Abstract: A process for preparing a ceramic decal in which a printed image is applied to a backing sheet, and a covercoating is then applied to the printed substrate. A digitally printed ceramic colorant image is applied to the backing sheet; metal oxide colorant with a refractive index of greater than about 1.6 is used as the colorant. Thereafter, the printed image is covercoated with an overcoat containing frit and binder. The total amount of frit applied in the process divided by the total amount of colorant used is at least 2, and the frit used has a melting temperature of at least 550 degrees Centigrade.

Abstract: A detonator for initiating a detonation event in an explosive charge. The detonator comprises an exploding foil initiator and a switch. The exploding foil initiator includes a detonator bridge with a bridge member and a bridge contact that are electrically coupled to one another. The switch includes a switch contact that is spaced apart from the detonator bridge such that a spark gap of a predetermined width is defined between the bridge contact and the switch contact. A discharge arc, which is formed when a voltage in excess of a predetermined gap breakdown voltage is applied across the spark gap, closes the switch to thereby permit current to flow between the bridge contact and the switch contact.

Abstract: A device for connecting the fuse of two firework devices is provided. The device has a tubular member, or connector, having a first and second end. The ends of the connector are each adaptable to receive a fuse. When the device is in operation, two fuses, each from a separate firework, are inserted into the connector. This ensures that the flame from one fuse will be effectively transferred to the next. The device may also contain a primer such as gunpowder within the interior of the connector to further ensure transmission of a flame from one fuse to the next.

Abstract: A conveyor roller assembly typically for pushing a vehicle through a car wash having a chain drive and split track, includes a bar extending form its forward end beneath the track to its back end above it. The back end carries a pair of rollers that travel on the track and a second pair of rollers for pushing against the tire of the vehicle. The front end carries an axle rigidly attached to the bar and a pair links one on each side of the bar and each link rigidly carrying a sleeve having a very close tolerance with the axle and through which the axle extends. The links attach to the chain drive, and rollers are carried by the sleeves and engage the lower surface of the track. The link, sleeve and roller arrangement causes the conveyor roller assembly to maintain alignment with the track.

Abstract: A track has an acceleration zone and an inertial running zone. The acceleration zone is to accelerate a car lifted by a lifting apparatus having a stationary power source through a steep down slope. The track is disposed approximately horizontal in the inertial running zone as the car proceeds mainly by inertial running. The car is provided with a seat as to oscillate corresponding to gravity and acceleration of the car. A control means to control the oscillation of the seat is provided. The seat oscillates corresponding to gravity and acceleration in lifting by the lifting apparatus and in the acceleration zone.

Abstract: A cast metal sideframe for use in a railway car truck has a spring seat for supporting the springs of a spring set. The sideframe is molded using a core that includes a portion for defining the exterior surface of the spring seat. The core can be a single piece or multi-piece core. The spring seat includes a plurality of aerodynamically-shaped spring retainers formed on the top face spring seat. The aerodynamic shape of the spring retainers reduces the tendency for sand to swirl and create voids during formation of the sand core that is used to mold the sideframe. The aerodynamic shape may include forming at least some of the side walls of the spring retainers at an obtuse angle with the top face of the spring seat. The spring retainers may have concave top faces so as to reduce the volume of material comprising the spring retainers.

Abstract: An auto rack rail road car has a main deck and upper deck. It is provided with a door for controlling access thereto. The door is a radial arm door, and has a ladder mounted thereon by which personnel can ascend the second deck when the door is open. A second ladder is mounted to the first deck so that when the door is open the second ladder is positioned to cooperate with the first ladder. The arcuate path of the door is free from overhanging obstructions. The door also has internal and external weld-free stiffeners member for enhancing the rigidity thereof. A roller mounted to the door permits the door to be moved between open and closed positions. The door may further include a lock. A guide member protruding from the door co-operates with a groove in the main deck which slidingly guides the door as it moves between open and closed positions to control access to the car.

Abstract: An ink follower composition to be provided at the rear end of an ink held directly in an ink container of a writing instrument and capable of going forward with consumption of the ink. The composition comprises at least one selected from an ethylene-&agr;-olefin co-oligomer, an &agr;-olefin oil, a purified mineral oil and a polybutene, and added thereto a specific fatty acid amide. This composition can simultaneously satisfy the two important performances conflicting with each other, the ink flow-back preventive performance and the ink follow-up performance.

Abstract: The present invention provides ink for inkjet recording containing ethylene glycol base ether and/or monovalent alkyl alcohol, a surfactant and a coloring agent, the ink showing the following characteristics when 2 &mgr;l of the ink is dropped on a piece of ordinary paper having smoothness of 100 sec or lower:

Abstract: A non-asbestos friction material is made by molding and curing a composition primarily comprising a fibrous base excluding asbestos, a binder, a filler, and at least three metal sulfides excluding titanium sulfide, complex metal sulfides and being free of antimony and lead compounds. This friction material has minimized metal catch and improved wear resistance, both in the high-temperature region. Absent lead and antimony compounds, the friction material is friendly to the environment.

Abstract: Natural pigments that can be blended into capsules that satisfy the stability and characteristics required for capsules under practical conditions of production and that also have an aesthetic color. Hard capsules can include 0.01 to 5.0% by weight of natural pigment or natural pigment derivative selected from the group consisting of gardenia red pigment, marigold pigment, purple corn pigment, tamarind pigment and sodium iron chlorophyllin, or from 0.1 to 5.0% by weight of titanium dioxide together with said pigment.

Abstract: Silane-modified oxidic or siliceous filler with a bead fraction below 75 &mgr;m of less than 15 wt. % and a median particle size distribution between of 150 to 500 &mgr;m, which is produced by the reaction of at least one microbeaded or microgranular, oxidic or siliceous filler in a compressed gas with at least one silane. The silane-modified oxidic or siliceous fillers are used in rubber compounds.

Abstract: A slurry rheology modifier comprises a first water-soluble low-molecular compound [referred to hereinafter as compound (A)] and a second water-soluble low-molecular compound [referred to hereinafter as compound (B)] being different from the compound (A), wherein the viscosity of an aqueous solution at 20° C. prepared by mixing an aqueous solution SA (with a viscosity at 20° C. of 100 mPa·s or less) of compound (A) with an aqueous solution SB (with a viscosity at 20° C. of 100 mPa·s or less) of compound (B) in the ratio of 50/50 by weight can be at least twice as high as the viscosity of either aqueous solution before mixed.

Abstract: The invention concerns silica sol mixture comprising a first silica sol having a broad particle size distribution, the relative standard deviation being at least about 30% by numbers, and a second silica sol having a narrow particle size distribution having a relative standard deviation lower than about 15% by numbers. The invention also concerns a method for preparing a silica sol mixture and use thereof. The invention further concerns a concrete composition comprising a silica sol mixture and a method for preparing such composition.

Abstract: A method for promoting cement or concrete set on demand for concrete that has been chemically retarded by adding carbon fiber to the concrete, which enables it to become electrically conductive, sodium tartrate retardant, and copper sulfate which forms a copper tartrate complex in alkaline concrete mixes. Using electricity, the concrete mix anodically converts the retarding tartrate to an insoluble polyester polymer. The carbon fibers act as a continuous anode surface with a counter electrode wire embedded in the mix. Upon energizing, the retarding effect of tartrate is defeated by formation of the polyester polymer through condensation esterification thereby allowing the normal set to proceed unimpeded.

Abstract: A table includes a table top, a frame, and a pair of non-circular openings are formed in the frame. The table also includes a leg that is movable between an extended position and a collapsed position relative to the table top. A connecting rod connects the leg to the pair of openings in the frame and the connecting rod preferably has a non-circular cross-sectional configuration. The connecting rod and the openings in the frame are sized and configured to loosely attach the leg to the table when the leg is in the collapsed position. The connecting rod and the openings, however, are sized and configured to securely attach the leg to the table when the leg is in the extended position.

Abstract: A process is described for gasifying solid fuels at a constant rate with a small regulated amount of primary air followed by combustion of the gas so formed with a larger regulated amount of secondary air to produce a clean hot combustion gas which is used for process heat, space heating or cooking.

Abstract: A quilting rack for sewing machines comprising a U-shaped rectangular metal frame supporting a wheeled bottom or queen carriage for side to side translation of a wheeled upper king carriage capable of forward and rearward translation of the sewing machine it is carrying. Three rollers supply, tension and load the quilt for sewing patterns guided by a laser pointer and a template. The quilting rack can be utilized without a sewing machine by mounting on a wall or shelf.

Abstract: A button is adapted for use in an anti-counterfeiting system and method for authenticating a manufactured article. The button defines at least five holes adapted for receiving thread to attach the button to the manufactured article.

Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in and relating to stabilising apparatus having particular application in stabilising smaller water borne objects such as small dinghies, sail craft, pontoons and aquatic sporting equipment at rest on a body of water, or any aquatic vessel including launches. The stabilising apparatus includes a body (3) having one or more elongate stabilising pods including at least one cavity(s) for containing a calculated volume of air. The body is attached to the side(s) and towards the rear of the water borne object (2), in the region of the plane of the waterline of the object The stabilising apparatus operates between a non-use, storage position and an extended operating position and includes latching apparatus (13, 14, 15) to maintain the body in either or both those positions.

Abstract: A steering apparatus for a marine craft has a first bracket connectable to the stern of the marine craft. There is a second bracket connectable to the propulsion unit of the marine craft. The second bracket is rotatably connected to the first bracket for relative rotation about an axis of rotation. The propulsion unit can be rotated about the axis of rotation relative to the stern of the craft. The second bracket has a cylindrical bore extending therethrough. A piston is reciprocatingly received within the bore. The piston slidingly engages the bore and has a piston rod connected thereto. The piston rod is operatively connected to the propulsion unit.

Abstract: A self inflating fender for marine use having a flexible, air tight cover that surrounds and closely conforms to the external shape of an uncompressed open cell foam core. An air valve allows the fender to retain either an uncompressed state to act as a fender or a compressed state for easy storage. The fender self inflates from the compressed state when the air valve is opened and the open cell foam core is allowed to expand back to its original shape. End flaps integral with the cover have grommetted holes for attaching the fender. An alternative is surrounding the open cell foam core with a bladder which contains an air valve. The bladder is then surrounded by a fending cover that closely conforms to the open cell foam core uncompressed shape. The fending cover has stitched ends incorporating loops for attachment and an access hole for the air valve.

Abstract: A very uncomplicated backing guide mountable to the rear most cross member of a boat or similar type trailer which would include a mounting bracket for mounting onto said cross member. There is also provided a fiberglass, composite rod engaged with a specially designed spring, attached by a pivot bolt to the apparatus, allowing the rod to be held in a horizontal position under the boat or material. When the boat or material is retrieved from the trailer and the trailer is empty, the guide would automatically position itself to a vertical position for viewing by the driver of the vehicle. The guide, while in a vertical position, would also serve as an alignment for a boat for centering while loading the boat onto the trailer.

Abstract: A golf flag pin retrieval device is a wheel, preferably made of plastic, that is threaded to the top of a golf flag pin. The wheel is of such diameter that a putter head may be placed under the pin adjacent in the gap made between the ground and the wheel. The upper end of the golf flag pin may then be easily lifted up by lifting the club until the upper portion of the pin may be grasped by the golfer. The wheel has a hub having threaded taps of two sizes through opposing hub faces to allow the screwing on of the wheel device to either of two standard threaded golf flag pins. The retrieval device replaces the cap nut which is commonly used to retain the flag to the pin.

Abstract: A large semiconductor crystal has a diameter of at least 6 inches and a low dislocation density of not more than 1×104 cm−2. The crystal is preferably a single crystal of GaAs, or one of CdTe, InAs, GaSb, Si or Ge, and may have a positive boron concentration of not more than 1×1016 cm−3 and a carbon concentration of 0.5×1015 cm−3 to 1.5×1015 cm−3 with a very uniform concentration throughout the crystal. Such a crystal can form a very thin wafer with a low dislocation density. A special method and apparatus for producing such a crystal is also disclosed.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for producing a diamond film on a base material by a vapor phase reaction at least with introducing a raw material gas, wherein B(OCH3)3 gas is added to the raw material gas as a source of boron to be doped, and a diamond film is deposited on the base material by a vapor phase reaction utilizing the mixed raw material gas. There can be provided a method enabling easy and uniform production of a diamond film showing a low electric resistivity value with good reproducibility and few problems concerning handling such as serious bad influence on human bodies and explosiveness during the doping process.

Abstract: In production of the InP single crystal 10 having a crystal orientation of <100>, an angle (a cone angle) formed between an axial line of the InP single crystal 10 and a tangent to an outline of the cone portion 13 is larger than 35.3° in a section including the axial line, in a region where a diameter of the cone portion 13 is 10 mm or more and 70% or less of a diameter of the constant diameter portion 1. Furthermore, when x axis is selected in the axial direction of the InP single crystal 10 and r axis is selected in a radial direction of the InP single crystal 10, and an outline of the cone portion 13 is expressed as a function of x and r, the cone portion 13 is formed so as to satisfy a relation of 0<d2r/dx2≦0.1 in a region where a diameter of the cone portion is 10 mm or more and 70% or less of a diameter of the constant diameter portion.

Abstract: A vapor phase growth method of an oxide dielectric film for forming an oxide dielectric film having a perovskite crystal structure expressed by ABO3 on a substrate according to the present invention includes a first step of sequentially and alternately supplying an A-site layer element material and a B-site layer element material to grow an atomic layer on the substrate to form an early layer or early core, at a first substrate temperature, and a second step of raising the temperature to a second substrate temperature that is higher than the first substrate temperature to crystallize the early layer or early core formed in the first step and simultaneously supplying both the A-site layer element material and the B-site layer element material to form an ABO3 film.

Abstract: The invention includes atomic layer deposition methods and chemical vapor deposition methods. In a particular aspect of the invention, a source of microwave radiation is provided proximate a reaction chamber. At least a fragment of a precursor material is chemisorbed on a substrate within the reaction chamber while not exposing the precursor material to microwave radiation from the source. Excess precursor material is removed from the chamber, and the chemisorbed material is subsequently exposed to microwave radiation from the source within the reaction chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming a coating film comprising, a coating unit for forming a coating film by applying a coating solution onto a substrate, and a curing unit for curing the coating film by applying a heating and a cooling to the substrate, in which, the curing unit comprises a heating chamber having a hot plate for heating substrates having the coating solution applied thereon one by one, a cooling chamber communicated with the heating chamber and having a cooling plate for cooling the substrates processed with heat, an inert gas supply mechanism for supplying an insert gas to the heating chamber and the cooling chamber, and an evacuation mechanism for evacuating each of the heating chamber and the cooling chamber.

Abstract: A fluidized bed apparatus for applying a coating liquid onto the surface of particles includes a vertically disposed cylindrical product container having a peripheral wall, at least one cylindrical partition defining a centrally located up bed region and a peripherally located down bed region. The product container further includes an upper end connected to an expansion chamber and a lower end including an orifice plate having a plurality of openings for passage of fluidized air or gas. A nozzle is centrally located through the orifice plate and is adapted to generate a spray of coating liquid upwardly into the up bed. Particles located within the product container circulate upwardly through the partition and the coating liquid spray, between the up bed and the down bed. A plurality of inwardly directed discharge jets are positioned along the periphery of the product container and generally adjacent to the orifice plate.

Abstract: A fluidized bed apparatus for applying a coating liquid onto the surface of particles includes a vertically disposed cylindrical product container having a peripheral wall, at least one cylindrical partition defining a centrally located up bed region and a peripherally located down bed region. The product container further includes an upper end connected to an expansion chamber and a lower end including an orifice plate having a plurality of openings for passage of fluidized air or gas. A nozzle is centrally located through the orifice plate and is adapted to generate a spray of coating liquid upwardly into the up bed. Particles located within the product container circulate upwardly through the partition and the coating liquid spray, between the up bed and the down bed. A plurality of inwardly directed discharge jets are positioned along the periphery of the product container and generally adjacent to the orifice plate.

Abstract: A liquid dispensing module and nozzle or die tip for discharging at least one liquid filament. The nozzle includes a strand guide for guiding a substrate past the nozzle and a frustoconical protrusion disposed on a surface of the nozzle adjacent the notch. A liquid discharge passage extends along an axis through the frustoconical protrusion and forms an acute angle with a machine direction corresponding to movement of the strand past the nozzle. Four air discharge passages are positioned at the base of the frustoconical protrusion. Each of the air discharge passages is angled in a compound manner generally toward the liquid discharge passage and offset from the axis of the liquid discharge passage to create the controlled pattern of liquid material on the strand.

Abstract: Provided, among other things, is a re-circulating particle feed apparatus comprising: a circular conduit of dimensions suitable for circulating gas with suspended particles; a deposition station comprising an opening onto the conduit, into which opening an electrostatic chuck fits, with a deposition surface of the chuck available to the interior of the conduit; and a propulsion device for maintaining fluid and particle circulation through the conduit, wherein the propulsion device is adapted to maintain fluid and particle circulation at a rate that brings a deposition effective amount of particles within a range of electro-attractive influence at the deposition station.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for applying a substance to a web is provided. The apparatus includes a substance and a valve for dispensing a known amount of substance from the valve. A substance supply is in communication with the valve for supplying the substance to the valve. A fluid pressure source is present and is in communication with the valve. The fluid pressure source delivers fluid pressure to the valve to actuate the valve in order to dispense a known amount of the substance from the valve. Also, the valve dispenses the substance at a rate in response to the speed of the web so that a substantially uniform amount of the substance is applied to the web.

Abstract: A system and method for real time deposition process control based on resulting product detection, where the system and method detect an amount of at least one reaction product in real time, while the deposition process is being performed, the detected amount of reaction product is compared with a reference amount, and a comparison result is fed back in real time to adjust a supply of one or more reactants. The system and method provide real time control over the deposition process and/or reduce the number of wafers produced that do not meet processing target values.

Abstract: A method of forming a phosphorus- and/or boron-containing silica layer, such as a PSG, BSG, or BPSG layer, on a substrate, such as a semiconductor substrate or substrate assembly.

Abstract: A chemical vapor deposition apparatus includes a subatmospheric substrate transfer chamber. A subatmospheric deposition chamber is defined at least in part by a chamber sidewall. A passageway in the chamber sidewall extends from the transfer chamber to the deposition chamber. Semiconductor substrates pass into and out of the deposition chamber through the passageway for deposition processing. A mechanical gate is included within at least one of the deposition chamber and the sidewall passageway, and is configured to open and close at least a portion of the passageway to the chamber. A chamber liner apparatus of a chemical vapor deposition apparatus forms a deposition subchamber within the chamber. At least a portion of the chamber liner apparatus is selectively movable to fully expose and to fully cover the passageway to the chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a magnetic recording disk includes a magnetic-film deposition chamber in which a magnetic film for a recording layer is deposited on a substrate; a lubricant-layer preparation chamber in which a lubricant layer is prepared on the substrate in vacuum; and a cleaning chamber in which the substrate is cleaned in vacuum after the magnetic-film deposition in the magnetic-film chamber and before the lubricant-layer preparation in the lubricant-layer chamber. The apparatus may further include a transfer system that transfers the substrate from the cleaning chamber to the lubricant-layer preparation chamber without exposing the substrate to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A shadow frame and framing system for semiconductor fabrication equipment comprising a rectangular frame having four edges, the edges forming an interior lip with a top surface and an bottom engagement surface; and a cross beam disposed between at least two edges of the frame, the cross beam having a top surface and a bottom engagement surface, the engagement surface of the cross beam configured to be flush with the engagement surface of the lip; wherein one or more of the engagement surfaces are configured to cover metal interconnect bonding areas on a carrier disposed below the frame. The shadow frame is particularly useful in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) applications used to make active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) and solar cells.

Abstract: A processing apparatus of the present invention has a mounted chamber holding a semiconductor wafer and having members for work-processing the substrate under any of heating, plasma and process gas or a combination of them, in which a film of Al2O3 and Y2O3 is formed on an inner wall surface of the chamber and on those exposed surface of the members within the chamber and has a high-corrosion resistance and insulating property and, when the process gas is introduced onto a processing surface of a semiconductor wafer and diffused into it, any product is less liable to be deposited on a plasma generation area and on those members held within the chamber.

Abstract: This invention discloses an ion implantation apparatus that has an ion source and an ion extraction means for extracting an ion beam therefrom. The ion implantation apparatus further includes an ion beam sweeping-and-deflecting means disposed immediately next to the ion extraction means. The ion implantation apparatus further includes a magnetic analyzer for guiding the ion beam passed through the deflecting-and-sweeping means. The mass analyzer is also used for selecting ions with specific mass-to-charge ratio to pass through a mass slit to project onto a substrate. The sweeping-and-deflecting means is applied to deflect the ion beam to project through the magnetic mass analyzer and the mass slit for sweeping the ion beam over a surface of the substrate to carry out an ion implantation.

Abstract: A reactor for processing semiconductor wafers and the like is provided. The reactor employs one or more rotating components to more evenly distribute temperature or gases within the chamber. In one embodiment, the reactor is provided with rotating reflectors, which reflect the heat generated from radiant heat lamps onto a stationary wafer in a reaction chamber. The rotation of the reflectors provides for a more uniform temperature distribution on the wafer. In another embodiment, the reaction chamber itself is rotated while the wafer is kept stationary. In another embodiment, a rotating showerhead is provided above the wafer through which gases flow to deposit onto the wafer in a uniform manner.

Abstract: A method for making a quality determination in avian eggs, such as relating to fertility or hatching or hatchling viability, comprises the following activities. A process line is equipped to process an endless succession of eggs at an early opportunity. The process line has an ultrasound inspection station for the eggs. The ultrasound inspection results are analyzed to make a finding correlatable to the egg's shell quality, which in turn is correlatable to such quality factors as fertility or hatching or hatchling viability. A sorting determination is made based on this analysis as to which output category the egg should be sorted. The output categories might number three or so including qualified premium as for graduation to hatchery operation, not qualified for hatchery but not waste, and flunked because unusable and hence waste. The intermediate category might include graded for pet consumption.

Abstract: A bird feeding device comprising a hollow dome-shaped container for holding food; a food dispensing tray for closing the bottom of the dome-shaped container and dispensing and holding food; a closure with a suspending chain or rope for closing the top of the dome-shaped container.

Abstract: An improved poult box for transportation of newly hatched turkey poults. The box has an open top, a bottom joined by opposing sidewalls and at least one box divider. Positioned on the box divider is a removable poult feed tray which rests over the divider and presents feed at approximately eye level of turkey poults.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a natural product litter composition as well as methods of preparing and using a natural product litter as a sorbent for liquids. The sorbent contains 1% to 50% by weight wood particles and 50% to 99% by weight ground grain. The sorbency of a ground grain litter can be improved by pelletization and crumbling. Addition of up to 50% of wood particles to a ground grain litter further enhances the sorbency while maintaining suitable swelling and clumping characteristics.

Abstract: An animal litter composition comprising a mixture of an absorbant material such as clay and silica gel is disclosed. The Litter composition effectively absorbs liquid wastes and controls odors. Also disclosed are methods of making and using the litter composition.

Abstract: A new and improved multi-function pet carrier (12) comprising a flexible panel (1) overlapped perpendicularly by a flexible panel (2). One of the flexible panels (1) can be formed into pockets (8a,b) for carrying needed articles. The other flexible panel (2) can be cushioned. Corners of the panels are connected with adjustable straps (9a,b). Strap combinations are fixed to what are normally corners of the panels (1,2) to form said pet carrier (12) for wearing on a bearer's body adjacent to an abdomen, a back, over a shoulder, over a shoulder across bearers torso to hip and by a hand. Rings (18a,b) threaded over straps provide tightening of panels to pet's body. Securing straps over a car seat (14) provide secure travel for a pet. A Hook and loop type fastener (7) on the pocketed panel (1) provide additional restraint to the pet (11) from shifting in the pet carrier (12).

Abstract: A method for positioning superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5) in biomass burning steam generators, and a steam generator. The steam generator comprises a combustion chamber (1), a flue gas duct (6), a steam circuit (7), and the superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5) positioned for minimizing corrosion at a high temperature. The steam generator is fitted with at least two superheaters (2, 3, 4, 5), whose positioning in the flue gas duct (6) and serial arrangement in the steam circuit (7) are effected in such a way that the superheater's or superheaters' heat transfer surface has its surface temperature remaining below the melting point of KOH, 406° C. (corresponds to a steam temperature of about 350-380° C.) down to the point in the flue gas duct (6), at which the flue gases' temperature has fallen to 750° C. While the flue gases are within the range of less than 750° C.