Abstract: A control system for controlling the storing, feeding and burning of a pulverized fuel in a glass melting furnace, wherein a series of burners are arranged one in front of the other to carry out combustion and non-combustion cycles during a glass melting process. Pulverized fuel feeding systems are provided, which are filled up and emptied out with the pulverized material for providing a constant flow of the pulverized fuel to each of the burners during the glass melting process. The control system including control means for monitoring and controlling the filled up and discharge out of said pulverized fuel feeding system based on the measurement and monitoring of the amount of pulverized fuel that is being storaged and feeded by the pulverized fuel feeding system. Control means are provided for monitoring at least one operating variable involved on the glass melting furnace, the control means detecting a series of different variable during the glass melting process.

Abstract: A rotary growing apparatus comprises a cylindrical structure or drum provided with a series of parallel elongated, longitudinally extending, baskets adapted to receive therein the plants to be grown. A support base is provided for the drum, and a drive mechanism is adapted to rotate the drum on the support base about a rotational axis of the drum. At least one light source extends inside the drum about which the drum and the plants carried thereby can rotate. A feeding system provides nutrient fluid to the growing plants as the drum rotates and the baskets contact the nutrient fluid. The elongated baskets each include a bottom wall and a pair of side walls and are capable of receiving therein a series of plants supported by a growing medium. The elongated baskets define in the bottom and side walls thereof a plurality of apertures for allowing the nutrient fluid to access the plants. The elongated baskets are removably attached to a pair of parallel and opposed rims of the drum.

Abstract: A sewing machine includes a cylinder bed extending in a predetermined direction and accommodating a shuttle and a shuttle shaft for driving the shuttle, a cloth holding frame for holding a work cloth, a moving member for supporting the cloth holding frame, the moving member being guided by the shuttle shaft so as to be moved in the predetermined direction, and a moving member driving unit for driving the moving member in the predetermined direction.

Abstract: An embroidery stitching sewing machine is disclosed, the sewing machine substantially comprising pattern selecting means for optionally selecting a desired embroidery pattern to be stitched from a plurality of different patterns memorized, an X-direction moving mechanism 4 which is accommodated in the machine housing and is operated to move in X-direction between a position adjacent the standard of sewing machine and a position spaced from the position adjacent the standard, a Y-direction drive attachment A holding an embroidering frame 10 on which a work to be stitched is set, the Y-direction drive attachment A being optionally selected from a plurality of Y-direction drive attachments 3, each of which is provided with a different type of Y-direction moving mechanism and is detachably mounted to the output potion 5 of X-direction moving mechanism 4, wherein the X-direction moving mechanism 4 and the selected Y-direction drive attachment A of Y-direction drive attachment 3 are operated in synchronism with the

Abstract: A pressure foot assembly for minimizing puckering or bunching of quilt or fabric when being sewn or during other contour sewing. The assembly includes a non-rotating or non-walking pressure foot that has a laterally displaced inner foot from the inner feed dog of the machine. The assembly may include a rotating or “walking” pressure foot recessed under the base and outer pressure foot. The assembly includes a cloth guide to laterally limit the movement of the fabric in the direction of the inner foot.

Abstract: A method for cutting out a cutting (13) from a web (1) of endless textile fabric for producing workpieces from a fiber/plastic composite is described, with the web (1) of endless fabric made up of fiber strands (2, 3) being stitched at first according to the course (14) of the edge of the cutting (13) to be cut out before the cutting (13) is cut out from the web (1) of endless fabric. In order to provide advantageous process conditions it is proposed that the web (1) of endless fabric which can be conveyed step by step in a predetermined conveying direction (10) in longitudinal sections (6) concerning the conveying direction is stitched in sections exclusively within the cutting region on the one hand and is cut on the other hand and is conveyed further by a conveying step according to the section length after each sectional sewing and cutting process.

Abstract: In the method, binding tape is fed through a puller assembly in a flat orientation from a source, such as a binding reel assembly. The binding tape is received by a folder assembly via the puller assembly and is folded so as to change orientation of the binding tape from a flat orientation to an orientation that wraps around the edge of the material product. The re-oriented tape is stitched to the material product edge with thread, and for any remaining loose binding or thread, a sealer assembly simultaneously binds the binding tape and thread so as to produce a finished edge. The sealer assembly may include a heated blade that simultaneously cuts and thermally fuses the binding tape to the thread.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transporting or storing compressed natural gas in a marine environment includes the providing of a heavy lift vessel that has a weather deck area that is bounded by forward and aft, port and starboard sides or walls that extend above the weather deck. A buoyant module is provided that contains a pipeline, the pipeline including multiple alternating straight sections and bend sections and multiple layers. The pipeline is supported at differing elevations within the module interior so that the various sections of the pipeline are preferably spaced apart to enable visual and/or remote exterior inspection (e.g. video, radar, x-ray, acoustic, or other exterior, non-destructive test) of the outer surface of the pipeline. The pipeline has a continuous bore that is piggable for internal inspections. The module can be transferred to a heavy lift vessel or can be used as flotation.

Abstract: System for controlling cables and streamers in a seismic tow arrangement comprising at least one deflector (13) connected to one side of a tow vessel (10) via at least one wire (12), leading or the like, wherein the deflector is located in a position at a distance perpendicularly to the direction of movement (5) of the tow vessel, the vessel being equipped with a navigation system for measuring the position of the vessel. The system is characterised by comprising a command unit and a number of control units, where the control units are located on at least some of the streamers and are adapted to measure and report about their positions, that the command unit comprises means for receiving the position information from each individual control unit and calculation of possible deviations from predetermined positions, and that the system comprises means for changing the position of the streamers for re-establishing the positions of the control units.

Abstract: A barrier kit for forming a portable barricade system. The barrier kit includes a first pylon, a second pylon, and only one belt assembly. The belt assembly is fixable to a sidewall of at least one of the first and second pylons. The belt assembly comprises a retractable belt and a connection assembly attached to the retractable belt for connection of the retractable belt to the other one of the first and second pylons. To form the portable barricade system, the first and second pylons are positioned a distance apart, and the retractable belt is extended to the first pylon. In this position, the connection assembly is connected to the first pylon.

Abstract: A marker post includes a tubular barrel with upper and lower ends and a bore extending therebetween. An annular flange assembly is formed at the barrel lower end and includes a concave extension portion extending radially outwardly from the barrel and a return portion extending upwardly and inwardly from the extension portion. The flange assembly resists pullout of the marker post when embedded in the ground. A method of manufacturing the marker post includes steps of preheating the tubular barrel adjacent to its lower end to soften same, and deforming the tubular barrel lower end to form the flange assembly thereof. An apparatus for manufacturing the marker post includes a warming tank for immersing the barrel lower ends in heated liquid for softening same. A barrel holder receives the pre-softened tubular barrels and includes a mandrel assembly reciprocated into and out of engagement with the barrel lower ends. The mandrel assembly reshapes the barrel lower ends into the flange assemblies.

Abstract: A non-linear optical crystal of a compound having the general formula DxM1-xTOZO4, including isomorphs thereof, where: D is a dopant which comprises one or both of Rb and Cs; M is selected from one or both of K and Ag; T comprises one or more of Ti, Sn and Ge, optionally together with one or both of Nb and Ta; Z is selected from one or both of P and As, optionally together with one or both of Ge and Si; and 0<x≦0.1.

Abstract: A slurry includes a plurality of particles and at least one selective adsorption additive. The particles are preferably composite particles including a core surrounded by a shell provided by the selective adsorption additive. The slurry can be used to polish a structure including silicon dioxide or a low K dielectric film and a silicon nitride containing film, such as to form a shallow trench isolation (STI) structure or a metal-dielectric structure. The silicon nitride containing film surface substantially adsorbs the selective adsorption additive, whereas the silicon dioxide or low K dielectric film shows non-substantial adsorption characteristics to the adsorption additive.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of manufacturing and integrating optical devices. In one embodiment, a method of integrating an optical device may include forming a first device over a substrate, and forming a second device over the substrate and adjacent the first device with a deposition gas having an etchant selective to a deposited component of the deposition gas.

Abstract: Improving the laser annealing method which is the process of polycrystallizing amorphous silicon, thereby forming with a high throughput silicon thin film in which the crystal particle diameter is sufficiently large. In a process of crystallization by irradiation of a semiconductor thin film formed on a substrate with pulsed laser light, one produces a semiconductor thin film which comprises having a means to shape laser light into a linear beam and a means to periodically and spatially modulate the intensity of pulsed laser in the direction of the long axis of the linear beam by passing through a phase-shifting stripy pattern perpendicular to the long axis, and collectively forming for each shot a polycrystalline film composed of crystals which have grown in a certain direction over the entire region irradiated with the linear beam. The crystal grain size is ½ of the hillock interval.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus for drying a substrate is provided with a chamber, quartz tank, nitrogen supply part, blowing mechanism, hot water unit and substrate holding mechanism. A substrate after being subjected to cleaning with pure water is placed in the quartz tank in the chamber. This substrate is heated by immersing it into hot water supplied from the hot water unit (degassed and heated pure water), and then lifted in the atmosphere of the chamber by the substrate holding mechanism. The atmosphere of the chamber is brought into a low oxygen state by using of nitrogen gas supplied from the nitrogen supply part and blowing mechanism. Thereby, the pure water attached to the substrate evaporates by the accumulated heat of the substrate in the low oxygen atmosphere. This permits to provide a substrate processing apparatus and a substrate processing method with which it is possible to dry a substrate while suppressing the occurrence of water marks.

Abstract: A method of crystallizing an amorphous silicon layer includes the steps of generating an excimer laser beam having a first energy density and a second energy density, irradiating an amorphous silicon layer with at least one exposure of the excimer, wherein the first energy density melts the amorphous silicon layer to a first depth from a surface of the amorphous silicon layer equal to the first thickness and the second energy density melts the amorphous silicon layer to a second depth from the surface of the amorphous silicon layer less than the first thickness.

Abstract: On a mobile rest plane, the following operate: a matrix-bearing cylinder, rotatable about an axis thereof, and at least a doctor predisposed to operate contactingly with an external surface of the matrix-bearing cylinder. A supply of glaze is directed into a chamber delimited between the doctor and a portion of external cylindrical surface of the cylinder facing the doctor, at a position in which the doctor and the surface are in contact, via a flexible conduit terminating at a discharge end thereof which is positioned superiorly of the chamber and which is commanded to perform an alternating motion. The flexible conduit is supported by an articulated chain which is commanded to slide axially in two directions along a guide.

Abstract: A stent mounting device and a method of coating a stent using the device are provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for soaping a tire using an inflatable bladder. The inflatable bladder is extended through a center opening in a tire and inflated to cause soap on the surface of the bladder to soap the inner surface of the tire. The bladder is then deflated and removed from the opening in the tire so that the tire can be subsequently mounted to a wheel.

Abstract: A powder paint color changer features a single cleaning fluid port at one end of the color changer manifold for direction of cleaning fluid, such as pressurized air, through the main output interior chamber of the color changer manifold thence through a supply hose which is adapted for coupling to a paint application device. Additionally, the powder paint color changer manifold includes a replaceable insert of impact fusion resistant material which defines the surface of the manifold's interior cavity.

Abstract: A device for the application of solid particulate material to a target surface includes one or more containers for storing the solid particulate material and one or more transfer devices for transferring the solid particulate material from the containers to the target surface. Each container includes one or more gates positioned substantially at the container's outlet. Mechanisms are provided for controlling the extent to which each individual gate opens, while the device is in use; and for controlling the rate at which the transfer devices transfer the solid particulate material from the containers while the device for the application of solid particulate material to a target surface is in use.

Abstract: A method including removing an impurity from a gas stream to a processing chamber at a point of use. An apparatus with a point of use purifier on a gas stream. An apparatus including a shelf having dimensions suitable for placement within a thermal processing including a body of a material that renders the body opaque to radiation frequency range used for a temperature measurement of a substrate in a thermal processing chamber.

Abstract: After a thin film is deposited on a treatment surface of a wafer and the wafer is transferred out of a treatment chamber, a contact projection of a clamp is brought into contact with a susceptor to heat the clamp. Next, a wafer is disposed on the susceptor by elevating the clamp when the wafer, on which a thin film is not deposited, is transferred in. Thereafter, the clamp is brought into contact with the wafer and the wafer is stabilized to a predetermined temperature. Thereafter, a thin film is deposited on a treatment surface of the wafer.

Abstract: A gas distribution showerhead is designed to allow deposition of uniformly thick films over a wide range of showerhead-to-wafer spacings. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the number, width, and/or depth of orifices inlet to the faceplate are reduced in order to increase flow resistance and thereby elevate pressure upstream of the faceplate. This elevated upstream gas flow pressure in turn reduces variation in the velocity of gas flowed through center portions of the showerhead relative to edge portions, thereby ensuring uniformity in thickness of film deposited on the edge or center portions of the wafer.

Abstract: In a manufacturing technology for forming a thin film transistor comprising a laser irradiation step, objects of the present invention are to obtain a high performance and multifunction semiconductor manufacturing apparatus and thin film transistor manufacturing method. A silicon thin film 2001 is formed on a glass substrate 202, and laser 203 is irradiated onto this thin film 201 whereby a re-crystallization film is obtained. This re-crystallization film undergoes a hydrogen plasma processing so that dangling-bonds of silicon are terminated. Moreover, a step for forming a silicon dioxide film 205 on the re-crystallization film is included. These steps are performed under the conditions that the glass substrate 202 is not exposed to the air and a processing temperature is 350° C. or less.

Abstract: The present invention presents an improved optical window deposition shield an improved optical window deposition shield for optical access to a process space in a plasma processing system through a deposition shield, wherein the design and fabrication of the optical window deposition shield advantageously provides an optically clean access to the processing plasma in the process space while sustaining substantially minimal erosion of the optical window deposition shield.

Abstract: A processing system for processing a substrate with a plasma comprises a processing chamber defining a processing space for containing a substrate to be processed with a plasma formed within the chamber. A dielectric window interfaces with the processing chamber proximate the processing space. A core element formed of a material having a high magnetic permeability is positioned outside of the chamber proximate the dielectric window, and an electrically conductive element surrounds a portion of the core element of high magnetic permeability. The conductive element, when electrical current is conducted thereby, is operable for coupling a magnetic flux into the chamber through the dielectric window for affecting a plasma in the processing space. The core element is configured for directing a portion of the magnetic flux in a direction toward the dielectric window to efficiently couple the channeled flux into the processing chamber through the dielectric window.

Abstract: A semiconductor fabrication reactor according to the invention comprises a rotatable susceptor mounted to the top of a reactor chamber. One or more wafers are mounted to a surface of the susceptor and the rotation of the susceptor causes the wafers to rotate within the chamber. A heater heats the susceptor and a chamber gas inlet allows semiconductor growth gasses into the reactor chamber to deposit semiconductor material on said wafers. A chamber gas outlet is included to allow growth gasses to exit the chamber. In a preferred embodiment, the inlet is at or below the level of said wafers and the outlet is preferably at or above the level of the wafers. A semiconductor fabrication system according to the invention comprises a source of gasses for forming epitaxial layers on wafers and a source of gasses for dopants in said epitaxial layers.

Abstract: A gasket material made from expanded PTFE for sealing high purity semiconductor furnace operations is provided. The gasket may be used in place of O-rings made of fluoro-rubber or standard PTFE material. Gaskets made of expanded PTFE provide greater flexibility and thus gives a better seal than standard O-rings.

Abstract: A short milk tube for providing a conduit between a teat cup assembly and a milker claw that defines a number of ribs that import structural rigidity along a longitudinal axis and in predetermined directions relative to the longitudinal axis to maintain adequate cross-sectional flow area when in the milking position, and a vacuum seal when in the non-milking position.

Abstract: A dog is exercised on a conventional a treadmill by locating the dog on the treadmill by providing a support base mounted on the ground underneath the base of the treadmill and held in place by the base of the treadmill and an upstanding support member extending from the support base at the front end of the treadmill, and confining the dog within an enclosure supported in cantilever manner by the support member and extending rearwardly therefrom so as to be supported by the support member over the walking surface such that the dog is positioned within the enclosure on the walking surface. The enclosure has a front wall and side walls extending from a bottom edge close the walking surface and within the side edges thereof to a height above the dog to restrict its vision.

Abstract: A low-pressure energy system is provided that includes a combustion chamber immersed in water within an insulated container. Low-pressure air flow is introduced into one end of the combustion chamber. Fuel, sparks and water are also introduced to the combustion chamber, thereby generating steam and heat. The steam is blown through the combustion chamber to a first radiator, which emits heat and a steam exhaust, which can be used to increase the humidity of the enclosure housing the energy system. The heat generated by the combustion chamber heats the water in the insulated container. The heated water is pumped through a second radiator, thereby extracting additional heat from the system. A fan may be configured to introduce air flow over both the first and second radiators, thereby further improving heat transfer to the ambient air. Water can optionally be omitted from the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A system comprising an internal combustion engine, which particularly serves to provide the locomotion of a vehicle, and a fuel cell, which serves, among other things, to generate current for electrical units of the vehicle is provided. In order to utilize the heat loss of the fuel cell when the vehicle is stationary as well as the residual heat of the fuel cell for the internal combustion engine, a thermal coupling of the fuel cell and the internal combustion engine is provided.

Abstract: An engine cooling system comprises a coolant inlet formed at one side of a cylinder block for allowing a coolant to separately flow into the cylinder block and a cylinder head, and a coolant outlet formed at the other side of the cylinder head for allowing the coolant having flowed into the cylinder block and the cylinder head to separately flow out of the cylinder block and the cylinder head. The coolant outlet is formed diagonally opposite to the coolant inlet. The coolant delivered from a water pump separately flows into the cylinder block and cylinder head, whereby a cooling efficiency of the engine is improved.

Abstract: A fan arrangement of an internal combustion engine, especially of a portable handheld work apparatus, includes a fan wheel (5) and a spirally-shaped fan housing at least partially enclosing the fan wheel. A take-out opening (13) is provided in the fan arrangement at the region of the moved air flow for diverting a combustion air flow for the engine. The combustion air flow is branched-off from the air flow. The take-out opening (13) is arranged in radial direction directly outside of the fan wheel (5) and is so configured that the take-out opening (13) defines a window (14) which, referred to the flow direction (S), has a small width at a forward edge and that the width as well as the depth of the window (14) increases to a rearward edge.

Abstract: A wobble plate engine includes a cylinder block, a plurality of pistons, a drive shaft, a weight, an oscillating member, a plurality of rods connecting the pistons to the oscillating member, a pair of bevel gears and a plurality of thrust bearing assemblies wherein the plurality of thrust bearing assemblies are installed at the cylinder block and the oscillating member to support the straight shaft, the weight and the declined shaft and reduce a rotational velocity transferred therefrom.

Abstract: In a partial load range of the engine, control of the flowing state of sucked and discharged gas is executed between a pair of cylinders, an exhaust stroke of one of the cylinders overlapping with an intake stroke of the other, so that burnt gas discharged from preceding cylinders 2A, 2D on the exhaust-stroke side is introduced, in a state where it has been discharged, through an inter-cylindrical gas passage 22 into following cylinders 2B, 2C on the intake stroke side. In a higher load range than the partial load range, control is executed so that a fresh-air introducing valve 18 disposed in a fresh-air introduction passage of the following cylinders 2B, 2C is opened, both the burnt gas and fresh air are introduced into the following cylinders 2B, 2C, and fuel is supplied to conduct combustion in the following cylinders 2B, 2C.

Abstract: A dual coil, dual lift electromechanical valve actuator (10) that provides a closed valve position (P1), first high lift position (P2), and second low lift position (P3) wherein the second low lift position of the valve (20) is maintained without the need for supply of electrical current to the actuator.

Abstract: An engine valve actuation system may include an actuation assembly having a body, a slidable piston, and first, second, and third chambers defined between the piston and the body. Low pressure and high pressure fluid sources may be included. A first fluid passage may connect the low pressure fluid source to the second chamber. A second fluid passage may connect the high pressure fluid source to the second chamber, and a third fluid passage may connect the high pressure fluid source to the third chamber. A control valve may be connected to the low pressure fluid source, to the high pressure fluid source, and to the first chamber. The control valve may be configured to move between a first position at which the high pressure fluid source is connected to the first chamber, and a second position at which the low pressure fluid source is connected to the first chamber.

Abstract: In a starting control system for an internal combustion engine, an output shaft is rotated in a reverse direction at a predetermined direction upon start of the internal combustion engine, and then is rotated in a normal direction so as to start a cranking operation. The system serves to combust the fuel in a cylinder in an expansion stroke when the output shaft is rotated in the reverse direction, and the resultant combustion pressure is used for performing the cranking operation. This makes it possible to reduce the load exerted to the electric motor.

Abstract: The object of this invention is that a suction device for an internal combustion engine is to be compact. The suction device comprising a casing having an air inlet and a plurality of outlets, a filter in the casing for filtering air from said air inlet, a collection chamber in the casing for receiving air from the filter, at least one throttle valve in the casing for controlling the flow of air from said filter to said collection chamber, and a plurality of suction pipes. According to the present invention, the suction device can be made compact to thereby effectively use an engine room of an automobile.

Abstract: A multi-valve internal combustion engine using a cam actuated piston/plunger type valve made of metal or other material operating in a companion cylinder with ported passages to the control intake and exhaust functions of an internal combustion engine. The piston valve is fitted with snap type piston rings of the gap sealing design. The piston valve is actuated and controlled by a cam and spring arrangement. Opening of the piston valve is accomplished by spring tension on the valve as rotation of the cam allows the valve to open. As the cam turns, closure is accomplished by the action of the cam against the piston valve.

Abstract: An apparatus for and method of mounting a flange to an oil pickup tube uses a bracketed flange mounting (201, 203, and 205). The bracketed flange mounting includes a flange (203) with a flange extension (205) in connection with a bracket (201) that is mounted to an oil pickup tube (101) between its two ends. The bracketed flange mounting (201, 203, and 205) may couple to an engine crank case or oil pump inlet in the same way as prior assemblies without a bracketed flange mounting, thus no retooling of any other part of the engine is required.

Abstract: A lubrication system for the timing chains of a V-type engine includes an oil supply means supplied by a single oil supply source. The oil supply means receives oil from a single spouting hole of a single main oil gallery and simultaneously supplies the oil to two timing chains, one of the left bank and the other of the right bank. Thereby the bulk of the cylinder block is reduced and the design and layout of the peripheral elements of the cylinders is simplified.

Abstract: In a hybrid power output apparatus including an engine and a motor generator apparatus, a fuel supply stop process of stopping the supply of fuel is performed after performing a fuel increase process of increasing the amount of the fuel in a combustion chamber from that at a present state, as a control for preventing the deterioration of a catalyst upon stopping the engine. This makes it possible to prevent the catalyst from being exposed to a lean atmosphere.

Abstract: A swirl chamber used in association with a combustion chamber for diesel engines, includes a pair of sub-nozzle holes on the opposite sides of a main nozzle hole to supply a secondary air into the swirl chamber, the sub-nozzle holes being positioned such that the secondary air ejected therethrough is fully utilized for the combustion in the swirl chamber, thereby securing the complete combustion and the reduction of environmental contaminants such as NOx and fumes.

Abstract: A combustion chamber assembly for use in a piston of a diesel engine includes a combustion chamber being defined in a crown of a piston, the combustion chamber having a center portion, the center portion being defined at least in part by a surface being a portion of a convex sphere to define a post, the sphere having a radius and an origin, the origin of the radius lying on a combustion chamber central axis and the combustion chamber further having an outwardly radially disposed sidewall margin, the sidewall margin being defined in part by an annular surface, the annular surface being concave and having an origin and a radius. The combustion chamber is further defined by an annular bowl lip surface. A piston and a method of forming a combustion chamber are further included.

Abstract: Between respective injection holes 107 on the face of a plate member 111 in a fuel passage, grooves 201 are provided which run along the circumferential direction of the respective injection holes 107, and at the positions of the grooves 201 overflows 502 are formed, and further contracted flow portions 602 are formed in the injection holes 107, thus, the maximum flow velocity of fuel is increased at the injection hole outlet portions, thereby, a fuel injection valve and an internal combustion engine of which atomization performance near the injection holes is effectively enhanced are provided.

Abstract: In a starting time in which an air motion is little, a means for heightening the motion is added, from the starting time a stratification combustion operation is enabled to carry out, and a discharge of an unburned fuel is minimized. From the starting time of an engine (from the first combustion cylinder) it is possible to carry out a stable stratification combustion. In accordance with the stratification combustion in the exhaust air, a large quantity of the surplus oxygen remains. In the engine in the exhaust stroke twice (two times) fuel injection is carried out and the after-burn phenomenon is caused in the exhaust port and then the exhaust gas temperature can be raised.