Abstract: A control system for an automatic shifting bicycle transmission includes a control unit, a display device and a remote switch assembly. The remote switch assembly is positioned close to a handgrip location. The remote switch assembly is used to shift gears when the bicycle is manually operated and to control data entry and review.

Abstract: A collision warning and countermeasure system (10) for an automotive vehicle (12) is provided. The system (10) includes a velocity sensor (18) that generates a vehicle velocity signal. A multi-mode object detection sensor (28) generates an object detection signal. The multi-mode object detection sensor (28) operates in a detection mode in response to the vehicle velocity signal. A controller (26) is electrically coupled to the velocity sensor (18) and the multi-mode object detection sensor (28) and generates a countermeasure signal in response to the object detection signal. A method of performing the same is also provided.

Abstract: A collision warning and countermeasure system (10) for an automotive vehicle (12) is provided. The system (10) includes a transmission gear sensor (20) that generates a transmission gear signal. A multi-mode object detection sensor (28) generates an object detection signal. The multi-mode object detection sensor (28) operates in a detection mode in response to the transmission gear signal. A controller (26) is electrically coupled to the transmission gear sensor (20) and the multi-mode object detection sensor (28) and generates a countermeasure signal in response to the object detection signal. A method of performing the same is also provided.

Abstract: A method of processing information in a tire pressure monitoring system includes the steps of: establishing a reference temperature; determining a pressure warning threshold at the reference temperature; measuring gauge pressure and gauge temperature within a tire cavity; correcting the gauge pressure to a filtered pressure value at the reference temperature using the Ideal Gas Law; and comparing the filtered pressure value against the pressure warning threshold to determine the necessity for a warning signal. In an advanced form of the invention, the method includes determining a pressure leak rate; predicting the time interval that the filtered pressure value will cross the pressure warning threshold at the leak rate and generating progressive warnings to the driver over the time interval. Fuzzy logic is used to quantify the probability of a warning state for each data point, allow for measurement error; and report the state of maximum probability to minimize the occurrence of false warning.

Abstract: System for monitoring the tires of a vehicle, comprising a device for automatic location of a radio transmitter, comprising a first radio reception channel having a first aerial and a second radio reception channel having a second aerial, the first and second aerials defining an axis D1, a first means of comparison of the phases of a radio signal received by the first and second aerials in order to determine whether the radio signal received by the first aerial is ahead of phase, behind phase or has an identical phase relative to the radio signal received by the second aerial and a means of processing the results originating from the first means of comparison intended to indicate the position of the radio transmitter relative to the said aerials.

Abstract: An electronic tire maintenance system is provided for measuring a parameter of a device at a first location. The system includes a sensor for measuring the device parameter and generating a data signal representing the measured parameter. The system also includes a microprocessor coupled to the sensor for activating the sensor on a first periodic basis to measure the device parameter. The microprocessor includes a memory for storing the generated data signal representing the measured parameter. A transmitter and a receiver are coupled to the microprocessor. The microprocessor periodically partially awakens to determine, on a second periodic basis, if a received transmission is a valid interrogation signal and, if so, fully awakens and responds to the valid interrogation signal, via the transmitter, by at least transmitting the last stored measured parameter.

Abstract: A system for communicating home security data between a vehicle having a vehicle element and a home comprising an interface coupled to the vehicle element configured to establish a communication link with a home security system and a processing circuit configured to receive home security data from the home security system.

Abstract: A talking locator device and system for locating an object. The talking locator device comprises recording means for recording at least one audible message, receiver means for receiving control signals wirelessly transmitted by a remotely located transmitter, and control means responsive to a first type of control signal for initiating playback of at least one of the audible messages and responsive to a second type of control signal for initiating recording of at least one of the audible messages. The audible message may be made in a user's voice. The talking locator device may be attached to an object and when the audible message is played in response to a control signal received from the transmitter, the user is provided with an indication of the location of the object.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting user entry into a defined danger zone surrounding a saw blade includes a non-conducting member defining an opening therein for receiving a saw blade. The non-conducting member may comprise, for example, an insert received by an opening in the work surface or table of a table saw, scroll saw, band saw, miter saw, etc. Alternatively, it may comprise the blade guard of a radial arm saw or miter saw, for example. A conductive sensor is situated on the non-conducting member adjacent the opening to define a danger zone near the saw blade. A voltage source is coupled to the sensor, and a monitor circuit is configured to detect a change in the sensor's capacitance so as to signal a user entry into the danger zone.

Abstract: An electrically modifiable label. In some embodiments, an electrically modifiable label may be applied to or form a part of products that have configurable or otherwise dynamic characteristics. That is, characteristics or desirability that vary over time or characteristics that may be selected or determined at or after advanced stages of manufacturing processes.

Abstract: Messages can be sent to a pet using a hand-held remote transmitter and a receiver that is attached to the pet. The receiver can record voice commands. When the transmitter sends a signal, the receiver picks up the signal and plays the recorded command to the pet. The receiver can also have one or more lights mounted on it that can be turned on by pushing buttons on the transmitter.

Abstract: A backfill prevention system for a gas flow conduit, comprising a gas flow monitor circuit which measures the rate and direction of gas flow through a gas flow conduit and converts the measured data into a voltage signal. A valve control circuit operably connected to a valve or valves in the gas flow conduit receives the voltage signal from the gas flow monitor circuit and closes the valve or valves in the event that the voltage signal indicates backflow of a gas through the gas flow conduit. The valve control conduit may further be provided with a first light emitting diode (LED) which is illuminated during normal flow of the gas through the conduit, and a second LED which is illuminated in the event of gas backflow through the conduit. The system is typically used in conjunction with a mass flow controller in the conduit.

Abstract: A method of predicting earthquakes includes the step of positioning a first transducer array adjacent to a seismically active region and at least about 3 meters below the surface of the crust of the Earth. The first transducer array includes a first plurality of seismometers, at least one first clock, and at least one first digitizer. The at least one first clock is in communication with at least one of the first plurality of seismometers, and the at least one first digitizer also is in communication with at least one of the first plurality of seismometers. The method also includes the steps of detecting a plurality of wave movements resulting from dilation of the crust of the Earth prior to an earthquake, and converting at least one of the wave movements into a first voltage. The method further includes the step of discriminating between wave movements resulting from dilation of the crust of the Earth and movements resulting from at least one other event.

Abstract: A transponder-based microwave telemetry apparatus for moving machinery includes a microwave transmitter disposed outside the moving machinery to fill a chamber of the moving machinery with microwave energy. The transponder-based microwave telemetry apparatus also includes a transponder disposed inside the moving machinery for measuring a sensed condition of a part of the moving machinery and providing a modulated microwave signal that contains information on the sensed condition. The transponder-based microwave telemetry apparatus further includes a receiver disposed outside the moving machinery to separate modulated and continuous-wave signal components of the signal and extracts information from the modulated component.

Abstract: A portable communication device (100) includes at least one sensing circuit (101) and a processor (104), and operates in accordance with a corresponding method of operation. The sensing circuit detects (205) either a characteristic of an external environment containing the portable communication device (e.g., a chemical in the air or acceleration of the device) or a characteristic of the portable communication device user (e.g., heart rate or blood sugar content), and generates a signal (207) representative of a feature of the sensed characteristic. The processor receives the signal and initiates an event based at least on the feature of the sensed characteristic as represented by the signal. Events include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: alerting the device user, transmitting a signal (e.g., an emergency call) to a remote communication device, re-sensing the characteristic or sensing another characteristic, and modifying a setting or profile of the device.

Abstract: A magnetic encoder for use in a wheel bearing that forms a pulse train by means of a magnetic force and generates a code. The magnetic encoder is obtained by radially magnetizing a magnetic rubber ring with alternate S poles and N poles, said magnetic rubber ring is formed by vulcanizing and adhering a magnetic rubber base, in which unvulcanized rubber and rare earth magnetic powder are mixed, to a reinforcement ring.

Abstract: The present invention provides to low noise and attenuate electromagnetic interference with a matrix keyboard circuit that the total number of key depend on the multiplication of N and M, (wherein “N” equals to the quantity of column unit and “M” equals to the quantity of row unit) and the intersection of every row and column connect to switch by ground signal. Keyboard normally open that the truth table of matrix Keyboard is logic “1”. When keyboard actuate the key that make a short circuit for row circuit, column circuit and ground signal, the truth table of matrix keyboard is logic “0”. Because of processor read the row and column signal, it may decode the signal for identification of the actuated key. The present invention provides a matrix keyboard circuit for general low-cost matrix keyboard, which employs a no scanning pulse signal to develop a matrix keyboard of low noise and attenuate electromagnetic interference.

Abstract: A counter arrangement comprises a plurality of counter registers and at least the same number of checksum registers being controlled by control means. The counter control means change the content of only one of the counter registers for each change in the counting sequence and comprise means to update the checksum registers, whereby the content of each checksum registers is defined by an associated function which allows recovery of the content of each counter register and a function performed on the content of all checksum registers results in a constant value to validate the checksum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for converting a digital signal an analogue signal and to a digital to analogue converter comprising means for converting a digital signal to a thermometer coded signal, means for randomising the thermometer coded signal, means for controlling the means for randomising based on the digital signal and means for converting the randomised signal to analogue.

Abstract: The present invention provides a serial/parallel A/D converter which is capable of performing a high-speed and high-accuracy operation even in the case where an analog input voltage Vin greatly varies in a period between a previous sampling period in which the analog input voltage is held and the next sampling period, when converting the analog input voltage Vin input into a digital value. This serial/parallel A/D converter includes a lower-order reference voltage initializing circuit 8 for initializing a lower-order reference voltage to an initialization voltage Vrc 23.

Abstract: A scalable analog-to-digital (A/D) converter with digital down conversion (DDC) may be utilized to substitute a very-high-speed A/D converter. The A/D converter has flexibility and scalability including the number of low-speed A/D converters, fine-adjustable attenuations, digital FIR filters or one digital FIR filter, with operating in parallel. The scalable A/D converter has aliasing free and does not have phase distortion. The DDC may be able to shift bandpass signals into baseband signals and decimate the baseband signals according to different down samplings. The DDC may have scalability to deal with multirate operation. The scalable A/D converter with DDC may be adapted to decrease the computational complexity of the resulting calculations, making the system amenable to use in high frequency sampling sensitive applications and in those situations where the available processor's performance is relatively limited. The entire system may be implemented in an efficient way either hardware or software.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus compress data, comprising an In-phase (I) component and a Quadrature (Q) component. The compressed data may be saved into a memory or may be transmitted to a remote location for subsequent processing or storage. Statistical characteristics of the data are utilized to convert the data into a form that requires a reduced number of bits in accordance with the statistical characteristics. The data may be further compressed by transforming the data, as with a discrete cosine transform, and by modifying the transformed data in accordance with a quantization conversion table that is selected using a data type associated with the data. Additionally, a degree of redundancy may be removed from the processed data with an encoder. Subsequent processing of the compressed data may decompress the compressed data in order to approximate the original data by reversing the process for compressing the data with corresponding inverse operations.

Abstract: A method for adjusting a detection axis of an object detection system, wherein a disk-shaped adjusting member is fixed to a reference plane on an outer face of a casing, wherein the rotational position of the adjusting member is adjusted. The adjusting member has first and second base surfaces, between which a wedge shape is formed. Rotating the adjusting member finely adjusts the angle of the second base surface relative to the reference plane of the casing, thereby resulting in the direction of the second base surface coinciding with the direction of an object detection axis of a radar mechanism part fixed within the casing. The direction of the object detection axis can be adjusted in the horizontal direction by placing a level on the second base surface of the adjusting member and adjusting the mounting angle of the casing so the level indicates a horizontal direction.

Abstract: Combining signals includes receiving first signals having a first frequency and second signals having a second frequency. A first weight reflecting a signal-to-noise ratio associated with a first signal is determined for each first signal, and a first signal output is generate from the first signals in accordance with the first weights. A second weight reflecting a signal-to-noise ratio associated with a second signal is determined for each second signal, and a second signal output is generate from the second signals in accordance with the second weights. The first signal output and the second signal output are combined to yield a combined signal output.

Abstract: A wireless communication base station consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention collects user transmissions and creates and maintains a database storing data that relates communication parameters to a geographic location. A base station receiver receives data packets containing data describing a geographic location of a mobile communication node. The base station predicts a future geographic location of the mobile communication node, and transmits communication parameters to the mobile communication node associated with the predicted future geographic location. The mobile communication node consistent with certain embodiments of the invention has a GPS positioning device that determines a geographic location of the communication node. A transceiver transmits data representing the geographic location and receives data representing communication parameters determined as a function of the data representing the geographic location.

Abstract: A novel method and apparatus for determining geolocation of a mobile transmitter is provided. The apparatus and the method utilize an orthogonal projection of a source signal to canceling interference from the source signal in the geolocation process.

Abstract: A multiple pass location processing method, for use in a wireless location system (WLS), comprises identifying a received transmission as requiring multiple pass location processing whereby the WLS produces a first, lower quality location estimate and then subsequently produces a second, higher quality location estimate. The WLS then produces the first location estimate and provides it to a first location application, and then produces the second location estimate. The second location estimate may be a more accurate estimate than the first location estimate and/or of a higher confidence than the first location estimate. This method is suitable, but not limited, for use in connection with locating a wireless transmitter involved in an emergency services call and routing the call to a call center.

Abstract: A method for tracking objects within a three-dimensional capture zone includes placing at least four sensors around the capture zone. A stationery reference tag is placed within the capture zone. Tags are coupled to objects to be tracked in the capture zone. Signals are periodically transmitted from the reference and object tags. These signals are received and the identification code, and code phase and carrier phase measurements are extracted. The code phrase and carrier phase measurements are processed to determine the position of each object tag with respect to the reference tag at each sampling instant.

Abstract: A dual band antenna having a base plate, an RF structure forming dipole antenna elements and a radiator forming a patch antenna. The RF structure coupled with the base plate, the radiator having a slot, the radiator located in a substantially parallel orientation with and electrically isolated from the base plate and the RF structure; a dipole portion of the RF structure extending through the slot so that the radiator also acts as a ground plane for the dipole antenna elements.

Abstract: One dual-band monopole antenna composed of a microwave substrate, radiation devices and transmission line is disclosed. The radiation device includes the central radiation body and two radiation arms. The central radiation body is used to generate one resonance mode, and the two radiation arms are used to generate another resonance mode. Thus, the dual-band monopole antenna is capable of operating at two different frequencies. In practical applications, radiation arms can be put symmetrically on two opposite sides and close to the central radiation body.

Abstract: A high-performance and compact antenna apparatus is provided which is capable of obtaining a high antenna gain, less susceptible to wind and the like, and advantageously useful as mounted on vehicles or the like. The antenna apparatus includes: a transmitting antenna section 2 having at least one planar antenna element for transmitting a radio wave to a satellite; a receiving antenna section 3 having at least one planar antenna element for receiving a radio wave from the satellite, the transmitting antenna section 2 and the receiving antenna section 3 being positioned to orient to a predetermined satellite and arranged stepwise with a predetermined spacing therebetween.

Abstract: A method of designing an antenna (6) comprises at least two iterations (8, 10); wherein a first iteration (8) comprises applying a first order fractal replication (b) to a base shape (7); and wherein a subsequent iteration (10) comprises applying a non-linear replication to the result of the first or each previous iteration (8, 9); such that a predetermined antenna radiation pattern is produced (11). An antenna comprises at least two elements; wherein the first element comprises a base shape (7) to which a first order fractal replication (b) has-been applied; and wherein a subsequent element comprises a non-linear replication of the first or each subsequent element, such that a predetermined antenna radiation pattern is produced (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to an antenna of small dimensions.

Abstract: The invention relates to an integrated antenna for a portable computer. The portable computer has a main frame. The integrated antenna comprises a substrate, a first radiating metal strip, a second radiating metal strip, a ground plane, at least one first connecting metal strip and second connecting metal strip. The substrate has a connecting portion for connecting to the main frame. The first radiating metal strip is used to induce a first resonance, and the second radiating metal strip is used to induce a second resonance. The first connecting metal strip connects to the first radiating metal strip and the second radiating metal strip. The second connecting metal strip connects to the second radiating metal strip and the ground plane. The integrated antenna of the invention is mounted to the main frame of the portable computer. The length of a coaxial cable can be reduced. Therefore, the transmission loss and cost can be reduced.

Abstract: A dipole antenna (linearly-polarized antenna) is housed in a lower casing and a patch antenna (circularly-polarized antenna) is housed in an upper casing. The upright position of the upper casing, which is supported above the upper casing, can be changed. Thus, the effect of polarization diversity can be expected in addition to the effect of spatial diversity, so that the susceptibility to multipath influence is reduced. Also, an appropriate adjustment of the direction of the patch antenna allows the patch antenna to perform signal transmission to and/or reception from above and/or below which cannot be performed by the dipole antenna.

Abstract: A housing for a tag assembly comprises an internal chamber defined by sidewalls and a bottom wall; a peripheral flange projecting from the housing; convergent surfaces extending at an upper housing end to an upper surface; and a sensor portal projecting through the housing upper surface in communication with the housing chamber. The housing is positioned within a mold block with the upper housing end resident within a mold block cavity. An upper surface of the peripheral flange and housing sidewall superior to the flange abut sidewall portions of the mold block to isolate the upper housing end with the cavity while carrier strip material is induced into the mold to partially embed the housing therein. An annular apparatus is thus formed comprising an annular carrier strip having a transponder housing at least partially embedded therein in which an upper housing end remains free of the carrier strip.

Abstract: A conformal phased array antenna and associated method of repairing the antenna are provided. The antenna has individual subassemblies or line replaceable units such that the antenna can be repaired without completely removing the entire antenna. The antenna generally includes a planar antenna subassembly including an array of RF modules disposed in a reference plane. The antenna also typically has a contoured waveguide subassembly including a contoured aperture honeycomb structure. The contoured aperture honeycomb structure defines a number of passages that are in communication with respective RF modules. The exterior surface of the contoured aperture honeycomb structure that faces away from the planar antenna subassembly is contoured such that at least portions of this surface are at an oblique angle with respect to the reference plane. This contoured surface may advantageously be shaped to match the contour of the surface of the structure to which the antenna is mounted.

Abstract: A multi-band sleeve dipole antenna including a generally axially disposed elongate inner conductor having first and second ends and arranged to be connected at the first end thereof to a modulated signal source, a generally axially disposed intermediate conductor disposed generally coaxially with respect to the inner conductor and arranged to be connected to ground, a generally axially disposed first outer sleeve conductor disposed generally coaxially with respect to the inner conductor and to the intermediate conductor and a generally axially disposed second outer sleeve conductor having a first and second ends disposed generally coaxially with respect to the inner conductor and to the intermediate conductor.

Abstract: A non-planar log-periodic antenna feed with low ohmic loss, intermediate gain multioctave bandwidth, and dual polarization can be integrated with a low-noise MMIC amplifier, at ambient or cryogenic temperatures. Long, lossy transmission lines with nearly 1 dB loss, normally required for connecting log-periodic antennas to microwave signal detection circuits, are unnecessary in this design. Amplifiers are positioned close to the antenna terminals at the vertex of the antenna, inside a square pyramidal shield with half the opening angle of the antenna arms. The non-obvious idea is that a conductor enclosing a large volume of self-similar shape between the antenna arms enhances gain while preserving the frequency-independence of the log-periodic antenna over its operating bandwidth. The design has been reduced to practice. A 1-10 GHz prototype has been range tested. A small microwave telescope which incorporates this feed can achieve over multioctave bandwidths an A/T (sensitivity) that is unprecedented.

Abstract: A multi-band antenna apparatus comprises a first conductor and a second conductor arranged with a specific interval and a feeder which feeds power to the first conductor and the second conductor, and the first conductor is divided by a slit.

Abstract: A circuit dividing and/or combining signals that has an input port for receiving a first signal, a first transmission line connected at one end to the input port, and a first connection point. The first connection point is connected to another end of the first transmission line. The first connection point provides a path to a first output port. A plurality of additional transmission lines, connection points and output ports is connected in sequence. Each transmission line is connected at one end to the (N−1)th connection point. A N connection point is connected to another end of the N transmission line. The N connection point provides a path to a N output port. The circuit provides equal amplitude at each of the antenna ports and further provides 90° phase progression between each pair of adjacent output ports.

Abstract: A dual polarized integrated antenna comprising: a quadrifilar radiator; a printed circuit board having a ground plane on an upper surface, wherein the quadrifilar radiator is centrally disposed upon the ground plane; a plurality of lower surface micro-strip traces disposed on a lower surface of the printed circuit board; and a monopole array mounted on the printed circuit board and contactingly engaging the plurality of lower surface micro-strip traces.

Abstract: A circuit for supplying signals to a quadrifilar antenna that has an input port for receiving a first signal, a first transmission line connected at one end to the input port, and a first connection point. The first connection point is connected to another end of the first transmission line. The first connection point provides a path to a first antenna port. A second transmission line is connected at one end to the first connection point. A second connection point is connected to another end of the second transmission line. The second connection point provides a path to a second antenna port. A third transmission line is connected at one end to the second connection point. A third connection point is connected to another end of the third transmission line. The third connection point provides a path to a third antenna port. A fourth transmission line is connected at one end to the third connection point. A fourth connection point is connected to another end of the third transmission line.

Abstract: A folded dual-band monopole antenna apparatus is disclosed, which includes a radiation body, a transmission line and a conductor. The radiation body resonates at a first and a second operating frequency. The radiation body connects the transmission line by way of the conductor. The radiation body includes a first side and a corresponding second side, and slits are set alternately on the first side and the second side to make the radiation body to be a meandered structure. The radiation body is folded along an extended direction of the slits to form a pillar structure for size miniaturization. The radiation body can cover a surface of a pillar dielectric material structure by printing technology for further size miniaturization and improving the strength of the radiation body.

Abstract: An antenna unit and a radio communication terminal using this antenna unit, in which the sensitivity in radio wave transmission and reception is increased, are provided. The antenna unit provides a coil of small diameter, a coil of large diameter, and a case that covers the coil of small diameter and the coil of large diameter. The case has one or plural opening parts within the range keeping the durability of the case. And the radio communication terminal uses this antenna unit.

Abstract: A radio frequency reconfigurable lens is provided. In particular, a lens comprising at least two opposed frequency selective surface sheets is provided. A relative phase shift may be imparted to an incident radio frequency wave by varying the distance between at least some of the unit cells of a first of the FSS sheets and adjacent unit cells on a second of the FSS sheets. In order to provide a desired phase taper across the width of a lens, and/or to provide different phase shift amounts, pairs of FSS surfaces having controllable columns or rows can be cascaded together. According to an additional aspect of the present invention, radio frequency waves can be scanned by cascading multiple tunable stages. The present invention also provides a radio frequency shutter.

Abstract: A hybrid reflector antenna particularly suited for reflecting a frequency band in a satellite includes a central portion fully reflective to the frequency band. A first annular band is disposed directly adjacent to the central portion. The first annular band is partially reflective to the frequency band. The reflector may include several annular bands having various degrees of reflectivity and thus attenuation. The present invention may be implemented using two such reflectors, one for transmitting and one for receiving in a satellite, for either single or multiple beam applications. This invention offers more compact and lower mass/cost antenna configurations compared to conventional antennas from multiple beam satellite payloads.

Abstract: The present invention provides a universal serial bus (USB) display unit comprising a microprocessor with a USB interface, where the USB interface is adapted to receive video data from a first source, and a video decoder adapted to receive other video data from a second source. The USB unit also comprises a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) adapted to process the video data and the other video data, a memory adapted to store the processed video data and the processed other video data, and a display adapted to contemporaneously display the processed video data and the processed other video data. The microprocessor is adapted to transmit the processed other video data to the first source via the USB interface which is adapted to receive audio data from the first source. The USB unit further comprises an audio circuit adapted to provide the audio data via the FPGA, where the video decoder, the audio circuit, the microprocessor, the display, and the memory are operably coupled to the FPGA.

Abstract: A three-dimensional image display includes a display screen, a projector operable to project two or more images onto the display screen sequentially, and a collimator located between the screen and a viewing position. The collimator is operable to change the viewing angle of the screen in sequence with the image projected onto the screen.

Abstract: An organic EL apparatus comprising a substrate 2, a pair of electrodes 7 and 8 formed on the substrate 2, and a light emitting layer 5 disposed between the electrodes 7 and 8 is provided in order to implement a light emitting apparatus and an electronic device which decrease reflections in a display of the organic EL apparatus, and to improve display quality. The substrate 2 comprises a transparent substrate, the pair of the electrodes 7 and 8 is an anode 7 disposed on the light emitting layer 5 at the substrate 2 side, and a cathode 7 disposed on the light emitting layer 5 at an opposite side of the substrate 2. A semi-reflection film 1 is disposed near the anode 7. The semi-reflection film transmits a part of external light R0 incident on the organic EL apparatus from the substrate 2, and reflects a part of the light other than the light transmitted.