Abstract: The inventive method consists in the following: a drillable packer provided with a channel closed by a back valve is arranged in a well; afterwards a tubing string carrying a jet pump and a stinger is run into said well, the stringer being connected to the packer; the back valve is open; a logging instrument and a sealing unit are introduced into the tubing string with the aid of a cable; a depression is produced on the formation by means of the pump, a bottomhole pressure and the parameters of the formation are measured with the aid of said instrument, the parameters of physical fields being recorded. The results of said investigations being interpreted, the technical state of the well is defined. The instrument and the sealing unit being extracted from the tube string, a blocking insert is dropped therein. The tubing string is uplifted, the stringer is disconnected from the packer and the back valve is closed.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for obtaining information regarding a formation, a casing, or fluid within the casing are provided which utilize an interrogator and one or more sensing devices attached tod a casing in a wellbore. The interrogator, which is located and typically movable inside the wellbore, is effectively a toroidal transformer which includes an elongate conducting body surrounded by a core of high magnetic permeability material and carrying a winding. The sensing device, which is positioned and fixed in an opening cut in the casing, includes a housing, a sensor with associated electronic circuitry and an electrode. The electrode is insulated from the casing by an insulator, and the housing of the sensing device is typically adapted to provide a hydraulic seal with the opening in the casing. The interrogator and sensing device communicate in a wireless manner.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for obtaining information regarding a formation, a casing, or fluid within the casing are provided which utilize an interrogator and one or more sensing devices attached to a casing in a wellbore. The interrogator is located within and may be movable inside the wellbore. The sensing device is positioned and fixed in an opening in the casing. The sensing device includes a housing and a sensor with associated electronic circuitry. The interrogator and sensing device include a magnetic coupling therebetween that is operable when the interrogator and sensing device are positioned in close proximity to one another. Preferably, the magnetic coupling is realized by at least one solenoid winding for the interrogator and at least one solenoid winding for the sensing device, which provide a loosely-coupled transformer interface therebetween. The interrogator and sensing device communicate in a wireless manner over the magnetic coupling therebetween.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for perforating a casing in a wellbore wherein the casing has control means attached thereto, which method and apparatus includes inserting a detectable source with the control means extending a selected length of the control means; inserting a sensing means in the casing for sensing the detectable source; sensing the location of the detectable source at selected levels in the casing; recording the direction of the detectable source at the selected levels in the casing; inserting perforating means in the casing, the perforating means for perforating the casing, the perforating means having orienting means for selectively positioning the perforating means relative to the recorded direction of the detectable source at the selected levels in the casing; and perforating the casing at a selected orientation relative to the sensed detectable source at the selected levels in the casing.

Abstract: A sand control screen assembly (60) comprises a base pipe (62) having at least one opening (64) that allows fluid flow therethrough and a filter medium (66) positioned about the exterior of the base pipe (62) that allows fluid flow therethrough and prevents particulate flow therethrough. An inflatable seal member (72) is disposed within the at least one opening (64) of the base pipe (62) and controls fluid flow through the at least one opening (64). A inflation fluid source (74) is in fluid communication with the inflatable seal member (72) and provides an inflation fluid to the inflatable seal member (72) to selectively urge the inflatable seal member (72) into sealing engagement with the at least one opening (64).

Abstract: Methods of fracturing subterranean zones with less pumping are provided. The methods basically comprise the steps of providing an aqueous fracturing fluid comprised of a brine having a density in the range of from about 9 to about 19 pounds per gallon, pumping the aqueous fracturing fluid into the subterranean zone at a rate and pressure sufficient to fracture the subterranean zone and recovering the aqueous fracturing fluid from the subterranean zone.

Abstract: A storable cement system comprises a suspending agent, a cement spacer and water. The composition may further optional contain a surfactant and/or an organic solvent and/or a weighting material. The suspending agent is preferably a carrageenan or scleroglucan. The cement system may be stored for an extended period of time prior to being interposed between a cement slurry and a drilling fluid. As such, the aqueous cement system may be made off-site and used when desired for preventing contact between non-compatible hydrocarbonaceous and aqueous fluids.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and equipment for recovering use of a well-bore in circumstances where the well bore has become blocked by downhole equipment. The invention provides a method comprising the steps of separating, at a release joint, a portion of equipment from a jammed portion (6) of equipment; running the separated portion of equipment uphole out of the wellbore (100); running a deflector assembly (60) downhole into the wellbore (100); and deflecting a milling tool (64) from the wellbore into surrounding formation. The method is characterised by restricting relative movement between the deflector assembly (60) and the wellbore (100) by engaging, prior to deflecting the milling tool (64), the deflector assembly (60) with said jammed portion (6) of equipment.

Abstract: One or more templates are provided for circulating fluids in a main well bore and for drilling and completing at least one offset well bore from the main well bore. Each template has a body, an inlet leg, a main outlet leg, and an offset outlet leg. A straddle assembly is mounted in the template to configure the template for fluid circulation. The straddle assembly, in cooperation with the inlet and main outlet legs, effects a downhole flow path which directs fluids from the inlet leg through body of the template and out the main outlet leg, bypassing the offset outlet leg. The straddle assembly is distally displaced from the template to reconfigure the template for drilling. A diverter is placed in the body of the template upon displacement of the straddle assembly to define a drill string path from the inlet leg to the offset outlet leg. The offset well bore is drilled by conveying a drill string through the drill string path.

Abstract: A service/completion liner having a plurality of downhole selectable indicating tools and being used in sand control (gravel pack) placement systems in conjunction with a straddle packer service tools or with conventional crossover type service tools. Each indicating collar has a downhole selectable indicating collar providing a robust, landing profile for precisely locating and maintaining service tool position during well treatment operations. The landing collars accommodate hydraulic and/or thermal effects commonly referred to as tubing move effects which are the principle cause of tool position error and excessive seal wear. The landing collar is downhole convertible between a pass through (Go) and non pass through (No-go) condition by simple upward and downward cycling via the tool running and treatment fluid tubing and a shifting tool, which may also be referred to as a set down collet.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an apparatus and a method for cleaning the open perforations in a well and for bailing a well. The apparatus has a tubular conduit with at least one seal attached to it that forms a seal between the well casing and the exterior of the conduit. The seal is held in place on the tubular conduit by two shoulders formed where the upper and lower sections of the conduit meet a middle section. The upper end of the conduit is adapted to releasably engage the lower end of a bailer. The upper end of the conduit releasably engages the middle section and can be removed to replace the seals when worn. The apparatus has a valve section designed to releasably engage the lower end of the tubular conduit or the lower end of a bailer.

Abstract: A running tool 10, a lockdown sleeve 27, and a seal ring 24 are provided for axially fixing upward movement of a tubular hanger with respect to a subsea wellhead. The running tool 10 includes a tool latching and unlatching mechanism 51 for axially connecting the running tool to the subsea wellhead housing, a tool force applicator 64 for exerting a downward setting force, and a sleeve latching mechanism 73 for securing the lockdown sleeve to the subsea wellhead housing 20. The seal 24 is provided between the lockdown sleeve and one of the tubular hanger and the wellhead housing. The method of the invention includes running the tool and sleeve in open water to the subsea wellhead housing, locking the tool to the housing, setting the seal, locking the sleeve to the housing, then retrieving the tool in open water.

Abstract: A subsea hydrocarbon reserve is exploited by intially drilling a first well (4) from a floating drilling vessel (2). A tree (8) is then installed on the well (4) and a production riser (10) is established between the well and the vessel for transferring production fluid from the first well (4) to the vessel (2) from where an off-loading hose (12) conveys the production fluid to a tanker (18). Production fluid is then extracted from the first well (4) via the production riser (10) which is of sufficient flexibility and length to permit the drilling vessel (2) to move between appropriate locations to drill further wells (4′, 20).

Abstract: An arrangement and a method to control and regulate the bottom hole pressure in a well during subsea drilling at deep waters: The method involves adjustment of a liquid/gas interface level in a drilling riser up or down. The arrangement comprises a high pressure drilling riser and a surface BOP at the upper end of the drilling riser. The surface BOP havs a gas bleeding outlet. The riser also comprises a BOP, with a by-pass line. The drilling riser hasan outlet at a depth below the water surface, and the outlet is connected to a pumping system with a flow return conduit running back to a drilling vessel/platform.

Abstract: Apparatus and a system for accessing one or more of the annuli defined between casing strings in a subsea wellhead that are usually sealed for the production stage of the well. Access to an annulus (30) is made via the wall of the wellhead housing (12) at a location where is communicates with the annulus. The access is a passageway (31) having a first opening in communication with the annulus and a second opening either at the external surface of the wall or at a location on the inner surface of the wall above the casing hangar seal for the inner casing (14), which is not in communication with the annulus apart from the passageway. An isolation valve (32) communicates with the passageway and with apparatus for monitoring or controlling pressure of flow in the annulus. The passageway may be used with an open lower end to the annulus during drilling stages for material transfer and during production stage to monitor/control a sealed annulus.

Abstract: A well pump has a riser gas separator for removing large slugs of gas prior to reentry into the pump. The riser extends upward from a barrier that is located in the well. The riser has an inlet that is located above an effective intake of the pump. Well fluid must turn to flow down to the pump, with gas separating by gravity flowing upward while the liquid flows downward. The downhole assembly has various configurations to assure that fluid flows past the motor for cooling.

Abstract: A choke and a method for removing large diameter particulate matter from an oil or natural gas well, which includes a housing having a chamber with an integral solids receptacle wherein the chamber is in communication with a flow stream outlet and a flow stream inlet, with a first diameter and preferably where the flow stream inlet is located below the flow stream outlet and the flow stream inlet directly adjoins the integral solids receptacle in the chamber; a solids removal outlet located below the flow stream inlet in communication with the chamber for flowing particulate from the chamber when actuated by a user; and a needle disposed in a bonnet connected to the chamber above the flow stream inlet for controlling the flow stream from the flow stream inlet to the flow stream outlet by engaging a choke face of a seat with the needle.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for forming or repairing a wellbore casing by radially expanding a tubular liner.

Abstract: An apparatus that is usable with a subterranean well includes a latch and an engagement mechanism. The latch is adapted to form a releasable connection between a first conduit section and a second conduit section in response to engagement of an actuator of the latch and maintain a first distance between an end of the first conduit section and an end of the second conduit section. The engagement mechanism is adapted to continuously engage the actuator to cause the latch to connect the first conduit section and the second conduit section despite the movement of the engagement mechanism between a first position and a second position. The second distance between the first position and the second position is greater than the first distance.

Abstract: A unitary pipe loop component for use with a sinker bar and a pair of pipes in a wellbore includes a return bend pipe fitting having a fluid flow passage configured to extend between the pipes in the wellbore, and further includes a sleeve having a passage with open opposite ends to receive the sinker bar through the sleeve. A weight suspension structure is connected to the sleeve and the pipe fitting as another distinct portion of the unitary pipe loop component, and has a knockout portion configured to provide an eyelet for insertion of a hook, tether, or the like for suspension of a weight. The eyelet may alternatively receive an anchor.

Abstract: A system and method in accordance with the invention communicator remotely with remotely controllable down hole tools in a well bore at a drilling installation. At the surface, high energy pressure impulses directed into the tubing or the annulus, or both, being at a level to propagate through an interface between very different impedances zones, such as an upper level gas zone and a lower level of mobile fluid media extending down into the desired downhole location. The pressure impulses, provided by directionally gating along the longitudinal confining path a pressure impulse initially having sharp leading and trailing edges, reach the downhole location as physical perturbations forming a discernible pattern that can be detected by one or more energy responsive transducers. With combinations of these signals, one of a number of separate control devices can be remotely actuated.

Abstract: A running tool that delivers an object selectively to one of a plurality of landing nipples and then releases from the object is disclosed. The tool is actuated by raising it after it has passed the desired landing nipple to release a locating dog. The locating dog places locking dogs on the object even with a groove on the landing nipple. Movement of the tool downhole secures the locking relationship and releases the running tool from the object. A sheer pin allows testing at the surface that the object is locked in place, prior to removal of the running tool. The object comprises a fishing neck to allow it to be subsequently retrieved.

Abstract: A fire fighting apparatus (20) for fighting a fire (10) having a relatively large area or volume (11, 12), said apparatus including a targeting system (23) for identifying a target area to be doused with fire retardant and an ordnance (21) for discharging a multiplicity of projectiles (22) having the fire retardant contained therein (32). The ordnance of the apparatus includes at least one barrel assembly (30), said at least one barrel assembly having a barrel (39), a plurality of projectiles (35) axially disposed within the barrel for operative sealing engagement with the bore of the barrel (39), and discrete propellant charges (36) for propelling respective projectiles sequentially through the muzzle of the barrel, whereby said fire retardant is dispersed over the target area or within the target volume.

Abstract: A weed cutting apparatus removes top growth of undesirable plants penetrating cracks, crevices and surface interfaces relative to a ground surface. The apparatus has an elongate linear handle for pulling it along while standing or walking. A pair of spaced apart wheels are mounted at one end of the handle and fixedly mounted between the wheels is a cutting tool. The cutting tool is oriented relative to the handle such that with the wheels in contact with the ground surface, the cutting tool is positionable at a selected cutting angle relative to the ground surface with a cutting edge of the cutting tool thus positioned above, below or in the plane of the ground surface depending on the angle at which one holds the handle relative to the ground surface.

Abstract: An improved method of mounting the cutting head of a sod harvester with respect to the conveyor employs a single ball joint between the cutting head and the conveyor, and a pair of side links spaced outwardly of the conveyor and arranged to constrain the cutting head against lateral displacement with respect to the conveyor. Preferably, the links are adjustable in length to permit vertical and lateral adjustment of the cutting head with respect to the conveyor, e.g. “tracking” of the cutting head.

Abstract: A shovel apparatus for extracting soil plugs, has a linearly extensive tubular member engaging, a handle at one end and a pair of spaced-apart, opposing, shovel blades at the other. Each of the shovel blades has a blade base with an extensive stem placed approximately vertically. The blades provide a blade tip configured for insertion into a soil medium. Each of the extensive stems is pivotally joined with an actuating link. An actuating rod moves linearly within the tubular member and is joined with the actuating links for providing pivotal motion to The actuating rod is further joined with a lever arm extending laterally from the tubular member. Lever action of the lever arm moves the actuating rod linearly within the tubular member, and thereby moves the actuating links in rotational angular motion, and thereby draws the extensive stems of the shovel blades toward and away from each other for first gripping a plug of the soil medium, and then releasing it.

Abstract: A plough attachment (10) which has an elongate member (11) with a leading end (21) and a trailing end (23). A ripper tip (12) is formed at or attached to the leading end (21). A mounting (14) is located adjacent the leading end (21) this mounting being adapted for attaching the plough attachment (10) to a machine such as an excavator. A feeder tube (19) extends along the elongate member and has an inlet end adjacent the leading end (21) and an outlet end (22) in the vicinity of the trailing end (23). The feeder tube 19 curves gradually from the inlet end (25) to the outlet end (23).

Abstract: There is provided a magnetic impact tool comprising a magnetic hammer driven by a motor, a magnetic anvil disposed so as to face the magnetic hammer, an output shaft that rotates together with the magnetic anvil, a magnetic bypass device for distributing magnetic flux between the magnetic anvil and the magnetic hammer, and a changing device for changing the distribution of magnetic flux with the magnetic bypass device, wherein a rotational impact force is magnetically generated in a non-contact manner for the magnetic anvil in conjunction with the rotation of the magnetic hammer. The torque generated between the magnetic hammer and magnetic anvil can be changed by varying the distribution ratio of the magnetic flux from the magnetic hammer to the magnetic anvil and magnetic bypass device by means of the changing device. A large magnetic impact action can be generated, and screw tightening and loosening work can be carried out even if a low-torque motor is used.

Abstract: An electrically powered hammer comprising a hammer housing (10,15) with a hollow cylindrical spindle (4) mounted within it and an air cushion hammering mechanism mounted within the spindle for generating repeated impacts on a tool or bit of the hammer which hammering mechanism includes a piston (24). A rotatingly driven intermediate shaft (6) is rotatably mounted in the housing and a wobble drive arrangement (12, 16, 18, 20) reciprocatingly drives the piston (24). The wobble drive arrangement includes a wobble sleeve (12) rotatably mounted on the intermediate shaft (6) and a wobble bearing (14, 16, 18) on the wobble sleeve. A support bearing (46, 42) for the intermediate shaft is mounted on the wobble sleeve forwardly of the wobble bearing assembly. The support bearing (46, 42) comprises a bearing ring (46) and the bearing ring is formed with a peripheral flange which can be fixed to a housing part (10) of the hammer housing (10,15).

Abstract: A method of installing signalization spheres on energized transmission lines. A supporting structure, consisting of two bases equidistant, parallel to each other, linked to each other by axial segments, the axial segments acting as supports for activation engines, respectively, a grounding and idler tension system including a structure formed by two parallel rods that move along the vertical direction linked to two bases equidistant and parallel to each other in its intermediate portion through an axis. In its superior extremity through an axis - and presenting in its inferior extremity slots for the introduction of an axis of a wheel. A first axial segment being equipped in its intermediate portion with a threaded rod which is linked it its inferior extremity to the axial segment of the bases superiorly equipped with a crank and spring. A fork is articulated over a pivot to the external part of the bases whereto are projected the feeding system.

Abstract: A device and method are provided for reducing impedance, impedance discontinuities, and signal-loop area in flex cables used for a signal path. In one embodiment of the invention, a flex cable is provided for reducing the impedance and length of a return-signal path. The flex cable includes a signal conductor, and a return-signal conductor not connected to ground. The flex cable may also include a ground conductor. Such a flex cable provides a shorter- and lower-impedance return-signal path between a signal source and receiver than do conventional flex cables. In another embodiment of the invention, a method is provided that includes the steps of delivering a signal from a signal source to a signal receiver with a flexible conductor, and returning the signal from the signal receiver to the signal source with another flexible conductor other than ground.

Abstract: The EMI shielding gasket includes an opening therein such that the gasket can be fitted around a shell portion of an electrical connector used on the chassis of an electronic apparatus. The gasket opening, which is defined by an interior edge, includes a plurality of teeth-like portions which are adapted and sized to grip a shell portion of the connector, holding the gasket in place on the connector during handling of the connector and/or assembly of the electronic device.

Abstract: A cover fitting for connecting more than one raceway includes an L-shaped top having first and second curved grooves extending along the inner surface of the top and a plurality of hooks extending outwardly from the inner surface for engaging a portion of each raceway base. The cover fitting further includes first and second opposing sides extending from the inner surface of the top. The cover fitting can be used with a fitting base received in first and second grooves for situations requiring a specific bend radius, or in applications without a fitting base, where there are no bend radius requirements.

Abstract: An electrical box with recessed faceplate having a one-piece recessed faceplate (2) and adapted to accommodate a two-piece recessed faceplate (25). A rear portion (8) contains channels (9) on the top (5), bottom (6), and sides (7). A connecting wall (1503) attaches the rear portion (8) to the front portion (11). The connecting wall (1503) extends beyond the rear portion (8) and preferably contains one or more apertures (19, 20) to accommodate releasable fasteners such as screws (10). These apertures (19, 20) and the channels (9) assure that no screws (10) or analogous components or another type or relesable fastener are exposed within the box (1). The two-piece recessed faceplate (25) has an inner portion (45) and an outer portion (24) which slide along each other in order to enable the box (1) to be mounted at different distances from the mounting surface. Optionally, a removable cover (39) extends across the mouth (3) of the faceplate (2, 25).

Abstract: A convertible electrical device cover including a base plate and an adapter plate that are both configured to accommodate an electrical device. When the convertible electrical device cover is placed in an operative position over the electrical device the adapter plate may be located between the electrical device and a rear side of the base plate. A method for installing a convertible electrical device cover is also disclosed including placing the convertible electrical device cover in an operative position over an electrical device so that an adapter plate may be located between the electrical device and a rear side of a base plate.

Abstract: A connecting apparatus of the present invention includes a cable used for electrically connecting an apparatus main body section to a section rotatably supported by a hinge member with respect to said apparatus main body section, wherein the cable is provided in parallel to a rotation axis of the hinge member so as to be held by the apparatus main body section and the section, respectively, and the cable has a half-loop shape. Because the cable is provided in parallel to a rotation axis of the hinge member so as to be held by the apparatus main body section and the section, respectively, the torsional stress is dispersed in the half-loop of the cable when the cable is twisted by a rotation of the section rotatably supported. On this account, the stress is not concentrated, thereby reducing the stress applied to the cable, and improving a durability of the cable.

Abstract: An earthing electric wire including a conductor; and a coating material outside of the conductor, wherein a water-stopping agent having a flowability is located between the conductor and the coating material on an earthing connection terminal side of the earthing electric wire for connecting a circuit mounted on a vehicle with the earth.

Abstract: A water cutoff structure of a covered wire according to the invention is characterized in a water cutoff structure of a covered wire comprising an upper side member and a lower side member for carrying out water cutoff to the covered wire by sandwiching a covered wire constituted by covering core lines by a pair of water cutoff members made of a resin respectively provided at the upper side member and the lower side member to be subjected to ultrasonic welding, in which the lower side member of the water cutoff structure is provided with a pair of locking portions and the pair of locking portions are respectively fitted to a pair of locking portions provided to correspond to the upper side member. According to the structure, ultrasonic vibration energy is transmitted to concentrate on a welded portion. Therefore, ultrasonic wave energy is efficiently transmitted and time period dissipated in welding is shortened.

Abstract: A method for making an inductor comprising writing a conductive coil comprising resistive material onto an outer surface of a substrate, and inductors made therewith is disclosed.

Abstract: A wiring harness clamp is provided with a main body, a locking projection projected from the main body, and a pair of resilient latch arms extended from both sides of a top surface of the locking projection directed to the main body. Each of the resilient latch arm includes a latch portion including a guiding bevel at the distal end thereof. When the locking projection is inserted to a mounting hole of a panel, the latch portions are engaged with a peripheral border of the mounting hole. When the main body is pulled up so that the guiding bevel abuts the peripheral border, the resilient latch arms are elastically bent so as to cancel the engagement.

Abstract: It is an objective of the present invention to provide a wiring harness fixing device, by which a wiring harness can be easily removed from a panel of a motor vehicle and the saving of resources can be attained. A wiring clip 1 as the wiring harness fixing device fixes a wiring harness 2 on a panel 3. The wiring clip 1 includes a mount 10 and an engaging part 11. The mount 10 has a flat plate-shape. The engaging part 11 includes a standing piece 13 standing up from the mount 10, a pair of engaging pieces 14, a thin part 15, and a thick part 16. The pair of the engaging pieces 14 has a mountain-shape, in which one end thereof 14a continues to an end 13a of the standing piece 13. The thin part 15 is formed concave from an outer surface of the standing piece 13 and has the minimum cross-sectional area in the standing piece 13. The thick part 16 protrudes from the outer surface of the standing piece 13. The thin part 15 is situated nearer to the mount 10 than the thick part 16 is situated near the mount 10.

Abstract: A printed circuit board having pairs of shunt pads, from which the solder mask is removed and which are capable of being bridged to form zero ohm resistors. The shunt pads are spaced sufficiently far apart to avoid short circuiting, but sufficiently close to permit a solder bridge to occur between them. The shunt pads can be designed to permit mounting of a resistor component if desired, rather than being bridged.

Abstract: An apparatus including a substrate having dimensions suitable as a support circuit for at least one integrated circuit, the substrate comprising a laterally extending plication region defining first and second longitudinal portions; a plurality of conductive traces distributed in a first distribution plane of the substrate and extending transversely through the plication region; a first and second layers of conductive material in a second distribution plane of the first portion and second portion, respectively, of the substrate; at least one conductive bridge extending transversely through less than the entire plication region in the second distribution plane and coupled to the first continuous layer and to the second continuous layer; and at least one externally accessible contact point coupled to at least one of the first and second layers. A method of forming a support circuit and a system including a package.

Abstract: A conductive paste used for forming conductive sinters includes a mixture of a copper powder coated with a metal oxide and a metal oxide powder, and an organic vehicle. The content of the metal oxide used for coating the copper powder is in the range of about 0.05% by weight to about 5% by weight of the total weight of the copper powder coated with the metal oxide and the metal oxide powder, and in addition, the total content of the metal oxide used for coating the copper powder and the metal oxide powder is in the range of about 1% by weight to about 12% by weight of the total weight of the copper powder coated with the metal oxide and the metal oxide powder.

Abstract: A multi-layer standoff/mask structure including a standoff having a plurality of standoff openings and a mask having a plurality of mask openings aligned with the standoff openings.

Abstract: A multilayer wiring board comprises a metal substrate having first and second main surfaces, a copper coating applied to at least one of the first and second main surfaces of the metal substrate and having a roughened surface, and an insulating resin layer formed on the roughened surface of the copper coating. The multilayer wiring board may further comprises a wiring layer arranged on the insulating resin layer and a via extending through the insulating resin layer between the copper coating and the wiring layer.

Abstract: The aim of this invention is to obtain a very cheap electronic module while maintaining a high level of reliability regardless of the field of application. In particular, this concerns the protection of an electronic circuit that is integrated into the module by means of insulating layers.

Abstract: A through hole 2 in a circuit board 1 and to be joined to a lead 5 in a surface mounting component 6 is prepared from a material such as nickel, and palladium having a thermal conductivity equal to or less than 100 W/m.K, the circuit board 1 involving a alloy layer composed of at least a member selected from elements of solder 8, a pad 7, and the lead 5 in a solder joined site of the lead 5 and the pad 7, whereby a quantity of heat transmitted to the joined site via the through hole 2 is reduced at the time when wave-soldering is applied to the back of the circuit board 1 after the surface mounting component 6 was mounted, so that the joined site is maintained at a temperature equal to or less than a melting point of the alloy layer, and hence, exfoliation in an interface of the joined site is prevented, and reliability in the joint of the lead 5 and the pad 7 is elevated.

Abstract: The aim of this invention is to obtain a very cheap electronic circuit used for example in a card or a label while maintaining high reliability. It particularly concerns the connection of one or several electronic components on the conductive tracks by means of conductive bridges that traverse the substrate.

Abstract: A technique for ameliorating the reflections on traces on printed circuit boards is taught that seeks to present a uniform—or more uniform—impedance profile to a trace as it traverses the printed circuit board. In the illustrative embodiments, this is accomplished by adding grounded vias to the printed circuit board in places and densities outside the connector footprints so that the linear density and proximity of the added ground vias along each trace is similar or identical to the density and proximity of the ground vias along the trace within a connector footprint.