Abstract: A two-stroke engine has a cylinder (2) in which a combustion chamber (3) is provided. The combustion chamber (3) is delimited by an upwardly and downwardly moving piston (5) which drives a crankshaft (7) via a connecting rod (6). The crankshaft (7) is rotatably journalled in the crankcase (4). The two-stroke engine (1) includes an inlet (10) for fuel and an outlet (9) out of the combustion chamber (3) for exhaust gases. At pregiven piston positions, the combustion chamber (3) is connected to the crankcase (4) via a piston window (16, 23) and at least one transfer channel (11, 13). Piston windows (16, 23) are configured in the piston (5). The transfer channels (11, 13) open via transfer windows (12, 14) into the combustion chamber and open with the transfer opening (15) into the crankcase (4). Transfer opening (15) and transfer windows (12, 14) open into a region at the cylinder bore (25) which is passed over by the piston (5).

Abstract: An intake valve control system for an internal combustion engine includes a first valve control mechanism for varying an actual operation angle of an intake valve, a second valve control mechanism for varying an actual maximum lift phase of the intake valve and a control unit that operates the first and second valve control mechanisms to adjust an intake air amount by controlling the operation angle predominantly in a low-intake range and controlling the maximum lift phase predominantly in a high-intake range. The control unit is configured to calculate a target operation angle and a target maximum lift phase according to engine operating conditions so that the actual operation angle and maximum lift phase are controlled to the target operation angle and maximum lift phase, respectively, and correct the target operation angle in a transient operating state where the actual maximum lift phase deviates from the target maximum lift phase.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine equipped with a variable valve operating mechanism that performs a valve timing control and a valve lift amount control of at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve, target values of the valve timing and the valve lift amount set based on an engine operating condition are limited by a limit value to limit a control range of one of the valve timing and the valve lift amount in accordance with a control state of the other of the valve timing and the valve lift amount, so that the valve timing and the valve lift amount are controlled based on the respective target values one of which has been limited as above.

Abstract: The invention concerns a control device for adjusting the relative angular position of a driven shaft, particularly a camshaft of an internal combustion engine, said device comprising a drive pinion that is rotatably connected to the shaft, an adjusting element (1) for the angular adjustment of the drive pinion relative to the shaft, two chambers (2, 3) that are alternately supplied with hydraulic fluid and a control valve (6) for actuating the adjusting element (1), said control valve being connected to the chambers (2, 3) of the adjusting element (1) through pressure medium channels (4, 5). The control valve (6) comprises a valve body (7) that has two working connections A and B for the pressure medium channels (4, 5), a delivery connection P for the supply of hydraulic fluid and a discharge connection T for the discharge of hydraulic fluid, and the control valve (6) further comprises a sliding valve control piston (8) for setting different hydraulic resistances W between the individual connections.

Abstract: An engine is described having a camshaft 14 formed with an oil passage 26, a cover 22 fitted to the front of the engine and overlying the front end of the camshaft 14, and an oil supply line 24 formed in the engine front cover. The camshaft 14 is formed with an axially projecting extension that is rotatably and sealingly received in an opening formed in the front cover 22 to enable the oil passage 26 in the camshaft to communicate with the oil supply line 24 in the engine cover 22.

Abstract: A sheet metal rocker arm manufactured by the steps of punching one metal plate to form a blank having a predetermined contour and through holes, and subjecting this blank to a bending work based on a press work to form a pair of side walls parallel to each other and a connecting portion for connecting the both ends of the side walls in the width direction thereof. This rocker arm is also provided with at least a pair of though holes formed at positions which are aligned with each other on the both side walls and at least one engagement portion provided in a part of the connecting portion. The thickness of at least one engagement portion, is formed to be greater than the thickness of the both side walls.

Abstract: Internal combustion engine with at least one cylinder, in which a fuel/air mixture can be compressed in a cylinder by a piston, the temperature of the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chamber being able to be brought at least to over roughly 80% and up to at most roughly 98% of the spontaneous ignition temperature of the fuel/air mixture and the ignition of the combustion being time-controlled through the introduction of laser light into the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A liquid quantity visual confirmation device comprises a first reservoir-forming member, and a second reservoir-forming member forming a liquid reservoir in combination with the first reservoir-forming member. The second reservoir-forming member is at least partially transparent to allow visual confirmation of the internal liquid level from an outside thereof. The second reservoir-forming member has a liquid-feeding port for feeding the liquid into the liquid reservoir. The quantity of liquid in the liquid reservoir can be confirmed by looking at the internal liquid level in the second reservoir-forming member from the outside. It is also possible to reliably feed the liquid into the liquid reservoir from the liquid-feeding port while confirming any rising of the liquid level through the transparent portion.

Abstract: A fuel injection control device for a direct fuel injection engine is configured to selectively control a fuel injection valve, which is configured and arranged to directly inject a first fuel stream per cycle into a combustion chamber, to use a first fuel injection timing when the controller determines that a stratified air-fuel mixture will be difficult to form during a second fuel injection timing based on a determination of an engine operation parameter by at least one sensor. The first fuel injection timing is set to control the injection valve to inject the first fuel stream during an intake stroke while a piston in the combustion chamber is approximately at an intake top dead center position such that a majority of the first fuel stream injected from the fuel injection valve is received inside a cavity formed on the piston.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine having direct injection and spark ignition, charging air is introduced in stratified charge operation through one of two valve-controlled intake channels into a cylinder having a roof-like cylinder head end and a piston having a piston head with a recess oriented toward the intake side. The charging air is introduced forms a swirl flow, into which fuel is introduced. To avoid fuel accumulation on the recess wall, a strong swirl flow with a compact swirl core is achieved through a flow-optimized filling channel, with the swirl core being held in a fixed position in a rotor recess at the latest in the second section of the stroke of the piston toward top dead center such that fuel introduced into the swirl core with a relatively late end of the injection is supplied to an ignition device due to the piston movement toward top dead center.

Abstract: The invention relates to an internal combustion engine that comprises at least two inlet valves (4) per cylinder (1) and at least two inlet channels (2, 3) leading towards said inlet valves (4). A first inlet channel (2) of said inlet channels is preferably configured as an unthrottled tangential channel. The flow through a second inlet channel (3) is controlled by a first throttle device (11) that is controlled depending on at least one engine parameter. The internal combustion engine further comprises a fuel injection device (13) per cylinder (1) that injects fuel into at least two inlet channels (2, 3). In the closed state of the first throttle device (11) a defined minimum flow through the second inlet channel (3) can be generated by means of at least one leakage opening (12) of the first throttle device (11).

Abstract: An engine controller for a vehicle having an automatic centrifugal clutch device, includes an engine halt controlling means (ECM) for performing engine halt control. The engine halt controlling means halts the engine with the condition that the engine speed becomes equal to or higher than a first set rotational frequency, which is set to be equal to or lower than the clutch engagement rotational frequency of the automatic centrifugal clutch device.

Abstract: A method is described for estimating cylinder airflow in engines that operate with manifold pressure near atmospheric pressure to compensate for degraded sensor response at such conditions. The method uses an adaptive approach that is updated under preselected engine operating conditions to thereby allow improved accuracy across a variety of engine operation.

Abstract: The speed of rotation and the angular position of the rotating part (2, 3) of the engine (1) are measured continuously, and the fuel injection is cut off at predetermined speed and angular position values of the rotating part (2, 3) in order to stop the engine in a predetermined position that facilitates restarting the engine. In order to restart the engine, using a starter (4), fuel is injected into at least one cylinder of the engine when the piston moving in the cylinder is in a determined position. The spark ignition and/or fuel injection is interrupted at predetermined speed and angular position values of the rotating part (2, 3) of the engine (1), and fuel is injected into at least one cylinder of the engine (1) during the last revolution of the engine before stopping. In order to restart the engine, ignition is carried out in at least one cylinder, the piston of which is in the compression position at the moment when the engine (1) stops.

Abstract: The invention proposes a fuel injection apparatus with a fuel injection valve, wherein the fuel injection valve has at least one injection opening and at least one valve element for closing the at least one injection opening, wherein the valve element is controlled by means of a servohydraulic valve (131), wherein the servohydraulic valve has a control piston (123) that is supported in moving fashion, wherein the control piston disconnects a control chamber (116) from a high-pressure chamber (120), wherein at least one first partial region (117) of the control chamber (116) can be emptied in every position of the control piston (123) via a line (110) provided with an outlet throttle (113), and wherein at least one second partial region (119) of the control chamber can be filled with fuel in every position of the control piston via an inlet throttle (115) so that depending on the filling of the control chamber (116), in a first position, the control piston (123) disconnects a first connection (125) of the high

Abstract: In a small-type vehicle including a cylinder head possessed by an engine main body mounted on a vehicle body frame, an intake passage portion extending rectilinearly so as to guide cleaned air from an air cleaner disposed on the upper side of the cylinder head, the intake passage portion being connected to an upper portion side wall of the cylinder head, an injector for injecting fuel into the intake passage portion from the upper side, the injector being attached to the air cleaner, and a fuel tank so disposed as to cover a rear portion and an upper portion of the air cleaner, to make it possible to secure a sufficient capacity of the fuel tank. The injector 100 is disposed on the front side relative the center line C1 of the intake passage portion 92.

Abstract: The present invention relates to alternatively using magnetic or electric field devices to enhance combustion. More particularly, the present invention relates to alternatively using magnetic or electric field devices to enhance combustion and treat the corresponding products of combustion to increase fuel efficiency and reduce exhaust pollutants.

Abstract: An ignition coil includes a connecting device for contacting a spark plug of an internal combustion engine, the connecting device being designed to have a sleeve made of insulating material. The sleeve is able to be connected at a first end section to a high voltage side of the ignition coil, and at a second end section has an accommodation for the spark plug. Furthermore, in the sleeve at least one conductive contact part, touching the spark plug, is situated for the electrical connection of the ignition coil to the spark plug. At the high voltage side of the ignition coil, between it and the spark plug, a plurality of electrically conductive modular components are able to be positioned, which in the installed state are connected in a detachable, electrically conducting manner.

Abstract: An igniter of the present invention has an insulated gate semiconductor device having a collector terminal, an emitter terminal and a gate terminal, a current control circuit which limits current by controlling voltage at the gate terminal when current for flowing through the insulated gate semiconductor device exceeds a fixed value, a voltage monitor circuit for detecting a potential of the collector, and a control current adjusting circuit for controlling current which flows through the gate terminal by receiving output from the voltage monitor circuit.

Abstract: An engine system includes an engine having an intake manifold, a cylinder and an intake mixture motion system. The intake mixture motion system includes a plate disposed upstream of the cylinder and an actuator that moves the plate between an open position and a closed position to direct cylinder air flow. The plate is in the closed position for a predetermined period after engine start-up. A fuel system communicates with the engine and supplies a first quantity of liquid fuel to the engine at a first A/F ratio. The fuel system supplies a second quantity of vapor fuel to the engine at a second A/F ratio to provide a fuel mixture having a third A/F ratio during the predetermined period.

Abstract: An engine is disposed with a crankshaft axially oriented in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body. A camshaft and an exhaust port in a cylinder head are disposed parallel to the crankshaft. The exhaust port is open at the front surface of the cylinder head, and discharges exhaust gases through an exhaust pipe. Hoses extend from a radiator in front of the engine to the front surface of the engine. A valve case is disposed on a left side of a cylinder block in the vicinity of the exhaust port to which the exhaust pipe is connected, and is connected to an air cleaner behind the engine by a substantially straight secondary air pipe.

Abstract: An electronically controlled pneumatic paintball gun, comprising means for monitoring and/or controlling one or more parameters of the gun's operation and alphanumeric display means for displaying data related to said monitoring or control on a display panel integral with the gun.

Abstract: A paintball marker is provided including a body, an inlet control device, a firing system, a first regulator and a second regulator. The body has a paintball inlet and a barrel for receiving a paintball from the paintball inlet. The inlet control device is movable between an open position wherein the inlet control device permits entry of a paintball through the paintball inlet, and a closed position for chambering a paintball. In the closed position the inlet control device prevents entry of a paintball through the paintball inlet. The firing system includes a firing valve that is moveable between a firing position wherein the valve permits firing gas at a selected pressure to flow to the barrel and a non-firing position wherein the firing valve prevents flow of firing gas to the barrel. The first regulator is fluidically connectable to the pressurized gas source and is configurable to provide gas at a first pressure.

Abstract: A pneumatic tube that is secured to the bow and bowstring with an arrow and piston inside for safe drawing and firing of an archery bow. When the archer looses the string and it drives the arrow forward, the piston creates pneumatic air resistance like a hand operated bicycle pump. This resistance is sufficient to prevent damage to the bow and/or its components from loosing the string without an actual arrow on the string. Normal loosing the string without an arrow on it is called “dry-firing” and would damage the bow and/or its components. This tube is attached to a bracket that is affixed to a mounting block that can be fastened to the front of the bow at the standard stabilizer mounting hole. There is also a laser mounted in the end of the tube, which can be turned on by the archer and projects a laser light on the target. This light is automatically turned off as the bow is fired, thus showing the archer exactly where an actual arrow would have hit.

Abstract: An article of manufacture for cooking of food in a manner that may remove a portion of the fat contained in said food, comprising a plurality of housing parts, hingeably attached, with removable cooking surfaces to distribute heat generated by heating elements, housing geometry that allows positioning the invention to cook in a sloped, fat draining mode, a level mode, or a combination level and draining mode, or closed mode, and geometry that allows efficient storage in the vertical orientation.

Abstract: The invention concerns an oven wherein a globally parallelepiped muffle chamber (1) contains a centrifugal convection turbine (9) driven by a motor (10) and arranged adjacent to the centre of the rear peripheral wall (7). Annular electrical resistors (12, 13) are placed at the periphery of the turbine, the assembly being surrounded by a mechanical protection grid (22). The convection turbine (9) and the heating means (12, 13) are placed in the muffle chamber (1) communicating directly with the cooking volume (81), without separating wall countering the air flow. The oven is thus provided both with self-cleaning effect and a better cooking heat distribution in the oven.

Abstract: A speed cooking oven is disclosed comprising a cooking cavity, thermal heating source, air movement and directing means, air delivery means, and a vent assembly. Hot gas is circulated to and from the oven cavity via air delivery means such that turbulently mixed glancing, conflicting and colliding gas flow patterns mix at and about the surfaces of the food product. The turbulently mixed gas flows are spatially averaged over the surface area of the food product producing high heat transfer, thereby optimizing speed cooking of the food product.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bench top grill assembly that includes a rigid continuous grill body, a grill grate removably covering an upper opening, and a fuel element receptacle or container removably positionable in the grill body through a lateral opening dimensioned to closely receive the container. A safety handle projects from the fuel element container through the lateral opening away from sides of the grill body so that the handle does not become heated during use and may be safely gripped. A support table with multiple dimensions, forks, and condiment dishes increase the convenience of the bench top grill assembly.

Abstract: An array of elongated concave parabolic trough-shaped reflectors is disclosed. The orientation of the array is biaxially kept essentially perpendicular to rays of the sun by an optical control such that sunlight is reflected and concentrated along a focal line of each elongated reflector by which (a) water in a tube disposed at the focal line is heated by reflected line focused sunlight impinged thereon and/or (b) line focused reflected sunlight is optically transformed into point focused reflected sunlight using Fresnel lenses from which electricity is generated using solar cells upon which the point focused reflected sunlight is impinged.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inhaler for effectively delivering medications by inhalation through the mouth of patients, having a spacer for more effectively mixing the medication and air, and easy to operate lever and canister selection mechanisms. A preferred embodiment of the invention has a mouthpiece comprising a flexible, elastic material. A lever arm is provided that is opposed to the body of the inhaler, which allows a patient to use the entire hand to activate the metered dose inhaler canister. In a preferred embodiment a valve assembly and whistle are included in the inhaler to improve the consistency and effectiveness of delivery of medication to the lungs of a patient.

Abstract: A respirator hood 1 that has an air chamber 6 arranged above the head of a user for delivery of breathable air. The air chamber 6 has an air inlet 13 connected to an air supply hose 5 and an air outlet 17. The outlet 17 is arranged to direct air away from the eyes of the user. The air chamber 6 forms an air duct 12 that substantially covers the top of the hood 1 above the user's head. The duct 12 is collapse-resistant so that the duct shape is maintained in use and air flow through the duct 12 is substantially unrestricted. As a result, a substantially uniform air flow can be achieved in use, which air flow pattern is repeatable from day to day and from hood to hood.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for anesthetizing one or more laboratory animals is provided. An anesthetic component is introduced into a pressurized gas stream for delivery to laboratory animals. In one embodiment of the invention, a solo apparatus is used to administer anesthetic component to a single animal. The apparatus may also include a group apparatus connected to the pressurized gas stream that administers anesthesia to one or more animals simultaneously. One or more solo and/or group apparatuses may be used to administer anesthetic components to different animals at various dosages. The apparatuses of the present invention include a non-rebreathing feature that uses a vacuum-sensitive check valve. The valve permits the delivery of anesthetic gas to the animal only when the animal inhales. The present invention may also include a thermoregulatory system that transfers heat to animals as they receive anesthesia, and an exhaust system to capture exhaust gases.

Abstract: Inhalation device and associated method for facilitating inhalation by a patient of powder medicaments contained in a receptacle. The inhalation device has a chamber for receiving the receptacle. A ring is circumferentially coupled to an inner surface of the chamber to achieve a higher reproducible emitted dose of medicament from the receptacle. The inhalation device also includes an improved implement for puncturing the receptacle, requiring less force and experiencing fewer failures. The inhalation device also includes a means for indicating readiness.

Abstract: A device for passive humidification of tracheostomized or intubated patients, comprising an outer body which forms an opening for connection to the patient and is connected to at least one seat of a filtering element which is connected to the outside, the device further comprising, on the outer body, a coupling for connection to at least one oxygen delivery duct which ends proximate to the outer part of the filtering element.

Abstract: A system for reducing central sleep apnea (CSA) is described in which certain methods of increasing a patient's rebreathing during periods of the sleep cycle are used. By increasing rebreathing during periods of overbreathing, the over-oxygenation which typically results from the overbreathing period can be reduced, thus reducing the compensating underbreathing period and effectively reducing the loop gain associated with the central sleep apnea. Nasal occlusion and a leak resistant oral interface provide control for gas leaks from a patent interface.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for relaxing an apneic obstruction in a nasopharyngeal airway of a patient. A bolus chamber and a rearward chamber are defined within a housing. A movable piston within the housing is actuated using a pair of magnets. When an impeller, mounted within the rearward chamber, rotates as a result of patient exhalation into the rearward chamber, the repulsive force between said magnets causes said piston to move and drive a bolus of air into the airway of the patient.

Abstract: The present invention is a centralized flow control unit (CFCU) for regulating oxygen flow in a multiple user emergency oxygen distribution system in passenger aircraft. Upon activation, the CFCU initially allows unregulated flow of oxygen to surge into the distribution system to thereby purge the ambient air out of the system. After a sufficient pressure is achieved in the distribution system, the CFCU regulates the flow mechanically with a diaphragm engaging a regulator valve. The pressure of the oxygen under the diaphragm causes the regulator valve to reduce the flow of the oxygen through the CFCU. The CFCU accounts for changes in altitude by including a bleed passageway in the diaphragm. A small amount of the oxygen under the diaphragm bleeds to the chamber above the diaphragm then a bleed exit allows the oxygen to escape to the ambient air.

Abstract: An apparatus for reversing inhaled anesthesia, which is configured to be positioned along a breathing circuit or anesthesia delivery circuit, includes a filter for removing one or more anesthetic agents from gases passing therethrough, as well as a component for elevating CO2 levels in gases that are to be inhaled by an individual. The apparatus is configured to be positioned between a Y-connector of the breathing circuit and the portion of the breathing circuit that interfaces with the individual. The CO2 level-elevating component facilitates an increase in the ventilation of the individual without resulting in a significant decrease in the individual's PaCO2 level and, thus, a decrease in the rate at which blood flows through the individual's brain. A method of reversing the effects of inhaled anesthesia includes increasing the rate of ventilation of an anesthetized individual while causing the individual to inhale gases with elevated amounts of CO2 and while filtering anesthetic agents from such gases.

Abstract: A disposable face mask includes a mask body covering substantially a nose, mouth, and chin of a wearer, and an extension provided with the mask body. The extension is configured to encircle a back of a wearer's head and to substantially cover a wearer's cheeks, jaw, and ears. A substantial portion of the extension is formed from a resilient material treated with a repellant agent to prevent contaminants from entering or exiting such treated portion of the extension.

Abstract: A battery powered portable human body carrying electronic human breath filtration device is an electronic nose mask and is the most ideal alternative to conventional filter paper type nose mask. It utilizes electronic ionization technique and electrostatic field to remove air borne particles, dust, pollens, contaminants, bacteria, viruses, toxic chemical, fume and tobacco smoke from human inhalation and exhalation breath. It interacts with human breathing action as the air flow driving system to move the inhalation and exhalation breaths through the electronic filter elements, in addition to a front louver cover and a rear louver cover's protection as pre-filters. The system requires very low running current and uses small batteries usually found in household electronics. This filtration system is light weight with negligible air flow resistance and is integrated into the nose mask which is connected to a pocket size control system via a connection cable.

Abstract: A nasal mask for applying pressurized gas to a user's respiratory system. The mask includes an inflatable seal which is at least partially filled with a soft open cell foam. The seal includes a manual pump and a pressure release valve for inflating and deflating the seal. The mask includes an brow bar which is connected through a bridge to the mask body. The bridge can be adjusted to position the brow bar against the user's forehead for supporting an upper portion of the mask. Headgear for attaching the mask to the user is attached to the brow bar and is looped over a prong at a lower portion of the mask for securing the lower portion of the mask to the user. The mask can be easily removed from the patient while leaving the headgear and brow bar attached to the user.

Abstract: A nasal mask for applying pressurized gas to a user's respiratory system. The mask includes an inflatable seal which is at least partially filled with a soft open cell foam. The seal includes a manual pump and a pressure release valve for inflating and deflating the seal. The mask includes an brow bar which is connected through a bridge to the mask body. The bridge can be adjusted to position the brow bar against the user's forehead for supporting an upper portion of the mask. Headgear for attaching the mask to the user is attached to the brow bar and is looped over a prong at a lower portion of the mask for securing the lower portion of the mask to the user. The mask has an air inlet elbow which can be either free to rotate or locked in a position extending towards the top of a mask user's forehead.

Abstract: Surgical instruments and procedures promote placement of a tissue-ablating probe surrounding the left and right pulmonary veins within the intrapericardial space of a patient's heart via access through a subxiphoid or subcostal entry incision. An opening is formed in the pericardium near the apex region of the heart to facilitate formation of openings through three pericardial reflections by which a tissue-ablating probe is positioned around the pulmonary veins.

Abstract: A method of minimizing blood reflux from an episcleral vein during an ab interno eye surgery includes advancing an applicator from an anterior chamber through trabecular meshwork toward Schlemm's canal, and administering a vasoconstrictive agent to about Schlemm's canal for minimizing the blood reflux. The vasoconstrictive agent may be an alpha-adrenergic agonist.

Abstract: Improved ophthalmological surgical methods, systems and devices, employing a colorant.

Abstract: A method and unit for simultaneously forming multiple tobacco mats on a multiple-rod cigarette manufacturing machine, whereby an input stream of shredded tobacco is fed to a switch conduit selectively alignable with the inputs of at least two downflow conduits, each of which communicates via a respective carding assembly with a respective upflow conduit closed by a respective conveyor belt for a respective tobacco mat; the switch conduit being switched between positions selectively aligned with the downflow conduits in response to a command signal generated in function of the tobacco level in the downflow conduits.

Abstract: In a cigarette maker comprising a descent channel filled with shredded tobacco by a carding unit and with reclaimed tobacco by a conveyor, the shredded tobacco and the reclaimed tobacco are taken up and transferred by a toothed unit toward an ascent channel, from where both are attracted onto a belt by suction and formed into a continuous stream; the descent channel is split into two distinct portions serving respectively to admit the shredded tobacco and the reclaimed tobacco, whilst the toothed unit comprises a first and a second roller positioned to take up the shredded tobacco and reclaimed tobacco and operating in conjunction with respective impeller rollers.

Abstract: A cigarette pack holder with an adjacent built-in ashtray section. The ashtray chamber is latterly adjacent the compartment for the cigarettes and extends downwardly and under the cigarette compartment. The ashtray section has a hinged cap that when in the closed position acts as a boss to engage a notch on the cover to secure the cover in place. The bottom of the device has a slider opening for removal of ashes. Spaced up from the bottom is a shelf to retain the cigarette or cigar pack. The ashtray is separated from the cigarette pack storage compartment by a heat resistant vertical wall. Other walls of the device should also be made of heat resistant material.

Abstract: Tobacco products are manufactured by an automatic machine presenting a number of working parts, certain of which consisting in rollers rotatable about mutually parallel axes and carried by a substantially vertical bulkhead of the machine frame, equipped with a protective casing rendered capable of movement by means of a parallelogram linkage between a raised position, clear of the bulkhead, and a lowered position shielding the bulkhead. A horizontal beam associated permanently with the casing carries an upright member serving to support a camera-and-strobe-light assembly; piloted by a master controller, the upright member is traversed along the beam by one motor, and the camera-and-strobe-light assembly along the upright member by another motor, so that the camera can be positioned at any given point on the bulkhead to examine all the working parts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of and to an apparatus for ascertaining at least one parameter of cigarette paper or the like, such as a running web of cigarette paper at least one side of which carries or should carry longitudinally spaced-apart coatings, e.g., consisting of silicate or cellulose and suitable to serve as so-called burning or combustion stops. A source of electromagnetic radiation cooperates with a polarizer to direct radiation against one side of the running web at an angle of between about 0° and 75° to the plane of the web at the locus of impingement of radiation. The radiation which has penetrated through the web is measured by a photosensitive detector which transmits corresponding signals to an evaluating arrangement serving to ascertain one or more characteristics of the coatings.