Abstract: An air motor, especially for a screwer, comprises an air rotor which is rotatably supported in a motor cylinder and comprises a plurality of longitudinal slits extending in the longitudinal direction of the rotor for radially guiding lamellae, the air rotor and motor cylinder having formed thereinbetween chambers which can be brought into communication with an air inlet and/or an air outlet. To achieve a high efficiency of the motor together with a more uniform accelerating power, a reduced sound level and less wear while the exhaust air throttling measures are reduced at the same time, the motor cylinder comprises an inner chamber of an essentially triangular cross-section, one chamber each being formed between air rotor and a triangle tip.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steel tube by fabricating a raw tube by mixed sintering of a metal powder and an oxide powder and producing a tube of the desired shape by repeating cold rolling and heat treatment for a total of three times or more. The method comprises performing each of the intermediate heat treatments during the cold rolling by a two-step heat treatment consisting of a first step heat treatment of 1100° C. or lower and a second step heat treatment of 1100 to 1250° C. and higher than the first step temperature, and performing the final heat treatment at 1100° C. or higher.

Abstract: The invention shows how powder injection molding may be used to form a continuous body having multiple parts, each of which has different functional properties such as corrosion resistance or hardness, there being no connective materials such as solder or glue between the parts. This is accomplished through careful control of the relative shrinkage rates of these various parts. Although there is no limit to how many parts with different functional properties can make up an object, special attention is paid to certain pairs of functional properties that are difficult and/or expensive to combine in a single object when other manufacturing means are used.

Abstract: To manufacture a flange for a compressor with a relief groove by using powder metallurgy in order to prevent deformation of the compressor in operation, powder material for the flange is charged into a mold; an ablative member having a melting point lower than that of the powder material is positioned at a place where a relief groove is to be formed; the flange is formed by compressing the powder material and the ablative member; and the formed flange is sintered at a temperature between the melting points of the power material and the ablative member so as to melt and remove the ablative member.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for sintering ferroalloy materials in a continuously operated band sintering process, in which method the pellets to be sintered are arranged on the sintering underlay as an essentially even pellet bed, which pellet bed is conveyed on the sintering underlay through the various steps of the sintering process, and in connection with the sintering process, gas is conducted through the pellet bed. According to the invention, at least the major part of the carbon-bearing material needed for heating the pellet bed up to the sintering temperature is fed onto the surface of ready-made pellets prior to bringing the pellets to the sintering step.

Abstract: A spheroidal cast iron, particularly for piston rings for pistons of engines, with a particular alloyed chemical composition and subjected to a heat treatment known as austempering, which comprises an austenitization treatment followed by an isothermal hardening treatment, has mechanical characteristics that are comparable with those of the steel currently used to produce piston rings, while maintening the best tribological and self-lubrification characteristics of spheroidal cast irons, and a process suitable to obtain said spheroidal cast iron.

Abstract: A Ti alloy for a positive electrode for electrocoagulation printing contains, as a weight percentage, 28.0 to 35.0% of Al, 0.1% or less of C, 0.05% or less of N, 0.3% or less of O, and Ti. The Ti alloy may further contain one or more elements selected from the group consisting of 0.5 to 15.0% of Nb, 0.5 to 15.0% of Ta, 0.1 to 1.0% of Hf, 0.1 to 1.0% of Zr, 1.0 to 6.0% of W, 1.0 to 6.0% of Mo, 0.5 to 6.0% of Cr, 0.5 to 6.0% of Mn, 0.5 to 6.0% of V, 0.1 to 1.0% of Si, and 0.005 to 0.10% of B, by weight. A positive electrode for electrocoagulation printing has a surface composed of a Ti alloy containing Al.

Abstract: An aluminum-copper-magnesium alloy having ancillary additions of lithium. The alloy composition includes from about 3 to about 5 weight percent Cu, from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent Mg, and from about 0.01 to about 0.9 weight percent Li. The combined amount of Cu and Mg is maintained below a solubility limit of the aluminum alloy. The alloys possess improved combinations of fracture toughness and strength, and also exhibit good fatigue crack growth resistance.

Abstract: A decontamination unit (10) is provided including an upright collapsible frame (12) and a one-piece integrated enclosure (14). The frame (12) includes extensible legs (16) interconnected by upper scissor linkages (20); it may be manually erected in the field in a very few minutes. The enclosure (14) is suspended on and supported by the frame (12) and preferably includes a lower basin floor (30) and upright wall structure (40). One or more ingress/egress passageways (70) are provided in the wall structure (40). The unit (10) may be used individually or a plurality thereof may be positioned in juxtaposition for staged decontamination purposes.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for disinfection or the inhibition of microbial growth in the air, freshening and perfuming of the air, being based on the emission of particles into the air of a disinfecting composition based on essential oils and/or their active ingredients their mixtures with glycols and/or glycol ethers in variety of proportions. In accordance with the method of the invention, the particles emitted into the air which it is sought to disinfect, freshen and perfume, are produced using the evaporation of the liquid composition, through a wick indirectly heated to a temperature of less than 100° C. in its upper area.

Abstract: An apparatus for decontaminating air within an enclosed workspace located downstream and in fluid communication with the apparatus. The apparatus includes a housing containing an array of ultraviolet lamps mounted within an enclosure in the housing. The enclosure has an intake aperture and an exhaust aperture. The housing and the array form an airflow processor such that uncontaminated air entering the intake aperture passes through the array before exiting the exhaust aperture. An airflow motivator, which may be a fan, urges the airflow through the housing and the array from the intake aperture and out through the exhaust aperture. A downstream conduit, which may be a flexible hose, is in fluid communication between the exhaust aperture and the workplace directs the airflow into the workplace after being processed in the airflow processor. The intake aperture is positionable relative to the workspace so that the airflow entering the intake aperture is uncontaminated air.

Abstract: This invention relates to table top steam sterilizers, wherein a novel method of heat conservation within the sterilizer, using fixed vacuum chamber walls, is described. As well, the temperature of the sterilizer is more accurately regulated and stabilized by power application to a single heating coil with the use of a proportional controller, and by use of temperature, pressure and humidity sensors. The method also relates to a post-sterilization moisture evacuation process using a venturi. When this method is employed, the time required for the sterilization process is reduced.

Abstract: A method and composition for disinfecting a contact lens is disclosed. The method includes treating a lens with an aqueous solution having reduced toxicity to the eye which contains an effective amount of a monoperphthalic acid compound in a concentration of less than about 0.5% by weight of the solution. The lens disinfecting solution is capable of disinfecting contact lenses without irritating the eye due to reduced toxicity of the composition.

Abstract: The invention comprises a solidified melt mixture of OPA with compounds selected from the group of water soluble polymers, surfactants, carboxylic acids, and salts wherein the formulation contains from 0.1% to 99.9% OPA, better 10% to 50% OPA, best about 20 to 30% OPA.

Abstract: A reactor for chemical conversion in the presence of a gaseous diluent contains a substantially vertical catalytic bed between an upper end and a lower end and comprises, in combination: close to its upper end, at least one means for introducing a solid catalyst, means for introducing and evacuating said feed allowing its flow in a substantially horizontal manner through the catalytic bed; in the proximity of its lower end, at least one means for extracting catalyst, at least one means for heating said feed plus added diluent, said means being internal to the reactor and traversed by said feed plus added diluent in the absence of catalyst, and separating the catalytic bed into a portion upstream of and a portion downstream of said heating means relative to the direction of flow of said feed, comprising at least one means for introducing a stream of said gaseous diluent substantially in the proximity of at least one of the upper and/or lower ends of said upstream portion of the catalytic bed, to at least reduc

Abstract: A device for the self-assessment of the health of the oral cavity comprising a detector and a sampler located remote from one another on a foldable support, characterised in that the sampler can be contacted with the detector by folding the support, such that a sample can be transferred from the sampler to the detector.

Abstract: The automated sample-on-solid-support processing system of the present invention comprises a computer-based control unit and a main unit comprising a variable-speed centrifuge having an openable vacuum-tight chamber and a centrifuge rotor with a plurality of multi-sample holding positions, a liquid solvent supply subsystem which feeds solvent to a plurality of dispensing stations in the centrifuge chamber, a temperature control subsystem, and a vacuum subsystem. A sample/collection container includes a plurality of wells, each for separating a sample from its solid support when solvent is dispensed into the wells and the centrifuge is activated at a low speed. Operation of the centrifuge at high speed concentrates the cleaved sample in collection wells. In the preferred embodiment bar code reader or other identification means, preferably a non-contact reader, can be included in the chamber to allow sample carriers to be identified.

Abstract: An enclosed chamber is used in a system for screening of a liquid specimen through binding assays. The enclosed chamber includes an inlet, an outlet, and a plurality of discrete reactant containing wells communicated by a common reagent flow path between the inlet and the outlet. A transparent member or coverslip defines on an inside thereof the plurality of wells. Each well has a bottom for receiving an allergent/antigen/reactant, which emits light upon reacting. The coverslip can optionally define at least one lens at each well. A bottom encloses the plurality of wells and defines between the inlet and the outlet a common reagent flow path between the inlet and the outlet. This bottom defines for each of the plurality of wells a flow-diverting member. An opaque partition is disclosed for surrounding the individual lenses and generally isolating the light path from each well.

Abstract: There is provided a chip element for microchemical systems that renders adjustments between the focal positions of exciting light and detecting light and the position of a solution sample every time a measurement is taken unnecessary and thus enables work efficiency to be increased, and moreover enables a microchemical system such as an analyzer to be made smaller in size. The chip element is comprised of a channel-possessing plate-shaped element having a channel through which the liquid containing the sample is passed. A lens, which is preferably a gradient refractive index lens, is fixed to the channel-possessing plate-shaped element in a position facing the channel.

Abstract: A micromachined device such as a solid-state liquid chemical sensor for receiving and retaining a plurality of separate liquid droplets at desired sites, a method of making the device and a method of using the device are provided. The technique works for both aqueous and solvent-based solutions. The device includes a substrate having an upper surface, and a first set of three-dimensional, thin film well rings patterned at the upper surface of the substrate. Each of the wells is capable of receiving and retaining a known quantity of liquid at one of the desired sites through surface tension. A method for patterning a membrane/solvent solution results in reproducibly-sized, uniformly-thick membranes. The patterning precision of this method allows one to place the membranes closer together, making the sensors smaller and less expensive, and the uniform film thickness imparts reproducibility to the sensors.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a well sampling tape (otherwise known as “microwell tape” or simply “tape”), a dispenser for dispensing small volumes of liquid into the wells formed in the tape and a detector for high-throughput sample reading of the liquid dispensed in the individual wells. The present invention is more specifically directed to a bioassay system incorporating the materials listed above.

Abstract: A plate assembly has a plate member (1, 21, 101) having a recessed portion (3, 23, 103), and a lid member (2, 22, 102) mounted on the plate member to cover the recessed portion. A gap is formed between the plate member and the lid member around the recessed portion so as to allow a liquid to permeate the gap due to capillarity while preventing the liquid from entering the recessed portion. If the liquid is an adhesive, the lid member (2, 22) is bonded to the plate member (1, 21), the plate member having a bonded surface (4, 26) which is formed so as to surround the recessed portion (3, 23), the plate member having an adhesive relief portion (25) which is formed around the bonded surface so as to be recessed from the bonded surface, the gap being formed between the bonded surface and the lid member so as to allow the adhesive to permeate the gap due to capillarity.

Abstract: Devices and methods for depositing fluids on substrates in patterns of spots, lines, or other features use a nozzle, which is preferably configured similarly to a micropipette, having a piezoelectric crystal or other ultrasonic actuator coupled to one of its sides. The nozzle may be charged via capillary action by dipping it into a well containing the fluid to be deposited, and may then be positioned over a desired area of a substrate, at which point activation of the ultrasonic actuator at ultrasonic frequencies will eject the fluid onto the substrate. The needle may subsequently be dipped into a well of rinsing fluid for cleaning. Spots or lines on the order of 5 micrometers width may be generated, making the invention particularly suitable for use in biological applications such as microarray production and in microelectronics applications such as the printing of organic circuitry.

Abstract: A pipettor head adapter allows the adaptation of pipettors having a set number of pipettor channels to successfully pipette microtiter trays having a different number of wells than the pipettor has pipettor channels. For example, in a pipettor having 384 channels for pipetting a 384 well microtiter tray, the pipettor head adapter of the present invention will allow a “stepping down” or adaptation, such that the pipettor with its 384 pipettor channels can successfully and reliably pipette microtiter trays having 96 wells. Such adaptation occurs without the need for special microtiter trays. Industry standard operations are then preserved, even though they were previously unavailable from such a pipettor.

Abstract: This invention provides improved components (e.g. array “pins”, print head, substrate platen, print head platen, and the like) for microarray printing devices as well as microarray printing devices incorporating such components. In one embodiment, this invention provides a microarray print head comprising a plurality of glass or quartz spotting capillaries disposed in a support that maintains a fixed spacing between the spotting capillaries and that permits the spotting capillaries to move in a direction parallel to the long axis of the capillaries.

Abstract: A container (1) is provided, which serves as reagent support and measuring vessel for analysis using various analytical processes, and has a region which is divided into at least two chambers (9a, 9b, 9c) by one or more bars (8) extending from the container wall (5) or the container base (4), wherein the chambers are arranged so that liquid or solid reagents may be introduced therein without them being able to be mixed by diffusion or running into one another. The container is used for drying or freeze-drying by with completely or partly filled chambers and serves at the same time as a measuring vessel after re-dissolving the dried material by adding water, reagent solution, or the sample present in aqueous phase.

Abstract: A high-though put analysis device that combines the technologies of slide-based microarrays and microplates is provided. The device comprises a base with slots for holding a number of planar substrates, which may be printed with at least an array of biological or chemical molecules of interest. The device also includes a portion, having a number of honeycombed cells, which engages a corresponding printed substrate, wherein the cells form fluid-tight seals with the substrate surface, around an array, to create individual wells like those in a conventional microplate.

Abstract: A heat exchange unit for axial and radial pseudo-isothermal reactors which comprise a substantially cylindrical shell (2) closed at the opposite ends by base plates (3, 4), a reaction zone (6) containing a catalytic bed and at least one heat exchanger (11) of the type with a plate having a variable section along the direction of the flow of operating heat exchange fluid

Abstract: Disclosed is a microsize driving device in which falling of track proteins from an arrangement of motor protein molecules arranged on a linear track groove provided on a substrate is suppressed and utilization of kinetic energy of track proteins as a driving energy is made possible by controlling the moving direction to a single direction. Namely, provided is a microsize driving device which comprises a substrate, an arrangement of motor protein molecules such as, for example, kinesin molecules deposited on the bottom of a linear track groove provided thereon and track proteins such as, for example, microtubules disposed thereon and is characterized in that the said linear track groove has side surfaces shaped in such a structure as to permit a linear movement of the track proteins moving in a certain specific direction but to inhibit the track proteins moving in the reverse direction thereto causing reversion for the movement in the above mentioned specific direction.

Abstract: A distributor (9) for the equalization of flow rate of cyclones in closed cyclone systems installed in the interconnection of the cyclones of the disengager vessel of the gas-solid suspension of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes is described, that distributes the gases exiting the first stage cyclones so as to promote a desirable and uniform flow rate of said gases through said space, besides absorbing the relative movements between the cyclones caused by the differential thermal expansion. The distributor of the invention secures a homogeneous accommodation of the gas-solid suspension in a connecting pipe, allowing a uniform cyclone operation in the next stage, no matter the geometry of the riser-cyclone set or of the downer-cyclone set.

Abstract: A support body is described which has an adsorber material for adsorbing nitrogen oxides in an exhaust gas which is generated in at least one combustion chamber of an internal-combustion engine. A method is described for operating an internal-combustion engine having an exhaust system which has a support body of this type. All the combustion chambers of the internal-combustion engine together have an overall combustion chamber volume, and the support body has an adsorber volume. The adsorber volume is configured to be less than 75%, in particular less than 45%, and preferably even less than 5% of the combustion-chamber volume. A support body of this type ensures a good cold-starting performance of the exhaust system and prevents the emission of nitrogen oxides, in particular when using the proposed method of operating the exhaust system.

Abstract: A customized flow path substrate is provided that comprises fins of varying material and geometry within a catalyst bed of fuel processing reactors. The fins are preferably secured to a core and are assembled by winding the fins around the core and placing the wound fins and the core into a tube to form a tube assembly, which is positioned within the fuel processing reactor. Either one or a plurality of fins may be secured to an individual core, wherein either or both the material and the geometry are varied to customize the flow path and to provide for efficient mixing of gases and to break boundary layer between bulk gas stream and substrate for enhancing mass transfer rate. In addition, the fins are coated with a catalyst material either prior to assembly in one form or after assembly within the tube in another form of the present invention.

Abstract: There is provided a honeycomb structure usable in a filter for trapping/collecting particulates included in exhaust gas and in which ashes deposited inside can be removed without requiring any special mechanism or apparatus or without detaching the filter from an exhaust system. The honeycomb structure includes: a plurality of through channels 9 separated by porous partition walls 7 and extending in the axial direction of the honeycomb structure; and plugging portions 11 for plugging one end of each of predetermined through channels 9a and an opposite end of each of the rest of through channels 9b in a checkered flag pattern, alternately. In the honeycomb structure, at least one slit 15 per through channel is formed in the vicinity of the plugging portions 11 of the partition walls 7 surrounding the respective through channels 9b.

Abstract: A microbicidal filter system having superior drop pressure and low complexity is provided, as well as a method for producing the same. The system comprises a plurality of glass beads having pores formed therebetween for the flow of air therethrough. The sintered glass beads are coated in a transition metal oxide and water. An ultraviolet light source is used to cause a photocatalytic reaction between the transition metal oxide and water. Free hydroxyl radicals with microbicidal properties are produced. Urethane foam may be inserted between the glass beads before sintering in order to cause a bimodal pore size distribution, and particulates disposed on the glass beads may be added to alter surface activity.

Abstract: A plasma processing apparatus comprises: a chamber 12 having at least one opening and for generating plasma; a dielectric member 14 provided to cover the opening air-tightly; at least one wave guide 16 provided in the exterior of the chamber such that the one end side opposes the dielectric member; an electromagnetic wave source 20 provided on the other end side of the wave guide; a plurality of holes 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 provided on a surface opposing the dielectric member of the wave guide; and hole area adjusting means 18 provided in at least one of the above-mentioned holes so as to adjust the opening area of the hole.

Abstract: Oxygen in the air passing through the duct, is converted into ozone for delivery to combustion and oxygenation processes. A conducting element 12 supported on an insulated standoff 13 within a conducting duct 11 has a voltage applied between element 12 and duct 11. This voltage produces a corona on the element whereby ozone is generated. Addition of a grid 24 enhances ozone production. In addition, a provision to vary the voltage on grid 24 whereby the ozone production is controlled further enhances the device. In addition standoff 13 carries supply wire 14 whereby the electrical connection to element 12 is facilitated.

Abstract: The present invention relates to various forms of ozone generator having a discharge means and a reflecting screen and methods for their application. The discharge means is a rough-surfaced dielectric element with central aperture and rectangular cross-section sandwiched between a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode is a plurality of helical windings that contact a plurality of flanges on the dielectric element and the second electrode is an electrically conductive coating which overlies the rough surface of the dielectric element. One form of the ozone generator has a central unit and two side units, where the side units can be rotated to form various shapes. The various shapes of the ozone generator can be used for room deodorizing, clothes freshening, and shoe deodorizing. Other applications for various forms of the ozone generator include treating and maintaining hair of humans and pets, room deodorizing, and shoe deodorizing.

Abstract: A Kinetic Harvester is disclosed, including a central shaft connecting two large disks like wheels and an axle. Four long cylindrical arms radiate from the middle of the central shaft and end even with the edges of the disks. Four main braces connect the edges of the disks and the ends of the arms butt into them. A smaller secondary brace runs from the ends of the arms around the circumference of the structure. Two large flat panels are attached to the each arm so that they are able to open and close like a book. There are stops running across the inner surfaces of the disks, down the central shaft and down the inner surfaces of the main braces. When the panels are opened they come up against the stops and are prevented from bending backward. The secondary brace runs between the panels when they are closed and prevents them from both swinging the same way. Springs are mounted on the secondary braces where the panel frames close on them. The springs help to start the opening of the panels.

Abstract: A fuel reformer having an enclosure with an inlet port and an outlet port. A plate assembly for supporting catalyst is disposed in the enclosure. A compliant baffle is also disposed in the enclosure and cooperates with the plate assembly to establish a path for the flow of fuel gas through the reformer from the inlet port to the outlet port. The baffle and plate assembly also segment the enclosure into an inlet section communicating with the inlet port, an outlet section communicating with the outlet port and a turn section connecting the inlet and outlet sections. The baffle is further arranged to direct the flow of gas to a predetermined area of the turn section and the catalyst is disposed such that the reformer is devoid of catalyst in the inlet section to a point in the turn section and includes catalyst from that point in the turn section through the return section, the catalyst varying in amount in a predetermined manner in at least the return section.

Abstract: A system for substantially continuously providing a solid material, for example pulverized coal, to a pressurized container. The system provides the solid material to a first container of a first pressure elevated above an initial pressure of the solid material. Generally, a screw conveyor augmented with a jet port is used to move the material where the jet port provides a gas to provide a make-up volume of the solid material. The system also provides the material to a second high pressure container after the material has been formed into a slurry. Therefore, the solid material may be substantially continuously provided in a system to a high pressure container.

Abstract: A method for the recovery of high purity zinc oxide products, and optionally iron-carbon feedstocks, from industrial waste streams containing zinc oxide and/or iron. The waste streams preliminary can be treated by adding carbon and an ammonium chloride solution, separating any undissolved components from the solution, displacing undesired metal ions from the solution using zinc metal, treating the solution to remove therefrom zinc compounds, and further treating the zinc compounds and the undissolved components, as necessary, resulting in the zinc products and the optional iron-carbon feedbacks. Once the zinc oxide has been recovered, the purification process is used to further purify the zinc oxide to obtain zinc oxide which is at least 99.8% pure and which has predeterminable purity and particle characteristics. Various zinc compounds may then be quickly, easily, and economically produced from this recovered zinc oxide.

Abstract: The liquid cooling spray in a gas conditioning chamber is modified by the addition of an alkali to scrub sulfur dioxide and other acid forming gases and a separation unit to remove particles that may contain either unreacted alkali or salts of the acid forming gases. A slurry of fine particles of hydrated lime is injected into the liquid coolant under conditions that result in kernels of controllable size that contain the alkali or salts from reactions with the acid forming gases. The modified cooling liquid provides for a high sulfur dioxide collection efficiency at a low molar ratio of alkali to sulfur, while the specified kernel size range allows for efficient removal of the kernels from the gas.

Abstract: The invention provides a flue gas processing apparatus including a catalyst unit (6) formed of at least one activated carbon fiber board (20), and water-supply means (7) for supplying, to the catalyst unit (6), water for forming sulfuric acid, the catalyst unit (6) being provided in the apparatus in the form of a tower (4) through which a discharge gas containing sulfur oxide passes, the water-supply means (7) being provided above the catalyst unit (6) or in an upper section of the unit (6) and in the apparatus in the form of a tower (4), wherein the activated carbon fiber board (20) provided in the catalyst unit is formed by alternatingly juxtaposing one or more plate-like activated carbon fiber sheets (21) and one or more corrugated activated carbon fiber sheets (22) so as to provide vertically extending conduits (15), and the flue gas processing apparatus includes pressurizing means (3) for applying pressure to the discharge gas, to thereby cause the gas to pass through the conduits (15) of the catalyst un

Abstract: The present invention discloses an exfoliative clay and a derivative thereof and a method for producing the same. The exfoliative clay is formed by emulsion exfoliating an inorganic layered silicate clay with an amphibious intercalating agent by powerfully stirring at 60-180° C. and not less than 14.7 psig. The amphibious intercalating agent is obtained by copolymerizing polyoxyalkylene amine having molecular weight over 1,800 and polypropylene-grafting-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA). Before emulsion exfoliation, the intercalating agent is acidified with an inorganic acid. The acidification is the key step for obtaining nanoscale of emulsifying particles less than 100 nm for the exfoliation. The exfoliative clay can be further extracted with a hydroxide or a chloride of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal to obtain a derivative in the form of nanosilica plates which is free of organic portions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of making a more permanent remembrance from a gift that includes organic material, wherein the gift has ephemeral beauty and symbolizes the feelings of a gift-giver toward a recipient. This method includes transforming the ephemeral beauty of the gift to a more permanent or eternal manifestation that symbolizes the feelings of the gift-giver toward the recipient. This result is conveniently achieved by converting the organic material of the gift to a synthetic diamond. The synthetic diamond can be prepared by transforming the organic material of the gift to a carbon or carbon-containing compound; and then converting the carbon or carbon-containing compound into the synthetic diamonds.

Abstract: The invention incorporates new processes for the chemical modification of carbon nanotubes. Such processes involve the derivatization of multi- and single-wall carbon nanotubes, including small diameter (ca. 0.7 nm) single-wall carbon nanotubes, with diazonium species. The method allows the chemical attachment of a variety of organic compounds to the side and ends of carbon nanotubes. These chemically modified nanotubes have applications in polymer composite materials, molecular electronic applications and sensor devices. The methods of derivatization include electrochemical induced reactions thermally induced reactions (via in-situ generation of diazonium compounds or pre-formed diazonium compounds), and photochemically induced reactions. The derivatization causes significant changes in the spectroscopic properties of the nanotubes. The estimated degree of functionality is ca. 1 out of every 20 to 30 carbons in a nanotube bearing a functionality moiety.

Abstract: A process for producing substantially crystalline graphitic carbon nanofibers comprised of graphite sheets. The graphite sheets are substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the carbon nanofiber. These carbon nanofibers are produced by contacting a bulk iron, or an iron:copper bimetallic, or an iron:nickel bimetallic catalyst with a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at temperatures from about 625° C. to about 725° C. for an effective amount of time.

Abstract: A reactor for producing carbon black comprising, in the following order from upstream to downstream, a) a combination combustion/reaction section, wherein the combustion/reaction section comprises at least one inlet for introducing a combustion feed and at least one inlet for introducing a carbonaceous feedstock, b) a choke section, wherein the choke section comprises at least one inlet for introducing a carbonaceous feedstock and wherein the choke section converges to a downstream end, c) a quench section, wherein the cross section of the quench section is equal to or larger than the downstream end of the choke section and smaller than the cross section of the combustion/reaction section, and d) a breeching section. Also disclosed is a method for producing carbon black. Further disclosed is a simplified carbon black plant for producing tread and/or carcass type carbon black.

Abstract: A system and process for oxidizing inorganic or organic species is disclosed.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide is produced at high efficiency in a continuous process effected using hydrogen peroxide as the reducing agent in a single vessel generator-evaporator-crystallizer at the boiling point of the reaction medium under sub-atmospheric pressure. The reaction medium is maintained under steady state continuous operation with a residual chlorine concentration while having no residual hydrogen peroxide concentration in the reaction medium.