Abstract: Natural gas produced from a well by executing a multiple-phase gas recovery cycle which includes a phase during which a relatively lower evacuation pressure is applied within the entire well bore to assist in accumulating liquids at a well bottom. The relatively lower evacuation pressure augments the national earth formation pressure to produce natural gas and liquid more rapidly. The phases of the gas recovery cycle are also coordinated with the phase in which the relatively lower evacuation pressure is applied throughout the well to facilitate a greater natural gas production rate.

Abstract: A reciprocating pump dump valve and methods of use for utilization in the hydrocarbon industry. The device is preferably used with barrel pumps although it may be used with tubing pumps. The device is positioned at the bottom of the wellbore immediately above the stinger and immediately below the standing valve and allows for complete dumping of the hydrostatic head in the production tubing whenever the tubing must be pulled.

Abstract: The present invention includes an interchangeable coil tubing support block that provides a means for quickly adapting a wheel system for wheel-type coiled tubing injectors for a wide variety of tubing sizes. In addition, the present invention provides a light weight, robust, and wear resistant means of contacting and fully supporting the tubing while it is being injected into and withdrawn from a well.

Abstract: An equine hoof appliance for horses, comprising a substantially flat pad having the general shape of the footprint of a horse's hoof and defining a curved toe portion and a substantially flat rear edge portion. The pad attaches to the ground-contacting surface of a horse's hoof and, on its opposite surface, mounts a horseshoe disposed around a ground contacting forwardly sloping and distally extending caudal projection on the pad. The caudal projection emulates and exaggerates the hoof frog and in so doing accomplishes two important objectives. The projection encourages heel first foot placement for maintenance of healthy phalanges alignment. Simultaneously the projection stimulates proprioceptive functions in the hoof to improve the horse's balance.

Abstract: A subsea well apparatus includes a wellhead member body adapted to be lowered into and latched within the bore of a conductor by split locking and ratchet rings carried by the body. The locking ring includes locking teeth engageable with locking grooves in the bore, and the ratchet ring includes ratchet teeth engageable with ratchet grooves within the locking ring. Upper and lower coaxial downwardly and inwardly extending wedge surfaces are tightly engaged as the body is latched within the conductor.

Abstract: The present invention features a portable, modular on-site breathable fire control system which can make an unlimited amount of cooled, oxygen-depleted air that can still be consumed by humans while extinguishing fire and reducing smoke. This system may be incorporated into an already existing heating and A/C unit for enhanced fire safety in a home or building. The system may also be used as a mobile unit attached to a fire safety vehicle wherein a transmission conduit transfers the processed air directly to the area on fire. Additionally, a fire-resistant tarp-like structure of sufficient size may be used to enclose a burning structure while the process air is transmitted thereto via a transmission conduit.

Abstract: A ballast cleaning machine comprises a machine frame supported on the track by undercarriages for movement in an operating direction. Two vertically and laterally adjustable endless ballast excavating chains are sequentially arranged in a longitudinal direction for excavating ballast from the ballast bed, and a track lifting device mounted on the machine frame. A first conveyor arrangement conveys the ballast excavated by the first endless ballast excavating chain to a first screening installation, a second conveyor arrangement conveys the ballast excavated by the second endless ballast excavating chain to a second screening installation, and a third conveyor arrangement distributes the cleaned ballast to the ballast bed.

Abstract: A hydraulic fluid diverting arrangement for a utility vehicle provides additional pressurized hydraulic fluid supply to an installed backhoe attachment by diverting hydraulic fluid from the unused rockshaft or three-point hitch of the utility vehicle. A solenoid operated valve manifold is switch actuated by contact from the backhoe during installation of the backhoe to the utility vehicle and diverts hydraulic fluid flow from rockshaft hydraulic cylinders to backhoe hydraulic cylinders. The system increases the available horsepower to the backhoe by using hydraulic fluid otherwise dedicated to the idle rockshaft.

Abstract: A divot repair device for transporting a mixture of fill material and dispensing the fill material into divots in order to fill and thereby fix the divots by promoting turf growth in the location of the divots, including a hopper for carrying a predetermined mixture of fill material, the hopper having an inlet and an outlet; a wheeled carrier connected to the hopper for transporting the hopper by an individual across an area from one divot location to a second divot location; a dispensing valve connected to the hopper for selectively dispensing the fill material; and a smoother connected to the hopper.

Abstract: A towable scraper system for contour surface grading. The system includes a rigid chassis member that has a coupler configured for attachment to a conventional three-point tractor hitch. A scraper blade is pivotally suspended from the rigid chassis member and is equipped with a blade motivator for causing an angular rotation of the blade around an axis aligned with a towing direction. A lift assembly raises and lowers the rigid chassis member to control a height of the scraper blade relative to a work surface to be graded. The towable scraper system is provided with a carriage assembly that offers rolling support for the rigid chassis as it moves over the work surface. The carriage assembly is pivotally coupled to the rigid chassis at a location opposed to the coupler and is configured for angular rotation around a second axis aligned with the towing direction.

Abstract: A motor end cap and output device housing is provided that includes a motor end plate having an output device attachment area and a output device housing having a motor end plate attachment area. The output device attachment area includes a locking tab that mates with a slot portion in the output device housing to interlock the two together. As a result, the motor end plate can be conveniently attached to the output device housing without requiring extra fasteners.

Abstract: Depending on the working and application conditions, it may be desirable to equip fluid-operated percussion devices with a mechanism that protects against no-load strokes, particularly in the interest of avoiding undesired stress. In the present case, this protection mechanism is configured such that the control unit that influences the movements of the percussion piston is blocked by a safety element in the form of a multiple-position valve, and the percussion device is halted if the percussion piston overshoots the extended position occurring in normal operation by a defined distance, thereby assuming a no-load-stroke position. The safety element (21) that acts on the control unit (5) of the percussion device (1) is automatically controlled, notably such that it is not switched to be active until some time after the startup of the percussion device (1) acted on by the working pressure. The percussion device (1) can therefore start up without being influenced by the safety element (21).

Abstract: Two guide members cooperatively constitute a chuck portion for holding a screw head. Opening and closing of the chuck portion is regulated depending on a mutual position between a machine body and a member into which a screw is driven. Guide pin portions of respective guide members engage with a stopper portion of a push lever until a screw is driven to a predetermined depth. The chuck potion tightly holds the screw head until a screw fastening operation is substantially finished, thereby suppressing the lifting of a machine body.

Abstract: A perforating gun assembly for use in perforating multiple intervals of at least one subterranean formation intersected by a cased wellbore and in treating the multiple intervals using a diversion agent, such as ball sealers. In one embodiment, the apparatus of the present invention comprises a perforating assembly having a plurality of select-fire perforating devices interconnected by connector subs, with each of the perforating devices having multiple perforating charges. The apparatus also includes at least one decentralizer, attached to at least one of the perforating devices, which is adapted to eccentrically position the perforating assembly within the cased wellbore so as to create sufficient ball sealer clearance between the perforating assembly and the inner wall of the cased wellbore to permit passage of at least one ball sealer.

Abstract: Methods of drilling subterranean formations with rotary drag bits equipped with cutting elements including superabrasive, multi-aggressive cutting faces or profiles which are especially suitable for drilling formations of varying hardness and for directional drilling through formations of varying hardness are disclosed. Methods including providing and using rotary drill bits incorporating cutting elements having appropriately aggressive and appropriately positioned cutting surfaces so as to enable the cutting elements to engage the particular formation being drilled at an appropriate depth-of-cut at a given weight-on-bit to maximize rate of penetration without generating excessive, unwanted torque on bit are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for drilling, analyzing, and stabilizing subsurface formations. The system is generally formed around a reusable bottomhole assembly (BHA) that provides an anchoring and thrust mechanism, furnishing the necessary downward force needed to provide comminution of geological material in a borehole. The BHA is conveyed into the borehole via a communications link wireline equiped with internal power and data telemetry lines. The BHA permits the use of multiple comminution sampling and analysis tools via a coupling device. The BHA and communications link wireline are mounted so as to couple with different tools. The main drilling mechanism is a torque drive assembly powered coring tool. A borehole televiewer and/or logging analysis tool may follow each coring period. The final step in each coring period is a wellbore consolidation technique. This series of steps is then repeated, each time coring the wellbore to a deeper depth.

Abstract: A system and method for removing contaminated pilings is provided, the system including a casing to enclose the piling and a pressurized air system for excavating soil and contaminated materials from around the piling and material from the piling itself, capturing the excavated soil and contaminated material as it rises within the piling by action of the pressurized air, and a closure mechanism at the bottom of the casing for enclosing and removing the piling without spreading contamination to the surrounding environment. Clean fill material, such as sand, can be injected through the air nozzles or optional sand ports on the casing to fill the void left from the removed piling.

Abstract: A generator assembly for generating power in the downhole end of a drill string used to form a borehole in horizontal directional drilling. The drill string provides a fluid passageway in which the downhole generator is receivingly disposed, at least in part, to subject a rotatable turbine to a pressurized fluid flowing in the fluid passageway, thereby imparting a mechanical rotation to the turbine. The turbine is coupled to a generator so that the mechanical rotation of the turbine is transferred to a power output of the generator.

Abstract: The drilling machine includes a frame that is supported for movement over the ground and a tower that is mounted on the frame. A rotary head is movable along the tower and engageable with a drill string for rotating the drill string. A pull down cable is connected to the rotary head for pulling the rotary head downward for pushing the drill string into the ground. A pull back cable is connected to the rotary head for pulling the rotary head upward for pulling the drill string out of the ground. The pull back cable is subject to a slack condition in response to elastic stretch of the pull down cable. A slack take-up device is connected to the pull back cable to remove the slack created in the pull back cable by the elastic stretch of the pull down cable.

Abstract: A control mechanism for a dual transmission vehicle is disclosed. First and second overlaying plates are provided, the first plate having a profiled slot which communicates with parallel slots in the second plate. The slots in the first and second plates are oriented in the direction of rectilinear movement of their respective plate. The first plate is controlled to move in a direction normal to the direction in which the second plate is controlled to move. A pair of rods connects the plates to the transmissions. Each rod has a first end joined to its respective transmission and a second end projecting through the profiled slot in the first plate and through a respective one of the parallel slots in the second plate. Dependent on the relative position of the plates, wheels connected to the transmission are driven at the same or different speeds.

Abstract: A method for operating a vehicle having variable-speed left-side and right-side propulsion units (such as, without limitation, a tracked vehicle having a left track powered by a left-track motor and a right track powered by a right-track motor). The left-side propulsion unit is controlled by a first output signal from a first manual controller (such as, without limitation, a left joystick). The right-side propulsion unit is controlled by a second output signal from a second manual controller (such as, without limitation, a right joystick). At least one of the first and second output signals is modified to create a substantially identical output signal for the first and second manual controllers when the first and second output signals are within a predetermined tolerance. The left-side and right-side propulsion units are controlled with the identical output signal when the first and second output signals are within the predetermined tolerance.

Abstract: A remote controlled inspection vehicle provides interchangeable modules, permitting the vehicle to be easily configured to perform a wide variety of tasks. The vehicle includes at least one frame module having a pair of drive modules on either side. Each drive module includes a continuous track surrounding a permanent magnet, and is dimensioned and configured to pivot around its longitudinal axis. The frame modules are dimensioned and configured to be hingedly secured to other frame modules, end effectors including various sensors for performing inspections, and tail units to assist in placing the vehicle in the desired environment.

Abstract: An ATV includes a frame, a power unit and a hydraulic pump unit. The power unit is mounted on the frame for propulsion of the ATV. The power unit has an output shaft and a mounting structure. A hydraulic pump unit includes an assembly casing mounted to the mounting structure of the power unit. A hydraulic pump is mounted to the assembly casing. The hydraulic pump has a rotatable input shaft and a shaft extension coupled to the output shaft. The shaft extension is carried by the assembly casing so as to be coaxial with the output shaft. A coupling structure or coupler couples the shaft extension to the input shaft.

Abstract: In a hybrid vehicle with fuel cells and an engine mounted thereon as energy output sources, a technique is employed that adequately changes a working energy output source according to a driving state of the hybrid vehicle. The hybrid vehicle has the engine and a motor, both enabling power to be output to an axle. The hybrid vehicle also has fuel cells as a main electric power supply for driving the motor. The technique changes the working energy output source between the fuel cells and the engine, in order to reduce the output of the fuel cells with consumption of a fuel for the fuel cells. With a decrease in remaining quantity of the fuel, the technique narrows a specific driving range, in which the motor is used as the power source. The technique also causes the engine to drive the motor as a generator and charges a battery not with electric power of the fuel cells but with electric power generated by the motor.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for fixing a piece of equipment for a motor vehicle, in particular a heat exchanger (20), on a structural element of the vehicle (10) such as a front surface module. The invention is characterised in that the device comprises at least two shoes (30) arranged on either side of the piece of equipment (20), while the structural element (10) comprises at least two substantially parallel internal edges (11a, 11b) defining an open part (15) wherein is mounted the piece of equipment (20). Each shoe is supported on one of the edges (11a, 11b) and on an external top surface (24) of the piece of equipment and made in a deformable material such that the piece of equipment (20) is force-mounted between the shoes (30).

Abstract: An arrangement in a snowmobile equipped with an apparatus for intensifying steering modifies the ski of the snowmobile to include a drum rotated by means of actuators, the drum forming at least part of the bearing surface of the ski. The rotation axis of the drum is oriented such that when the drum rotates, the circumferential surface of the drum moves transversely to the longitudinal axis of the ski. The drum is provided with one or more ridges protruding from its circumferential surface essentially parallel with the rotational axis of the drum. The drum is provided with one or more locking means arranged to lock the drum in a predetermined position when the apparatus for intensifying steering is not being used or to allow the drum to rotate when operation of the apparatus for intensifying steering is desired.

Abstract: A simplified and low cost torque sensor for a motor assisted manually operated vehicle. The torque sensor is operated by a differential transmission that transmits no driving force for the vehicle. Thus it can be constructed from low cost light weight materials such as aluminum or plastics. This also provides more latitude in the placement of the sensor. A variety of possible differential transmissions are disclosed utilizing either one or two coupled planetary transmissions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a motorcycle that includes a frame, a wheel mounted to the frame for rotation with respect to the frame, a rotor mounted to the wheel, and a caliper selectively clamping the rotor to slow down the rotation of the wheel. A biasing member is provided between the rotor and the wheel and is offset from a fastener. The biasing member biases the rotor against the head of the fastener.

Abstract: A drive axle for an all-wheel drive vehicle includes an adaptively controlled first hydraulic coupling for providing front-to-rear torque transfer control and a passively controlled second hydraulic coupling for providing side-to-side limited slip and torque biasing control. The drive axle is contained with a common housing and communicates with a tractor control system to actively control actuation of the first hydraulic coupling based on the operating characteristics of the vehicle as detected by suitable sensors.

Abstract: A motor vehicle arrangement having a control device for controlling the vehicle. The control device is at least adjustable in the vertical direction. The control device has a parking position in which the vehicle cannot be driven and there is no operative connection for starting, accelerating or braking the vehicle etc. from the operating controls of the vehicle. The control device is releasable from the parking position to a driving position using an authorization verification element which adjusts the driving position. In the driving position, an operative connection is established between the operating control elements of the vehicle and corresponding actuating elements.

Abstract: A seismic data acquisition technique comprises laying a seismic data cable having a plurality of spaced apart connection nodes and a plurality of sensor strings connected to the connection nodes along a line of the area to be seismically surveyed. Each sensor string comprises ten or more seismic sensors for producing respective output signals representative of a seismic signal received by them. The sensors of the sensor strings are laid out in at least two sets of groups, each group containing several of the sensors and transmitting at least one seismic signal to a connection node, and the sets of groups being disposed along respective spaced apart lines generally parallel to the line along which the seismic data cable is laid.

Abstract: In a speaker including a voice coil which is wound on a voice coil bobbin and is inserted into a magnetic circuit gap of a magnetic circuit, and a cone which is coupled to the voice coil bobbin for vibration, the cone (16) is constructed of two divided cones: a drive cone (16A) linked to the voice coil bobbin (14) and a cone paper (16B) linked through an edge (17) to a frame (F).

Abstract: A multi-duct diffusion exhaust device for a turbomachine. The exhaust device including an annular inlet, an outer casing shaped symmetrically overall with respect to an axis, one or more internal partitions defining several roughly concentric ducts for an exhaust stream to flow through, and an absorbent coating capable of absorbing some of the acoustic energy generated by the flow. The absorbent coating being provided on at least one of a surface of one internal partition and an interior surface of the outer casing. The absorbent coating having a thickness that is tailored along a length of the exhaust device to optimize the flow in the ducts by maintaining progressive diffusion and avoiding detachment near stationary surfaces.

Abstract: The current invention is device for lowering the air velocity and inherent noise of high-speed air released from a closed system, comprising a straight pipe module with an outer tube and a concentric inner tube creating an annular space therebetween. The inner tube has interior fins at the inlet, which initiate rotation in an airflow directed therethrough, and interior fins at the outlet, which arrest the airflow rotation. Perforations along the length of the inner tube, from inlet fins to outlet fins, permit the release of a turbulent outer zone of the airflow, permitting the high velocity core of the airflow to expand and slow, reducing the noise of the airflow.

Abstract: A sound-insulating floor structure, which can conspicuously reduce heavy floor impact sounds, is provided. The sound-insulating floor structure includes a floor base and an underfloor member. A plurality of sound-insulating floor members are arranged between the floor base and the underfloor member, and each of the sound-insulating floor members includes a plurality of impact-absorbing members and a support member supporting the impact-absorbing members. The impact-absorbing members are provided at at least one of upper and lower faces of the support member. Each of the sound-insulating floor members is fixed to the floor base or to the underfloor member, thereby supporting the underfloor member.

Abstract: A stabiliser for a ladder which enables the ladder to be safely used on sloping or uneven ground consists of spring loaded telescopic struts attached to the bottom of the ladder which are capable of compound rotary motion so that they can be opened to the required length and locked in position.

Abstract: A small and easily portable apparatus for safely descending from a high elevation, comprising a drum rotatably mounted on a mounting frame; a body securing device for securing the mounting frame to the body of a user; and a line wound around the drum, having an end for attachment to a fixed object at the high elevation; such that the user may attach the line to a fixed object and safely descend from the high elevation.

Abstract: An elevator system has a control processor which communicates with numerous I/O devices over a serial communications link. The processor is programmed to generate and receive data packets containing a 2-byte I/O identification field. The first byte is a general category representing the type of function performed by the I/O device, and the second byte represents the identity of the particular I/O device within its general category. The I/O devices similarly generate and receive data packets containing the 2-byte I/O identification field. By way of example, categories may represent such functions as car call inputs, car call outputs, code blue inputs, code blue outputs, fire service, and so on. For a category such as car call inputs, the car call button for each floor would be assigned a separate sub-category designation.

Abstract: A method for adjusting a first force applied to a movable element in a first position of the movable element by a force applying device, the force applying device applying a second force to the movable element in a second position of the movable element. The method includes connecting the movable element and a base element with a scissors-type linkage; mounting the force applying device to the scissors-type linkage at a first mounting point; mounting the force applying device to the base element at a second mounting point; and moving at least one of the first and the second mounting points along a constant force curve, so that the second force remains constant as the first force is adjusted. A device for adjusting a first force applied to a movable element in a first position is also provided.

Abstract: A method controls an elevator system including multiple elevator cars and multiple floors. A new passenger at one of the floors signals a hall call. In response to receiving the hall call, the method determines, for each car, a set of all possible future states of the elevator system. The future states depend on the current state of the system, which is defined by passengers already assigned to cars, the direction of travel, position and velocity of the cars. A cost function is evaluated to determine a cost for each set of all possible future states. Then, the car associated with the set having a least cost is assigned to service the hall call. The method is applicable to any type of traffic. It is particularly well-suited for up-peak traffic because it handles efficiently the uncertainty in passenger destinations.

Abstract: A brake shoe assembly includes the first and second sections defining a lining surface and a mounting tab. The mounting tab extends perpendicular from the lining surface and includes a series of notches allowing the formation of the lining surface into an arcuate shape. The mounting tabs are secured together such that subsequent manufacturing operations to correct distortion are not required. A brake lining is secured to the lining surface.

Abstract: A brake lining of a vehicular brake device is produced by a friction material which has a characteristic that a friction coefficient of the friction material decreases according to an increase of a sliding speed between the brake lining and a rotational member when the sliding speed is greater than or equal to a predetermined speed during the braking operation, and the friction coefficient is substantially constant when the sliding speed is smaller than the predetermined speed.

Abstract: A method and a device for influencing the transfer of vibrations of a vibration generator to an object connected to it, in particular of engine vibrations to the body of a motor vehicle. At least one piezo element is arranged as an actuator in the region of an intermediate element connecting the vibration generator to the object. Primary vibrations are transferred between the vibration generator and the object via the intermediate element. The actuator is induced in a controlled manner to undergo secondary vibrations. The total energy and/or the composition of the frequencies of the vibrations transferred via the intermediate element are changed by the actuator, and the remaining residual vibration is measured and used for controlling the secondary vibrations.

Abstract: An adjustable shock absorber includes a shock rod having a longitudinal axis. A shock body is disposed around a portion of the shock rod, the shock body defining a first fluid chamber therein and being slidable along the longitudinal axis. A piston is disposed on the shock rod in sealing engagement with the shock body. The piston has at least one channel therethrough in communication with the first fluid chamber. At least one valve is in fluid communication with the channel to control fluid movement through the channel. A support is movable longitudinally along the shock rod and is disposed adjacent to the valve. An adjustment mechanism is provided for altering a longitudinal position of the movable support to adjust the valve's operation by altering the fluid movement through the channel.

Abstract: A shock absorber includes a valve assembly with a low speed oil flow circuit and a mid/high speed oil flow circuit. Both circuits control fluid flow through the valve assembly in the same direction. The low speed oil flow circuit is tunable in order to provide low speed damping to improve both the vehicle control and handling. The tuning of the low speed oil flow circuit is accomplished by supporting a low speed valve disc at a position radially inward of its outer edge to control the rate at which the low speed oil flow circuit opens. The valve assembly of the present invention can be located within either a base valve assembly or a piston valve assembly.

Abstract: A motor vehicle braking device includes a piston connected to the hydraulic braking circuit and connected to at least one damping element of the rear wheel or wheels, to measure the load exerted on the rear wheel or wheels. The device also includes a valve able to decrease the pressure at the calipers of the front wheel or wheels and able to supply the necessary load to the rear wheel or wheels of the vehicle to prevent any unwanted lifting of said rear wheel or wheels in the event of heavy breaking.

Abstract: An automotive crashbox damper member (26) has a sequenced pre-collapse surface (34) providing sequential energy absorbing compression such that at application of longitudinal (28) force, longitudinal compression initially occurs at the pre-collapse surface (34), prior to compression of the remainder (36) of the crashbox damper member (26). In one embodiment, the pre-collapse surface (34) is a mounting surface (7) beveled (40) in roof-like fashion to a frontmost leading edge (38) over the end (32) of the crashbox damper member (26). In another embodiment, the pre-collapse surface (34) is a mounting surface (7) formed as an arched cap (11) in the form of a spherical segment over the end (32) of the crashbox damper member (26).

Abstract: A tote bag for paper and supplies includes a bottom wall extending between bottom edges of generally parallel front and back walls. Expandable side walls extend between parallel side walls of the front and back walls to form an expandable storage area. Dividers are disposed within the expandable storage area and either permanently attach to the side walls, or have apertures for removable attachment to cables within the storage area. A cover is movable between an open and closed position. The cover includes side flaps attachable to the side walls, or an inner surface of the cover. Handles extend from each of the front and back walls, and a strap formed on the back wall is configured to fit over an extendable handle of a roller tote.

Abstract: A bezel of luggage comprises a vertical portion, a horizontal portion, a first recess surrounded by the horizontal portion and the rear lower side, and a second recess surrounded by the front upper side and the vertical portion. This can protect fingers and thumb in the handle retracting process. This is because there is a sufficient space left between handle grip and second recess and between handle grip and first recess respectively when handle grip is fully retracted onto bezel.

Abstract: The live rail support according to the invention has a support body (1) for holding, such that they are electrically isolated, two electrically conductive live rails (2, 3) each having at least one contact sliding surface (4, 5), in which case the live rails (2, 3) can be inserted into the support body (1) in such a manner that the contact sliding surfaces (4, 5) are arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis (6) of the support body (1) and at an angle, which can be predetermined, to the vertical axis (7) of the support body (1) According to the invention, the two live rails (2; 3) can be mounted easily in that the feet of each of the live rails (2, 3) can be inserted into a respective groove (8, 9) in the support body (1), and the live rails (2, 3) can be fixed in their operating position by means of at least one latching-in element (10, 11) which can be plugged on from above.