Abstract: According to one embodiment, an information storage medium, and the program comprises referring to a manifest from a playlist that manages playback presentation of a playback presentation object, referring to one of a markup and a script from the manifest, monitoring defining of a name corresponding to an event in the markup, and generation of an event in response to the name corresponding to the event defined in the markup using an event listener in the script, and designating function contents that execute processing when the event is generated.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an information storage medium, and the program comprises referring to a manifest from a playlist that manages playback presentation of a playback presentation object, referring to one of a markup and a script from the manifest, monitoring defining of a name corresponding to an event in the markup, and generation of an event in response to the name corresponding to the event defined in the markup using an event listener in the script, and designating function contents that execute processing when the event is generated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for drilling a bore hole into ice by use of a water-heated hemispherical structure of circular cross-section and predetermined diameter for sinking a borehole into the ice following and closing a previdously formed pilot bore hole of lesser diameter, and, above it, in axial alignment therewith, an azimuthally circumferential gap for spraying a high pressure disk-shaped upwardly deflected jet of water against the circular wall of the bore hole to increase its diameter beyond the predetermined diameter and to form a smooth bore hole wall surface.

Abstract: A system for heating a hydrocarbon containing formation includes a heater having an elongated ferromagnetic metal heater section. The heater is located in an opening in a formation. The heater section is configured to heat the hydrocarbon containing formation. The exposed ferromagnetic metal has a sulfidation rate that goes down with increasing temperature of the heater, when the heater is in a selected temperature range.

Abstract: A process chamber includes an opening, two or more stacked cold plates adjacent the opening, two or more stacked hot plates adjacent the cold plates, and a rotatable wafer transport capable of moving a wafer between the cold plates and between the hot plates for processing of the wafer. The wafer can be rapidly heated while between the hot plates. The wafer transport has perpendicular walls about a pivot such that when the wafer is between the cold plates or between the hot plates, one of the walls separates the cold and hot portions, thereby increasing the efficiency of cooling and heating.

Abstract: Disclosed are a water heating system, a method of heating water and a water heating apparatus for use in providing successive volumes of heated water at a generally consistent temperature. In one aspect of the disclosure, a water heating system includes a reservoir (22) for containing water (28), the reservoir having an inlet zone (50) comprising a lower portion of the reservoir and an outlet zone comprising an upper portion of the reservoir. A water inlet (38) is provided in fluid communication with a source (34) of water and the inlet zone. A heater (26) is positioned within the inlet zone is coupled to the reservoir. A temperature sensor (30) is positioned within the inlet zone, and a water outlet (46) is provided in fluid communication with the outlet zone. A controller (24) is coupled to the heater and the temperature sensor, the controller using information from the temperature sensor to controllably operate the heater to generally maintain a desired temperature within the reservoir.

Abstract: A heater (10) for installation on a potable water tank (12). The heater (10) comprises a blanket (14) including an electrical resistance heating element (16) and a connection pad (18) for electrically connecting the heating element (16) to lead lines (20) to an aircraft power source (22). The water tank (12) is typically positioned under the cabin floor or other locations on an aircraft which are susceptible to cold temperatures, moisture invasion, and pressure drops/rises caused by changing altitudes. The heater (10) maintains the tank (12) at an acceptable temperature range and prevents freezing of the water.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for thawing and heating biological material such as plasma, bone marrow or stem cells. The apparatus includes a housing containing a fluid-filled, sealed bladder for receiving a bag of the biological material. An agitator is provided which is operable to inflate an actuator pillow causing a support plate to compress the fluid-filled bladder, thereby promoting movement of the fluid within the bladder to agitate the biological material. A heater is provided which heats the fluid while contained in the bladder.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for avoiding image artifacts caused by camera vibration. The taking of one or more photographic exposures is timed in relation to the vibration, so as to avoid motion blur, video jitter, or both. The vibration may be characterized by motion sensors, or by analysis of image data.

Abstract: A photographic apparatus includes a shooting section for performing shooting based on an operation of an operation part for instructing shooting, a tremor detection section for detecting a tremor amount of the shooting section, and a shooting control section for causing detection by the tremor detection section the tremor amount at least one of before and after an operation of the operation part, specifying a hand tremor tendency of a photographer based on the tremor amount, and instructing the execution of a shooting process in accordance with the specified hand tremor tendency.

Abstract: A parallel moving device includes a fixed plate provided on an enclosure side, a moving frame provided on an optical system side, and three columnar members that are provided between the fixed plate and the moving frame and that support the fixed plate and the moving frame so as to enable movement of the moving frame in a direction substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the optical system. These columnar members are formed with an elastic member that connects the fixed plate and the moving frame in the direction along the optical axis and supports the moving frame in parallel with the fixed plate.

Abstract: System and method for modifying an optical assembly with another image modifying device by using an adapter assembly to connect or couple three image modifying devices together. The adapter assembly includes two adapters that have collars to hold a night vision monocular between them, and to each connect with a camera and lens, respectively, modifying a camera-lens assembly for use in night time photo surveillance. One adapter's collar includes a gripping mechanism to grip one end of the night vision monocular. The other adapter's collar includes one or two channels to each receive a pin on the other end of the night vision monocular and a locking mechanism to secure one pin in its channel. Attachments members on each adapter include mechanical and electrical connectors to couple or connect the adapters to each other, and to electrically connect the camera with the lens.

Abstract: A retractable lens barrel achieving thinning thereof in both directions parallel and perpendicular to a photographic optical axis, comprising a first lens and a second lens disposed in an inside thereof, and having a structure in which an optical axis of the second lens is aligned with an optical axis of the first lens when photographing, and the first lens is moved to a housed position and the second lens is moved in a retreating direction from the optical axis of the first lens when the first and second lenses are retracted, further including: a holding member for holding the second lens; and a rotation unit for rotating the holding member of the second lens, the holding member being rotated about a rotation shaft different from the optical axis of the first lens and perpendicular to the optical axes of the first and second lenses.

Abstract: A parallel moving device includes a fixed plate provided on a housing side, a moving frame provided on an optical system side, and three pin-shaped members each of which is provided between the fixed plate and the moving frame and has one end coming into contact the fixed plate and the other end coming into contact the moving frame to support these members, the pin-shaped members allowing the moving frame to move in a direction substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the optical system. Each of these pin-shaped members supports the moving frame in parallel to the fixed plate, has ends that contact the fixed plate and the moving frame and that have curved surfaces, and tilts in the substantially perpendicular direction in response to movement of the moving frame about the one end as a fulcrum.

Abstract: A device and method for producing an enhanced color image of a scene of interest captures a grayscale image of the scene of interest using a flash of infrared light and a color image of the scene of interest without using any flash of infrared light. The grayscale information from the grayscale image and the visible color information from the color image are combined to produce the enhanced color image.

Abstract: A system, apparatus, or method is provided for imaging and for capturing visuals to provide image manipulation options for increasing resolution of subject images. A system, apparatus or method for increasing resolution of subject images is provided using a camera to deliver unexposed photographic emulsion and to expose a variable size and dimension of the emulsion.

Abstract: A light shielding device of a lens includes a movable barrel; an outer member positioned around the movable barrel; and a light shield ring for preventing ambient light entering the lens through a clearance between the movable barrel and the outer member, the light shield ring having a center opening through which the movable barrel is movably fitted and a self-centering annular portion around the center opening. The self-centering annular portion is in contact with an outer surface of the movable barrel and is bent by, and along, the outer cylindrical surface of the movable barrel. The light shield ring is biased against an annular part of the outer member by a biasing member, so that the light shielding ring is movable in a radial direction when a radial force is applied to the light shielding ring via the movable barrel and the self-centering annular portion.

Abstract: A clamp mechanism for securing an in-ceiling surveillance camera housing assembly to a ceiling. The clamping mechanism advantageously allows easy installation of the camera housing in the ceiling via a camera housing aperture without requiring a large access aperture adjacent the camera housing aperture. The clamping mechanism also allows easy removal of the housing if, for some reason, the housing must be removed because the clamping mechanism is bidirectional and may be stowed within a groove on an outer surface of the housing. Once the clamping mechanism lowers a clamp to secure the housing assembly to the ceiling, a window and trim ring assembly is locked to the housing assembly to discourage removal of the window and trim ring assembly and prevent access to the clamping mechanism.

Abstract: A surveillance camera gimbal mechanism. The mechanism utilizes a rotationally adjustable disk and support arrangement to afford smoothly adjustable, fastener-free, and stable diagonal adjustment that also provides axial compliance. The diagonal adjustment mechanism is integrated with a pan and tilt gimbal mechanism to allow smooth and stable single-point manual fixation of pan and tilt positions without creating depressions in the mating parts which make readjustment difficult.

Abstract: A photographing operation control device comprises a buffer memory in which image data is temporarily stored. In a blank photographing mode, when a release switch is turned ON, image data obtained through a photographing optical system is stored in the buffer memory. In the blank photographing mode, the image data stored in the buffer memory is not recorded in a PC card. In a normal photographing mode, when the release switch is turned ON, the image data is stored in the buffer memory and then transmitted to the PC card, in which the image data is recorded.

Abstract: An aperture (10) includes a base (12), at least one film (14) and an opaque layer (16). The at least one film is formed on the base for filtering out predetermined wavelengths of light from incoming light. The opaque layer covers the base, and has a light-permeable area (162). The light-permeable area is in light communication with the base and the at least one film. The aperture may not only control the quantity of incoming light, but also filter out infrared light from incoming light. Therefore, the volume of the digital camera is decreased.

Abstract: A digital camera has a printed circuit board which comprises a main area and a flexible area. An optical sensor chip (e.g. a CCD) is fixed onto the flexible area. The flexible area has flexible character relative to the main area. Therefore, even if the printed circuit board is stressed, such stress will be almost or completely eliminated in the flexible area, so that the optical sensor chip and an optical lens can be coupled together in a precise manner.

Abstract: On top of respective areas divided by partition plates, that is, a cassette station, a processing station, and an interface section in a coating and developing processing system, gas supply sections for supplying an inert gas into the respective areas are provided. Exhaust pipes for exhausting atmospheres in the respective areas are provided at the bottom of the respective areas. The atmospheres in the respective areas are maintained in a clean condition by supplying the inert gas not containing impurities such as oxygen and fine particles from the respective gas supply sections into the respective areas and exhausting the atmospheres in the respective areas from the exhaust pipes.

Abstract: The present invention suppresses an increase of processing time caused by the expansion of network scale, and decreases the probability of occurrence of blocking by reserving optical paths based on the distributed control method, and decreases time to complete the reservation of optical paths. When an optical path is set from a start point node device to an end point node device via a relay node device, a reserve packet receive step, destination node setting step, transmission possibility judgment step, reserve packet update step, and reserve packet transmission step are executed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for sensing which faults have occurred in a laser control system, as well as trapping and identifying the first fault occurrence. The apparatus includes an integrated circuit in which a mask register is set by means of a micro-controller or a host system to select which fault sources are to be recorded. A status bit register in which the fault indications are stored can also be interrogated by the micro-controller or a host system. A settable first fault status register determines whether every fault or only the first fault gets recorded.

Abstract: Transmissions over a unidirectional optical fiber coupling multiple nodes are compensated for temperature-induced effects. A round-trip delay time is determined for a signal sent from a first node to travel around the unidirectional optical fiber loop and be received back at the first node. That measured round-trip delay time is then used to account for temperature-induced effects on signal transmissions over the unidirectional optical fiber loop. This temperature compensation is particularly beneficial in applications that require a high level of timing accuracy.

Abstract: Certain aspects of a method and system for speed negotiation for twisted pair links in fibre channel systems are disclosed. Aspects of a method may include communicating data between fibre channel host devices communicatively coupled via a twisted pair link based on a common speed negotiated between the fibre channel host devices. At least one available speed may be determined for the communication of data between the fibre channel host devices over the twisted pair link. The determined available speeds for each of the fibre channel host devices may be exchanged via at least one fast link pulse signal. The common speed negotiated may be a highest available speed for the communication of data between the fibre channel host devices.

Abstract: A method involving: in a signal distribution system including a first line and a second line both of which extend from the first end to the second end of the signal distribution system, introducing a first global clock signal into the first line so that the first global clock signal propagates from the first end to the second end of the line; introducing a second sinusoidal global clock signal into the second line so that the second global clock signal propagates from the second end to the first end of the line; and in each of a plurality of local clocking regions located along the signal distribution system, detecting the first and second global clock signals; multiplying the detected first and second clock signal for that local clocking region together to generate a combined signal, and deriving a local clock signal for that local clocking region from the combined signal.

Abstract: A clock signal distribution circuit including: a signal transmission system having first and second signal transmission lines, each extending from the first end to the second end of the signal transmission system, the first signal transmission line for carrying a first periodic signal from the first end to the second end of the signal transmission system, the second signal transmission line for carrying a second periodic signal from the second end to the first end of the signal transmission system transmission; and a local clock signal generator circuit including a detector system for detecting at a preselected location along the signal transmission system the first and second periodic signals, wherein the generator circuit generates from both the detected first and second periodic signals a local clock signal that has a predetermined skew that is between to the skews of the detected first and second periodic signals.

Abstract: In an optical data network, such as a passive optical network (PON), an optical line terminator (OLT) measures the strengths of one or more signals received from the optical network units (ONUs) and generates a message containing an indication responsive to the measured signal strength. The OLT transmits the message to the ONUs. The ONUs generate packets having preambles of a length responsive to the indication contained in the message.

Abstract: An optical signal is transmitted via a WDM device 4 including a transponder 13, an all-optical node 1, and a wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing optical filter 38. A route and wavelength selecting functional part 32 transmits a band varying request and a wavelength varying request to the transponder 13 based on a requested band of a wavelength path setting request, link information of a network, and band limitation information with respect to each filter wavelength of the wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing optical filter 38. A multi-rate functional part 36 of the transponder 13 sets a band to be requested to the network side according to the band varying request. A wavelength varying functional part 35 sets a wavelength of the optical signal according to the wavelength varying request. The wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing filter 38 includes a bit rate (band) dependent wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing functional part 39.

Abstract: When an optical disk player is switched on, a main controller 15 firstly obtains information of audio channels that an appliance connected to the optical disc player supports through an HDMI cable (step #1). Then, when a command for starting reproduction of the optical disc is inputted through the remote controller 4 (YES in step #2), the main controller 15 judges whether at least one of channels of the sound source is not included in the channels that the connected appliance supports or not (step #3). When there is a channel which is not included in the channels that the connected appliance supports (YES in step #3), the main controller 15 starts to carry out the down-mixing process (step #4), and then the main controller 15 starts to output the audio signals to the connected appliance (#5).

Abstract: An optical communications terminal, comprising: an optical telescope (e.g. a dual mirror Ritchie-Chretien telescope); a transmitter unit including at least one transmitter coupled to source of optical signals; a receiver unit for receiving optical signals; an optical system defining a transmit optical path between the optical telescope and the transmitter unit, and defining a receive optical path between the optical telescope and the receiver unit; and a beacon detector for detecting beacon optical signals received at the optical telescope; characterised in that a beacon optical path between the optical telescope and the beacon detector comprises at least a portion of said transmit optical path and/or said receive optical path. In one embodiment, the transmitter unit, receiver unit and beacon detector are disposed at or adjacent the focal plane of the optical telescope, providing a compact arrangement suitable for usage in diverse environments (e.g. aircraft- or satellite-borne, as well as ground-based).

Abstract: A communication optical system in accordance with an aspect comprises a light source; a light-receiving element; a first and a second prisms, which are cemented to each other; and a beam-splitting member, which performs one of transmission and reflection towards an incident and emergent port, of a first light beam from the light source, and performs one of reflection and transmission towards the light-receiving element, of a second light beam from the incident and emergent port. The beam-splitting member is arranged at a cemented portion of the first prism and second prisms, and the light source and the light-receiving element are arranged on the same side with respect to the first and second prism. The second prism comprises a first surface cemented to the first prism, a second surface which is parallel to the first surface and a third surface disposed on the opposite side of the first surface with respect to the light source.

Abstract: A modulating retro-reflector (MRR) can be configured to provide a large field of view. The MRR can include a solid corner cube reflector (CCR) manufactured of a material having a high index of refraction at the desired operating wavelength. CCRs made from high index materials such as InP or Si, have an index of refraction of approximately 3.48 at an operating wavelength of approximately 1550 nm and can provide a conical Field of View (FOV) of greater than ±60 degrees compared to less than ±30 degrees for CCRs made from BK-7. Each CCR can include one or more elements configured to modulate an optical signal incident on the CCR. A retro-modulating transponder can use fewer large FOV MRRs to support communication over a predetermined incident optical span compared to narrower FOV MRRs resulting in lower cost, smaller size, weight and power requirements.

Abstract: A signal regeneration device which makes an extracted clock signal highly accurate while maintaining superior receiving sensitivity. To this end, a device of the present invention is configured to have a branch section for branching an input electrical signal which has been demodulated from a differential phase-shift modulated state; a first filter for equalizing a waveform of one of the demodulated electrical signals branched by the branch section; a clock recovery section for recovering a clock signal from the demodulated electrical signal whose waveform has been equalized by the first filter; and a data regeneration section for regenerating a data signal from a remaining one of the demodulated electrical signals branched by the branch section and from a clock signal recovered by the clock recovery section.

Abstract: A system for generating a local clock signal, the system including: a skew correction circuit for receiving first and second periodic signals that have associated skews, wherein the skew correction circuit is configured to use the received first and second periodic signals to generate a third periodic signal that has a fixed skew between the skews of the first and second periodic signals; a phase detector with a first input that receives the third periodic signal from the skew correction circuit and a second input; a variable oscillator for generating an output signal having a frequency that is controlled by the phase detector; and a frequency divider for dividing the frequency of the oscillator's output signal, wherein the frequency-divided output signal is fed back to the second input of the phase detector, and wherein the local clock signal is derived from the oscillator's output signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical transceiver module for modulating a binary signal into an optical signal and outputting the optical signal. In one aspect, the optical transceiver module comprises a tap for dividing a binary signal into first and second binary signals, a laser source for frequency-modulating the first binary signal divided by the tap, and an intensity modulator for modulating the second binary signal divided by the tap and the frequency-modulated signal of the laser source into a phase-inverted optical signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical phase modulation method using optical frequency shift devices. By accurately controlling the frequency shift, the phase delay experienced by the light signal through an optical medium (fibre, free space, vacuum, or other) can be controlled with high resolution. Hence, phase change can be achieved through frequency change. This technique can be applied to a wide range of applications whenever phase modulation is needed, such as in various phase-shifted keying techniques in optical communications, and in optical metrology. The disclosed phase modulation method can also be used as a phase encoding technique in quantum key distribution.

Abstract: A first interferometer comprises a first delay element and a first phase shift element, and a second interferometer comprises a second delay element and a second phase shift element. The amounts of phase shift in the first and second phase shift element are zero and ?/2, respectively. A first photo detector comprises first and second photodiodes connected in parallel, and a second photo detector comprises third and fourth photodiodes connected in series. The first photodiode is provided with a first optical output of the first interferometer, the second photodiode is provided with a first optical output of the second interferometer, the third photodiode is provided with a second optical output of the first interferometer, and the fourth photodiode is provided with a second optical output of the second interferometer. A signal process circuit recovers transmitted data based on output signals of the first and second photo detectors.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is capable of specifying the type of an occurring abnormality to a certain extent while avoiding the increasingly complicated control that is caused when a plurality of abnormalities is detected individually according to the presence of their respective causes. A normal group data set, which is a collection of normal value combinations relating to grouped information constituted by a plurality of information of differing types, is stored in RAM or ROM serving as information storage device of a control unit. At least two or more sets of grouped information, including first grouped information constituted by a plurality of different types of information, and second grouped information constituted by a plurality of information in a different combination to that of the first grouped information, are obtained from the RAM, the ROM, various sensors, and an operation display unit.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member including a first photosensitive layer having a first thickness provided in a first cartridge detachably mountable to a main assembly of the image forming apparatus or including a second photosensitive layer having a second thickness provided in a second cartridge detachably mountable to the main assembly of the image forming apparatus; a developer carrying member for carrying a developer to develop with a developer an electrostatic image formed on the image bearing member; a voltage source for applying a development DC voltage to the developer carrying member; a density changing device for changing a density of the image by changing the development DC voltage, wherein when the density changing device changes a density set level from a standard value to a changed value, an amount of the change of the development DC voltage is different between when the first cartridge is used and when the second cartridge is used.

Abstract: A toner cartridge having a microcontroller configured to store data necessary to create a message authentication code required by the printer. The microcontroller contains data values capable of generating acceptable MACs for a plurality of printers used in a plurality of geographic regions. The microcontroller recognizes a variety of unique parameters displayed by the printer's processor to identify the geographic region of the printer being used. Once the printer and geographic region are identified, the microcontroller loads the data values associated with the printer and generates an acceptable MAC to enable printer operation.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, having a submodule that causes non-uniformity in density in a slow-scanning direction in accordance with rotation, includes a correction image forming unit that forms an image for density correction, in cooperation with the submodule, a density detector that detects a density of the image for density correction, a correction data generation unit that generates correction data to correct a density distribution based on a density distribution of the image for density correction in a slow-scanning direction detected by the density detector, a phase detector that detects a phase of the submodule, and a mark image forming unit that forms a mark image in synchronization with the phase of the submodule detected by the phase detector, in the image for density correction formed by the correction image forming unit.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image bearing member; a charging member contacted to the image bearing member to charge the image bearing member; toner image forming means for forming a toner image on the image bearing member; an intermediary transfer member for carrying a toner image transferred from the image bearing member; a cleaning member for removing toner remaining on the image bearing member after transfer of the toner image; speed switching means for selectively setting a speed of the recording material from a plurality of levels; intermediary transfer member speed switching means for switching a rotational speed of the intermediary transfer member after the toner image is transferred from the image bearing member onto the intermediary transfer member; charging control means for rendering off a DC voltage applied to the charging member after transfer of the toner image onto the intermediary transfer member and during the intermediary transfer member carrying the toner image; and char

Abstract: A surface of a photosensitive drum is electrically charged by a charging roller disposed in contact with or close to the photosensitive drum. A relationship between a voltage and a current is measured by applying peak-to-peak voltages to the charging roller in a discharged area and an undischarged area during pre-rotation, image formation, and non-image formation such as interval between successive sheets, of the photosensitive drum. From the measured value, a slope of a DC discharge start voltage and a DC discharge characteristic is calculated, so that a peak-to-peak voltage and a DC voltage value are applied to the charging roller during image formation while being corrected each time.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including toner image forming means for forming a having chromatic toner image a transparent toner image; fixing means for heating and fixing the non-transparent toner image and the transparent toner image on recording material; glossiness detecting means for detecting a glossiness of an area in which the non-transparent toner image and the transparent toner image are overlaid and fixed; control means for controlling an amount of the transparent toner, per unit area, on the recording material on the basis of a result of detection by the detecting means.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus in which a visible image is transferred to a transfer material includes a pre-transfer exposing unit that makes only a portion of a latent image carrier that corresponds to a leading edge of the transfer material expose, and a transfer-bias applying unit that applies a bias for transferring the visible image. The transfer-bias applying unit starts applying the bias to the transfer material, at least step-by-step, when a predetermined time is passed from a point of time at which the leading edge of the transfer material comes into a contact with the latent image carrier by controlling the pre-transfer exposing unit and a bias applying timing of the transfer-bias applying unit.

Abstract: Reprographic device provides collated and uncollated subset finishing selections at the local Graphical User Interface to allow the user to program different types of finishing within a single job to construct mixed subset finished output. Subset finishing provides a user with the ability to select different finishing options, stapling/folding/offset/hole-punching to a portion of a larger job. Print jobs can make use of software based solutions to create custom print subset finishing. Methods allow different finishing options to be applied to portions of a larger collated or uncollated job from the local GUI. A new group of subset programming attributes can be made available on the local GUI. A user can then construct a mixed subset job of both print and scanned images and apply custom finishing operations on each subset.

Abstract: An image forming system includes a first device having a power unit that generates a drive voltage and an image forming portion, and a second device for controlling the image forming portion. The power unit generates a first drive voltage as the drive voltage and a second drive voltage higher than the first drive voltage, and the second device includes a voltage supply control portion that controls whether or not the second drive voltage is supplied to the second device.