Abstract: To provide an inkjet recording head in which a high ink repelling property is kept even against the repeated use and which is excellent in film strength and abrasion resistance and is excellent with respect to printing quality of the resulting image, the inkjet recording head includes a nozzle having: a hole for discharging a recording liquid including an ink; and a portion capable of repelling the ink at the periphery of the hole, wherein the portion includes a cured film formed from a composition having a block copolymer, and the block copolymer includes: a block polymer having a fluorine-containing polymer; and a block polymer having a repeating unit having a siloxane structure.

Abstract: The ink comprises a coloring component, a reactive oligomer and/or a reactive prepolymer, a reactive diluent and a photoinitiator, wherein the reactive oligomer and/or reactive prepolymer unit and the reactive diluent unit have a glass transition point of 0° to 70° C., respectively, in a polymer obtained therefrom. In the present invention, a cured film excellent in adhesion to materials and scratch resistance is obtained and image without blurring is formed in ink jet printing of the ultraviolet ray curable ink. An ultraviolet ray curable ink composition having a viscosity of 60 to 800 cps at 25° C. which comprises a coloring component, a reactive diluent, a photoinitiator and an oligomer and/or reactive prepolymer having compatibility with the reactive diluent is used. The ink composition is heated to 40° to 150° C. and applied to a recording medium and cured by ultraviolet rays.

Abstract: To prevent ink adhesion to a conduit connecting portion after removing an ink tank, there is provided an ink jet recording apparatus including a recording head for jetting ink onto a recording medium; an ink tank for storing ink; an ink tank housing section for attachably and detachably housing the ink tank; a conduit section for supplying ink from the ink tank to a recording head, the conduit section including a conduit connecting portion for connecting with a joint section to the ink tank; and an ink removing device having a removing member for removing ink adhering to a tip end of the conduit connecting portion when the ink tank has been parted from the conduit connecting portion.

Abstract: An inkjet head includes plural nozzles that eject ink. The nozzles are arranged so that (a) the nozzles are arranged in a first direction on an ink ejection surface to form a plurality of rows parallel to one another; and (b) when the nozzles are projected from a second direction, which is parallel to the ink ejection surface and perpendicular to the first direction, onto a virtual straight line extending in the first direction, projective dots of the nozzles are arranged at equally spaced intervals on the virtual straight line. A spatial frequency, which is determined based on an appearance interval of a most-distant adjacent projective dot pair in the first direction, is lower than a spatial frequency corresponding to a peak value of a visual transfer function.

Abstract: An inkjet printhead assembly includes an elongate chassis that spans a printing zone. An ink supply arrangement is mounted on the chassis and has an ink distribution assembly and a housing enclosing the ink distribution assembly. At least one elongate integrated printhead circuit is mounted on the ink distribution assembly to receive ink from the ink distribution assembly and to span the printing zone. Power and ground busbars are arranged on the housing. A tape automated bond strip interconnects the busbars and the, or each, integrated printhead circuit.

Abstract: An ink jet type printing apparatus in which an ink supply needle is located near one side in a direction perpendicular to the reciprocated directions of a carriage, a circuit board is mounted on a wall of an ink cartridge in the vicinity of the side on which an ink supply port is formed and plural contacts for connecting to external control means are formed on the exposed surface of the circuit board.

Abstract: There is disclosed an ink jet printhead which includes a plurality of nozzles and one or more heater elements corresponding to each nozzle. Each heater element is configured to heat a bubble forming liquid in the printhead to a temperature above its boiling point to form a gas bubble therein. The generation of the bubble causes the ejection of a drop of an ejectable liquid (such as ink) through the respective corresponding nozzle, to effect printing. Each heater element is substantially covered by a conformal protective coating which has been applied to all sides of the heater element simultaneously so that the coating is seamless.

Abstract: There is disclosed an ink jet printhead which comprises a plurality of nozzles (3) and one or more heater elements (10) corresponding to each nozzle (3). Each heater element is configured to heat a bubble forming liquid in the printhead to a temperature above its boiling point to form a gas bubble (12) therein. The generation of the bubble causes the ejection of a drop of an ejectable liquid (such as ink) through the respective corresponding nozzle, to effect printing. The printhead has a plurality of nozzle chambers (7) each corresponding to a respective nozzle, with a plurality of the heater elements being disposed within each chamber. The heater elements within each chamber are formed on different respective layers to one another.

Abstract: A method of ejecting ink from a ink-jet printhead includes filling a rear end of a nozzle with ink using a capillary force, the rear end of the nozzle being surrounded by a hydrophilic layer, forming an electric field directed toward an outlet of the nozzle on a front end of the nozzle, the front end of the nozzle being surrounded by a hydrophobic layer, varying a surface tension of ink to separate ink droplets having a predetermined volume from ink and to move the separated ink droplets within the front end of the nozzle toward the outlet of the nozzle, and ejecting the separated ink droplets through the outlet of the nozzle.

Abstract: A recording head is provided with a plurality of nozzles for ejecting a fluid, a plurality of pressure-applied chambers arranged in a predetermined direction and each communicating with a corresponding one of the nozzles, and a common chamber having a plurality of wall surfaces and configured to supply the fluid to the pressure-applied chambers. At least one of the wall surfaces of the common chamber, along the predetermined direction, has a pressure absorbing surface with a rigidity lower than those of other wall surfaces and configured to absorb a pressure change, and the pressure absorbing surface is formed by a pressure absorbing member having a non-uniform thickness.

Abstract: An ink jet printer head includes a channel unit and an actuator unit that are bonded to each other. The channel unit has pressure chambers located between a manifold and nozzles. The actuator unit includes piezoelectric sheets, and individual electrodes and common electrodes that are sandwiched by the piezoelectric sheets. Two individual electrodes are paired, and are provided in an area corresponding to each one of the pressure chambers, and cooperate with the common electrodes and the piezoelectric sheets to provide two active portions. When the actuator unit is driven or operated, the two active portions, and respective portions of the piezoelectric sheets that are located between the two active portions are elongated in the direction of thickness of the actuator unit, so that the volume of the each pressure chamber as a whole is decreased. Consequently a droplet of ink is ejected from the nozzle corresponding to the each pressure chamber.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator is constructed by forming a common electrode 27 of Cr, a piezoelectric layer 29 of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, a cover layer 31 of BaTiO3, and an individual electrode 33 of Pt in this order into a laminate. The thickness of the piezoelectric layer 29 in the lamination direction (T1) and the thickness of the cover layer 31 in the lamination direction (T2) satisfy the relationship of 0.08?T2/T1?1. The relative dielectric constant of the piezoelectric layer 29 (?r1) and the relative dielectric constant of the cover layer 31 (?r2) satisfy the relationship of ?r2/?r1?0.2.

Abstract: An ink cartridge which is to be mounted on an ink-jet printer and from which ink is supplied to at least one nozzle of an ink-jet printing head of the ink-jet printer, the ink cartridge including: an ink tank in which ink is stored; an ink outlet hole which is formed in a wall of the ink cartridge that defines the ink tank and through which the ink flows out of the ink tank; and an air inlet hole which is formed in the wall of the ink cartridge that defines the ink tank and through which air flows into the ink tank. The air inlet hole is formed within an area of the wall in which the air inlet hole contacts the ink stored in the ink tank.

Abstract: An intermediate chamber 7 is provided in a liquid storage chamber 6 of a liquid container 1, for separating the liquid storage chamber 6 from a chamber 5 for accommodating a negative pressure generating member. The intermediate chamber 7 communicates with both of the liquid storage chamber 6 and the chamber 5 for accommodating the negative pressure generating member, and further communicates with the liquid storage chamber 6 via a plurality of small openings 18 provided upward from the bottom thereof.

Abstract: An ink jet printer with ink flowing through an ink chamber and over an ink ejection port leading to a nozzle has a deflection surface such as a chamfer at the junction of the chamber and the ejection port to inhibit debris from entering the port.

Abstract: An electrostatic inkjet ink composition including: a non-aqueous solvent having a dielectric constant of from 1.5 to 20 and a surface tension at 25° C. of from 15 to 60 mN/m; a color material that is insoluble in the non-aqueous solvent; and a charge control agent that is soluble in the non-aqueous solvent, wherein the charge control agent contains a half-aside maleic acid copolymer containing repeating units represented by the formulae (Ia) and (Ib) as defined herein.

Abstract: A liquid composition containing at least water, a photopolymerization initiator, a water-soluble organic solvent and a polymerizable compound that can cause a polymerization reaction due to the photo polymerizing initiator, wherein the polymerizable compound is contained two or more kinds, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least one kind of the polymerizable compound being 50° C. or more, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least one kind thereof being 10° C. or less, an ink set for ink jet, and a recording method and a recording apparatus using the same.

Abstract: An inkjet printer having: a recording head provided with an ink nozzle for ejecting ink to a recording medium, the ink being cured by exposure to ultraviolet rays; an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus for applying ultraviolet rays to the ink ejected on the recording medium; and a light trap arranged between the recording head and the ultraviolet irradiation apparatus to prevent the recording head from being exposed to reflected ultraviolet rays emitted from the ultraviolet irradiation apparatus, wherein the light trap has an inorganic ultraviolet ray absorbent coated layer arranged on an ultraviolet ray receiving surface.

Abstract: This recording-medium conveying device comprises a conveying belt, the conveying belt, a belt charging unit, and a pressing roller. The conveying belt is wound around a driving roller and a driven roller so as to convey a recording medium to an image recording part. The conveying belt includes an insulating layer formed at one side contacting the recording medium. The belt charging unit is provided in contact with the insulating layer so as to charge the insulating layer with a positive charge and a negative charge alternately in a moving direction of the conveying belt by applying an AC bias to the conveying belt. The pressing roller presses the conveying belt against the driving roller so as to prevent the conveying belt from slipping on the driving roller.

Abstract: The invention relates to spectacles of the rimless-type, comprising a bridge interconnecting two lenses, and two side arms that are hinge-less wire structures suitable for flexing. According to the invention, each side arm presents a distal end arranged to fasten to the side zone of the corresponding lens, said distal end being substantially J-shaped, with a long portion passing through a through bore in the lens, with a pliable clamping plug being interposed that holds the distal end in place, and an anti-pivot short portion extending backwards and passing into an outwardly-open side notch, without clamping the lens between said long portion and said short portion, the central portion that interconnects the long portion and the short portion extending close to the front face of the lens.

Abstract: A hinge for eyeglasses includes a hinge block for attachment to a lens frame of the eyeglasses. The hinge block has an aperture and a slot extending from the aperture. A hinge pin is attached to an arm of the eyeglasses. The hinge pin is pivotally received by the aperture and has a radially extending leg that is sized and shaped to pass within the slot upon attachment of the hinge pin to the hinge block to enable quick release when desired.

Abstract: A wearable audio device in the form of eyeglasses speaker mounts supported by the frames of the eyeglass. The speaker mounts are constructed so as to provide independent adjustment in a plurality of directions.

Abstract: An lens for correcting human vision, for example an IOL, contact lens or corneal inlay or onlay, that carries and interior phase or layer comprising a pattern of individual transparent adaptive displacement structures. In the exemplary embodiments, the displacement structures are actuated by shape change polymer that adjusts a shape or other parameter in response to applied energy that in turn displaces a fluid media within the lens that actuates a flexible lens surface. The adaptive optic means of the invention can be used to create highly localized surface corrections in the lens to correct higher order aberrations-which types of surfaces cannot be fabricated into and IOL and then implanted. The system of displacement structures also can provide spherical corrections in the lens.

Abstract: Spectacles for reducing glare due to oncoming traffic while driving at night. The spectacles include a mask or filter that blocks light from entering the wearer's eyes when the source of light is on the opposing side of the highway. The mask may either be a part of the lenses of the spectacles or supported in front of the spectacle lenses by means of a “clip-on” device. If a perpendicular reference line is drawn on the lenses that passes through the optical center of the lens, the mask covers the portion of the lens between ˜225° and 15° with respect to the perpendicular (or the mirror image on British-type highways), or, with reference to the face of a clock, the portion of the lens between 7:30 and 12:30. The mask can be opaque, or it can be a low transmissivity filter (transmissivity ˜10%) or a notch filter that passes only red light. The angle from which oncoming light can be blocked my be changed by a slight rotation of the wearer's head.

Abstract: A fixed target position which is synthesized and outputted is shifted to a correct position of a display device in accordance with an image pickup magnification of an eye to be examined. A state in which the imaging lens is moved to change an imaging magnification of an eye fundus image Pr of an eye to be examined E is indicated. If an image is magnified, the state wherein a mark M1 and a substantial center of a macular portion Po of the eye to be examined coincide with each other may change to the state wherein the macular portion Po is deviated from the mark M1. In such case, with respect to a shifting distance of the mark M1 required at this time, in the case where the position of the mark M1 is located at a distance of “a” from a center, when an image pickup magnification is n times, it is n·a from the center.

Abstract: An electro-active phoropter and a method of using the electro-active phoropter to measure a patient's vision prescription is disclosed. The electro-active phoropter includes a series of individually addressable electro-active lenses. The lenses have either a positive or negative optical power when an electrical potential is applied across the lens and a neutral optical power when no electrical potential is applied across the lens. Each lens provides an optical power that is part of a net optical power of the series of lenses when a patient views through the phoropter. The optical power of the phoropter can be incrementally adjusted by changing the distribution of the electrical potential across the different lenses of the series to provide increasing or decreasing optical power until a patient achieves a desired level of clarity and a vision prescription has been determined.

Abstract: Proposed are an ophthalmologic device and an ophthalmologic measuring method in which, by means of a light projector, a beam of rays, for example a light slit, is projected through a cross-sectional portion of an eye, in particular through a cross-sectional portion of the cornea of the eye. A cross-sectional image of at least one sub-area of the cross-sectional portion illuminated by the light projector is captured by image-capturing means which are disposed in Scheimpflug configuration with respect to the beam of rays. A view image of the eye, comprising an image of the cross-sectional portion illuminated by the first light projector, is captured by further image-capturing means and is stored assigned to the captured cross-sectional image. The relative position of the stored cross-sectional image to the eye is determined on the basis of the stored assigned view image, and the stored cross-sectional image is positioned relative to previously stored cross-sectional images of the eye.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining and addressing color-vision impairment by allowing a patient to compare multiple images of a scene wherein the color content of selected ones of the images has been manipulated by altering a portion of the color space that is less detectable to a person having a particular type of color vision impairment.

Abstract: A rear projection display device improves the brightness by improving the utilization efficiency of image light projected to a screen from slantly below. At least a green component of the image light is P-polarized to the screen (7). Therefore, reflection of light on the screen (7) is reduced.

Abstract: An illumination optical system which can use light from a light source with high efficiency and can provide an illumination luminous flux with highly uniform illuminance, is disclosed. The illumination optical system illuminates an illumination surface with a generally telecentric illumination luminous flux. In light intensity distribution of illumination light on the illumination surface changing depending on a deviation angle of an incident ray with respect to a normal to the illumination surface, the illumination optical system operates the illumination luminous flux such that a ratio of angle widths at which light intensity reaches half of a peak value in each of two axis directions orthogonal to each other on the illumination surface is an aspect ratio of 2:1.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus includes a heat receiving casing thermally joined to a heating object directly or indirectly, a first device having hoses which communicate inside of the heat receiving casing, a fluid medium inside the heat receiving casing and in the hoses. The cooling apparatus also includes a solution sending pump circulating the fluid medium provided inside the heat receiving casing, and a second device having a radiator for cooling the circulated fluid medium, and a radiating fan.

Abstract: A scan type display optical system is disclosed in which the position and inclination of an image formed by projection light is made variable. The scan type display optical system comprises an optical scanning member for deflecting and scanning light, and a projection optical system which includes a plurality of optical surfaces containing a reflective surface. The projection optical system projects light from the optical scanning member. An incidence range of light from the optical scanning member to a first optical surface on which the light is incident initially out of the plurality of optical surfaces is variable.

Abstract: An electric apparatus has an enlarging display unit including a lens portion corresponding to a screen of a liquid crystal display that is a display part of the electric apparatus, and a slide portion attached on a frame portion and moving up or down the lens portion without steps. A distance from the lens portion to the display part is adjustable.

Abstract: A lens cover that may be secured to a case of a projector is herein disclosed. The lens cover has incorporated therein a lens that may be aligned with a lens of the projector to modify the throw ratio of the projector lens.

Abstract: This invention relates to a cooled deformable-mirror and its mount. A deformable mirror is provided comprising a reflective element provided on a substrate that is secured to a deformable element, wherein the substrate comprises at least one channel having a pair of ports both located around the peripheral edge of the substrate. In addition, a deformable-mirror mount and the deformable mirror described above are provided, wherein the mount has a body with a central aperture defined by a supporting surface sized and shaped to support the mirror when installed, and wherein the mount is provided with at least a pair of channels that terminate to face the ports in the mirror when the mirror is installed, the channels of the mirror and the mount being connected via flexible seals.

Abstract: A backlight assembly for a liquid crystal display panel. The assembly includes a lamp housing; a lamp; a diffuser plate; and a plurality of supports. Each support has first and second members. The first member has a body and a groove formed in the body for holding the lamp and attaching the lamp to the lamp housing. A cushioning member may be disposed around a section of the lamp and between the lamp and the first member for providing cushioning therebetween. The second member has an elongated body for supporting the diffuser plate when it attempts to sag or distort.

Abstract: A lamp positioning structure is disclosed. The lamp positioning structure is assembled on a display device and includes a fastening element mounted on a side plate of a rear plate. The lamp is curve-line-shaped and is mounted over the rear plate. Moreover, the lamp includes at least a curved section. Also, a display panel having a display area is assembled over the rear plate to cover the lamp. The curved section of the lamp is arranged in the display area without damaging the brightness uniformity nearby. In addition, two elastic arms are disposed on both lateral sides of the fastening element to abut against the curved section. Through the arrangement of the positioning structure, the breakage and the displacement of the lamp can be reduced or even prevented. The brightness of the curved section corresponding to the fastening element becomes more uniform and without definite dark spots.

Abstract: An illumination device simulates neon lighting using a light source for emitting light of a predetermined first hue and a light-transmitting medium having a predetermined density of phosphorescent dye positioned adjacent to the light source. The phosphorescent dye will absorb light emitted by the light source and emit light of a second hue. An observer of the device perceives light that is of a hue that is different from the predetermined first hue. A means for varying the intensity of the light emitted by the light source creates color changing effects in the illumination device. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a suitable light source. A waveguide having both optical waveguide and light scattering properties is used to diffuse the combined light and simulate the uniform appearance of a neon tube. Alternatively, the waveguide itself can be doped with phosphorescent dye to emit light having the perceived hue.

Abstract: An illumination device has a light source, a waveguide, and a light-transmitting medium. The light source emits light of a first color. The waveguide has both optical waveguide and light scattering properties. The light-transmitting medium is composed of a matrix of substantially translucent material doped with a pigment, and is positioned between the light source and the waveguide such that a portion of the light emitted by the light source passes around the light-transmitting medium and reaches the waveguide directly, and a portion of the emitted light is received by the light-transmitting medium. The pigment changes a portion of the received light to a light of a second color. The waveguide receives and mixes the light of the first color and the light of the second color, and emits light of a combined color.

Abstract: A position indicator (10) for a helmet (1), for example a bicyclist's safety helmet, comprises a protruberant diffuser (12) containing one or more electroluminescent strips (60, 61); at least part of the emitted light is distributed through the diffuser (12), preferably by means of an internal convex reflector (62) which contains the power supply (70, 71, 72). A second strip is preferably arranged to be directly visible through a transparent window in the diffuser (12). The indicator is releasably attached to the helmet, for example by means of magnets (30), and may be arranged to detach in the event of an accident so as not to impair the normal function of the helmet. The diffuser preferably forms an illuminated band extending along the side of the helmet (1); the front (15) and rear (16) ends of the indicator may be distinguished from each other. A position indicator system comprises two indicators arranged symmetrically on either side of the helmet, so as to indicate the orientation of the wearer.

Abstract: A tactical illuminator has a first switch for providing a lesser amount of visible light on an area of interest than a second switch. The first switch being in close proximity to the second switch to allow an operator to quickly and easily move his finger or thumb from the first switch to the second switch when a need for greater light is encountered. A tactical illuminator has a rotatable switch moveable from a first position that provides a lower level of light output to a second position that provides a greater level of light output. The operator actuating the switch by sliding his finger or thumb parallel to a longitudinal axis of a weapon barrel.

Abstract: A system for lighting roadways utilizes LED lighting systems recessed into roadside barriers. The LED lighting element includes a number of LEDs fixed in an elongated formation. The LED lighting element is inserted into the barrier's recessed area in a generally vertical orientation. This results in the LED lighting system generating a horizontal sheet of light along the barrier.

Abstract: An illuminable storage receptacle that is mounted to a motor vehicle wheel well by suction cups disposed on the cover to cast white light from the bottom and rear portions in order to illuminate the subjacent work area. Red hazard lenses are disposed in the sidewalls and an amber hazard lens is disposed in the front wall. An interior compartment is disposed therein divided by a replaceable plate to form an illumination chamber to produce the light and a storage chamber for keeping lug nuts and the like while changing the tire. A strap having hook and loop fastener elements is provided to allow the user to selectively maintain the storage compartment on a substantially horizontal plane regardless of the angle of engagement of the cover with the vehicle.

Abstract: A combination for use in aligning a substantial point source of light with respect to an axis of a reflector is provided. The combination includes a reflector, a lamp bulb having a substantial point source of light, and a movable lamp bulb holder. The movable holder may be moved using an actuating member. The reflector has a first open end for emitting a light beam, a second end and an axis extending between the first and second reflector ends. The lamp bulb is secured to the movable holder and is disposed about the second end of the reflector. The actuating member is operatively coupled to the movable holder at an actuation interface for moving the substantial point source of light relative to the axis of the reflector and aligning the substantial point source of light with the reflector axis and the focal point of the reflector. Flashlights employing the combination are provided.

Abstract: A backlight module (BLM) including a bezel, at least a first lamp and at least a second lamp is provided. The bezel has a first lighe region and is arranged substantially in parallel to the top side of the bezel. The second lamp is positioned in the second light source region and is arranged substantially in parallel to the top side of the bezel. The second lamp corresponds to the first lamp.

Abstract: A decorative lighting assembly includes a plurality of light emitters each having a pair of oppositely positioned first male connectors. The light emitters emit light when power flows through the first male connectors of the light emitters. A plurality of elongated couplers is provided and each has a pair of first female connectors electrically coupled together and positioned opposite of each other. Each of the first female connectors is configured to receive and electrically connect to one of the first male connectors. The light emitters are each positioned between and electrically coupled to a pair of elongated couplers to form a strand of electrically coupled light emitters. The strand is electrically coupled to a power supply coupler configured for electrically engaging a female power outlet.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp unit employing a fluorescent tube having a double spiral configuration is provided. The fluorescent lamp unit include a double spiral configured fluorescent tube having an upper central portion from which two spiral portions extend at a downward incline and wind around a vertical axis such that an outer diameter of the double spiral configuration increases as the spiral portions extends from the upper central portion to sealed ends of the fluorescent tube. The fluorescent lamp unit further includes a ballast housing having an electronic ballast contained therein. The ballast housing is partially enclosed by the spiral portions of the fluorescent tube.

Abstract: A lamp assembly that may be used as a fog lamp or headlamp includes a mounting bracket, a reflector, and an adjuster. The reflector is pivotally mounted to the mounting bracket and the adjuster is secured to the reflector. The adjuster is secured to the mounting bracket such that rotation of an aiming screw forming part of the adjuster causes pivoting of the reflector and aiming of the lamp. The adjuster is secured to the bracket prior to the reflector being mounted to the mounting bracket. The bracket and adjuster are provided in pre-assembled fashion.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for sensing the presence of a person and directing an audible message to the person. The apparatus, in one embodiment, is configured to provide an interactive lamp that includes a housing, one or more sensors disposed within the housing, one or more speakers connected with the sensor, a light source for emitting light that functions independently of the sensor, and a microcontroller disposed within the housing for initiating communication of the audible message in response to a sensor event detected by the sensor. The audible message of the sensor-activated story lamp may comprise one or more messages that may be used for multiple purposes.

Abstract: A light emitting die package is disclosed. The die package includes a substrate, a reflector plate, and a lens. The substrate is made from thermally conductive but electrically insulating material. The substrate has traces for connecting an external electrical power source to a light emitting diode (LED) at a mounting pad. The reflector plate is coupled to the substrate and substantially surrounds the mounting pad. The lens is free to move relative to the reflector plate and is capable of being raised or lowered by the encapsulant that wets and adheres to it and is placed at an optimal distance from the LED chip(s). The lens can be coated with any optical system of chemical that affects the performance of the device. Heat generated by the LED during operation is drawn away from the LED by both the substrate (acting as a bottom heat sink) and the reflector plate (acting as a top heat sink). The reflector plate includes a reflective surface to direct light from the LED in a desired direction.