Abstract: A packaging pad includes a supporting portion for supporting a piece of goods, and an enclosing portion; the supporting portion includes several different-sized geometric protrusions each having an air room therein; the air rooms don't communicate with each other; the enclosing portion encloses the supporting portion for enclosing a circumferential side of one end of a piece of goods supported on the supporting portion; the enclosing portion includes several different-sized geometric protrusions each having an air room therein; the air rooms don't communicate with each other; the protrusions of the enclosing portion are taller than those of the supporting portion; therefore, when a piece of goods is positioned on the supporting portion, one end of the piece of goods and a circumferential side of the end of the piece of goods will be protected from damage in transportation with the protrusions serving as buffers.

Abstract: A package for the transportation of contamination vulnerable articles is provided, comprising a closeable plastic container which is loaded with the respective articles, a first bag made from plastic surrounding said container, and a second bag made from plastic wrapping said first bag, wherein said first bag is provided with a valve-filter arrangement in order to allow a controlled air stream into said first bag when opening said valve-filter arrangement.

Abstract: A method of improving air release is disclosed. The method comprises obtaining a lubricant comprising two base stocks. The first base stock comprises a viscosity greater than 100 cSt, Kv100° C. The second base stock comprises a viscosity less than 10 cSt, Kv100° C. In addition, a lubricant formulation and method of blending a lubricant formulation is also disclosed. The lubricant formulation comprises at least two base stocks. At least 5 percent and no more than 90 percent of a first base stock comprising oil with a viscosity greater than 300 cSt, Kv100° C. At least 5 percent and no more than 90 percent of a second base stock comprising oil with a viscosity less than 10 cSt, Kv100° C.

Abstract: A system and method for upgrading heavy crude oil. The system comprises: a system for blending a catalyst with the heavy crude to produce a crude/catalyst slurry, a source of supercritical water, a system for blending the supercritical water with the crude/catalyst slurry, infecting the feed slurry into the bottom of an tip-flow reactor, carrying out a reaction between the water and the crude to produce treated hydrocarbons, and separating the treated hydrocarbons into a heavy stream and a light stream. The first separator is in fluid communication with the tipper half of the reactor. A second separator receives the light stream and separates it into gases, liquid hydrocarbons, and water. A system and method of generating hydrogen for the process through in situ shift reaction, generating carbon monoxide either in situ through the injection of air inside the reactor or externally by gasification of unreacted resid or produced gases.

Abstract: Methods and systems for diesel formation are described herein. The diesel hydrotreating systems generally include a hydrodesulfurization unit having a catalyst system disposed therein and adapted to contact an input stream with the catalyst system therein to form diesel. The catalyst system generally includes a plurality of catalysts including a first catalyst including a hydrodesulfurization catalyst having a first pore diameter and a second catalyst having a second pore diameter, wherein the second pore diameter is larger than the first pore diameter.

Abstract: A process for reducing the polynuclear aromatics (PNA) content of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream. The process includes contacting the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream with a dearomatization composition comprising a promoter metal component and zinc oxide. The dearomatization composition has enhanced resistance to sulfur poisoning and is also effective to remove sulfur from the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: An energy efficient process scheme for a highly exothermic reaction-distillation system in which the reactor is external to the distillation column and the feed to the reactor is a mixture of at least one liquid product stream from the distillation column with or without other liquid/vapor reactants. The reactor is operated under adiabatic and boiling point conditions and at a pressure that results in vaporizing a portion of the liquid flow through the reactor due to the heat of reaction. Under these conditions, reaction temperature is controlled by reactor pressure. The pressure (and hence the temperature) is maintained at a sufficiently high level such that the reactor effluent can be efficiently used to provide reboil heat for the distillation column.

Abstract: A compact housing for a dedusting apparatus utilizes a magnetic flux field to disrupt the static charge attracting dust particles to product particles, which along with fluidization and counter current airflow principles that are proven to dislodge dust particles from the product, provides a highly efficient, compact deduster. The housing supports a double wash deck with product flow separated between the back-to-back primary wash decks. A deflector directing the flow of product onto the primary wash decks is provided with an extension that extends parallel to the wash deck to eliminated product bouncing off of the wash deck. The lower air outlets are eliminated, while the upper air outlets are positioned in extensions to the main housing above the product inlet opening. Air flow through the Venturi zone is enhanced by re-directing clean air directly to the backside of the Venturi panels, thereby eliminating the extraneous by-pass boxes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for combinatorial (i.e., high-throughput) materials research, such as catalysis research, that involves parallel apparatus for simultaneously effecting mechanical treatments such as grinding, mixing, pressing, crushing, sieving, and/or fractionating of such materials are disclosed. The methods and apparatus are useful for mechanically treating catalysis materials and other solid materials, including without limitation, electronic materials such as phosphors, colorants such as pigments, and pharmaceuticals such as crystalline drugs or drug candidates. The simultaneous protocols and parallel apparatus offer substantial improvements in overall throughput for preparing arrays of materials, such as catalysis materials.

Abstract: A reverse osmosis system 110 includes a membrane chamber 112 having a feed line. The chamber 112 generates a permeate stream 114 and a brine stream 116 from the feed line 118. A feed pump 120 pressurizes the feed line 118. A first flow meter generates a first flow signal corresponding to a flow of fluid in the permeate stream 214. A booster device 172 has a turbine 176 in fluid communication with the brine stream 116 and a pump 174 in fluid communication with the feed line 118. A motor 178 is coupled to the turbine device 176 and a variable frequency drive 182 is attached to the turbine device 176 operating in response to the first flow signal. A second flow meter 218 generates a second flow signal corresponding to a flow of fluid in the brine stream 116 and a variable size nozzle 240 operates an opening in response to the second flow meter.

Abstract: A system is useful for reconstituting cleaning solution of the type comprising a solution of a cleaning agent and water intended for cleaning fermentation tanks in an ethanol production facility. The cleaning solution is pumped into a fermentation tank after the fermentation liquids resulting from completion of a fermentation stage are removed, and before a new fermentation stage begins. The system comprises a tank for holding cleaning solution. The tank has a cleaning solution inlet port and an outlet port. A pump has an inlet port and an outlet port, with the inlet port in fluid communication with the tank's outlet port. A filter has an inlet port in fluid communication with the pump's outlet port, and an outlet port in fluid communication with the tank's cleaning solution inlet port. A sensor element is in fluid communication with the filter's outlet port. The sensor providing a condition signal indicating the concentration of the cleaning agent in the cleaning solution at the filter's outlet port.

Abstract: A pool cleaner debris bag is provided having an open end adapted to receive debris from the pool and a closable end defining at least one discharge passage for the bag. The pool cleaner further comprises a securing apparatus disposed along at least a portion of the closable end. For example, the securing apparatus can have at least two separable members selectively movable between an unsecured position to permit opening of the discharge passage, and a secured position having at least a portion of the first end is disposed between the at least two separable members to permit closing of the discharge passage. In addition or alternatively, the debris bag can comprise a seam disposed at a location spaced apart from the open end for defining at least one discharge passage for the bag. In addition or alternatively, the securing apparatus can comprise a clasp.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a system and method to maintain an aquarium ecosystem. Maintaining an aquarium ecosystem includes aquarium maintenance, fish feeding, fish care, feeding and caring for invertebrates, plant care, cleaning, etc. The aquarium ecosystem maintenance apparatus has a shaft with a pump and a nozzle. The pump is activated to move liquid or gas into the aquarium through the shaft and out the nozzle. The pump is deactivated to remove solid, liquid or gas from the aquarium through the nozzle and into the shaft.

Abstract: An upflow stormwater filter has horizontally aligned filter media to provide a high throughput for treatment of contaminated water, longer life to filter media, and without material head drop.

Abstract: The pH value of excess sludge taken out from a biological oxidation tank (2) is adjusted to 8 to 14, and the pH-adjusted sludge is injected into a solubilizing device (3). The sludge taken out from the solubilizing device (3) is heated to 110° C. to 350° C. at a pressure higher than saturated steam pressure to solubilize the sludge to a state readily degradable by microorganisms. The solubilized sludge is returned to a biological oxidizing tank (2), and the pH value of the sludge in the biological oxidizing tank (2) to 5 to 9. The use of the above method of treating excess sludge and an apparatus therefore enables substantially reducing the volume of excess sludge with economic advantage.

Abstract: A system and method for removal of uranium and other contaminants from aqueous solution, utilizing live algae, are described. The system includes a bioreactor, in which a reaction mixture of live algae, preferably photosynthetic algae, and contaminated solution are introduced; a means for introducing carbon dioxide gas in the reaction mixture; a means for exposing the reaction mixture to light; means for mixing and impelling the reaction mixture; and means for separating out algae from remediated solution.

Abstract: A process line for separating oil sand slurry comprising coarse solids, fines, bitumen and water, into a first product comprising bitumen, fines and water and a second product comprising coarse solids, fines and water is provided comprising a plurality of countercurrently operating solid/liquid separators arranged in series along a pipeline, wherein the underflow of one separator is fed to the next separator in series and the overflow of each separator is fed to the preceding separator, the underflow of the last separator being the second product and the overflow from the first separator being the first product.

Abstract: This application relates to a circular clarifier for separating and removing separable matter, such as suspended solids, from a liquid. The invention may be used, for example, for separating return activated sludge from clarified liquor using a gas flotation process. The clarifier includes a plurality of fluid feed ports for introducing influent into selected treatment cells of the clarifier in a timed sequence, thereby achieving batch flotation of solids or other separable matter in a continuous infeed process. A plurality of spaced-apart, rotating flocculent handling assemblies traverse the treatment cells for sequentially conveying flocculent into spaced-apart, radially extending collection troughs. All of the flocculent handling assemblies may be driven by a single drive means. Each flocculent handling assembly includes a submerged beach and a scraper assembly including a scraper blade which extends upwardly from the beach. The beaches provide a shear plane underneath the surface layer of flocculent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a filter cartridge (1), especially a suction filter cartridge, which is provided, in the outlet opening (20), with an inward-pointing, peripheral snap-on rim (22) which can be folded from a first lower snap position into a second upper snap position and vice versa. The invention also relates to a seat element (30) for such a filter cartridge, comprising a connection sleeve (33) which engages with the outlet opening (20) of the filter cartridge (1). Said connecting sleeve (33) comprises at least one actuator which displaces, when the filter cartridge (1) is placed on the rim, the snap-on rim from a first lower snap position to the second upper snap-on rim from a first lower snap position to the second upper snap positioning which the snap-on rim rests against the connecting sleeve (33) in a sealing and clamping manner.

Abstract: A filter that reduces microorganisms or chlorine from tap water and has at least one membrane that has at least one layer. The at least one layer is a fabric layer sputtering-coated with silver particles.

Abstract: One embodiment is a filter element including an outer filter media and an inner filter media. The outer filter media is operable to remove particulates present in a flow of fluid and/or coalesce water contained in the flow of fluid. The inner filter media is operable to remove particulates from the flow of fluid, separate water form the flow of fluid, and remove particulates from the flow of fluid. Other embodiments include unique apparatus, devices, systems, and methods relating to fuel filters and filtration. Further embodiments, forms, objects, features, advantages, aspects, and benefits of the present application shall become apparent from the detailed description and figures included herewith.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for separating liquid and solid material from a mixture which includes a filter cloth for allowing through the liquid and holding back the solid material; a carrier belt for supporting the filter cloth with the mixture thereon, wherein the carrier belt is provided with one or more openings close to at least one of the side edges or at least eccentrically thereof; a support construction for supporting the carrier belt movable relative thereto; and a suction box arranged under the support construction and/or on the side of the carrier belt and connected to the optional openings in the carrier belt for extracting liquid from the mixture.

Abstract: A multi-phase separation system for liquids with dissolved solids and/or liquid/solid mixtures. The separation system can include four phases. One of the phases can include a crossflow filtration unit. The crossflow filtration unit can separate solids from the process fluid by flowing the process fluid in a crossflow orientation over a filter screen. The crossflow filtration unit can be drained of process fluid and cleaned by high pressure cleaning nozzles. The crossflow filtration unit can be configured to simplify or reduce the cost of downstream filtration phases. The phases may be used selectively and/or may be outfitted with various components to meet different system requirements.

Abstract: The water filter cartridge according to the invention for a beverage machine with a water tank comprehends a housing (2, 3), which has an adapter seat (3.1), and an adapter (5) for a connecting nozzel (22?;22?) of the water tank (20?;20?), wherein the adapter (5) can be fitted into the adapter seat (3.1) of the housing (2, 3).

Abstract: This invention provides a filter medium 1 comprising at least 5,000 thermoplastic synthetic resin monofilaments 2 of 0.03 to 0.001 mm in diameter aligned in parallel orderly in a tape-like form, said monofilaments being linked with each other in the longer direction thereof to form a plurality or number of linkage band portions crossing therewith at almost right angles in substantial width direction thereof so as to keep the thus aligned monofilaments in parallel. There is also provided a method for preparing a filter medium of membrane type made of thermoplastic synthetic resin monofilaments of 0.03 to 0.

Abstract: A filter cartridge comprises a filter medium including a plurality of layers of a spunbond nonwoven fabric of continuous filaments. The filter medium may also include one or more additional layers such as a thermal or resin bonded carded nonwoven fabric, a hydroentangled nonwoven fabric or a fabric formed from caustic cotton fibers. The filter medium is formed into a pleated configuration. The filter medium may suitably comprise from 2 to 15 layers of the nonwoven fabric that are bonded to one another to form a relatively stiff multi-layer structure. The overall thickness of the filter medium is preferably from 0.25 to 3 mm.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating wastewater are provided. The method for treating wastewater includes: a pre-treatment step of removing impurities contained in high concentration wastewater and crushing the impurities using a crusher; a first aerobic treatment step of supplying wastewater containing organic acids to a first aerobic tank and injecting air to the first aerobic tank to be aerobically treated; an anaerobic treatment step of supplying the wastewater, from which excess organic acids are removed by the aerobic treatment, to an anaerobic tank to be anaerobically treated; a degassing step of supplying the wastewater treated in the aerobic and anaerobic treatment steps to a degassing tank to remove air and gas; and a post-treatment step of precipitating the wastewater aerobically treated using a solid-liquid separation tank, a pressure floatation tank or a precipitation tank.

Abstract: A Modular Wastewater Treatment System is disclosed suitable for municipal, domestic and commercial sewage. After separation of the settable solids of the wastewater in the collection system or septic tank or other means the effluent is passed by gravity to the Alternating Nitrification Enhance Reactor where nitrification and de-nitrification process occurs as well as BOD sub.5 and TSS reduction by the participation of a facultative colony. Dosing, recirculation and discharge systems are linked in the alternating and intermittent cycles and facultative process with a gravel media bed to remove the remaining BOD sub.5, TSS and fecal coliform counts of the effluent. The overall system save footprint and it is fully automatic.

Abstract: A method for treating a formaldehyde-containing waste liquid, which is formed as a byproduct in a plant for the production of hydrocarbons or oxygen-containing compounds, containing the steps of: subjecting formaldehyde in the liquid to chemical treatment; and treating the resulting waste liquid, while being aerated, by using a membrane bioreactor that is composed of a microorganism or enzyme and a separation membrane.

Abstract: A method for rejuvenating a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane which is subject to biofilm and other contaminants in an aqueous system through the use of a free molecular iodine solution at a pH of about 2.2 to 4.0.

Abstract: A water purifying unit generates pure water by eliminating impurity ions from dielectric fluid. A corrosion-protection-ion generating unit generates corrosion protection ions, substitutes predetermined cations for impurity cations contained in the dielectric fluid, and substitutes the corrosion protection ions for impurity anions contained in the dielectric fluid. A switching unit switches a supply of the dielectric fluid between the water purifying unit and the corrosion-protection-ion generating unit. A switching control unit controls the switching unit based on a conductivity of the dielectric fluid measured by a conductivity measuring unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for treating contaminated water in a steam power installation, and to a corresponding steam power installation. According to the invention, steam and water are separated between a first steam-collecting drum of a pressure level and a second steam-collecting drum of a lower pressure level.

Abstract: A filter for filtering particulate material from cooking oil used in a frying process is comprised of a non-woven panel of directionally or randomly oriented fibers of a synthetic material. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a majority of the fibers comprising said non-woven panel have a size within the range of 1-25 denier, and a length within the range of 1.5-5 inches. It is also preferred that the material of the filter be affected by exposure to the cooking oil at a filtration temperature within the range of 250° F. to 400° F. such that the panel experiences a vertical dimensional expansion of at least about 20% upon exposure to the cooking oil at the filtration temperature for a period of time within the range of 15-120 seconds.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide an apparatus used in a plasma exchange therapy, which is operable with only a minor modification to a conventional plasma exchange apparatus and wherein valuable plasma is not disposed but recycled as a dialysis solution. The present invention is related to an apparatus used in a plasma exchange therapy wherein at least a portion of separated plasma is purified and circulated as a dialysis solution to dialyze patient's blood to remove harmful substances contained in the plasma; a plasma exchange apparatus incorporating said apparatus; and an artificial liver equipped with these apparatuses.

Abstract: A hanging, foldable apparatus particularly suited to hold a variety of garments such as scarves, ties, bandannas and like items, belts, leg coverings, suspenders, and other types of articles. This apparatus includes pieces of cloth facings 10 and 11 which form the body, a plurality of covered elasticized rings 13 which allow for various items to be drawn therethrough, and recloseable fastening products 12 which allow the apparatus to be secured to, and removed from, a conventional hanger or other hanger device.

Abstract: A confectionary display, comprises an elongate pole member having an attachment side, a display side, and a plurality of tracks located in the display side that each are capable of holding a plurality of display elements, a plurality of display elements that each are adapted to hold a confectionary item, and at least first and second magnet assemblies interconnected with the attachment side. The first magnet assembly is located at a top portion of the attachment side, and the second magnet assembly is located at a bottom portion of the attachment side. The magnet assemblies are capable of holding the pole member, display elements, and confectionary items to a ferromagnetic surface, with the second magnet assembly having a pull force rating that is higher than a pull force rating of the first magnetic assembly. The display elements, in one aspect of the invention, comprise an engaging member that is sized to fit into the tracks and a tubular portion that is capable of holding a pop stick.

Abstract: A control device and system for controlling a suspended load of a container crane with a trolley, a spreader and load lines arranged in a four point suspension for lifting a load and an optical sensor for sensing a deflection position of an orthogonal axis of a container suspended under the spreader. Two or more actuators are arranged attached to at least one load for moving at least one said suspension point closer to or farther away from an imaginary center line by shortening and/or lengthening the at least one load line.

Abstract: A bottle or container to carry a medicine pill last longer due to having a drying substance in a container and secure container inside of bottle or container in order not to have accidental swallowing of drying substance. Container can also have order eating substance or fragrance. Another benefit of having container secure inside of bottle is to limit the movement of the pill.

Abstract: A one-piece plastic container includes a body defining a longitudinal axis. The body includes an upper portion, a sidewall portion and a base portion. The upper portion defines an opening into the container. The sidewall portion may be integrally formed with and extend from the upper portion to the base portion. The base portion closes off an end of the container. The opening defines a radial sidewall and a generally linear sidewall. The generally linear sidewall may be defined by an inset portion formed on the upper portion.

Abstract: A sealing cover particularly suitable for bottles for beverages comprises a sealing elements for sealing an outlet opening of a container. Further, the sealing cover comprises a safety element which is cap-shaped, for example, and adapted to be displaced or twisted relative to the sealing element from a closed position into an opening position. Further, an indicator for indicating the opening position is provided. The indicator is arranged at an outside of the sealing element or the safety element so that the indicator is tangible because of the change of position of the indicator upon transferring it from the closed position into the opening position.

Abstract: A method for crowning a container neck, such as a bottle, by securing or crimping a cap provided with a skirt on the neck, the neck including a glass ring with a lower shoulder, including the steps of a) crimping the cap to the neck, so as to form a swaged portion of the skirt; b) marking the swaged portion of the skirt with an etching device, to form an etching on the swaged portion based on an etching pattern. The visual mark reduces the mechanical properties of the swaged portion, so as to prevent any fraudulent attempt to uncrimp the cap from the neck or any recycling of the bottle.

Abstract: A closure includes a shell of relatively rigid plastic material having a deck and a peripheral skirt, at least one recessed shoulder in the deck adjacent to the skirt, and a plurality of angularly spaced external channels extending along the skirt from the recess. An external feature of flexible resilient second plastic material different from the first plastic material is integrally molded onto the shell within the recessed shoulder and the channels. By way of example only, the shell may be of polypropylene material and the external feature may be of thermoplastic elastomer material. Lock elements, such as openings in the deck recessed shoulder and/or pegs in the skirt channels, cooperate with the external feature molded onto the shell to retain the external feature on the shell.

Abstract: There is provided a capped container in which the angle of rotation of a screw cap required for unsealing the same can be rendered small and in which a cut piece can be prevented from being completely cut away from a container body. The capped container includes a container body (11) including a wall portion and a rupture portion (36) formed at a predetermined position of the wall portion; a tubular base portion attached to the wall portion and surrounding the rupture portion (36); a movable tube (16) disposed in the base portion and thread-engaged with the base portion; and a screw cap (17) disposed outside the base portion, thread-engaged with the base portion, engaged with the movable tube (16), and adapted to rotate the movable tube (16) while being rotated. A cutting member (38) including a plurality of blades (t1 to t6) and adapted to cut the rupture portion (36) as the screw cap (17) is rotated is formed at a lower end of the movable tube (16).

Abstract: A reusable container identification band for enabling a user to visually identify a personal container when it is intermingled with identical containers in use by other consumers is provided. The identification band of the present invention includes a tubular body, an upper edge, a lower edge, an inner surface, an outer surface, and a central aperture defined by the inner surface, and the upper and lower edges. Upper and lower edges are continuous curves, of substantially the same length when the tubular body is in a contracted, resting position during non-use. The outer surface of the identification band includes images or other indicia for visually distinguishing between a plurality of bands when used by multiple consumers at the same event. Users of the container identification band may conveniently wear the band on their person such as on their wrist as a fashion accessory when not in use on a container.

Abstract: A hollow plastic container with a separately formed handle engaging the sidewall of the container and supported thereby. The handle includes an elongated portion extending upwardly over the major portion of the longitudinal extent of the sidewall and arm portions extending from the elongated portion towards the sidewall for engagement with the sidewall, wherein the sidewall receives the arm portions and holds the handle in place.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical structure is formed by depositing sacrificial and structural material over a substrate to form a structural layer on a component electrically attached with the substrate. The galvanic potential of the structural layer is greater than the galvanic potential of the component. At least a portion of the structural material is covered with a protective material that has a galvanic potential less than or equal to the galvanic potential of the component. The sacrificial material is removed with a release solution. At least one of the protective material and release solution is surfactanated, the surfactant functionalizing a surface of the component.

Abstract: A method for forming a micromachined device is disclosed that includes providing a first silicon layer and a second silicon layer. A portion of the second silicon layer is etched to form a slider portion and a layer portion. The slider portion is movable relative to the layer portion. A portion of the first silicon layer is coated with a coating material that has a size and shape that corresponds to the size and shape of the slider portion. The first silicon layer is then positioned over the second silicon layer such that the coated portion of the first silicon layers substantially aligned with the slider portion of the second silicon layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an ink jet head which discharges ink, comprising: a step of preparing a silicon substrate; a step of forming a membrane having a layer in which a plurality of holes are disposed to constitute a filter mask, and a layer with which a first surface is coated in such a manner that the first surface is not exposed from the plurality of holes on the first surface of the substrate; a step of forming a close contact enhancing layer on the membrane formed on the substrate; a step of forming a channel constituting member on the close contact enhancing layer to constitute a plurality of discharge ports and a plurality of ink channels communicating with the plurality of discharge ports; a step of forming an ink supply port communicating with the plurality of ink channels in the silicon substrate by anisotropic etching from a second surface facing the first surface of the substrate; and a step of forming a filter in a portion of the close contact enhancing layer positioned in an opening of the in

Abstract: A nanometer-scale mask includes a periodic array of nanometer-scale structural elements comprising an inorganic oxide.

Abstract: A method for engraving a golf club head includes the steps of: a) applying a shielding layer on a surface of the golf club head; b) forming a predetermined patterning hole in the shielding layer by removing a part of the shielding layer; c) spraying an etching agent on the shielding layer so as to etch the surface of the golf club head through the predetermined patterning hole in order to form a patterning indentation in the surface; and d) removing the shielding layer from the golf club head.