manner that its two sides in the widthwise direction are thinner than the center portion. In order to achieve the objective therein, the present invention provides a method producing multi-gauge strips, which comprises the following steps of: forming a flat strip into semi-circular and “U” shapes by means of a press and metal molds while sequentially feeding the material thereto; and then stretching the “U” shape into a flat sheet so that the center portion of the strip in the widthwise direction is thicker, and the two sides from the center are made comparatively thinner.

Abstract: A metal structural panel being suitable, for use in point of display assemblies or other cladding in retail outlets, comprised of a length of metal sheet deformed uniformly and repetitively across the width of the sheet. The panel is manufactured in a machine of two main parts, top and bottom tooling. Firstly the top tooling is moved down onto the sheet metal, pushing it into a gap in the bottom tooling forming a channel in the sheet, at this point two opposed elements in the bottom tooling are forced towards each other forming an overcast channel in the sheet all of these movements are performed and controlled hydraulically and bear no likeness to previous all mechanical tools, also no likeness is given to the finished panel other than its similar use.

Abstract: A tool holder apparatus for a press brake is provided. The apparatus comprises a support plate having a first receiving surface. A pivotable clamp has an engagement portion that is moveable toward the first receiving surface of the support plate by pivoting the clamp. The engagement portion has therein formed a bore in which a lifting shaft is rotatably received. The engagement portion defines an opening communicating with the bore. The shaft has therein formed a notch that is adapted to be engaged through the opening by an exterior corner of a forming tool.

Abstract: Explosive gas detectors are functionally tested by directing a brief aerosol spray discharge of a formulation selected to provide a visible spray discharge and from an aerosol dispenser pressurized with a hydrocarbon propellant. The propellant activates a properly functioning gas detector. The visible directional spray visually confirms delivery of propellant to the gas detector unit, so that a failure to activate is properly attributable to detector failure. A preferred formulation is one previously proven successful for the functional testing of electronic smoke detectors.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a rotation angle sensor having a magnet, a magnetic detector disposed in a magnetic field of the magnet for outputting a detected value indicative of a direction of the magnetic field that varies in accordance with a rotation angle of a rotatable member, and an output circuit which transforms the detected value to an output value in accordance with a transforming characteristic and outputs the output value, the method entailing: assembling the magnet, the magnetic detector and the output circuit to a device that has the rotatable member; rotating the rotatable member to a predetermined reference angle; measuring the detected value or the output value as a measured value when the rotatable member is at the reference angle; and setting the transforming characteristic based on the measured value so that the output circuit outputs a reference output value at the reference angle.

Abstract: The apparatus employs a steel ball which is mounted in upstanding manner on a pin and a frame on which a golf club is pivotally mounted to freely pivot. The golf club is pivoted from a fixed position to impact the head of a golf club against the steel ball and an oscilloscope is used to record the acceleration and movement of the steel ball from its fixed point in response to the impact of the head and also calculates a velocity history of the steel ball. The time at which the calculated velocity is at a maximum is determined.

Abstract: A novel gas chromatograph includes suitably located backpressure restrictors. In a preferred embodiment, each backpressure restrictor consists of capillary tubing with a pressure drop across it controlled to be less than or slightly greater than 0.528. One embodiment places the backpressure restrictor upstream of an initial stream switching valve and downstream of sample pre-heat coil. Another embodiment places the backpressure restrictor downstream of the gas chromatograph's measurement element and its carrier pre-heat coil. In each case, only a controlled and predictable flow rate is achieved, both regulating the flow rate through the system and back pressuring fluid to remain in the respective pre-heat coils to achieve ideal temperature.

Abstract: A dust sampling device having a sampling nozzle is provided. The nozzle is provided with an inlets the diameter of which is variable. The diameter of the nozzle can be instantaneously changed, while keeping constant a sampling flow rate within a measuring device as the nozzle is introduced into a chimney or a duct in response to a change in flue gas flow velocity, to thereby maintain an uniform sampling rate in the nozzle. The nozzle is connected to a dust measuring device and is inserted into an interior of an flue gas passage. The diameter of the nozzle can be changed so as to keeping sampling gas flow rate determined by the dust measuring device constant at the sampling velocity corresponding to the flow velocity of the flue gas. The flue gas sampled through the nozzle is introduced into the dust measuring device.

Abstract: A method for generating indicators relating to the condition of lubricating oil in an internal combustion engine. A set of variables relating to operation of the internal combustion engine serve as proxy variables for brake mean effective pressure developed by the internal combustion engine. Operation of an engine is monitored to develop values for the proxy variables. Soot being added to the lubricating oil from the developed values and accumulated to provide an estimate of total soot in the lubricating oil. Lubricating oil temperature is periodically monitored and a history of the lubricating oil temperature measurements is kept to allow generation therefrom of an estimate of shear of the lubricating oil. Accumulated estimate of soot is kept as a distance remaining until the lubricating oil becomes unsuitable for continued use in the internal combustion engine. Similarly, estimated shear is expressed as a distance until the lubricating oil is to be replaced.

Abstract: A viscosimeter for measuring the relative, intrinsic or inherent viscosity of a solution in a solvent with at least one flow resistance and one feeding point for the solution to be examined in a conduit system as well as with respective manometers on the flow resistance which are coupled with a differential amplifier, wherein the viscosimeter includes flow resistances such as disk-shaped or leaf-shaped Venturi nozzles or different KV flow resistances with the smallest possible thickness and with a small volume with respect to all other parallel and following capillaries in a flow conduit system with two legs which contains in the first leg at least three pressure reducing elements, for example capillaries, whereby behind the capillary following the branch point a pressure manometer is provided for with a connected bigger vessel, whereby behind further capillaries connected with each other with different diameters and with a big volume which corresponds to 100 to 1000 times the KV flow resistance in the second

Abstract: A method and apparatus for observing a specimen in atomic force microscopy with a vibrating cantilever maintained in resonance while a probe attached to the cantilever is maintained in contact with the specimen. The Q factor of the cantilever is determined based upon the detected amplitude.

Abstract: A method of detection and identification of pressure sensor faults in an electro-hydraulic braking system of the type comprising a brake pedal, respective braking devices connected to the vehicle wheels and which communicate with electronically controlled proportional control valves in order to apply hydraulic fluid under pressure to the braking devices, respective pressure sensors for measuring the hydraulic pressures at the individual braking devices, a hydraulic pump driven by an electric motor, a high pressure hydraulic pressure accumulator fed by the pump for the provision of hydraulic fluid under pressure which can be passed to the braking devices via the proportional control valves in order to apply hydraulic fluid under pressure to the braking devices in proportion to the driver's braking demand as sensed at the brake pedal, and a supply pressure sensor for monitoring the hydraulic pressure supplied to the electronically controlled proportional control valves.

Abstract: An electronic tire pressure gauge with a rotary pressure measuring head is disclosed. A meter body is rotatably engaged with respect to the pressure measuring head. A light emitting element is installed at a select position of the pressure measuring head so as to provide a sufficient illumination in the dark. Thereby the user may find the air tap easily.

Abstract: System for monitoring the deformations of a moving tire (1) fitted on a rim (2) associated with a vehicle, comprising: a moving station (20) located in a predetermined position on the said rim (2) and capable of sending an optical beam towards the inner surface of the tire (111), receiving the light reflected from the said surface and emitting a signal proportional to the deformations of the tire in a longitudinal direction, in a transverse direction and in a vertical direction; a reflecting element positioned on the said inner surface of the tire, comprising a region (112) which has at least one area of high light reflection and one area of low light reflection and which is capable of reflecting the said optical beam.

Abstract: A system for producing tires having a toroidal carcass, a tread and defined internally by two annular beads. The system includes a production line for manufacturing the tires and a control station for measuring the electrical conductivity of each tire. The production line includes a conveyor which transports the tires between successive parts of the system. A pair of gripping bodies engages the bead portion of the tires and moves the tires vertically from a start position to a measuring position. At least one of the gripping bodies being electrically connected to a first terminal of a measuring instrument. A conducting element is electrically connected to a second terminal of the measuring instrument and is moved into contact with the tread of the tires. The measuring instrument measures the electrical conductivity between the tread and the bead portion of the tires.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the instantaneous behavior of a tire includes the steps of acquiring and storing at least one basic reference curve representing variation of a displacement of at least one specified point of the tire in at least one of three spatial directions as a function of a spatial position of the at least one specified point during at least one portion of a revolution of the tire, continuously acquiring first signals representing the spatial position of the at least one specified point, deriving from the spatial position signals of the at least one specified point at least one cyclic curve of current operating displacement in at least one spatial direction, continuously comparing the at least one cyclic curve of current operating displacement with the at least one basic reference curve, and emitting a second signal depending on results of the comparison. A related device is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for analysing a well completion system, wherein the method includes receiving data representative of physical characteristics of the completion system and calculating a first change in length of a tube string resulting from a helical buckling effect. The method further includes calculating a second change in length of the tube string resulting from a ballooning effect and calculating a third change in length of the tube string resulting from a slackoff force effect. Upon completion of the calculating steps, the method may output predetermined results therefrom.

Abstract: A multi-function probe system that provides redundancy for measurements and compensates for effects of sideslip of an aircraft includes at least two probes that are symmetrically located on the opposite sides of the aircraft, and a third probe mounted on the centerline of the aircraft positioned to directly measure local sideslip with ports that are positioned on opposite sides of the center plane of the aircraft. Each of the probes includes self contained instrumentation for providing signals indicating various pressures. The local angle of sideslip sensed by the third probe is used as a compensation for pressure readings at either of the other probes for determining actual angle of attack, and static pressure.

Abstract: A split-flow-type flowmeter includes a detection element 2 disposed to face a flow path thereof and a venturi structure 4 formed within a flow path 1 in the vicinity of the detection element 2 and adapted to throttle a flow directed toward the detection element 2 to thereby reduce disturbance of the flow. The venturi structure 4 is disposed in opposition to the detection element 2 within the flow path 1 and includes a protrusion 5 protruding toward the detection element 2 within the flow path 1 of the split-flow-type flowmeter.

Abstract: A combination gas cap and LED fuel gauge, adapted for sealing a gas tank filling aperture of a gas tank of a motorcycle, has a plurality of LEDs for displaying the measurements of a gas level measuring device installed in or on the gas tank. The combination includes a gas cap housing and an LED control module. The gas cap housing is adapted for fitting within and sealing the gas tank filling aperture, as well as containing the LED control module. The LED control module includes and controls the plurality of LEDs that provide a visual indicator as to how much gas is in the gas tank. The gas cap housing has a top surface and a base. The top surface has a perimeter, and a perimeter sidewall extends downwardly from the perimeter of the top surface. The perimeter sidewall has an indicator opening through which the plurality of LEDs can be viewed.

Abstract: A well water level sensing apparatus using a pressurized air column in contact with the water at its distal end to derive a correlated value dependent upon the length of the air column which is converted for retrieving stored water levels from memory and displaying the retrieved water levels on a visual display. The water level sensing apparatus may be manually initiated or programmatically controlled for continual monitoring.

Abstract: A digital angular rate and acceleration sensor is constructed with force-sensitive resonators positioned longitudinally on one or both sides of the neutral bending plane of a cantilevered structure. The cantilevered structure has an inertial proof mass at its free end with a periodic velocity applied sideways to the bending plane. Rotation about the longitudinal axis, which produces periodic Coriolis acceleration, as well as inertial acceleration applied perpendicular to the bending plane, generate tensile and compressive forces on the resonators thereby altering the resonant frequencies that are thus a measure of angular rate of rotation and acceleration.

Abstract: A vibrating gyroscope includes supporting members that are fixed to the vicinities of two node points of a bar-shaped vibrator. The supporting members extend from the positions at which they are fixed to the vibrator in the widthwise direction of the vibrator. The supporting members also include intermediate portions positioned on the plane (neutral plane) which is substantially parallel to first and second main surfaces of the vibrator and which passes through the approximate center of the thickness direction.

Abstract: A vibrating gyroscope includes supporting members which are fixed in the vicinity of two node axes n1 and n2 of a bar-shaped vibrator. The supporting members corresponding to node axis n1 extend from the locations at which they are fixed to the vibrator in the widthwise direction of the vibrator, and also include bending portions and a proximity portion. The bending portions bend toward node axis n1. At the proximity portion, the supporting members are in close proximity with each other with a gap therebetween in the vicinity of node axis n1.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining elasticity characteristics of a thin-film layer. The apparatus comprises a sensor element having a base magnetostrictive element at least one surface of which is at least partially coated with the thin-film layer. The thin-film layer may be of a variety of materials (having a synthetic and/or bio-component) in a state or form capable of being deposited, manually or otherwise, on the base element surface, such as by way of eye-dropper, melting, dripping, brushing, sputtering, spraying, etching, evaporation, dip-coating, laminating, etc. Among suitable thin-film layers for the sensor element of the invention are fluent bio-substances, thin-film deposits used in manufacturing processes, polymeric coatings, paint, an adhesive, and so on.

Abstract: A method for monitoring and measuring the buildup of deposits on the inner surface of a pipeline containing flowing fluid comprises (a) transmitting a first acoustic signal into the pipeline through the pipeline wall, (b) receiving echoes of the transmitted signal, and (c) determining from the received echoes how far from the pipeline inner surface the interface between the deposits and the flowing fluid lies. An alternative method for monitoring and measuring the buildup of deposits on the inner surface of a pipeline containing flowing fluid comprises (a) transmitting a first acoustic signal into the pipeline through the pipeline wall, (b) receiving echoes of the signal, and (c) using the Doppler frequency shift of the received echoes to determine how far from the pipeline inner surface the interface between the deposits and the flowing fluid lies.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for non-destructive testing of materials, in which at least two differently guided waves (modes) are produced in the solid body, each at at least one specified angle, the measured reflection values are placed in relation to a reference echo in order to obtain a relative reflection value, and the relative reflection values of the individual modes are again placed in relation to one another, thereby enabling the size and type of the defects to be determined.

Abstract: A strain sensor ideally suited for use as occupant weight sensors in an automobile is disclosed. The sensor uses stainless steel as a substrate. A portion of this conductive substrate is coated with a dielectric material such as porcelain. Strain sensitive resistors are screened on the dielectric to sense the strain placed on the substrate. This provides a robust and reliable sensor.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring elongation in a contactless manner capable of obtaining accurate measured value without attaching reference lines and capable of being automated, wherein laser beams are irradiated from two sensor sections each comprising a laser projector and a CCD camera to prescribed reference line positions at two positions on a test specimen, laser reflection lights are photographed respectively as speckle patterns each comprising a plurality of fringes respectively by the CCD cameras, the fringes at predetermined positions the speckle patterns are recognized on the coordinate of the CCD camera screens as targets correspondingly to the prescribed reference line positions at two positions respectively, and the moving amount on the pixel unit basis on the coordinate of the target fringes that move in accordance with the elongation of the test specimen are detected respectively to determine the elongation information of the test specimen, the fringes of the speckle patterns photographed by

Abstract: A test specimen holder for holding a test specimen in a material testing machine includes a base member having a piston chamber, a valve chamber fluidly coupled to the piston chamber, a port fluidly coupled to the valve chamber and an end couplable to a material testing machine. A piston is movable relative to the piston chamber. A pair of first and second jaw assemblies are supported by the base members so as to be opposite each other. The jaw assemblies are operably coupled to the piston. A valve is disposed in the valve chamber and a valve stem is coupled to the valve. The valve stem is supported by the base member and is twistable to operate the valve. A user operable knob is coupled to the valve stem.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pressure based fingerprint image capture device that includes an array of cantilevers or simply suspended bridges, with each pressure based sensor having a cantilever or a simply suspended bridge in contact with a conducting electrode that deforms under the load applied by the localized ridge on the fingerprint, and which provides contact to another conducting electrode thereby closing the electrical circuit, a switch in the simplest form, and providing a “pulse” response from the sensor. In the quiescent state, each cantilever or simply suspended bridge structure contains an upper electrode which forms one part of the switch, while another conducting layer, the lower electrode at the bottom of the well of the individual sensor, forms the other part of the switch.

Abstract: Device for the analogue measurement of a torsion torque, steering column and module comprising it.

Abstract: An exhaust gas sampling system for use in connection with the sampling of an internal combustion engine exhaust gas streams has a plurality of diluters arranged in a serial array along an axial extent. A source of engine exhaust gas is fluidically connected to the plurality of serially arranged diluters so as to supply an engine exhaust gas stream into each one of the plurality of serially arranged diluters in a serial manner. A source of dilution air fluidically is connected to each one of the plurality of serially arranged diluters so as to supply dilution air into each one of the plurality of serially arranged diluters.

Abstract: A device, system and method for bypassing and/or testing a sample of a material flowing in a direction along a flowpath utilizes a sleeve having open ends and defining a duct adapted for insertion into the flowpath and a sidewall. An inlet conduit attached to the sleeve has an inlet section at one end, and an outlet conduit attached to the sleeve has an outlet section. The sample is returned through the outlet conduit in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of the material flowing through the sleeve.

Abstract: An apparatus for extracting samples of product such as liquid or gas from a product chamber. The apparatus comprises a sample chamber arranged in a housing for movement between positions projected into and retracted from the product chamber. The housing is connected to a lateral side of the product chamber in such a manner as to surround an opening thereof in a sealing relation. The apparatus further has a product outlet and a plunger that includes the sample chamber and is supported for axial movement in the housing which is configured as a cylinder.

Abstract: A sample bag for collecting a sample of gaseous constituents defines a sample chamber with a wall that allows a constituent to diffuse therethrough, and defines an auxiliary chamber on the other side of the wall to receive the diffusing constituent. Advantageously, a control gas may be provided in the auxiliary chamber to control the rate of net diffusion across the wall of the sample chamber. The control gas may be the same as the sample gas.

Abstract: A modular automated diagnostic analyzer having a fluid entry module for sample aspiration, a valve module for selecting fluids and a pump module for fluidic movement. so that a biological sample does not come into contact with the valve system through which calibrants and air are introduced to the fluid path. The fluid entry module encloses an aspiration tube rotatably and slidably engaged with the analysis mechanism chassis to move to different positions for the introduction of fluids into the analysis apparatus from different types of sample containers. A wiping seal removes residues of aspirated fluids from the exterior surfaces of the aspiration tube with the residue being aspirated into the analysis apparatus for disposal. Sensor modules mounted in a sensor chamber are structured to mechanically stack and interlock and include film sensors with use life record memories and each sensor module includes a fluid tight sealed passage and a sensor element.

Abstract: An automated system for checking the structural integrity of pallets (22) which, after suitable programming, besides the checking operations and through special pliers (40, 40A) can carry out further handling operations on the pallets (22) between any combination of fixed surfaces (24) and stacks of pallets (26-31), performing the typical functions of traditional stackers (12) and de-stackers (13) and eliminating the needs of bulky transport paths and complex connecting deviations.

Abstract: A self-propelled lateral inspection apparatus includes a body, a main camera fixed to the body, and a lateral camera movable with respect to the body into a lateral sewer pipe. A low frequency beacon is carried by the lateral camera or may be provided separately from the lateral camera. The beacon may be used to determine the position of the lateral camera in the lateral sewer pipe, or to map the lateral sewer pipe. A picture-in-picture processor is carried by the body, and permits an above-ground user to view video images from both the main and lateral cameras simultaneously on a single monitor screen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of detecting an internal arc in a metal-clad electrical link, wherein the rising edge of the internal pressure surge generated by the arc and propagating inside the cladding is detected at a fixed location along the cladding. The invention also relates to a device comprising at least one one-way detection unit constituted by a pressure sensor disposed outside the cladding and connected to the inside the cladding via a horn-shaped duct which slopes relative to the axis of the cladding, which has its mouth opening out in the cladding, and which has its tip connected to the pressure sensor.

Abstract: A positioning unit (1) includes an accelerating nanodrive (2), which has a resolution of at least ±10 nm, a slider (5) and a module (6, 7), which has a stationary component (6) and a component (7) movable for this purpose. The component (7) has a mass of less than 500 g and is movably supported relative to the drive (2). The slider (5) and the movable component (7) of the module (6, 7) are securely connected one to the other and the drive (2) can exert accelerations higher than 10 G.

Abstract: A control apparatus for increasing the reliability of the range shifting of the transmission based on the operation of a shift lever. Only when a shift permission switch is operated by a driver and the shift lever is operated does a determination circuit validate the operation of the shift lever. When the shift permission switch is not operated, the determination circuit does not shift the range of the transmission even when the shift lever is moved.

Abstract: A shift lock device for a shift lever of a shift apparatus includes a fixed plate having a shift gate that allows movement of the shift lever to each of the shift positions. A movable plate faces the fixed plate and is movable in a direction intersecting a moving direction of shift lever. The movable plate has a corresponding gate that has an area greater than the area of the shift gate. A solenoid is connected to the movable plate to move the movable plate between a first position and a second position. The corresponding gate of the movable plate allows movement of the shift lever to any shift position at the first position and restricts movement of the shift lever in cooperation with the fixed plate at the second position.

Abstract: A manually controlled transmission includes a combined detent and interlock pin mechanism. The elongated interlock pin prevents surrounding shift fork extensions from being engaged when a desired shift fork extension is selected. A recess in the interlock pin allows engagement of a shift lever with a desired shift fork extension, and opposing sides of the interlock pin engage shift finger notches in the other shift fork extensions to prevent their movement. Detent springs attached to the manually controlled transmission substantially contact opposing ends of the sliding interlock pin to provide resistance as an end of the interlock pin substantially contacts the detent spring. An anti-rotate pin positioned proximate to the interlock pin prevents rotation, but not translation, of interlock pin.

Abstract: An improved transfer case has fewer parts than the prior art to achieve the pneumatic three-position function. In the prior art the pneumatic cylinders were provided by bolt-on housings which required additional components to achieve a fluid tight connection.

Abstract: An orientation preserving angular swivel joint suitable for mechanical robotic arms and in particular snake robots, the joint comprising two members and an angular bevel gear train that connects the two members of the joint. The gear train allows an actuator to be positioned along the axis of the joint while transferring forces to the periphery of the mechanism, thus creating a high mechanical advantage proportional to the radius of the robot. The gear train is capable of transferring rotational motion between the two members with a constant ratio. Relative rotation between two bays of the joint does not take place, thereby preventing electrical wires running through the body of the snake from being twisted, and thus avoiding failure.

Abstract: A controlled relative motion system comprising a base support, a manipulable support, a group of link end constrainers each having a first portion movably connected to a second portion thereof so that ends of the first and second portions can be selectively separated from one another in a selected direction so as to have a selected distance therebetween, and two groups of pivoting links. With at least four link end constrainers in the group thereof, the first group of pivoting links has corresponding links each rotatably coupled to force imparting means or to the base support so as to be rotatable about a corresponding base link axis where each of said base link axes extend into regions between adjacent ones of said first group of pivoting links into which regions said base link axes of said adjacent ones also extend, and each coupled to a first portion end of a corresponding one of the group of link end constrainers.