Abstract: Amplifier systems are provided with bias generators that substantially stabilize operating points of system parameters (e.g., drain current and transconductance) over PVT variations, substantially reduce body effects and Early effects, and substantially reduce system output noise. These advantages are realized without significantly increasing system size and/or power consumption.

Abstract: A radio-frequency amplifier is provided. The radio-frequency amplifier includes a transistor having an input terminal, an output terminal, a control terminal, and a transconductance gm. A series-connected feed-through resistance Rf and feed-through capacitance Cf is connected in parallel with the input terminal and the output terminal of the transistor. A load resistance RL is connected to the output terminal. The control terminal of the transistor is biased at a fixed voltage. Part of the transistor noise follows the looped path through the feed-through resistor instead of passing on to the load, which reduces the noise figure of the amplifier. The value of gm, Rf and RL are chosen in a way to keep the input impedance of the amplifier matched to a well-defined signal source impedance.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for adaptive biasing of a Doherty amplifier (102) is disclosed. The apparatus includes a carrier amplifier (210), a peaking amplifier (214), a carrier amplifier bias circuit (208) and a peaking amplifier bias circuit (212), all integrated onto a single chip. The method includes dividing an input signal into an in-phase signal and a quadrature phase signal. The method further includes sampling the input signal and applying the sampled signal to the biasing circuits. The method further includes adaptively biasing the carrier amplifier and the peaking amplifier by the output of the biasing circuits.

Abstract: The present invention provides a power amplifier system that includes a power terminal, a ground terminal, an output terminal, a ripple terminal, a control terminal, a power amplifier circuit connected between the power terminal and the ground terminal, a negative potential detection circuit connected to the output terminal, a bias start-up circuit that is controlled by an input of the control terminal, an output of the negative potential detection circuit, and the potential of the ripple terminal, and controls a bias start-up signal, a power amplifier IC that has a bias circuit which is controlled to be started up by the bias start-up signal, and has its output node for outputting a power amplifier bias voltage connected to the ripple terminal, and a ripple filter capacitor externally connected to the ripple terminal of the power amplifier IC.

Abstract: A radio frequency power amplifier, having a first amplifying transistor 103-1 and a second amplifying transistor 103-2, comprises a detection circuit 101 that detects an output power and outputs a voltage according to the output power, and a protection transistor 102, controlled by an output of the detection circuit 101, for shunting a current flowing into the base terminal of the first amplifying transistor 103-1. The influence of a circuit for protecting against output load abnormalities on RF characteristics is suppressed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for transmitting signal, the apparatus comprising a front end telecommunications module including a power amplifier, a matching circuit coupled to the power amplifier, and a filter coupled to the matching circuit, such that a signal received by the power amplifier is transmitted to the filter through the matching circuit. The telecommunications module provides quad-band capability in a compact design.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cascode radio frequency power amplifier, including at least two cascaded MOS transistors formed in a mutual substrate, where the bulk nodes of the transistors are isolated from each other and connected to the respective source of each transistor. The present invention also teaches that the drain of the topmost transistor is connected to the power supply through an inductive load, and that the gate of each upper transistor is equipped with a self-biasing circuit connected at least between the drain and the gate of the respective upper transistor.

Abstract: A phase locked loop (PLL) which includes a phase frequency detector coupled with a time to digital converter capable of comparing a reference signal with an oscillator signal and generating a digital value representing the phase difference between the reference signal and the oscillator signal. The PLL further includes a state machine for phase acquisition that is capable of generating a control value depending on the digital value, and a controllable oscillator that is capable of generating the oscillator signal depending on the control value.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizer includes analog components and digital components. The frequency synthesizer includes at least one shunt regulator that is coupled to a supply rail to provide power to at least one of the digital components. The frequency synthesizer also includes at least one series regulator that is coupled to the supply rail to provide power to at least one of the analog components.

Abstract: A loop filter for use in a frequency synthesizer provides improved spurious performance using switched capacitors. The loop filter includes a first switched capacitor having a first capacitance value and which is operable to charge to a first voltage corresponding to a current pulse indicative of a difference in phase or frequency between a reference signal and a feedback signal. The loop filter further includes a second switched capacitor having a second capacitance value and which is operable to charge to a second voltage from the first voltage and produce a control voltage based upon the second voltage. The loop filter has a bandwidth determined by a ratio of the second capacitance value to the first capacitance value.

Abstract: A low pass filter can be built in a chip by reducing the value of circuit element forming a low pass filter in a PLL circuit, especially by reducing the value of a electrostatic capacity. An active filter used in a PLL circuit having two charge pump circuits in a subsequent stage of a phase comparator includes a first circuit component connected between the output of one charge pump circuit and a ground, a second circuit component between the output of another charge pump circuit and the ground, and a voltage addition unit for adding up voltages between both ends of each of the first and second circuit components.

Abstract: A loop filter for a phase-locked-loop is provided, comprising a set of capacitor banks coupled in parallel to form the loop filter, and a detection circuit for identifying and isolating defective capacitor banks. A method for providing a loop filter for a phase-locked-loop in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of forming the loop filter using a set of capacitor banks coupled in parallel, detecting any defective capacitor banks in the set of capacitor banks, isolating each defective capacitor bank, providing a set of redundant capacitor banks, and replacing each defective capacitor bank with a redundant capacitor bank from the set of redundant capacitor banks.

Abstract: A clock oscillator system for use in providing the switching regulator duty cycle control in a fixed frequency (no cycle skipping) operation is provided. In one embodiment, the circuit according to the invention uses an analog feedback loop to extend the switch ON time of the clock cycle by controlling the oscillator charging current and, thereby, increase the duty cycle. Preferably, this circuit can achieve very high switching duty cycle and/or very low switching duty cycle in a PWM switching regulator operated in very low drop-out operation when very high duty cycle is required or in other conditions when very low duty cycle is required.

Abstract: An electronic circuit element has two capacitance values selected by means of a main control signal. The electronic circuit element comprises two variable-capacitance electronic components connected in parallel and each receiving opposite intermediate control signals, derived from the main control signal. The two variable-capacitance components are differentiated by a configuration parameter. The electronic circuit element exhibits a variation in capacitance corresponding to a difference between respective variations in capacitance of the two variable-capacitance electronic components during an inversion of the main control signal. The variation in capacitance of the electronic circuit element may be less than 5 attoFarads.

Abstract: Provided are a method, system, and device to monitor degradation of a signal due to circuit aging. In one embodiment, a signal may be applied to a data path prior to aging of the circuit producing the signal to provide a reference value. The signal generating circuit may then be aged while the data path is disabled to protect the data path from the effects of circuit aging. Upon reenabling the data path, the signal may be reapplied in an after stress test to measure the effects of circuit aging on the circuitry generating the signal. For example, the effects of circuit aging may be measured for clock duty cycle degradation, clock skew degradation and signal margin degradation as well as other signal parameters. Additional embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A reference clock generator includes an oscillator to generate a periodic signal, a shaping circuit and a filter. The shaping circuit shapes the periodic signal to generate a clock signal. The filter is located between the oscillator and the shaping circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system in which multi-coherent resonances of a microwave in which the alkali-metal atoms in the ground state are driven simultaneously by a microwave hyperfine frequency ?H and a Zeeman frequency ?Z. The driving influences on the atom can include magnetic fields or by optically pumping light modulated by a Zeeman frequency ?Z or a microwave hyperfine frequency ?H or by combinations of their harmonics or subharmonics. Multi-coherent resonances permit simultaneous measurement or control of the ambient magnetic field and measurement or control of a hyperfine resonance frequency of alkali-metal atoms. In one embodiment, the hyperfine frequency for a controlled magnetic field can serve as an atomic clock frequency.

Abstract: A surface mount type crystal oscillator is provided with a crystal blank, an IC chip which incorporates an oscillation circuit using the crystal blank, a substantially rectangular parallelepiped container body for surface mounting which houses the crystal blank and the IC chip, and mounting electrodes provided in four corners of an outer bottom surface of the container body. Each of the mounting electrodes is provided so as to extend over a side surface of the container body as an end face electrode. At least one adjustment terminal is disposed above the end face electrode on the side surface of the container body electrically isolated from the end face electrode. The adjustment terminal is longer along the height direction of the container body than the end face electrode.

Abstract: A surface mount type temperature-compensated crystal oscillator includes a crystal blank; an IC chip integrating an oscillation circuit using the crystal blank and a temperature compensation mechanism of compensating frequency temperature characteristics of the crystal blank; and a substantially rectangular parallelepiped container body for surface mounting having a first recess of housing the crystal blank and a second recess of housing the IC chip. Respective side surfaces corresponding to the long sides of the container body are provided with crystal inspection terminals for inspecting oscillation characteristics of the crystal blank and respective side surfaces corresponding to the short sides are provided with data writing terminals for writing temperature compensation data to the temperature compensation mechanism.

Abstract: The method of manufacturing a crystal oscillator that is compensated for temperature with low-cost, and a crystal oscillator that is compensated for temperature by the method is disclosed. A plurality of crystal oscillators are manufactured by preparing a compensation circuit that generates a common compensation voltage in accordance with a predetermined compensation curve expressed by a quintic polynomial of an ambient temperature; and manufacturing each of the plurality of crystal oscillators by integrating the compensation circuit with a voltage controlled oscillation circuit including a crystal resonator, the common compensation voltage generated by the compensation circuit being supplied to the voltage controlled oscillation circuit so that the temperature characteristic of the crystal resonator is compensated.

Abstract: A voltage control oscillator that is provided to suitably receive digital broadcasting and is produced at low costs includes: a resonance circuit that includes variable capacitors, each having a capacitance controlling terminal, that are provided parallel to each other and are connected to an inductor, the circuit resonating at a resonant frequency that varies depending upon a sum of (i) an inductance of the inductor and (ii) capacitances of the variable capacitors; and at least one switch to determine what should be connected to at least one of said capacitance controlling terminals.

Abstract: The present invention is related with a dual-band LC voltage controlled oscillator, which utilizes a substantial amount of feedback loop paths in the circuit. The circuit is a core of a substantial amount of communication ICs. The voltage controlled oscillator can provide wide-band or dual-band radio frequency generation, and it utilizes a switch controlled circuit to select one of the feedback loops in order to choose the assigned frequency band output. Generic wide-band or dual-band LC voltage controlled oscillations are obtained by switching parallel-connected capacitors or switching inductor array, in contrast, the present invention is used for switching several parallel connected feedback loops, each of which associated with an LC tank forms an oscillation frequency output. Utilizing the switch to control the feedback loop and integrating different band oscillator circuit is capable of saving chip's size and power consumption.

Abstract: Disclosed is a control device and method for individually controlling plural circuit-units connected along a single cable. The control device comprises a central unit, a cable emanatintg from the central unit, and plural circuit-units connected to the cable in parallel and each provided with a band pass filter having a frequency band different from those of any other band pass filters provided for the other circuit-units. If the central unit selects a carrier frequency and sends the carrier with a control signal through the cable, the control signal is transmitted only to the selected circuit-unit to control the circuit-unit because the signal does not pass through a band pass filter of a circuit-unit that does not match with the signal in frequency.

Abstract: A waveguide conversion device including a rectangular waveguide connected to a circular waveguide, and an unnecessary-wave suppression groove provided at a mode conversion part between the rectangular waveguide and the circular waveguide. The unnecessary-wave suppression groove prevents an unnecessary transmission mode from being excited at the mode conversion part between the rectangular waveguide and the circular waveguide.

Abstract: The present invention comprises novel means and apparatus which provide both impedance matching of arbitrary impedances and transformation between single-ended, floating, and balanced circuits over very wide operating bandwidths with very low excess loss and very low phase and magnitude ripple in the pass band. The present invention can provide high-performance matching, for example from a 50-ohm single-ended system to a 100-ohm balanced system over a bandwidth of 10 kHz to 10 GHz with an excess loss of less than nominally 1 dB and a bandpass magnitude ripple of less than ±0.5 dB. The present invention also provides precision low-loss power division over very wide-bandwidth. The novel means, according to the present invention, can utilize commonly available materials and can be optimized for specific applications to tailor performance to specific needs and to simplify assembly and reduce cost.

Abstract: A multi-band high-frequency circuit for performing wireless communications among pluralities of communication systems having different communication frequencies, comprising a high-frequency switch circuit comprising switching elements for switching the connection of pluralities of multi-band antennas to transmitting circuits and receiving circuits; a first diplexer circuit disposed between the high-frequency switch circuit and transmitting circuits for branching a high-frequency signal into frequency bands of the communication systems; a second diplexer circuit disposed between the high-frequency switch circuit and receiving circuits for branching a high-frequency signal into frequency bands of the communication systems; the first and second diplexer circuits each comprising a lower-frequency filter circuit and a higher-frequency filter circuit, a bandpass filter circuit being used as the lower-frequency filter circuit in the second diplexer circuit, or disposed between the lower-frequency filter circuit in t

Abstract: In order to realize low impedance of input and output by introducing unbalanced balanced input/output and reduction of the number of parts, and further in order to improve the out-of-band-characteristics, a structure such that two groups of longitudinal mode resonator type SAW filter units (3IDT-LCMR) having input and output phases different by 180 degrees from each other, is proposed. Central IDT electrodes of both SAW filter units are grounded at one terminal, and are connected at the other terminals in parallel to be an unbalanced input port. Two terminals whose phases are the same among four outer IDT electrodes of both SAW filter units, are connected in parallel to be a balanced output port. The outer IDT electrodes may be connected in parallel to be an unbalanced input port, and the central IDT electrodes may be connected in parallel to be a balanced output port. In addition, the output port may be unbalanced, and the input port may be balanced.

Abstract: A phase shift circuit includes a 45° phase corrector that performs vector synthesis of signals supposed to have a 45° phase difference, out of a plurality of sets of orthogonal phase signals having an about 45° phase difference and an equal amplitude, the orthogonal phase signals in each set having undergone 90° phase correction, and outputs signals resulting from the vector synthesis, whereby a phase error between the orthogonal phase signals in the different sets is eliminated by the vector synthesis to make it possible to correct their phase difference to accurately 45°.

Abstract: A small-size electromechanical filter that can be highly integrated and can be tuned is provided. An electromechanical filter includes a conductor acting as a signal line (movable electrode) 101, a magnetic field generating portion 102 for generating a magnetic field passing through the conductor, and a drive electrode 103 for changing the magnetic field passing through the signal line by displacing relative positions of the conductor and the magnetic field generating portion, whereby a tuning of a ferromagnetic resonance frequency, which is difficult to realize in the prior art, can be realized by changing the magnetic field passing through the signal line.

Abstract: A filter module suitable for the filtering of electromagnetic waves includes a dielectric cylindrical resonator and one or more lines that supply or draw off electromagnetic waves to or from the dielectric resonator. The lines terminate in a contacting structure. The resonator has a variable separation from the lines, whereby the separations may be conceived in both the negative as well as alternatively in the positive longitudinal direction (z-axis) of the resonator. The transmitted signal power may be significantly increased in an advantageous manner relative to conventional coupling structures by means of the above. The above is particularly suitable for application in oscillator circuits with operating frequencies above 18 GHz, such as typically find increasing application in environment systems of a motor vehicle such as Lane Departure Warning (LDW), Blind Spot Detection (BSD) or Rear View Detection.

Abstract: Disclosed are a multi-pole circuit breaker and an apparatus for preventing deformation of a driving shaft thereof. The multi-pole circuit breaker includes: a plurality of single pole breaking units having a pair of fixed contactors, a movable contactor, and shafts; a switching mechanism disposed on a certain one of the plurality of single pole breaking units; a pair of driving shafts connected to each shaft; and a driving shaft deformation prevention unit disposed between the single pole breaking unit, spaced relatively far from the switching unit among the plurality of single pole breaking units, and the adjacent single pole breaking unit.

Abstract: A latching relay employing a movable cantilever with a first permanent magnet and a nearby second magnet is disclosed. The permanent magnet affixed to the cantilever is permanently magnetized along its long (horizontal) axis. The cantilever has a first end associated to the first pole (e.g., north pole) of the first magnet, and a second end associated to the second pole (e.g., south pole) of the first magnet. When the first end of the cantilever approaches the second magnet, the first pole of the first magnet induces a local opposite pole (e.g., south pole) in the second magnet and causes the first end of the cantilever to be attracted to the local opposite pole of the second magnet, closing an electrical conduction path (closed state). An open state on the first end of cantilever 10 can be maintained either by the second pole of first magnet being attracted to a local opposite pole in the second magnet or by a mechanical restoring force of flexure spring which supports the cantilever.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electromagnetic-force-balancing-type electronic balance having a magnetic circuit which includes a yoke 4, a first permanent magnet 1, a pole piece 3, a second permanent magnet 2 and a cover 5. A connection member 7 made of a magnetic material is disposed in an air-gap region included in the magnetic circuit. The connection member 7 may be disposed between the second permanent magnet 2 and the cover 5 or between the cover 5 and the yoke 4 to facilitate assembling operations. Alternatively, first and second gap-defining members 8, 9 made of a non-magnetic material may be disposed, respectively, between the first permanent magnet 1 and the yoke 4 and between the second permanent magnet 2 and the cover 5, to provide symmetric properties in magnetic sub-circuits so as to counteract an imbalance in hysteresis characteristic. The present invention can suppress adverse influences of a magnetic resistance caused by an air gap existing in the magnetic circuit of the electronic balance.

Abstract: A method of controlling the effective impedance of a low-impedance high-temperature superconducting cable (“HTS cable”). Passive or active control circuitry is used to create a current in the shielding conductor of the HTS cable which opposes the current in the primary conductor. In the case of a three-phase conductor, magnetic cross-coupling between the phases is exploited. The magnitude of the magnetic field is used to alter the HTS cable's effective impedance. The result is the creation of a controlled and substantially-higher effective impedance for the HTS cable. The creation of the higher impedance allows the HTS cable to be connected in parallel with conventional lines while regulating the amount of current flowing through the HTS cable.

Abstract: The transformer has a pair of cores, a winding assembly, a primary coil and a secondary coil. Each core has a center and an elliptical central core formed at the center. The winding assembly has a body and two mounting brackets. The body is a hollow elliptical column with two ends and has an outer surface and an elliptical mounting hole. The two mounting brackets are attached respectively to the two ends of the body, and each mounting bracket has a slot with a rounded edge and multiple pins. Since the central cores are elliptic, each central core may have a larger volume, such that the transformer may have a greater heat-absorbing capability, so transformer temperature rises slower. Furthermore, the winding assembly mounted on the central core is more stable, and even if the pins detach, the winding assembly will remain in position.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit formed at least partially on an integrated circuit substrate includes a self-shielding inductor. The self-shielding inductor has a toroidal structure. A coil forms a structure that is symmetric around an axis orthogonal to a surface of the integrated circuit substrate. A magnetic filed generated by the self-shielding inductor is confined to a core region of the coil. Portions of the self-shielding inductor may be formed in integrated circuit layers, redistribution layers, package layers, through-substrate interconnect, backside substrate conductor layers, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: An ignition coil for an internal combustion engine has a secondary coil shell and a primary coil shell, which are positioned concentrically about a core and produced from plastic by injection molding methods. To avoid damage to the wire, at least the secondary coil shell is configured in such a way that it has no mold offset and no burrs in its winding region for the wire, which is achieved by providing separation planes extending transversely to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A method of forming a magnetic device by providing a conductive substrate and placing a magnetic core proximate the conductive substrate with a surface thereof facing the conductive substrate. The method also includes placing a conductive clip proximate a surface of the magnetic core and electrically coupling ends of the conductive clip to the conductive substrate to cooperatively form a winding therewith about the magnetic core.

Abstract: A power module located on a conductive substrate including power conversion circuitry. The power conversion circuitry includes a magnetic device and at least one switch. The magnetic device includes a magnetic core having a surface facing the conductive substrate and a conductive clip facing a surface of the magnetic core with ends of the conductive clip electrically coupled to the conductive substrate to cooperatively form a winding therewith about the magnetic core. The power module also includes an encapsulant about the power conversion circuitry.

Abstract: A magnetic device that includes a magnetic core having a surface facing a conductive substrate. The magnetic device also includes a conductive clip facing a surface of the magnetic core with ends of the conductive clip electrically coupled to the conductive substrate to cooperatively form a winding therewith about the magnetic core.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a signal coupling/decoupling arrangement for coupling/decoupling a signal onto/from an AC power line. The arrangement comprises: a carrier structure having a first and a second surface, a first conductive layer for a power line having a first winding arranged on said carrier structure; a second conductive layer for signal line having a second winding arranged on said carrier structure; apertures extending from said first surface to second surface; and a first magnetic core part extending in said aperture and contacting a second magnetic core part, said magnetic core parts forming a substantially closed magnetic circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a common mode choke coil and a method of manufacturing the same and provides a compact, low-profile, and low-cost common mode choke coil and a method of manufacturing the same. A common mode choke coil has a general outline in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped provided by forming an insulation layer, a first helical coil unit, a second helical coil unit, and a closed magnetic path on a silicon substrate made of a single-crystal using thin film forming techniques. The first and second helical coil units are formed such that their axes of spiral extend substantially parallel to a substrate surface of the silicon substrate.

Abstract: An inductor with a core structure is capable of providing a continuous magnetic path. The inductor includes at least one bobbin and a core structure, coupled to the bobbin, wherein the core structure is formed by rolling at least one longitudinal element. Also, a method for manufacturing the core structure includes steps of: providing at least one longitudinal element, rolling the longitudinal element into a block, dividing the block into a pair of half core structures, and sintering the half core structures.

Abstract: A transformer including an insulting housing, a first bobbin, a primary coil, a second bobbin, a secondary coil, a first core and a second core is provided. The insulting housing has a first chamber and a second chamber separated from the first chamber, wherein two apertures of the first chamber and the second chamber are respectively disposed on two opposite side-walls of the insulting housing. The first bobbin has a first through hole disposed in the first chamber. The primary coil is surrounded on the first bobbin. The second bobbin has a second through hole disposed in the second chamber. The secondary coil is surrounded on the second bobbin. The first core is inserted to the first through hole and the second through hole. The first core and the second core are coupled together to form a magnetic loop.

Abstract: A surface mount fuse includes a substrate, a fuse element applied to the substrate, first and second terminals applied to substrate, first and second conductors connecting the fuse element electrically with the first and second terminals, and an enclosure coupled to the substrate, the enclosure covering the first and second conductors and defining a cavity overlying at least a portion of the fuse element, the cavity allowing for distortion of the fuse element upon its opening.

Abstract: A thermistor comprising a pair of substrates; conductor plates for electrically connecting a pair of electrodes, the conductor plates being fixed on inner faces of the pair of substrates respectively; and a matrix resin layer disposed between the pair of substrates; wherein the conductor plates are disposed so as to be at least partially overlapping.

Abstract: A potentiometer apparatus and method include a plurality of potentiometer components etched onto a substrate. A conductor layer can be printed and fired upon the substrate and over the array of potentiometer components. Thereafter, a thick film layer can be configured upon the substrate. Each potentiometer component can then be laser trimmed from among the plurality of potentiometer components in order to obtain a proper resistance and linearity for each potentiometer component thereof, thereby forming a potentiometer apparatus from each potentiometer among the potentiometer components. The resulting potentiometer apparatus thus constitutes an advanced thick-film (ATF) potentiometer.

Abstract: A resistance circuit included in a semiconductor apparatus, which is formed of a plurality of thin film metal resistors connected in series, capable of achieving a precise resistance adjustment over a wide range by disconnecting or changing the resistors by laser beam irradiation. With three thin film metal resistors R1, R2, and R3 connected in series, for example, each having resistance adjustable ranges ?R1, ?R2, and ?R3, resistance adjustment accuracies R1_step, R2_step, and R3_step, and the total resistance adjustable range ?R0 specified by the relation ?R0=?R1+?R2+?R3, the resistance circuit is formed to satisfy relational expressions, R1_step??R2, R2_step??R3, and R3_step?0.001×?R0<R2_step?0.01×?R0<R1_step?0.1×?R0. This resistance circuit is suitably incorporated into high precision constant voltage generating, and voltage detecting circuits.

Abstract: The present invention discloses methods for manufacturing chip resistor networks, which are free from the short circuit owing to electron migration of the silver electrodes. In one embodiment of the present invention, a barrier layer is formed to prevent the silver electrodes from electron migration. In another embodiment of the present invention, copper or nickel electrodes are formed to replace silver electrodes. These methods for manufacturing chip resistor networks are the ways to solve the short circuit caused by electron migration of the silver electrodes.

Abstract: In a service provision method wherein a person is authenticated by a face image recording medium and granted a predetermined request right for provision of a predetermined service by presentation of the request right, a service provider issues a reservation by combining recognition data of the service and validation data specific thereto when the person having been authenticated requests the reservation based on the request right. When provision of the reserved service is requested, the request is received by presentation of a combination of recognition data and specific validation data. The service is provided in the case where the combination agrees with the combination used at the time of issuing the reservation. Therefore, the service can be provided to another person other than the person having the request right.