Abstract: An inkjet head is disclosed which an ink ejection unit and a plate including an ink ejection nozzle disposed in correspondence to the ink ejection unit. The plate contains fine particles that have a water-repellent function in at least a region near to a surface of the plate, the fine particles being dispersed therein. The plate is arranged by etching using at least two kinds of etching conditions which differ in magnitude relation between an etching rate of the fine particles in the region and an etching rate of portion of the plate excluding the fine particles in the region, to form the ink ejection nozzle and a surface of the plate in the vicinity of an ink ejection opening of the ink ejection nozzle. The fine particles, for example mainly comprises silicone. The surface of the plate formed by etching is a fine irregular surface where the fine particles are exposed, and an inner surface of the ink ejection nozzle formed by etching is a flat surface with no fine irregular portion.

Abstract: There is provided a system for supplying a chemical to a substrate to form a liquid film of the chemical on the substrate, the system being capable of inhibiting particles from adhering to the surface of the substrate and improving the yields of a coating film formed on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: Objects, (4) especially vehicle bodies (4), are guided through a painting installation comprising at least one bath (2) in a continuous translation movement, by means of a transport device (5). Immersion devices carry the objects using a carrier structure (61) which is connected to the transport device (5) in such a way that it can be pivoted by a pivoting arm (50, 51). A first drive device (54, 55, 56, 57) causes a pivoting movement of the pivoting arm (50, 51) about a first axis. A second drive device (78, 79, 80, 81) is used to pivot the carrier structure (61) about the second axis, in relation to the pivoting arm (50, 51). One such immersion device enables very different kinematics of the immersing and emerging movement to be carried out.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for manufacturing substrates with transparent conductive films, which is capable of preventing occurrence of abnormal discharge and making feed rollers thereof durable. A carrier supports a tray holding an insulated substrate via support members each formed by a hollow cylindrical member (separator element) and a hollow cylindrical member (support element). The carrier is transported by feed rollers 38 whose axles are not made of a ceramic material but made of a metal higher in rigidity, in an atmosphere of vaporized particles of an ITO sintered body. The hollow cylindrical members (separators) separate the atmosphere of vaporized particles from outer surfaces of the hollow cylindrical members (support elements) to form a labyrinth in a path of migration and attachment of the vaporized particles.

Abstract: Prior to the start of transfer of an insulation film to a substrate, the degree of opening of a butterfly valve is set small so that evaporation of a solvent component contained in the insulation film is suppressed and the fluidity of the insulation film is ensured at the start of the transfer. On the other hand, the butterfly valve is totally opened at the start of the transfer, so that the pressure inside a thin film forming chamber rapidly decreases and transfer of the insulation film to the substrate is performed always in a low-pressure state (high-degree of vacuum).

Abstract: Apparatus and method for abatement of effluent from multi-component metal oxides deposited by CVD processes using metal source reagent liquid solutions which comprise at least one metal coordination complex including a metal to which is coordinatively bound at least one ligand in a stable complex and a suitable solvent medium for that metal coordination complex e.g., a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process for forming barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films on substrates. The effluent is sorptively treated to remove precursor species and MOCVD process by-products from the effluent. An endpoint detector such as a quartz microbalance detector may be employed to detect incipient breakthrough conditions in the sorptive treatment unit.

Abstract: A method of depositing thin films has steps of: providing a physical vapor deposition (PVD) vacuum reactor to deposit a first layer; providing at least a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) vacuum reactor to deposit a second layer on the first layer; and providing a radio frequency (RF) plasma treatment reactor to perform plasma treatment on the second layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is device for depositing at least one precursor, on at least one substrate, said precursor being present in the liquid or dissolved form. The inventive device comprises at least one storage container for the individual or mixed precursor/s and a reaction chamber in which the substrate/s is/are arranged, the layers being placed on said substrates. The inventive device also comprises a conveying device that conveys the precursor/s from the storage container/s to the area by means of at least one line, whereby the precursor/s are vaporized in said area. Said device further comprises a control unit which controls the conveying device. The invention is characterized in that a sensor unit is provided which detects the amount of the supplied precursors and has an output signal that is applied to the control unit as a real signal. The control unit controls the conveying device in such a way that the mass flow pertaining to the precursors has a mean predetermined value during a given time period.

Abstract: A pneumatically operated egg injection machine includes a sealed frame structure with a pair of in line parallel tracks through an injection section and a transfer section in series. An injection assembly over one parallel track includes a plurality of injectors gripped in a support plate to simultaneously inject vaccine into the same injection region irrespective of egg height and orientation. Fluid delivery systems meter prescribed vaccine dosages to the injecting needles with reduced turbulence, friction, heat and residence time to increase the delivered titer to the injected eggs. A transfer assembly includes a plurality of transfer suction cups which lift the injected eggs by causing a reduced pressure in a ring around the injection hole while maintaining the injection hole at atmospheric pressure, thus avoiding negative pressure in the egg. Once the eggs are lifted, the plate and suction cups move horizontally across the machine over to the other parallel track to deposit the injected eggs.

Abstract: A feedbox for breeding poultry is described, of the type comprising at least one main protection grate mounted on a feed storage tub and with dividing plates and openings to allow the poultry access to the feed. Besides, the feedbox comprises an auxiliary grate slidingly or rotationally joined to the main protection grate, the auxiliary grate being equipped with a plurality of peripheral tips and arranged so that the tips do not interfere with said openings of the main protection grate in at least a first relative position of the auxiliary grate with respect to the main grate and, vice versa, at least partially obstruct one or more of the openings in at least a second relative position of the auxiliary grate with respect to the main grate.

Abstract: A watering insert [18] for chick transport trays [1A, 1B] utilizes a plurality of watering nipples [17] connected to, and communicating with, a central water tank [27]. The insert utilizes a support surface [44] along the periphery [50] of the insert for supporting the insert in the open top of the tray at a height sufficient to allow chicks to activate the watering nipples. The water tank comprises an upper removable portion [28] and a lower portion [30] containing the nipples. A vented fill cap [21] allows convenient filling of the insert tank and provides a vacuum break when the nipples are activated.

Abstract: The freezeless method for watering livestock, in one embodiment, is a method and means to provide water to livestock using a well, trough and a piston pump that is activated and powered by the animal. The animal uses its nose to push a plate on a lever apparatus that is attached to the pump. The pushing motion causes a rod to move the piston pump, which in turn raises water to the surface via piping into the trough where the animal drinks the water. The animal continues to pump the lever apparatus until the desired amount of water is consumed. By using a drain means and insulation means, the apparatus operates in freezing temperatures without the use of a power or heat source.

Abstract: A changeable-floor type rearing cage for rearing small animals includes a hexahedral cage body having a top wall, four side walls and a bottom wall, and defining a space for rearing small animals therein, and a drawer-type floor board inserted through a slot formed in the front side wall into the cage body and placed in the cage body so as to be cover the bottom wall and to be drawn out of the cage body, and providing a surface with which the small animals come directly into contact. At least a part of the floor board is perforated or meshed to let liquid excrements excreted by the small animals drip from the floor board.

Abstract: An enclosure is provided having openings for entry of rodents within the enclosure. There is arranged one or more applicators in the form of a suspended flexible web configured to contact rodents entering the chamber and having a chemical on the web for application to the rodents.

Abstract: Disclosed is a small animal exercise device, suitable for allowing a small rodent or other small and trainable animal to be domesticated, and confined in a relatively small space while enjoying the benefits of exercise that accrue to mammals of all kinds. The exercise device includes a dish, a stand and a connecting assembly. The dish provides an effectively large and safe exercise surface, while physically fitting into the confined environment or small enclosure for small animals such as rodents and the like. The dish has an outer periphery and a raceway having a solid surface adjacent the periphery. The dish is rotatably connected to a stand, which elevates the dish above the horizontal surface upon which the stand rests, to allow the dish to rotate freely during rodent or other small animal exercise. The connecting assembly, includes among other things, a bearing assembly which fixedly, but rotatably connects the dish to the stand, more particularly, the distal end of the stand defines a bearing shaft.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine which is operated in at least one engine operation range in a substantially homogeneous self-ignited manner and in at least a second engine operation range in a substantially homogeneous spark-ignited manner, with a changeover occurring during engine operation between homogeneous self-ignited operation and homogeneous spark-ignited operation depending on the load and vice-versa.

Abstract: A cooling system for a liquid cooled internal combustion engine having an internal water jacket, a water pump having an outlet connected to an inlet of the water jacket, a thermostat housing including a thermostat and having an inlet connected with an outlet of the water jacket, a heat exchanger connected between an outlet of the thermostat housing and an inlet of the water pump for cooling the liquid in the cooling system, includes a coolant shunt extending from the water pump outlet to the inlet of the thermostat housing whereby when the thermostat is open, coolant flow through the heat exchanger is greater than coolant flow thorough the engine so that heat exchanger cooling is increased and parasitic losses across the water pump are minimized.

Abstract: The present invention relates to such a water cooling device of a vertical multi-cylinder engine as mentioned below.

Abstract: A valve assembly for limiting the flow of fluid into and out of a chamber, consisting of: a valve seat in a wall of the chamber, wherein fluid flows into and out of the chamber through the valve seat; a valve face engaging the valve seat, wherein the valve face is external to the chamber; and a mechanism for moving the valve face toward and away from the valve seat wherein the valve face is substantially removed from the path of fluid flow through the valve seat when the valve face is moved away from the valve seat.

Abstract: An electromechanical engine valve actuation system 10 is provided including a control element 16, a first actuator 18, a second actuator 20, an armature element 26 and a motion detector 32. The control element 16 controls the first actuator 18 and the second actuator 20 in response to the motion detector 32 in order to reduce the impact of the armature element 26.

Abstract: An electromechanical engine valve actuation system 10 is provided including a loss compensation controller 16, a first actuator 18, a second actuator 20, an armature element 26 and a motion detector 32. The loss compensation controller 16 calculates the mechanical losses of the armature element and controls the first actuator 18 and the second actuator 20 in response to the mechanical losses in order to reduce the impact of the armature element 26.

Abstract: Method for piloting electromagnetic actuators for the control of the valves of an engine; each electromagnetic actuator is provided with at least one respective electromagnet, which is piloted by a common piloting device by means of the supply of an electric current wave which has two, initial and end control portions in which the intensity of the electric current varies rapidly and an intermediate maintenance portion in which the intensity of the electric current remains substantially constant; the method consists of supplying respective electric current waves cyclically to the electromagnets in order to control the valves according to the drive point, and to vary at a control portion of each wave the value of the intensity of the electric current supplied during the portions of maintenance of the other waves in order to limit the variation of the quantity of electric charge distributed overall by the piloting device.

Abstract: Electromagnetic system to control the valves of an engine and having a control unit and for each valve a respective electromagnetic actuator provided with a pair of electromagnets; each electromagnet has a winding which is provided with a power bobbin and an auxiliary measurement bobbin, and a flexible connection cable, which is directly integrated in the respective winding in order to connect the winding itself to the control unit electrically without further interpositions.

Abstract: An engine has a combustion chamber. An air induction system communicates with the combustion chamber through an intake port. An exhaust system communicates with the combustion chamber through an exhaust port. Intake and exhaust valves move between an opening position and a closing position of the intake port and the exhaust port, respectively. A camshaft actuates either the intake valve or the exhaust valve. The camshaft extends generally vertically. A camshaft cover member encloses the camshaft together with an engine body of the engine. The camshaft cover member defines a slot through which a tool can pass. The tool can prevent the camshaft from rotating.

Abstract: The invention relates to a variable valve drive for a cam-actuated lift valve of an internal combustion engine which is loaded by a closing pressure against the direction of opening, with a hydraulic power generating device acting on the lift valve against the closing force with a control piston arranged longitudinally displaceable in a cylinder and adjacent to a hydraulic control chamber, with a stroke of the lift valve produced by an actuating cam being at least reducible by removing hydraulic liquid from the control chamber by means of a control valve. In order to arrange the valve stroke and valve opening as free as possible in the simplest possible way it is provided that the control chamber is connectable with a high pressure level preferably by means of the control valve.

Abstract: A starter which is capable of having an operator easily perform the starting operation of a backpack-type power working machine while shouldering it, is lighter in weight and cheaper in manufacturing cost, is relatively free from trouble, and can not easily be damaged even if a portion of the starter is caught by the branch of a tree. In this starter, a recoil handle attached to one end portion of the recoil rope is placed remote from the main body of the starter by a predetermined distance and adapted to be supported by a handle-supporting member provided at a specific portion of the working machine; and an extended portion of the recoil rope which is located between the main body and the handle-supporting member is loosely sheathed by a flexible guide pipe, one end of which being fixed, and the other end being made free.

Abstract: A direct-drive rotary engine having a rotor housing, the rotor housing having an interior wall structure which defines the open interior of the engine compartment, including an air intake region, a compression region, a combustion region, an expansion region and an exhaust region therein, in which is rotatably disposed a cylindrical rotor assembly coaxially fixed to an engine shaft. The rotor receives a plurality of slidable and retractable sliding walls in a radial arrangement, respectively at positions substantially equal spaced on circumference of said rotor. The sliding walls are pressures biased to the surrounding inner wall structure of the rotor housing during the rotation of the rotor. The reciprocating movements of the sliding walls define the working chambers of the engine as the rotor rotates, dividing the rotor housing into plurality of sweeping airtight chambers, so that the Otto cycle are carried out once for each sliding wall during a complete revolution of the rotor.

Abstract: A direct-injection spark-ignited engine is provided that includes a combustion chamber formed between a lower surface of a cylinder head and an upper surface of a piston. An intake and an exhaust valve are respectively disposed in an intake port and an exhaust port. These ports are respectively disposed on each side of the cylinder head. A spark plug is disposed in the cylinder head. A fuel injector directly injects fuel into the combustion chamber. A bowl is formed in the upper surface of the piston for generating a turbulent air flow.

Abstract: A hybrid air engine includes an engine block, a head with at least one precombustion chamber (head), at least one intake injector, at least one exhaust valve, a routing manifold, and an engine control module. The at least one intake injector, and the at least one exhaust valve are retained by the head. The precombustion chamber formed in the head includes a spark plug and a precombustion injector. A source of compressed air and a source for fuel is supplied to the routing manifold. The routing manifold directs the flow of the compressed air and fuel to the at least one intake injector and at least one precombustion injector. The engine control module controls the operation of the at least one intake injector, at least one exhaust valve, and other engine components.

Abstract: The invention relates to an internal combustion engine run on Otto fuel which may be compression ignition operated in a first operational range (HCCI) and spark ignition operated in a second operational range (SI), with means for adjusting valve timing of at least one intake valve (7) and of at least one exhaust valve (8), with at least one ignition equipment (18) and at least one direct injection equipment (17) in each cylinder (1). To permit in the easiest possible way compression ignition and spark ignition operation on Otto fuel, there is provided at least one intake camshaft (9) for actuating the intake valves (7) and at least one exhaust camshaft (10) for actuating the exhaust valves (8), that at least one intake valve (7) in each cylinder (1) is movable between a first and a second lift position by a device for changing the valve lift (11), and that at least one exhaust valve (8) is actuatable by a residual gas recirculation system (13) during the intake lift.

Abstract: Provided is a method of controlling the timing of ignition of a compression ignition internal combustion engine of a premixed mixture type in which a premixed gas is self-ignited through compression by a piston, the volume of fuel spray impinging upon the inner wall surface of a combustion chamber is continuously or stepwise increased as the engine speed is changed from a low value to a high value, and which can optimumly control the timing of compression ignition in accordance with an operating condition of the engine at a low cost without complicating the apparatus configuration.

Abstract: Provided is a method of controlling the timing of ignition of a compression ignition internal combustion engine of a premixed mixture type in which a premixed gas is self-ignited through compression by a piston, the volume of fuel spray impinging upon the inner wall surface of a combustion chamber is continuously or stepwise increased as the engine speed is changed from a low value to a high value, and which can optimumly control the timing of compression ignition in accordance with an operating condition of the engine at a low cost without complicating the apparatus configuration.

Abstract: A control system for general-purpose spark-ignition internal combustion engine to be used for a portable generator, etc., having one or two cylinders and an actuator connected to the throttle valve to open or close the throttle value. In the system, an adaptive controller with a parameter identification mechanism is provided which receives a detected engine speed and a desired engine speed as inputs, and computes a command value to be supplied to the actuator, using an adaptive parameter identified by the parameter identification mechanism, such that the detected engine speed is brought to the desired speed. In the system, the desired engine speed is determined such that the desired engine speed per unit time is not greater than a prescribed value. and the command value is determined to be within the upper and lower limits of the throttle value. In addition, the detected engine speed is smoothed and a gain for determining the convergence speed of the adaptive controller is determined appropriately.

Abstract: An engine shutdown valve for terminating air flow to a diesel engine and thereby shutting down the engine. The shutdown valve is an integral casting and comprises the valve body and associated nozzles. A land is machined on the valve body for attachment directly to the flange of a solenoid. A spindle assembly has a spindle with a flange and an associate spacer for retaining a compression spring between respective shoulders on said flange and spacer. The spindle has an area within the spring of a significantly smaller diameter thereby to avoid contact with the spring during operation.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for diagnosis or control of the ignition or load state of a two or four cycle internal combustion engine. A generator rotating synchronously with the engine generates alternating voltages which are scanned by a control and the alternating voltage amplitudes correspond to the rotational speed of the engine. The control detects at least one of the voltage amplitudes each revolution and, based upon the detected amplitude, calculates a control or diagnosis value, sets one or more flags and/or triggers a control event at an ignition control and/or data output.

Abstract: A contactless ignition system is provided with an ignition charge discharge condenser for charging an induced voltage of a generating coil, a first switching element, triggered to conduct when an induced voltage of a trigger coil reaches an initial trigger level, for supplying a voltage charged into the ignition charge discharge condenser into an ignition coil, and a trigger control condenser for charging induced voltages of the generating coil and the trigger coil, and triggering of the first switching element caused by an induced voltage of the trigger coil is inhibited by a second switching element during a specified discharge time following charging of the trigger control condenser.

Abstract: A fuel injection system is provided which includes a source of high pressure fuel, a low pressure fuel reservoir, and at least one fuel injector which has an injector body that defines a nozzle chamber, a needle control chamber, a needle control vent, a fuel inlet, and a nozzle outlet. A high pressure line extends between the source of high pressure fuel and the fuel inlet. A low pressure line extends between the low pressure fuel reservoir and the needle control vent. A needle control valve is positioned in the injector body and includes a poppet valve member with a first position in which the needle control chamber is fluidly connected to the fuel inlet but closed to the needle control vent. The poppet valve also has a second position in which the needle control chamber is closed to the fuel inlet but open to the needle control vent.

Abstract: The electromagnetic valve for use in a high pressure fuel supply apparatus includes an electromagnetic valve main body including a fuel passage to be connected between the high and low pressure sides of the fuel supply apparatus, a valve seat disposed in the fuel passage, a valve member disposed within the electromagnetic valve main body in such a manner that it is detached from and contacted with the valve seat to thereby open and close the fuel passage, and a solenoid coil for moving the valve member with respect to the valve seat. The electromagnetic valve is capable of maintaining the jet-out quantity of the fuel from the high pressure fuel supply apparatus at a given value.

Abstract: A flexible fuel rail system for fuel injection systems for internal combustion piston engines, particularly for engines having at least one or more banks of aligned cylinders. The fuel rail system incorporates two or more longitudinal fuel rails, connected by one or more crossover sections. The crossover section(s) include(s) one or more sections of enhanced flexibility, preferably corrugations. The fuel rails, crossover sections and sections of enhanced flexibility are preferably all fabricated from metal, preferably monolithically formed from a single piece of metal. The fuel rails preferably are provided with non-circular cross-sectional configurations, so that the walls of the fuel rails will flex, under the influence of fuel pressure pulsations caused by the fuel injectors, so as to substantially reduce or eliminate the negative impacts of such pulsations on the operation of the other injectors in the fuel injection system.

Abstract: A high-pressure fuel accumulator for a common-rail fuel injection system for internal combustion engines is provided, which includes a base body made of a base material having at least one connecting piece. In this context, the base body includes a longitudinal bore forming an interior chamber, and the at least one connecting piece includes at least one transverse bore opening out into the longitudinal bore. The interior chamber of base body includes a high-strength filler material in the region of the at least one transverse bore.

Abstract: The present invention provides a common rail fuel injection device, by means of which it is possible to discharge air, which is entrained with fuel in the fuel supply path, from injectors, whilst avoiding any effect on the combustion characteristic, by adopting an existing common rail fuel injection device to which no changes have been made.

Abstract: An arrangement for monitoring the drive of an actuator includes an output-stage component which includes a counter. With the aid of the counter, the switch-on time of the actuator is determined. The determined switch-on time is made available to the microcomputer for diagnostic purposes.

Abstract: The present invention provides an engine fuel-injection control device that improves startup efficiency and suppresses the generation of smoke by limiting any addition to the fuel injection amount at startup to only when the accelerator is actuated and in accordance with the amount of accelerator actuation.

Abstract: It is highly likely that fuel is already adhered to the inside wall surface of the combustion chamber at the beginning of engine startup when it is estimated that the temperature at the beginning of engine stop of the most recent engine operation is low when the engine is restarted. Under these conditions, a fuel injection quantity is reduced or an intake air quantity is increased when the engine is restarted. Therefore, even if the adhered fuel vaporizes when the engine is restarted, the air-fuel ratio will not become excessively rich as a result.

Abstract: There is provided a high pressure fuel supply apparatus including a plunger reciprocating in a sleeve of a high pressure fuel pump so as to form a fuel pressurizing chamber between the plunger and the sleeve, a first plate having a fuel suction port for sucking fuel into the fuel pressurizing chamber and a fuel discharge port for discharging the fuel from the fuel pressurizing chamber, and a suction valve provided in the fuel suction port, the first plate, the suction valve and a flange portion of the sleeve being held between a casing and an end surface of a spring guide constituting the high pressure fuel pump.

Abstract: An advance arrangement for use in controlling timing of fuel delivery by a fuel pump comprises an advance piston which is moveable within a first bore and which cooperates, in use, with a cam arrangement of a fuel pump to adjust the timing of fuel delivery by the pump. A surface associated with the advance piston is exposed to fuel pressure within an advance piston control chamber. A light load piston is moveable relative to the advance piston against a spring load due to a light load control spring to adjust the timing under light load conditions. A temperature control valve is operable to control fuel pressure applied to the light load piston depending on engine temperature so as to permit adjustment of the timing depending on engine temperature.

Abstract: An advance arrangement for use in controlling timing of fuel delivery by a fuel pump comprises an advance piston which is moveable within a first bore and which cooperates, in use, with a cam arrangement of a fuel pump to adjust the timing of fuel delivery by the pump, a surface associated with the advance piston being exposed to fuel pressure within an advance piston control chamber. The advance arrangement also includes a servo-piston which is slidable within a further bore provided in the advance piston to control the pressure of fuel within the advance piston control chamber, a surface associated with the servo-piston being exposed to fuel pressure within a servo control chamber.

Abstract: A high pressure fuel supply apparatus is constituted by a plunger reciprocating in a sleeve of a high pressure fuel pump so as to form a fuel pressurizing chamber between the plunger and the sleeve, a suction valve provided in a fuel suction port for sucking fuel into the fuel pressurizing chamber, and a discharge valve provided in a fuel discharge port for discharging fuel from the fuel pressurizing chamber into a high pressure fuel discharge passageway communicating with an internal combustion engine, the discharge valve reciprocating axially so as to perform an open/close operation, wherein the high pressure fuel supply apparatus further comprises a holder for regulating an axial reciprocating movement of the discharge valve in the open/close operation within a predetermined range.

Abstract: A fuel pressure regulator assembly for a fuel delivery module of a fuel system of a vehicle includes a housing having a cavity therein and a valve seat extending into the cavity and a passageway extending through the valve seat. The fuel pressure regulator assembly also includes a movable piston disposed in the cavity of the housing and a seal connected to the piston and disposed between the piston and the valve seat. The fuel pressure regulator assembly further includes a biasing mechanism disposed in the cavity to bias the piston and the seal toward the valve seat to close the passageway.

Abstract: An absorbent, such as, for example, an active carbon, is provided in an intake air passage, for example, in an air cleaner, to efficiently adsorb fuel vapor. To ensure that fuel vapor adsorbed into the intake air passage can be efficiently desorbed even when there is only a small amount of the intake air, an intake throttle valve is provided upstream of the adsorbent and an opening of the intake throttle valve is throttled so as to decompress an area near the adsorbent. Desorption of fuel vapor also can be efficiently promoted by using a heater to directly heat the adsorbent in the intake air passage or by heating the intake air to indirectly heat the adsorbent.