Abstract: In a first aspect of the present invention, a camera exposure control system is provided. The camera exposure control system has a shutter movable during an exposure period through a path of travel between a first position and a second position and a detector to sense the shutter and to generate a signal when the shutter is at a flash trigger position on the path of travel. A flash circuit is provided and receives the signal generated by the detector causing a flash of light to discharge when the signal is received. A stop is also provided. The stop is selectably movable from a location out of the path of travel of the shutter to a location in the path of travel of the shutter. The location of the stop determines whether the detector can sense the shutter during the exposure.

Abstract: A camera includes a movable aperture stop plate, which changes over a light path of object light between plural stop states. A depressible shutter release button is provided. A shutter mechanism is released in response to depression of the shutter release button after a charging operation and changing over the movable aperture stop plate, to provide an exposure to the photo film. A photometric circuit including a CdS element measures object brightness adapted for changing over the movable aperture stop plate. A photometric switch includes first and second switch segments, is turned on when pressed, to supply the photometric circuit with power. A blocking pin blocks and turns off the first and second switch segments upon completion of the charging operation of the shutter mechanism, and comes away from the photometric switch when the shutter release button is depressed.

Abstract: A position information recording camera comprises a satellite position sensor connected to a conventional camera that would encode GPS information relative to the camera location on an encoded photographic image. A central processing unit is electrically connected to the satellite position sensor. A recorder is electrically connected to the central processing unit and is capable of recording an encoded position measurement derived from the satellite position data on a photographic impression.

Abstract: A film cleaning apparatus and method includes a cleaning member with at least one self-loading cleaning surface or pad mounted directly over the film, such that when assembled, the cleaning surface or pad applies a force onto the film. The cleaning member of the present invention is preferably provided upstream of a magnetic head with respect to a direction of travel of the film in an imaging apparatus. The cleaning member of the present invention contacts the film with a sufficient load or force to clean the film and preferably, the opposing magnetic tracks of the film, prior to the film passing the magnetic heads or reaching the magnetic head area.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for holding two cameras on a single mount for stereo graphic imaging with controls for: (a) the synchronous convergence of the optical line of focus of both cameras at a single point at a desired distance; (b) the adjustment of the position of the image focal plane in one camera with respect to the image focal plane in the other camera such that the two cameras are correctly focused on the same image; (c) the adjustment of the spacing between the two cameras such as to mimic the average distance between human eyes; and (d) adjustment of the two cameras such that the two cameras, while being converged, rotate around the same image (nodal) point.

Abstract: A camera has a rangefinder device having an optical system constituted by a plurality of optical elements and a diopter adjustment mechanism capable of adjusting the observation diopter of the rangefinder device by operation by the user from outside the camera. In addition, there are provided an operating member that operates the diopter adjustment mechanism and an adjustment mechanism that effects adjustment such that the observation diopter of the rangefinder device is at a predetermined value when the operating member is in a prescribed position. By this means, a camera having a diopter adjustment mechanism whereby the relative positional relationship of the operating member and driven member can always be ensured such that the observation diopter gets equal to the predetermined observation diopter that is to be set when the operating member is arranged in the prescribed position. This can be realized by a straightforward construction.

Abstract: A safety-lock mechanism for a camera includes a lock member that is rotatable between first and second lock positions for locking a lid open-close mechanism in a latching position where a lid of a cartridge chamber of the camera is latched closed; and an unlock position for allowing the lid open-close mechanism to unlatch the lid of the cartridge chamber. The lock member cooperates with a film transport mechanism such that the lock member moves from the unlock position to the first lock position as the film transport mechanism starts winding the photo filmstrip, and moves from the first lock position to the second lock position as the film transport mechanism starts rewinding the photo filmstrip. The lock member is urged by a spring to move to the unlock position.

Abstract: A camera includes a main body covered with a front cover and a rear cover. The main body has a film take-up chamber. The film take-up chamber has an opening in a right side. In order to cover the opening, a fixed lens barrel of a lens assembly is disposed. A part of the fixed lens barrel constructs a part of the film take-up chamber. To back and front wall portions of the film take-up chamber, back and front press springs are attached respectively.

Abstract: Method for data transmission in a bi-directional working channel between a plurality of terminals of an optical ring network having a protection means that, given a disturbed data transmission, sets up a protection connection in the wavelength-division multiplex method in a working channel via the undisturbed section of the ring network in a single bi-directional protection channel that has at least the transmission capacity of the working channel.

Abstract: Given a measuring arrangement at the transmission side (MQ), quality criteria of the useful load signals (WS) are transmitted together with a timing mark to the measuring arrangement at the reception side (MS) at the end of a transmission path (OMS1) in a given time interval. The measuring arrangement at the reception side (MS) carries out the same measuring procedures1, compares both measured values (MEQ, MES) and sends the measuring result (ME) to a central location (ZS).

Abstract: A system for managing signal power levels in an optical network. The optical network comprises a plurality of nodes having logic to receive and transmit optical signals over a plurality of network interconnections. The system includes a method wherein each of the nodes is provided configuration parameters, each of the nodes is configured based on the configuration parameters, power parameter information is exchanged between the nodes, at least some of the nodes are re-configured based on the power parameter information and the steps of exchanging power parameter information and re-configuring at least some of the nodes are repeated until the optical network is fully configured so that the optical signals have selected signal power levels.

Abstract: An arbitrary signal is converted to IP packets, which are routed by an IP packet routing part to Optical path signal conversion parts. Optical path signals from the Optical path signal conversion parts are provided directly to an optical path route switching part of an IP packet transmission equipment. By the optical path route switching part, optical path signals, obtained by wavelength-demultiplexing of OTM signals from optical backbone transmission lines by OTM/optical path signal conversion parts, and optical path signals from the Optical path signal conversion parts are cross-connected to output routes according to their destinations.

Abstract: In an amplified wavelength division multiplexes (WDM) fiber optic communication system, each channel experiences a different optical gain, dispersion and noise. Also, the evolution of WDM fiber optic systems to higher density channel spacing has further aggravated multi-channel non-linear distortions such as four-wave mixing (FWM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM). The standard method for controlling these nonlinearities is the peak power control method. The performance of the channels can be equalized by adjusting the transmission powers of the optical transmitters. However, just equalization of a performance indication factor (PIF) such as BER or Q is not the optimum approach when peak power control mode of operation dominates. This invention is directed towards improving the margins of performance of WDM fiber optic channels.

Abstract: Wavelength division multiplexing signal light is fed into an arrayed diffraction grating type optical demultiplexer, demultiplexed signal light components are outputted from a plurality of output ports, whether there is a signal light component or not is detected by each photodiode of a photodiode array, and a counter unit calculates the number of signals from the result of detection. Here, the output wavelength interval of &Dgr;&lgr;o of the output ports is set to &Dgr;&lgr;o=&Dgr;&lgr;i/m (where m is an integer of at least two) with respect to the signal wavelength interval &Dgr;&lgr;i of the wavelength division multiplexing signal light, whereas the photodiode array is sectioned into m photodiode array groups in which the output signal wavelength interval is &Dgr;&lgr;i.

Abstract: Circuitry using infra-red (IR) diodes in remote control units. In one embodiment an IR LED is used both as a transmitter diode and also as a receiver diode responsive to light to thereby develop photocurrents and/or voltages for use by external circuitry. In a second embodiment an improved amplifier circuit is provided for an IR LED and IR photo detector diode which is mounted behind, and receives light through, the transmitter IR LED.

Abstract: A point-to-multipoint bi-directional wide area telecommunications network employing atmospheric optical communication. The network comprises a primary transceiver unit, a plurality of subscriber transceiver units and an optical router. The primary transceiver unit may send data destined for the subscriber transceiver units through the optical router, and the subscriber transceiver units may send data destined for the primary transceiver unit through the optical router. The primary transceiver unit and optical router communicate by means of light beams which are transmitted through the atmosphere. Similarly, the optical router and the subscriber transceiver units communicate by means of light beams which are transmitted through the atmosphere.

Abstract: An integral transmitter-receiver optical communication apparatus, including: a transmitter-receiver device including: a transmitter having a laser source for emitting a laser beam modulated in accordance with a transmission information signal, a receiver having a position detecting sensor and a light receiving element each of which receives a complementing modulated laser beam transmitted from a complementing transmitter, and a beam splitting device for splitting the modulated laser beam and the complementing modulated laser beam into two separate laser beams; a telescopic optical system for transmitting the modulated laser beam emitted by the laser source, and for receiving the complementing modulated laser beam transmitted from the complementing transmitter, the telescopic optical system including a first afocal optical system; a light beam deflecting device positioned between the telescopic optical system and the transmitter-receiver device, wherein the light beam deflecting device is controlled in accorda

Abstract: In a battery operated IR transmitter having at least one IR LED energized by a source of voltage for passing current during transmission of pulses of data, the IR transmitter includes an energy regulator for maintaining transmission energy through the at least one IR LED substantially constant regardless of fluctuations in the voltage. The current is passed for a time duration that increases as the voltage decreases, the time duration being a function of the voltage so as to maintain the transmission energy substantially constant.

Abstract: An office information system having a device which provides a user with an operational message of the system is disclosed. In an embodiment of the office information system, a path record storage device stores a plurality of path records related to components of the system, each path record indicating a locating path needed to reach a location of a specific one of the components in the system when a failure related to the specific one of the components occurs. A failure location detecting device detects a location of a component in the system when a failure related to the component occurs. A reached location determining device reads a path record from the path record storage device when the location of the failure is detected, and determines a currently reached location in the system based on the path indicated by the path record.

Abstract: A printer uses a consumable component having an internal fuse that is blown when the consumable component is installed. In one aspect of the invention, the consumable component includes a resistor connected in series with the fuse. Before the fuse is blown, the resistance value of the resistor is checked to make sure that the correct type of consumable component has been installed. In another aspect of the invention, if the fuse fails to blow on the first attempt, this is recorded in a memory and a second attempt is made later, the consumable component being used in the meantime. In still another aspect of the invention, the consumable component includes a resistor or thermistor connected in parallel with the fuse, enabling a consumable component with a blown fuse to be distinguished from a consumable component that is not installed.

Abstract: Toner hopper (1) of a printer (70) has a stirring paddle (3) with an encoder wheel (30, 50) mounted on paddle shaft (5). The drive connection to paddle (3) is through a torsion spring (60). Data processing apparatus determines paddle acceleration or deceleration (90, 94, 98, 102) and executes a table look-up to determine scaled amounts of subsequent movement (92, 96, 100, 104). Steady state movement is a unitary (unscaled) amount (106). These amounts are totaled (93) and used to define yield at the torsion spring, which corresponds to amount of toner in the hopper. This eliminates hardware in previous embodiments at the drive motor to signal actual rotation of the drive motor.

Abstract: An implementation of a technology is described herein for automatically determining the heat-conductive properties of print media. More particularly, described herein is a technology for indirectly and automatically determining the heat-conductive properties of print media by determining the stiffness of print media, such as acetate and paper. At least one embodiment, described herein, includes a registration assembly of a laser printer. In this assembly, the print medium is deflected (i.e., bent, bowed, buckled, etc.). A measurement of such deflection is made. That measurement is an indication of the relative stiffness of the print medium. Assuming approximately similar densities, the stiffness of print media is directly related to its thickness. The thicker the medium the stiffer it is and vice versa. The thickness of print media is directly related to its heat conductivity.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is provided which is capable of forming images on recording materials of various types and sizes. The image forming apparatus includes a storing member for storing recording materials having an arbitrary size, a size-information input device for inputting size information corresponding to the arbitrary size of the recording materials, and a controller for controlling an image forming operation according to the size information inputted by the size-information input device. The size information input by the size-information input device includes each of arbitrary values corresponding to longitudinal and lateral lengths of the recording materials.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus of the present invention includes a latent image forming device for forming a latent image on an image carrier and a developing device for developing the latent image with toner to thereby form a corresponding toner image. The surface of an intermediate image transfer body is movable and includes an high-resistance layer having a volume resistivity of 1010 &OHgr;·cm or above. A primary image transferring device transfers the toner image from the image carrier to the intermediate image transfer body. Secondary image transferring device transfers the toner image from the intermediate image transfer body to a sheet. A polarization uniforming device uniforms, at the beginning of an image forming operation, polarization left in the high-resistance layer while preserving the polarity of the polarization after the surface of the intermediate image transfer body has started moving, but before the toner image is transferred from the image carrier to the secondary image transfer body.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for enhancing a transfer efficiency of electronic photograph development equipment, which enhances the transfer efficiency by controlling a transfer voltage output from a transfer voltage output end by a pulse width modulation command under the control of a microcomputer based on a transfer environment and a paper sheet recognition of the electronic photograph development equipment.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for controlling the temperature of a fixing device of the film heating type and the pressure rotary member driving type and an image forming apparatus provided with this fixing device, at the start of printing, the output of a thermistor near a heater is detected, and when the temperature difference &Dgr;T=T2−T1 between the detected temperature T1 and the fixing temperature T2 is smaller than a desired temperature T0, the raising timing of the heater is delayed. Thereby, a pressure roller is not-excessively warmed at hot start and slip can be prevented. Also, in the image forming apparatus having the film heating type fixing device, in the next printing after the lapse of a predetermined time after the termination of a printing operation, the target temperature and heater electrical energization starting timing of the fixing device are changed in conformity with the temperature of the fixing device.

Abstract: In the image formation apparatus, an active filter converts an AC power supply supplied from an AC power supply to a DC voltage, and first and second DC—DC converters convert the DC voltage converted by the active filter to voltages at predetermined levels and respectively supplies the voltages to an image forming engine and an engine control unit. A power supply control unit stops the operation of the first DC—DC converter in order to allow the second DC—DC converter to continue supply of the voltage to the engine control unit when disconnection of the AC power supply is detected.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus including a cooling device that efficiently cools an inside of a main body of the image forming apparatus, the cooling device has an airflow path in which air taken in the main body of the image forming apparatus flows through a drum-shaped image carrier from a first end side of the image carrier, flows through the image carrier, and is discharged from a second end side of the image carrier, then makes a U-turn on the second end side of the image carrier, and flows through space between a toner storing device and a fixing device, and returns to a position on the first end side of the image carrier in the main body of the image forming apparatus. A fan may be provided at a position where the air makes a U-turn in the airflow path.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cleaning member including melamine resin foam in at least a portion that contacts an object to be cleaned. A charging device and a transfer device including the cleaning member are provided as well. An image forming apparatus including at least the cleaning member is also provided. In the image forming apparatus the cleaning member cleans at least one of a charge roll of the charging device, an image carrier, and a transfer roll of the transfer device.

Abstract: A cartridge detachably mountable to an image forming apparatus, includes: a developer container; and a pressure regulating device for regulating the air pressure in the developer container. The pressure regulating device includes a hollow portion having a vent and an elastic filter being compressed into the hollow.

Abstract: An unit detachably mountable to a main assembly of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus for forming an image on a recording material, including: (a) a unit frame; and (b) a memory member supported by the unit frame, the memory member including: a base; a storing element, provided on the base, for storing information; a memory antenna, provided in the base, for sending the information stored in the storing element to a main assembly antenna provided in a main assembly of the apparatus, when the memory member is mounted to the main assembly of the apparatus; a sending member, provided in the base, for sending the information stored in the storing element to the memory antenna; and an outer casing member covering the base provided with the storing element, the sending member and the memory antenna.

Abstract: In the non-fixing type image forming method and apparatus which allow chargeable toner T to removably adhere to recessed portions R of an image receiving sheet S having an uneven surface s2′ formed with a lot of the recessed portions R capable of housing the chargeable toner by an electrostatic force to form a toner image and allows protrusions P of the uneven surface s2′ to protect the toner T adhering to the recessed portions R, after the toner image is formed on the image receiving sheet S, an amount of electric charges of the toner T on the image receiving sheet is reduced.

Abstract: In a color image forming apparatus, a looped belt member is stretched and circulated by at least a drive roller and a driven roller so as to have a tensed side and a slack side. Each of plural image supporting members supports a single color toner image thereon, and abuts onto the slack side of the belt member to define a transferring position at which the toner image is transferred onto either the belt member or a recording medium held by the belt member, while being rotated. A circumferential velocity of each image supporting member is determined so as to be higher than a circulation velocity of the belt member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a latent image bearing member and a developing portion having a plurality of developing devices provided facing the latent image bearing member, as well as an inputting portion for inputting an image signal, an auto-discriminating portion for automatically discriminating the kind of image input, and a control portion for changing between a first mode for executing monochrome image formation, a second mode for executing color image formation, and an auto-selecting mode for changing over between the first mode and the second-mode according to the discrimination of the auto-discriminating portion. In the auto-selecting mode, movement of a predetermined developing device to a predetermined position is started before the auto-discriminating portion makes the discrimination.

Abstract: A liquid image developing system including a development container in which a developer having a charge is stored, a photosensitive body, and a development roller which is partially soaked in the developer in the development container and to rotate and form development nip. The system further includes a depositing portion to apply an electric potential to attach the developer to the surface of the development roller, a metering portion to regulate the developer attached to the surface of the development roller at a predetermined thickness at a front end of the development nip, and a cleaning portion to clean the surface of the development roller at a rear end of the development nip.

Abstract: A hollow, cylindrical toner bottle of the present invention discharges toner stored therein when mounted to an electrophotographic image forming apparatus in a substantially horizontal position and then rotated about its axis. The toner bottle is made up of a mouth including a toner outlet and a cylindrical wall, and a body including a circumferential wall and a bottom. The mouth is formed by injection molding. The outer circumference of the toner outlet has circularity of 0.7 mm or below.

Abstract: A developer carrying member includes: a rotation shaft portion; a first carrying member for carrying developer, the first carrying member being formed on the rotation shaft portion; and a second carrying member for carrying the developer, the second carrying member being formed on the rotation shaft portion on a downstream side in a developer carrying direction. The second carrying member is equipped with a carrying surface having an intersection angle with respect to a lengthwise direction of the rotation shaft portion in a state such that no load is applied to the second carrying member, and such that the second carrying member does not abut against an inner wall of a developer containing container. The first and the second carrying members carry the developer in a lengthwise direction by rotation of the rotation shaft portion. A rigidity of the second carrying member is larger than a rigidity of the first carrying member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus of the present invention includes a developing device including a rotatable, nonmagnetic developer carrier and a magnetic field forming device. In a developing region where the developer carrier faces an image carrier, the magnetic field forming device causes a developer made up of toner and magnetic grains to rise on the developer carrier in the form of a magnet brush. In the developing region, the magnet brush on the developer carrier is caused to move at a higher speed than the surface of the image carrier in the same direction as and in contact with the surface of the image carrier, thereby developing the latent image. The toner of the developer is magnetic toner. Flux density set up in the developing region outside of the surface of the developer carrier in a normal direction has an attenuation ratio of 50% or above.

Abstract: A color electrophotographic apparatus includes a photosensitive member, an exposing device for forming an image on the photosensitive member, developing devices for different colors, and a transfer member. The developing devices include a toner storing chamber, a toner carrying member for forming a toner layer, a regulating member for regulating an amount of toner attached to the toner carrying member, a toner supply chamber having a supply member therein, a toner recovery chamber having an rotating member therein, and a separating member for separating the toner supply chamber from the toner recovery chamber so that the toner supply chamber is disposable above the toner recovery chamber.

Abstract: A quadruple-tandem type image forming apparatus in which four units of an image forming unit are disposed, and toner images are transferred to a transfer material sequentially, wherein supposing that surface potentials of a photosensitive body in each image forming unit are V0a, V0b, V0c, V0d from upstream in a moving direction of a transfer material toward downstream, development bias voltages in each image forming unit are VBa, VBb, VBc, VBd, and electrification quantities of a toner in each developing unit in each image forming unit are qa. qb, qc, qd, the relations of V0a≧V0b≧V0c≧V0d, VBa≧VBb≧VBc≧VBd, and qa≧qb≧qc≧qd (wherein V0a>V0d, VBa>VBd, qa>qd) are fulfilled.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including at least two image forming portions, a transferring portion for successively superimposing and transferring images formed by the image forming portions onto a transfer medium, a pattern forming portion for forming an image misregister detection pattern for detecting the positional deviation between the images formed by the image forming portions, a pattern detecting portion for detecting the image misregister detection pattern formed on the transfer medium by the pattern forming portion, a pattern position detecting portion for detecting the position of the image misregister detection pattern, and a positional deviation correcting portion for correcting the positional deviation of at least one of the image forming portions on the basis of the result of the detection of the pattern position detecting portion, wherein the pattern position detecting portion detects a time when the detection signal of the pattern detecting portion has been continuously outputted for a predeter

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image carrying member, an intermediate transfer member, a charging member, a transfer mechanism, a discharging member, a direct current voltage source, and a direct current voltage controller. The intermediate transfer member is deposited at a position facing and in contact with the image carrying member rotatably carrying a toner image on a rotating surface, and receives the toner image therefrom during a first transfer operation. The charging member applies a charge to the intermediate transfer member to cause an electric field around a region where the image carrying member and the intermediate transfer member contact with each other, where the electric field generates a force for initiating the first transfer operation. The transfer mechanism performs a second transfer operation for transferring the toner image from the intermediate transfer member to a transfer sheet.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member for bearing a developer image; an image forming apparatus for forming the developer image borne on the image bearing member; a transferring apparatus for electrostatically transferring the developer image on the image bearing member to a transferring material in a transferring area; and a guiding member for guiding the transferring material into the transferring area. The guiding member includes an insulating member disposed on a transferring material guide surface and a conductive member disposed on a surface opposite to the transferring material guide surface. A power source capable of applying a voltage having a predetermined polarity is electrically connected to the conductive member. A projection is provided on the surface of the insulating member.

Abstract: A heating device is used in an image forming apparatus. In the heating device, a resin layer is provided between a core metal of a fixing roller and a ball bearing. The resin layer is adhered to the core metal so as to obviate a noise, caused by a rubbing of the resin layer against a ball bearing, which is otherwise produced when the resin layer is provided as a separate part. Between the resin layer and the ball bearing, a material of the resin layer is selected and the resin layer is configured to have a rough surface with a coefficient of dynamic friction of the surface of the resin which is a predetermined value, and thereby minimizing the production of the noise. The outer diameter of the portion of the heat roller supported by the bearing is larger than the portion of the heat roller that contacts a heated member.

Abstract: A color-mixing fixing device includes a first fixing rotary member, and a second fixing rotary member for forming a nip together with the first fixing rotary member. After toner images of a plurality of colors stacked on one surface of a recording medium are fixed by a nip, toner images of a plurality of colors stacked on the other surface of the recording medium are fixed by the nip, thereby forming full-color images on both the surfaces of the recording medium. Each of the first and second fixing rotary members has a surface rubber layer with an impact resilience of 50% or less.

Abstract: A cleaning device including a housing disposed above a photoconductor drum and having an opening portion open downward toward the circumferential surface of the photoconductor drum, a cleaning blade disposed in the housing so as to be located in the opening portion downstream in the direction of rotation of the photoconductor drum, and a cleaning roller disposed in the housing so as to be located in the opening portion upstream from the cleaning blade in the direction of rotation of the photoconductor drum; and an image forming apparatus equipped with the cleaning device. In the housing of the cleaning device, a spiral roller for letting out a toner recovered into the housing is disposed above the cleaning blade. A partition wall is disposed between the cleaning blade and the spiral roller, and a toner movement space for moving the toner recovered into the housing is formed between the front end of the partition wall and the circumferential surface of the cleaning roller.

Abstract: A cleaning device for cleaning a toner from a surface of a cylindrical latent image carrier having; a cleaning blade mechanism which includes a cleaning blade arranged so that a tip edge portion on a first surface of the cleaning blade contacts with the surface of the cylindrical latent image carrier, and a supporting member positioned on a second surface at a base end portion of the cleaning blade to urge the cleaning blade to contact with the surface of the cylindrical latent image carrier; and a laminar vibration-damping member whose base end portion is held by the supporting member on the second surface of the cleaning blade, wherein, on a tip end portion of the vibration-damping member, a plurality of slits are formed so that a plurality of tab portions are formed to be arranged in the axial direction of the cylindrical latent image carrier.

Abstract: An image reading apparatus includes: a detecting section for detecting a size of an original sheet; an image reading section for reading an image described in the original sheet; and a storage medium for storing the read image which is read by the image reading section; wherein before the size of the original sheet is detected by the detecting section, the image reading section reads the image to store the read image in the storage medium; and after the size of the original sheet is detected by the detecting section, a size of the stored image which is stored in the storage medium is changed in accordance with the detected size of the original sheet, which is detected by the detecting section.

Abstract: Method for developing a flexible and efficient educational system in a computer environment, with the opportunity to protect instructions and data. An educational system consists of multiple program elements, composed by program elements from both a user computer device and possibly program elements from a server computer or other sending devices, such as those computers, represented on the Internet. All elements of the program is managed using instruction sets which exit's on the user's computer device or are being sent from a server or other sending device. The instruction sets are divided into groups by topics, which for example relate to “overview map”, “self-study”, “lecture”, “assignment preparation” and “group collaboration” plus “browse”. Using the instruction sets, an electronic educational process can be developed, which is very much similar to a normal educational process.

Abstract: Provided is an improved system and method for implementing a constellation of satellites in inclined elliptical orbits. The satellites are operated during the portion of their orbits near apogee to emulate the characteristics of geostationary satellites. The orbits are configured to form a number of closely spaced repeating ground tracks around the earth. In each ground track the satellites operate only in arcs well above or below the equator to provide a large number of non-geostationary orbital slots that substantially increase global satellite capacity without interfering with the existing geostationary satellite ring. Minimum spacing is maintained between satellites in each active arc and between satellites in the active arcs of adjacent ground tracks to ensure that the satellites in the non-geostationary constellation do not interfere with each other.