Abstract: A nozzle for spraying surfaces is equipped with a piston rod centrally arranged in a feeding duct. The piston rod has an impact plate which is held by a spring in a position aligned with the surface to be sprayed. As a result of liquid pressure, the impact plate arrives in a second end position at a distance from the surface to be sprayed in which. As a result of a ring gap on an input side around the piston rod, the impact plate becomes a deflecting part for the spraying liquid exiting in a ring shape, which, in a circular spraying cone directed at a flat angle with respect to the surface to be sprayed, is then emitted onto the surface to be sprayed.

Abstract: A constant flow apparatus for adapting a fluid flow passing through a pipe at constant value comprises a tubular body to be mounted inside the pipe, an orifice disposed at the output end side of the tubular body, a movable needle with a flat tip portion positioned opposite the orifice, a spring supporting the needle with appropriate elastic force, and an elastic tubular sealing member having a circumferential bulging portion provided on the outside of the tubular body to cover the tubular body. The constant flow apparatus can be fixedly mounted in the pipe irrespective of the diameter of the pipe, and adapt the fluid flow passing through the pipe, preventing the needle from vibration.

Abstract: A closed circuit fuel nozzle for engaging an adapter on a fuel tank. The nozzle may include a body having an inlet aperture, a tubular assembly, an outlet aperture, and walls forming a closed flow path from the inlet aperture to a tubular assembly. The distal end of the tubular assembly may form the outlet for the nozzle. The tubular assembly may comprise a tube extending in the longitudinal direction and a sealing collar secured proximate the distal end to form the outlet. An articulator may provide resilient articulation of the sealing collar with respect to the tube about lateral and transverse axes. A biasing member may urge the tubular assembly distally in the longitudinal direction. A poppet valve may be selectively translatable in the longitudinal direction and shaped to stop flow through the body when seated against the sealing collar.

Abstract: The invention relates to a common rail fuel injector having an injector housing with a fuel inlet in communication with a central high-pressure fuel reservoir outside the injector housing and with a pressure chamber inside the injector housing. A control valve assures that a nozzle needle lifts from a seat when the pressure in the pressure chamber is greater than the pressure in a control chamber that communicates with the fuel inlet via an inlet throttle. The control chamber is defined by a bush that is displaceable, causing a sealing action, on the end of the nozzle needle remote from the combustion chamber and that is kept in contact against the injector housing with the aid of the nozzle spring.

Abstract: A mobile spreader is shown for distributing composted materials over a ground surface. The spreader has a hopper for receiving material to be transported and distributed and a ground engaging wheel assembly for supporting the hopper for transport across the ground. A combination mixing and distribution element is rotatably mounted in the interior of the hopper for conveying material received in the hopper interior to an elongated outlet located in a discharge area of the hopper. The combination mixing and distribution element comprises a shaft having a longitudinal axis with a number of discs located at spaced axial distances thereon. The discs are uniformly inclined at an angle in the range of 15-20° relative to line drawn perpendicular the longitudinal axis of the shaft. The discs are separated by one or more tines located on the shaft and also inclined at an angle in the range of 15-20° relative to a line drawn perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft.

Abstract: An apparatus for watering plants has a movable beam carrying several valves for dispersing water. At least some of the valves include a mechanism for sensing water flow and a regulator for adjusting the degree of opening of the valve until the actual flow corresponds to a selected flow value which is determined by a central control unit.

Abstract: Rotor for a paper stock processing machine, an anti-wear element for protecting a leading front surface of a rotor blade, and a paper stock processing apparatus. The rotor includes at least one rotor blade having a leading front surface to be protected, and an anti-wear element comprising a base body and at least one wear-resistant surface. The anti-wear element is coupled to the leading front surface. The anti-wear element includes a base body with a back side, and at least one wear-resistant working surface. The back side is formed to correspond to a shape of, and to be coupled to, the leading front edge. The apparatus includes a tank, a screen, and a rotor rotatably coupled adjacent the screen. The rotor includes at least one rotor blade having a leading front surface, relative to a rotational direction of the rotor, and an anti-wear element coupled to the leading front edge. The anti-wear element includes a base body and a wear-resistant working surface.

Abstract: A lift station and method for lifting liquid and chips flowing in a shallow stream trough to a higher level for further handling by rotation of a bladed wheel in a housing arranged to receive the liquid flow stream. The rotating blades cause the liquid to be swept up a forward housing wall and to be slung off the blades into an upwardly and backwardly extending exit chute, having sufficient momentum to reach and pass over a weir edge at the upper end of the chute, the liquid then directed into a collection tank where it may accumulate to a much greater depth than the depth of the flow stream.

Abstract: The White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a virus affecting shrimps as well as other crustaceans, and the WSSV epidemic poses a serious threat to the shrimp farming industry. The present invention relates to compositions and methods for inducing tolerance and/or immunity to White Spot Syndrome Virus infections. In one embodiment, the invention provides for a tolerine composition based on inactivated viral particles. In another embodiment, the invention provides for a method for inducing tolerance/immunity in shrimps by exposing larval shrimps to the tolerine composition. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides for tolerine composition with improved purity.

Abstract: An idler device of the magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus is disclosed having the construction that an idler arm is inserted to the side of a clutch shaft which is installed at a lower surface of a main chassis. Without an extra construction for the assembly, a snap engagement is possibly made, so that a workability of an assembly working is improved and the number of parts can be reduced, and thus, a production cost can be reduced. In addition, the assembly of an idler gear is completed as a plate spring is fixed to an idler shaft in a state that the idler gear is inserted in the idler shaft of an idler arm. Thus, the assembly working is relatively facilitated, and a production cost can be reduced with the simple construction. Moreover, since the plate spring is installed in a state of being fixed at the protrusion bar by the stopper, the relative position of the plate spring is precisely set with respect to the neighboring parts, so that an operation reliability can be remarkably improved.

Abstract: A seat belt retractor for a seat belt system in a motor vehicle has a belt reel for the winding and unwinding of seat belt webbing. At least one locking element can lock the belt reel against further rotation. Forces exerted by the seat belt webbing can be introduced into a frame connected to the vehicle. The locking device has at least one gear that can be locked by at least one lock operating device and also has at least one energy absorbing device.

Abstract: A programmable seat belt damper assembly for a seat belt in a motor vehicle. The programmable seat belt damper assembly includes a retractor operatively connected to the seat belt for winding and unwinding the seat belt. The programmable seat belt damper assembly also includes a rotary damper operatively connected to the retractor and having a magneto-rheological (MR) fluid therein. The programmable seat belt damper assembly further includes a controller electrically connected to the rotary damper to control an apparent viscosity of the MR fluid to increase and decrease a damping torque of the rotary damper for the unwinding of the seat belt.

Abstract: A method is provided for switching reels in a paper machine that includes applying an adhesive onto a continuously running paper web to begin a new paper roll and severing the continuous paper web from the tail end of the newly completed roll. The running paper web is supported by a reel drum and wound onto exchangeable reel shafts in contact with the reel drum in order to form rolls of paper. A hopper with a heater heats an adhesive agent to temporarily lower its viscosity and stickiness for smooth and even applying. A pair of nozzles, mounted on a pair of rodless cylinders and translating therewith, spray jets containing said adhesive onto the web and/or the reel shaft. The web is then advanced onto the reel shaft thereby forming an adhesive interface between the web and the shaft. Tension is applied across the adhesive interface to sever the paper web at the adhesive interface, thereby separating the trailing end of the paper web of the previously completed roll from the current paper roll.

Abstract: A process for continuous reeling of a pulp sheet, particularly a paper sheet, where the sheet runs over a reel drum and is later wound on a winding unit. The pressing force in the nip between the horizontal reel and the reel drum is measured without any losses.

Abstract: Roll winding device, in particular for a reel cutter, with at least one support device, comprising at least one carrying roll disposed with its axis in the lateral direction in a machine frame, which has a column device disposed on each of the two axial ends of the carrying roll, the columns being connected to each other in the lateral direction by means of at least one cross bar. At least one cross bar is embodied as a sealing box which is disposed underneath a winding bed and has a high mechanical stability so that it considerably increases the rigidity of the frame.

Abstract: An open shipyard feeder for supplying a consumable welding wire on a wire spool to a welding gun. The feeder includes a frame having a base extending in a longitudinal direction between a forward end and a rearward end and which supports the feeder on an underlying surface. The frame further includes a spool support means connected to the frame near the rearward end and which rotatably retains the wire spool relative to the frame allowing the spool to rotate about a spool axis. The feeder includes a wire advancing mechanism mounted on the frame for paying wire from the spool on the spool support to the welding gun. The feeder further includes a control box on the frame near the forward end. The feeder frame is rigid yet light weight and can support the wire feeder on a wide range of underlying surfaces while still being easily transportable.

Abstract: Dispenser containing a freely spinning supply roll (3) of compressed air tube (28) on a spool (4) and wherein during dispensing of the tube, the supply roll spins, such that the tube can be dispensed without buckling or becoming messy, wherein elements are present to allow the spool to spin tilting free and with little friction and also two or more dispensers can be easily mutually coupled, and the tube is guided through a slit (13) in a rubber body and the dispenser contains a heavy body (26).

Abstract: There is provided a system and apparatus for dispensing wet wipes. The system may include a housing, a tray and a cartridge. The cartridge has the ability to be inserted into the dispenser in a pre-selected manner based on the desired orientation of the wipes contained therein.

Abstract: An active mirror guidance system for a vehicle is disclosed. The guidance system includes active mirrors to track a target. The mirrors are moved in response to disturbances detected by sensors or manually via remote control. The image provided from the mirrors is sent to a focus device for processing. A signature signal processing device and additional optics may also be used. A control system connects each of the components of the guidance system. The guidance system is also connected to the vehicle control equipment to steer the vehicle toward the target.

Abstract: An aircraft and associated method of manufacture and operation. The aircraft can include a fuselage having a first portion and a second portion projecting upwardly from the first portion, with the first portion housing a passenger deck and the second portion being positioned above the passenger deck. A first wing can extend outwardly from the first portion of the fuselage and the second wing can extend outwardly from the second portion of the fuselage, with the second wing being positioned above and forward of the first wing. Accordingly, the fuselage can include a plurality of passenger doors simultaneously accessible to ground-based passenger load/unload equipment with at least one of the passenger doors positioned beneath the second wing.

Abstract: An STOL aircraft structure has a variable-attitude, variable-area wing in addition to a traditional airfoil. The variable wing has an angle of attack that varies from 0° to a predetermined angle far in excess of the stall angle. The variable wing area can be adjusted from 0% to 100% by a roller furling arrangement. The aircraft structure operates during takeoff by deploying the variable wing with an attitude exceeding the stall angle, applying thrust to the aircraft so that the variable wing generates reaction lift and the aircraft attains a predetermined altitude, and stowing the variable wing so that the traditional airfoil is the primary lifting surface. Those steps are reversed for landing.

Abstract: A mixed compression supersonic inlet system is provided which includes an external cowl, and an axisymmetric centerbody which preferably translates fore and aft. The centerbody of the inlet system is further provided with indexing segments which circumferentially rotate to provide longitudinal grooves or channels located on the outer periphery of the centerbody and which increase the effective flow area of the inlet. As the indexing segments rotate circumferentially, the channel width varies. The centerbody may also be provided with indexing segments formed of a first and second portion having hinged joints which slide forward and aft in a groove. One end of the indexing segment is hinged to the non-translating section of a translating centerbody. The indexing segments are positioned over a longitudinal channel. As the translating centerbody is translated forward, the hinges of the indexing segment slide in their respective grooves to expose the channel.

Abstract: An arrangement, and an associated system, in which an actuator is utilized to move a flap. Within the arrangement, an actuator conveys motive force from a motor to cause movement of the flap relative to a supporting structure. A tube of the arrangement is operatively connected to the actuator and movable relative to the support structure in response to motive force conveyed by the actuator. The tube is for operative connection to the flap and is for moving of the flap. The actuator is located radially within an envelope of the tube. Within the system, a controller controls the motor.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides a loading system for loading a stores item onto a release unit attachable to an aircraft structure, the release unit having a release actuation assembly including an actuator arm. The loading system comprises at least one hook pivotably mountable to the release actuation assembly. The hook has a pivot pin passage formed therethrough, a stores engagement portion and an actuation portion. The stores engagement portion is configured for engaging a lifting structure of the stores item. The actuation portion is configured for engagement by the actuator arm of the release actuation assembly to pivot the at least one hook and disengage the stores engagement portion from the lifting structure of the stores item. The loading system further comprises a pivot pin configured for insertion into the pivot pin passage. The pivot pin is removably mountable to the release actuation assembly for pivotably mounting the at least one hook thereto.

Abstract: The present invention 10 discloses an emergency low altitude parachute having a parachute canopy 28 that inflates by the introduction of compressed gas. A compressed gas canister 30 is located within the housing of the inflatable portion of the device and is activated by an activation ring 24. The device is stored within a carrying case 16 prior to use. When the low altitude emergency parachute 14 is removed from its storage case, the user 12 attaches the attachment harness 32 to their body. A helmet 22 with breathing apparatus is supplied. Once the user 12 is harnessed in, the device is held in the front of the body and an activation ring 24 is provided as means of activating the compressed gas canister 30. Once activated the parachute pontoons fill with the gas rapidly, expanding them and unfolding the parachute canopy 28. The device 10 is then released through the threshold 26 of the escape route.

Abstract: A pod (34) containing sensors and/or targeting systems such as laser designators or range finders are hung on a cable (30) below an aircraft (12). The line (30) can be reeled in or out similar to towed decoys. This allows the aircraft (12) to operate above or in the cloud cover while the sensors/targeting equipment (34) are operating below the cloud cover to find the enemy forces.

Abstract: In a cable mounting structure, a casing body is formed with a through hole through which a cable is inserted. A first retainer is secured to a first part of the cable and fitted with the through hole. A second retainer is attached on the casing body while holding a second part of the cable. The first retainer is an elastic member having a groove fitted with an edge of the through hole. The second retainer includes a retaining member provided on the casing body while being formed with a guide groove, and a holding member detachably fitted into the guide groove.

Abstract: A disposable bag including a stand, the bag including an opening with a plurality of resilient overlapping leaves through which disposable items are inserted. The outer periphery of the bag has a flange that rests on a corresponding support ring of the stand. The bag includes an attached lid with a peripheral lip that snaps onto the flange.

Abstract: A nursing bottle holder is provide for attachment to a support. A mechanical impinging device is pivotally affixed to a pair of bifurcated elevational arms. An adjustable bottle retainer is held by and pivotally affixed to the distal ends of the elevational arms. A nursing bottle is retained by the bottle retainer, and a nipple having a pressure sensor detects when a user is sucking and allows fluid flow through said nipple orifice, and alternately stops fluid from flowing through said nipple when there is no pressure.

Abstract: A device for keeping trash receptacles from being knocked or blown over comprises a rigid vertical rod assembly to which a trash receptacle is gravitationally engaged, and a spike assembly frictionally secured to the ground. The device may comprise one unit or two separable mating parts.

Abstract: A mount is provided that is specifically configured to mount a visual recording device to a platform type of hunting structure, such as a deer stand, in a manner such that the mount and recording device do not interfere with a hunter's ability to conduct a hunt. A mount kit is provided that comprises a plurality of base members such that a person can attach the base members to a plurality of hunting structures and then only needs to carry the remaining portion of the mount kit to and from any such hunting structure when hunting. A method is provided for attaching a visual recording device to a plurality of hunting structures.

Abstract: A folding cup holder with a base plate including one or more through holes; a holder arm for holding a cup, the holder arm being pivotally supported to the base plate; and a tray including one or more latch arms respectively inserted to the through holes, and axially supported to the base plate. The latch arms and the through holes are engaged with each other to hold the tray in a position for holding a cup and engagement thereof is cancelled in case that excessive force is applied to the tray.

Abstract: A cup holder for securely retaining a container, the cup holder includes a body having a radially extending flange. A series of upwardly extending arms are attached to the flange and adapted for pivotal movement thereabout. A rotating member is interconnected to the series of arms whereby the arms inwardly extend and are configured to collectively expand and contract.

Abstract: Apparatus for mounting an electric motor, which is adapted to drive an endless belt at a predetermined tension, to a stationary frame, includes a housing that is adapted to receive the motor. A drive shaft extends from the front end of the housing and is adapted to drive the belt. An elongated base mount is integrally formed on the outside surface of the housing and extends from the front of the housing for pivotally coupling the housing to the stationary frame. The base mount has a first end and a second end, and a bore which extends longitudinally at least partially through the base mount from the first end and the second end of the base mount. A substantially rigid tab is fixedly attached to the cylindrical housing at a substantially opposite side from the base mount. The tension on the belt is set by applying a biasing force on the tab to pivot the motor about the axis of the base mount.

Abstract: An assembly of concrete forms for use in the placement of concrete, the assembly having a pair of longitudinal form members and a ground engaging member that is in contact with at least one of the longitudinal form members. A first longitudinal form member slidably overlaps a second longitudinal form member such that the length of the combination of longitudinal form members is adjustable. Inverted U-shaped channels are provided at the top of each of the longitudinal form members which allow a male/female overlapping relationship and provide a location to receive the ground engaging member. A radius form member includes a longitudinal form member with a horizontal component or inverted U-shaped channel having successively spaced apart slots thereon, so that the radius form member is flexible. To create an angle, a corner forming bar is also provided for the assembly, extending between two of the longitudinal form members.

Abstract: An apparatus for building stem wall forms which can be easily deployed by a form laborer to set up stem wall forms at a building site. The apparatus is collapsible for easy deployment and removal from a stem wall form. The preferred embodiment is comprised of a collapsible rectangular center structure coupled to a board holder and a board support arranged in diagonal relation to each other. The board holder allows the apparatus to hang from a first form board and the board support allows a second form board to rest thereon. In use, the apparatus functions by holding opposing form boards of a stem wall form in a parallel relation to each other, so that the form boards can be staked and nailed into place. Once the form boards are staked in place, to create a stem wall form, the apparatus can be collapsed, and removed from the form to be reused again at another location.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device comprising a first substrate having switching elements formed for respective pixel electrodes thereon and a second substrate having color filters and a common electrode formed on a main surface thereof, the present invention provides a plurality of columnar spacers formed on both areas of the second substrate inside and outside the common electrode, covers a group of the columnar spacers formed on the common electrode with an alignment film, and arranges another group of the columnar spacers formed around the common electrode at both sides of a sealing material sticking the first substrate and the second substrate to one another. According to the present invention, the group of the columnar spacers fixed to the second substrate with the alignment film firmly secures a gap between the first and second substrates in cooperation with the another group of the columnar spacers arranged so as to compensate for deformation of the sealing material.

Abstract: A multi-purpose valve includes, a band of a thermodynamic metal alloy with shape memory, with a memorised shape and a transition temperature which lies in the range for the normal body temperature of a mammal. The strip has a linear shape below the transition temperature and assumes the memorised shape above the transition temperature. The memorised shape is preferably a conical spiral with a closed tip, with the result that above the transition temperature range the valve will become a conical spiral.

Abstract: A control valve (10) for a control circuit (30) having at least one first control unit (14) that, depending on at least one operating parameter and/or the ambient temperature, releases, throttles, or closes a branch of flow (32) to a heat exchanger (16), and controls a bypass line (34) in complementary fashion. The control unit (14) generates a setpoint (36) for the position of a valve member (26) driven via electric motor or electromagnetically, which is processed by a second electronic control unit (20) integrated in the control valve (10) with a determined actual value (38) of the position of the valve member (26) to a position variable for the position of the valve member (26).

Abstract: The positioning of the actuating drive in a fuel injector with a piezoactor (2) that is screwed into the housing (1) of the fuel injector is performed by applying a voltage (U) to the piezoactor (2) that corresponds to a given idle stroke (h), and the surface grinding of the housing (3) and base plate (4) of the piezoactor (2) when voltage is applied. Between the housing (1) of the fuel injector and the housing (3) of the piezoactor (2), there is also provided a compensation collar (9) of a suitable thickness.

Abstract: A valve system having a valve operated by a piezoelectric device to control the flow of fluid through the valve system. Movement of the valve is controlled by a pre-stressed bender actuator that changes its shape by deforming in opposite axial directions in response to a control signal applied by an actuator control system. The valve system may comprise a common rail fuel injector, electrohydraulic actuator system, electronically-controlled fuel injector, gasoline port injector, fluid metering valve, relief valve, reducing valve, direct valve or direct-injection gasoline injector.

Abstract: The valve (10) has a seat valve (27) comprising a hollow cone-shaped valve seat (24) and an hemispherical shutoff element (26). An afflux bore (23) having contact with a pressure-medium inlet (19) discharges centrically into the valve seat (24). A solenoid armature (30) acting upon the seat valve (27) in opening fashion grips a push rod (25) comprising the shutoff element (26). The solenoid armature cooperates with a pole body (42) according to the flat-type armature principle. A preloaded return spring (39) acting on the seat valve (27) in closing fashion is arranged between the pole body (42) and the solenoid armature (30).

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel supply apparatus which has solved the problem occurring after the welding of a connecting ring, by which a core of an electromagnetic valve and a housing are connected together, finishes of the deformation of the connecting ring and a crack in a welded portion. In this apparatus, the core of the electromagnetic valve and housing are welded together at a welded portion via the connecting ring having an L-shaped cross-sectional shape. A groove for at least reducing the degree of the deformation, which occurs after the welding thererof is done, of the connecting ring, preferably a groove having a projecting open surface is formed on the portion of the surface of the housing which is in the vicinity of the welded portion.

Abstract: A poppet valve disposed in a dispensing valve assembly includes a supporting member. The supporting member has a resilient flap. A sealing member slides over the resilient flap of the support member, so that the sealing member is not damaged or permanently deformed by the support member. Thus, the leakage is prevented when the fluid passageway is closed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a closure for a container to be pressurized, comprising a housing to be fixed to the container, in which a passage is present, whilst a seat is arranged in said passage, which seat is intended to mate with a closing element, which is urged in the direction of the seat by means of a coil spring surrounding said closing element, said the coil spring being confined between a part of the closing element and a few spaced-apart projections formed in one piece with the housing, which are connected to the remaining part of the housing by means of a few spaced-apart arms, said coil spring and said projections being capable of resilient deformation relative to each other, in such a manner that the spring can be moved past the projections in its position of use.

Abstract: An apparatus capable of moving a shiftable valve member into a closed position, the shiftable valve member mounted in a valve housing having a bore and being moveable between at least one open and at least one closed position relative to the bore, includes at least one elastically deformable member that extends at least partially around the circumference of the bore and is disposed at least partially in a cavity in the valve housing. Each elastically deformable member is elongated, has first and second ends and is connected to the shiftable valve member at one location and to the valve housing at at least one other location. Each elastically deformable member is torsionally loaded to provide biasing, closing force to the shiftable valve member to assist in moving the shiftable valve member into a closed position and retaining it in the closed position.

Abstract: The hydraulic control device for accommodating electromagnetic actuators and hydraulic valves, which is inserted in an automatic transmission for a motor vehicle, has at least one seal which is made of an aluminum support which has a thickness in the range of from 1 to 2 mm and is coated with a material at least on one side; the material, having a layer thickness in the range of from 100 to 180 &mgr;m, has a hardness in the range of from 20 to 120 Shore A and on its free surface is provided with a profiling having a depth in the range of from 20 to 50 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A universal lifting device for elevating heavy off-the-road vehicles, e.g. mechanical shovels used in mining operations, is proposed to raise the upper revolving section of the shovel and allow for its lower wheeled base to be removed with a view to attending to the maintenance, for instance, of the rotation mechanism of the shovel. The lifting device comprises front and rear lifting beams to which various type of brackets can be removably mounted to ensure a proper positioning of the front and rear lifting beams with respect to the revolving frame of different models of mechanical shovels. Front and rear lifting points are provided to control the vertical displacement of the front and the rear lifting beams, respectively.

Abstract: A lifting apparatus for a motorcycle and a fastener. The lifting apparatus comprises a lifter and a fastener arranged in the lifter. The fastener comprises two supports located at a distance from each other whose upper end is provided with fastening elements for seizing footpegs/footboard of the motorcycle. The lifting apparatus further comprises at least one stabilizing member for preventing the motorcycle from tilting in a longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A tool is provided for winding a strap or other flexible component onto a winch. The tool is inserted into the axial opening of the winch spindle and includes a longitudinal slot that receives the inner end of the strap. The tool also includes a head portion that is lockably interengagable with a drive component of a rotary drive apparatus. The rotary drive apparatus is interengaged with the tool and rotatably driven such that the tool turns the spindle to wind the strap thereon.