Abstract: The ophthalmologic apparatus 1 splits low coherence light LO into a signal light LS and a reference light LR, the interference light LC being generated by having the signal light LS overlap with the reference light LR, and detects this interference light LC. In addition, the apparatus comprises an optical alignment system 190A for performing the alignment of an optical system forming the signal light path to the eye E. An intraocular distance calculator 214 determines the distance between the position where the signal light LS has been introduced onto the eye E and the position where the signal light LS has been reflected by the fundus oculi E based on length of the optical path of the signal light, the length of the optical path of the reference signal light, the working distance after alignment, and the detection signal output by the CCD 184 (or signal intensity data).

Abstract: The ophthalmologic apparatus 1 splits low coherence light LO into a signal light LS and a reference light LR, the interference light LC being generated by having the signal light LS overlap with the reference light LR, and detects this interference light LC. In addition, the apparatus comprises an optical alignment system 190A for performing the alignment of an optical system forming the signal light path to the eye EL. An intraocular distance calculator 214 determines the distance between the position where the signal light LS has been introduced onto the eye E and the position where the signal light LS has been reflected by the fundus oculi E based on length of the optical path of the signal light, the length of the optical path of the reference signal light, the working distance after alignment, and the detection signal output by the CCD 184 (or signal intensity data).

Abstract: The image-based system is used to observe and document eye responses which can be used to implement the procedures defined in the Standardized Field Sobriety Test as well as the Drug Recognition Expert Program These eye responses include pupil movement as well as pupil size and responses, for either one or both eyes simultaneously. The system includes a headset against which the subject places their face. The faceplate has two eye openings through which illumination devices transmit beams of infrared light to illuminate the subject's eyes. Two imaging devices are mounted on the headset opposite the eye openings to generate images of the subject's illuminated eyes. The generated images are transmitted to an image recording device for storage and an image display device for display to a test administrator.

Abstract: The image-based system is used to observe and document eye responses which can be used to implement the procedures defined in the Standardized Field Sobriety Test as well as the Drug Recognition Expert Program. These eye responses include pupil movement, as well as pupil size and responses, for either one or both eyes simultaneously. The system includes a headset against which the subject places their face. The faceplate has an opening through which illumination devices transmit beams of infrared light to illuminate the subject's eyes. A reflective protractor, having a scale imprinted thereon, is mounted on the headset above the eye opening and facing the test administrator to provide an image of the stimulus target that is used by the test administrator. Two imaging devices are mounted on the headset opposite the eye opening to generate images of the subject's illuminated eyes.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a refractometer (01) for determining the refraction properties of an eye (02) of a patient with an optical projection device (03) that comprises at least one light source (08) that produces a light pattern, wherein the light pattern of the projection device (03) can be projected on the retina of the eye (02) and focused thereon, with an optical viewing device (04) that comprises at least one photoelectric sensor (12), wherein the light pattern reflected on the retina of the eye (02) can be viewed through the cornea and the lens of the eye with the viewing device (4) and projected on the photoelectric sensor (12) in the form of an image pattern, with an evaluation device for evaluating the image pattern recorded by the photoelectric sensor (12) and deriving the refraction properties of the eye, and with a distance measuring device for determining the distance between the refractometer (01) and the patient.

Abstract: A subjective optometric apparatus includes: a target-presenting device; an optical element-arranging device configured to set optical elements between the target-presenting device and eyes to be examined; and a controller configured to control the target-presenting device and the optical element-arranging device.

Abstract: A device to determine the contrast sensitivity of an individual's visual system by means of a series of tests in a measurement session, comprising a means for producing real time digital images, corresponding to modulated visual stimuli; and a display means for presenting said images to an individual's eye, wherein said stimuli may be modulated around an average stimulus in any direction of the color space and may be configured in their spatial and temporal characteristics for each measurement session. Said stimuli are usually chosen in the cardinal directions of the color space and respond to a sinusoidal grid pattern with spatial and temporal modulation, and with a two dimensional gaussian envelope.

Abstract: Apparatus for displaying an image wherein the apparatus includes an image light source that transmits light along a first direction. A transparent plate having forward facing and rearward facing opposing surfaces is provided. The rearward facing surface has a reflective layer and is oriented at an oblique angle relative to the first direction so that image light is reflected therefrom along a second rearward direction toward the operator. Light control means is interposed between the light source and the transparent plate in such a manner that it restricts viewing of the image at locations forward of the plate while permitting viewing of the image at locations rearward of the plate.

Abstract: A lamp unit and an intake fan are connected together by a duct, and a partition plate is formed within the duct so as to extend between the two ends of the duct, thus dividing the interior of the duct into a plurality of blocks, and thereby venting between the two ends of the duct. Furthermore, the partition plate intersects the direct optical path of emitted ultraviolet light passing from the lamp along within the duct towards the intake fan. This ultraviolet light does not arrive directly at the intake fan, since the partition plate cuts off the ultraviolet light emitted from the lamp directly towards the fan, so that it is possible to prevent the intake fan from being bathed in this ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A projector light source which facilitates molding of a reflector for obtaining a complicated reflecting surface and provides an improved cooling efficiency, which is characterized by molding the reflector of the light source using heat resistant plastic mixed with a high heat conductive material, whereby a molding accuracy is drastically improved compared to a heat resistant glass reflector, and a highly efficient light source is implemented by increasing a degree of design freedom using a high-order non-spherical reflecting surface. Furthermore, heat conductivity is increased by the use of a high heat conductive material for the reflector and heat dissipation to an outside is facilitated.

Abstract: A space light modulating apparatus and a projector offer a smooth image without a light-shielding part. The projector includes a space light modulating apparatus that modulates incident light based on an image signal, and that outputs modulated light, and a group of prisms installed on output-side of the space light modulating apparatus. The space light modulating apparatus includes opening sections that are a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix form and a black matrix placed between the opening sections. The group of prisms includes prism elements each of which has at least a refracting surface. Light from one of the opening sections is incident on at least one portion of the group of prisms. A direction of the refracting surface and a tilt angle are arranged so that an opening section image is guided onto a black matrix image on a screen a distance from the group of prisms.

Abstract: A system and method for projecting an image with predetermined characteristics includes a projector configured to project light on a surface, and a photo sensor configured to analyze light reflected from the surface. A controller is configured to compare the reflected light with a selected characteristic. The controller is configured to control the projector to adjust the projected light such that the reflected light substantially matches the selected characteristic to make the surface appear to be of the selected characteristic.

Abstract: A computer keyboard with a keyboard housing having an aperture, a light source of adjustable position and angle, the light source located within the keyboard housing, an image insert located over the aperture and a reflector of adjustable angle located within the keyboard housing. The light source directs light to the reflector which then redirects the light through the aperture and image insert, resulting in an image being projected onto a surface exterior to and within the proximity of the computer keyboard.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus includes an illumination optical system configured to illuminate a reticle using extreme ultraviolet light, a projection optical system configured to project a pattern of the reticle onto a substrate, a diaphragm that defines a first space that accommodates the projection optical system, a first gas supplier configured to supply a first gas to the first space, and a first cooling unit configured to cool the first gas before the first gas supplier supplies the first gas to the first space.

Abstract: A catadioptric projection objective for imaging a pattern provided in an object plane of the projection objective onto an image plane of the projection objective has a first, refractive objective part for imaging the pattern provided in the object plane into a first intermediate image; a second objective part including at least one concave mirror for imaging the first intermediate imaging into a second intermediate image; and a third, refractive objective part for imaging the second intermediate imaging onto the image plane; wherein the projection objective has a maximum lens diameter Dmax, a maximum image field height Y?, and an image side numerical aperture NA; wherein COMP1=Dmax/(Y?·NA2) and wherein the condition COMP1<10 holds.

Abstract: An array of individually controllable elements for a lithographic apparatus comprise reflectors that can be actuated by an actuator and are biased to return to a given position by a force that varies non-linearly with the displacement of the reflector from that position.

Abstract: It is disclosed a mask on which a pattern for transfer is formed. The mask comprising a first row pattern part and a second row pattern part which are arranged along a first direction on the mask The whole region of the first row pattern part and the whole region of the second row pattern part region are arranged to deviate from each other by a predetermined amount in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for determining geo-locations. The geo-location system of one embodiment includes two or more angle determination devices and a location determination device. Each angle determination device is mounted on top of a tower. The towers are positioned a distance from each other. Each angle determination device is adapted to automatically determine the angle of incident of a received signal and transmit a determined angle signal containing the determined angle. The location determination device is adapted to automatically use spatial triangulation techniques on received determined angle signals to provide location information.

Abstract: The present invention provides devices and methods for multi-dimensional scanning of a scene. In particular, this invention provides scanning devices and methods employing controllable light beam scanning devices capable of sending a light beam onto a scene, and of receiving corresponding light returned from the scene, and controllers capable of operating the scanning device at selected beam orientations, and of gaining distance information from the scanning device at the beam orientations. The controller can dynamically define beam orientations using the distance information gained from preceding beam orientations.

Abstract: A distance measurement apparatus includes a first and a second optical signal producing units, an optical mixing unit, an electric mixing unit and a processing unit. The first optical signal producing unit includes a first emitting unit to emit a first beam based on a first modulated signal to a target. The second optical signal producing unit includes a second emitting unit to emit a second beam based on a second modulated signal. The optical mixing unit produces an optical mixing signal based on the second beam and a reflected beam of the first beam reflected by the target. The electric mixing unit produces an electric mixing signal based on the first and the second modulated signals. The processing unit calculates a phase difference based on the optical mixing signal and the electric mixing signal to determine a distance between the target and the laser ranging apparatus.

Abstract: The method for calibration of a single point laser system used in a measuring system for wood boards in a sawmill includes the steps of storing two orthogonal dimensions of a calibration bar, the values of the two dimensions being different from each other; placing the calibration bar within the scan zone of the measuring system, which is between two opposing lasers; measuring the distance to the calibration bar from each laser in a first dimension, and rotating the bar to its orthogonal dimension and again measuring the distance to the bar from each of the lasers. The distance information to the calibration bar and the known dimensional values of the bar in the two dimensions are then used to determine that a calibration bar is present rather than a wood board to be measured. If the presence of a calibration bar is confirmed, then the distance values and the dimension values are used to determine the actual distance between the two lasers.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved capillaries that lead to increased resolution in conventional capillary-flow cytometers. The cross-sectional shape of capillaries made according to the present invention lack a center of symmetry. In some embodiments, capillaries have inner side walls that are tilted at angles with respect to the collection-system optical axis so that the widest dimension of the inner bore is closest to the collection optical system and have an outer wall closest to the collection optical system with a dimension large enough to minimize the contribution of outer-wall refraction to the collected light signal. Exemplary capillary embodiments include tubes with a rectangular outer wall and a trapezoidal inner wall, a rectangular outer wall and a triangular inner wall, triangular outer and inner walls, a triangular outer wall with a trapezoidal inner wall, and a hemispherical or rhomboid outer wall and trapezoidal or triangular inner wall.

Abstract: A mechanism for moving and positioning a light source so that its light impinges a target as it moves on or off axis of an optical system. A detector may receive scattered light at a same position whether the light impinging the target is on or off axis due to, for example, a telecentric optical system. Further, the light may be positioned so that the detector is maximally impinged with scattered light. An output may go to a processor that sends a signal to the light source to move the emitted light so as to continually impinge the target as it moves on or off axis. An array of light sources may used in lieu of the moving light source. To move the light beam, another light at another position in the array may be selected to replace a previously selected light source.

Abstract: A reflection-testing device for testing for unwanted reflections in a lens module (12) includes a plurality of light sources (18) and an image capturer (16). The plurality of light sources is provided around the top end of the lens module, and the image capturer is provided near the other end of the lens module for receiving optical signals through the lens module. A lens reflection testing method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A reflection-testing device for reflection testing of a lens module (12) includes a light source (18), which can emit light in an annular pattern, and an image capturer (16). The light source is provided around the top end of the lens module, and the image capturer is provided near the other end of the lens module for receiving an optical signal through the lens module. A reflection testing method is also disclosed.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device comprising an optical source and an optical detector, the optical source being adapted for emitting an optical beam for subsequent reflection towards the optical detector, the optical detector being adapted for receiving the optical beam and comprises a plurality of discrete optical detection regions for converting an optical beam into electrical energy and the optical detection regions are arranged so that an electrical characteristic of the optical detector is dependent on the relative distribution of an incident optical beam on the plurality of optical detection regions.

Abstract: A rubbing angle measuring equipment of the invention includes an light source unit, a measuring optical system, an imaging means, and an image evaluation means in which the measuring optical system is adapted such that a light from the light source unit passes by way of an illumination optical system and a polarizer to a rubbed measuring object and further passes by way of an analyzer and a focusing optical system to the imaging means, and the surface of the measuring object is focused to the imaging means, and in which image signals obtained by the imaging means are transmitted to the image evaluation means where signals having an intense periodicity in the image are detected, to measure the rubbing angle of the measuring object in a nondestructive manner, within a short period and at a high accuracy of 0.1° or more.

Abstract: A focus error detecting optical system has an optical parameter which makes a focus lock-in range by a focus error signal be a value capable of detecting focus on a front surface of a cover glass and focus on aback surface thereof separately. A control section, based on the focus error signal obtained by the focus error detecting optical system, brings a focal point of an observational optical system to a focus position. Further, focus error detecting optical systems include optical units each having an optical parameter corresponding to a numerical aperture of respective objective lenses. A control section selects the optical unit of the focus error detecting optical system corresponding to the objective lens in use. The control section, using a focus error signal obtained by the selected focus error detecting optical system, brings a focal point of an observational optical system to a focus position.

Abstract: A method for inspecting a surface of an object, including scanning the surface using an array of opto-electronic sensors, obtaining a reflected light signal from a location on the surface, combining the light signals to form a representation of geometrical features of the surface, and processing the representation to obtain geometric quantities of the geometrical features. An apparatus for inspecting a well screen, including an array of a plurality of opto-electronic sensors, a motion control unit, and a processor for obtaining a geometric quantity of the well screen based on an image obtained by the sensor array and the location registered by the motion control unit.

Abstract: In the present invention, to make corrective matching thereof, it is designed as follows; position effect of defects coordinates, which are output from an inspection apparatus, is allowed, coordinates of inspected data are mutually corrected, and a state of coincidence or non-coincidence among a plurality sets of inspected data is output or displayed. Inspection data is designed to include kinds, kinds difference and dimension of defects. A state of coincidence or non-coincidence between inspected data is designed to be output or displayed appropriately, by kinds or dimensions, or by a grouping thereof, of a defects object. The same sample is inspected by every time of passing a production step, and a state of data increase or decrease, or coincidence or non-coincidence between the inspected data is designed to be output or displayed.

Abstract: A method for alignment of a chip in a substrate surface inspection is provided, in which a surface of a substrate including a chip formed therein is inspected by using a beam. The method is characterized in comprising: a step of placing the substrate so that the chip is positioned within a field of view subject to the inspection; a step of measuring a magnification for the detection when the chip is positioned within the field of view subject to the inspection; a step of calculating a size of position error of the chip based on the measured magnification for the detection; and a step of compensating for the position of the chip based on the calculated position error.

Abstract: An inspection method for an exposure apparatus for illuminating a photomask on a first installation member by an illumination optical system, and for projecting an image of a pattern of the photomask onto a substrate on a second installation member through a projection optical system, the inspection method comprises disposing an inspection photosensitive substrate as the substrate on the second installation member, illuminating a first region which doesn't include a pupil end of the projection optical system and a second region which includes the pupil end of the projection optical system and which isn't overlapped with the first region, in a state in which a surface of the photosensitive substrate and a surface of a secondary light source of the illumination optical system are optically conjugate with each other, and inspecting an illumination axis offset of the exposure apparatus based on a pattern obtained by developing the photosensitive substrate.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an arrangement for measuring the diffuse reflection of samples and to a method for the internal recalibration of the measuring head. According to the invention, the spectrometric measuring head with means for recalibration comprises a housing which is provided with a window and which contains an illumination source, a spectrometer arrangement and at least two standards for internal recalibration. The two standards can be swiveled into the beam path of the measuring head selectively in such a way that the measurement light emitted by the illumination source can be used in its entirety for recalibration. Further, a processor for acquiring and processing the measured values and an interface to a bus system are arranged in the housing. With the solution according to the invention, the relatively time-consuming calibration of the measuring head at the place of use is required only before putting into operation or at longer time intervals.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of calibrating a fuel nozzle patternation system comprising steps of testing a master nozzle having desired spray characteristics in the system to determine a virtual origin of the system and then using the virtual origin to replace a fixed spatial origin of the system for testing other nozzles of the same nozzle family.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for three-dimensional (3-D) acoustic imaging of a scattering structure using information from a two-dimensional (2-D) image. The system uses a characterized sensor array to emit a signal from the sensor array into an object of interest to generate at least one 2-D representation of the object of interest. The 2-D representation comprises a plurality of x and y coordinate pairs and at least one candidate scattering structure. The candidate scattering structure comprises a shape defined by at least one pair of x and y coordinates. The candidate scattering structure shape is restricted to at least one pair of x and y coordinates. The pair of x and y coordinates of the candidate scattering structure shape are then compared with a first coordinate-dependent response function to assign an x, y, and z position of a scattering structure in 3-D space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method to determine a position of at least one mark provided on a substrate, comprising the actions of: detecting a first mark on said substrate by using a first detector, detecting a first set of marks comprising at least a second mark on said substrate by using a second detector, computing a first list of relative distance(s) between said first mark and mark(s) in said first set of marks, detecting the second mark on said substrate by using one of said first or said second detectors, detecting a second set of marks comprising at least said first mark on said substrate by using an available detector, computing a second list of relative distance(s) between said second mark and mark(s) in said second set of marks, determining the position of at least one mark by using the information in said first and said second lists of relative distance(s).

Abstract: A beam emitted from a light source 58 is converted into a line-shaped collimated beam by a lens 59. The line-shaped collimated beam reaches a beam splitter 60. The beam splitter 60 reflects a half of the incident beam. The reflected beam vertically reaches a line-shaped area of a front surface of an optical disc 65. The beam splitter 60 transmits the remaining beam. The transmitted beam obliquely reaches the line-shaped area of the front surface of the optical disc 65. The light amount of the reflected beam that vertically reaches the front surface of the optical disc 65 is detected by a first camera 62. Since both the incident beam and the reflected beam are perpendicular to the front surface of the optical disc 65, even if a large defect exists on the front surface, no virtual image occurs in an image photographed by a first camera 62. As a result, the size of the defect can be accurately detected.

Abstract: An integrated spectrometer instrument, including an optical source formed on a chip, the optical source configured to generate an incident optical beam upon a sample to be measured. Collection optics formed on the chip are configured to receive a scattered optical beam from the sample, and filtering optics formed on the chip are configured to remove elastically scattered light from the scattered optical beam at a wavelength corresponding to the optical source. A tunable filter formed on the chip is configured to pass selected wavelengths of the scattered optical beam, and a photo detector device formed on the chip is configured to generate an output signal corresponding to the intensity of photons passed through the tunable filter.

Abstract: A light scattering sensing system and method. In one embodiment, the system includes a sample branch configured to collect light signals backscattered from scattering centers contained in a coherence volume of a medium under evaluation, the sample branch including a multi-mode optical waveguide. In one embodiment, the method includes radiating low-coherence light into a scattering medium using a multi-mode optical waveguide, and collecting light signals backscattered by the scattering centers and light reflected by an end surface of the multi-mode optical waveguide using the multi-mode optical waveguide.

Abstract: A method for optical tomography is adapted to measure a medium, and includes the following steps: (A) generating a two-frequency mutually correlated low-coherence beam, an optical path difference of the beam being smaller than a coherence length; (B) focusing the beam on different depth positions of the medium such that the beam becomes a signal beam after being reflected by the medium; and (C) analyzing the signal beam reflected by the medium using a signal processing unit that includes a lens and a pinhole located at a focal point of the lens so as to obtain a sectioning image of the medium.

Abstract: Arrangements and methods are provided for obtaining data associated with a sample. For example, at least one first electro-magnetic radiation can be provided to a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation can be provided to a reference (e.g., a non-reflective reference). A frequency of such radiation(s) can repetitively vary over time with a first characteristic period. In addition, a polarization state of the first electro-magnetic radiation, the second electro-magnetic radiation, a third electro-magnetic radiation (associated with the first radiation) or a fourth electro-magnetic radiation (associated with the second radiation) can repetitively vary over time with a second characteristic period which is shorter than the first period. The data for imaging at least one portion of the sample can be provided as a function of the polarization state.

Abstract: A geometric measurement system is adapted to precisely measure one or more surfaces of objects such as corneas, molds, contact lenses in molds, contact lenses, or other objects in a fixture. The geometric measurement system can employ one or more of three possible methods of measurement: Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing with wavefront stitching; phase diversity sensing; and white light interferometry.

Abstract: A geometric measurement system is adapted to precisely measure one or more surfaces of objects such as corneas, molds, contact lenses in molds, contact lenses, or other objects in a fixture. The geometric measurement system can employ one or more of three possible methods of measurement: Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing with wavefront stitching; phase diversity sensing; and white light interferometry.

Abstract: A geometric measurement system is adapted to precisely measure one or more surfaces of objects such as corneas, molds, contact lenses in molds, contact lenses, or other objects in a fixture. The geometric measurement system can employ one or more of three possible methods of measurement: Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing with wavefront stitching; phase diversity sensing; and white light interferometry.

Abstract: An optical displacement sensor is disclosed that provides a optical displacement sensor that includes a optically-resonant cavity tuned to an operating wavelength without some of the disadvantages for doing so in the prior art. An embodiment of the present invention tunes an operating wavelength used with a Fabry-Perot interferometer to develop a desired relationship between the wavelength and the Fabry-Perot interferometer's initial cavity length.

Abstract: A structure formed on a semiconductor wafer is examined by obtaining measurements of cross polarization components of diffraction beams, which were obtained from scanning an incident beam over a range of azimuth angles to obtain an azimuthal scan. A zero azimuth position is determined based on the azimuthal scan. The cross polarization components are zero at the zero azimuth position. A measured diffraction signal is obtained using an azimuth angle to be used in optical metrology of the structure. Misalignment of the azimuth angle is detected using the measured diffraction signal and the determined zero azimuth position.

Abstract: There is provided a decoding apparatus and a decoding method which are for using compressed data efficiently by making the resolutions of the individual components differ from one another. A decoding apparatus decodes compressed data that represents an image signal composed of a plurality of components as a compressed code by making the resolutions of the individual components differ from one another. The decoding apparatus basically comprises input sections 5-Y, 5-I, 5-Q which decode compressed data and take in the individual components independently, a reduction circuit 5-Y-1 which reduces and changes a size corresponding to the processing unit and resolution of any one of the components, and a conversion section 5-6 which converts into a decoded image signal in a specific format by using reduced components and uncompressed components.

Abstract: To provide a technology that can contribute to realization of both of reproduction of a fine line in low density and reduction of noise at an outline portion of a patch area of a uniform density, which could not be consistent in the related art. A reducing unit for executing a reducing process for reducing the resolution of an image in image data to be processed; a histogram generating unit for generating a histogram of a color space signal in a pixel area of M rows×N columns (here M, N are one or larger integers) in the image on which the reducing process is applied by the reducing unit; and a binarizing unit for executing a binarizing process on a pixel in the image on which the reducing process is applied by the reducing unit on the basis of the histogram generated in the histogram generating unit are provided.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for flexible, configurable job workflow processing. Features and aspects hereof provide for generating workflow models from configurable templates. The workflow models may include one or more phases, each comprising one or more processes, each process comprising one or more steps. The Phases, processes, and steps may all be defined by configuring parameters of corresponding templates. Information defining the workflow models and all job information for jobs to be executed are entries in an integrated database such that creation and update of workflow model information and job information is performed as simple database queries and updates.

Abstract: An image scanning unit scans a mark-sense sheet to read editing information for specifying edit modes for editing image data to be output as one page of print data. On the basis of the read editing information, print data is generated from the image data. The editing information is read from grouping marks for grouping photo images, rotation marks, and the like. Photo images divided into groups by marking the grouping marks are output on one page of print data in orientations specified by marking the rotation marks.