Abstract: The present invention is directed to a high density test probe which provides a means for testing a high density and high performance integrated circuits in wafer form or as discrete chips. The test probe is formed from a dense array of elongated electrical conductors which are embedded in an compliant or high modulus elastomeric material. A standard packaging substrate, such as a ceramic integrated circuit chip packaging substrate is used to provide a space transformer. Wires are bonded to an array of contact pads on the surface of the space transformer. The space transformer formed from a multilayer integrated circuit chip packaging substrate. The wires are as dense as the contact location array. A mold is disposed surrounding the array of outwardly projecting wires. A liquid elastomer is disposed in the mold to fill the spaces between the wires.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a printed circuit board that has an excellent heat dissipation performance and excellent reliability, and its manufacturing method. The printed circuit board includes: prepregs (2a) and (2b) being cured after each covering the surfaces of a metal plate (1) provided with first throughholes (1a) therein and the inner walls of the first throughholes (1a); prepregs (4a) and (4b) being cured after glass clothes (3a) and (3b) are sandwiched between the prepregs (2a) and (2b), and the prepregs (4a) and (4b), respectively; and second throughholes (8) that connect wiring layers (7a) and (7c), and (7b) and (7d) provided on both surfaces of prepregs (6a) and (6b), respectively. The prepregs (2a) and (2b) and the prepregs (4a) and (4b) are characterized in that they contain inorganic filler. Furthermore, the prepregs (2a) and (2b) and the prepregs (4a) and (4b) may contain elastomer.

Abstract: For the purpose of lighting multiple cold-cathode tubes at uniform luminance using a cold-cathode tube lighting device incorporating a multilayer substrate with built-in capacitors through a common power source and downsizing the cold-cathode tube lighting device, the multilayer substrate with built-in capacitors comprising at least four conductor layers overlaid is formed by heating and pressing dielectric layers, on one side of each of which a conductor layer is formed, to both sides of a dielectric layer, on both sides of which a conductor layer is formed, respectively, with bonding layers P1 and P2 interposed therebetween and by press-bonding these layers mutually, and specific conductor layers are electrically connected using connection parts formed on the inner faces of through holes.

Abstract: In a multi-layer wiring board in which board wirings are arranged in a plurality of wiring layers so as to be connected via a through hole, two through holes are provided in parallel, and two through holes are connected therebetween in both end portions of the respective through holes or one end portion thereof by the wiring board.

Abstract: According to various aspects, exemplary embodiments are provided of flexible clip-on shielding and/or grounding strips capable of being clipped onto and disposed along a curved edge portion of a mounting surface. In one exemplary embodiment, a flexible clip-on shielding includes an array of generally transversely extending slots. At least some of the slots have a closed end portion and an open end portion such that the closed end portions are at alternating ends of the slots and such that the open end portions are at alternating ends of the slots. Finger elements are defined by the slots. At least one finger element is defined generally between a first pair of slots with at least one slot between the first pair of slots. At least one other finger element is defined generally between a second pair of slots without another slot between the second pair of slots.

Abstract: A shielding assembly includes a cage (40), a shielding plate (10), and a gasket (50). The cage includes a front end portion (41), a rear end portion (43) opposite to the front end portion, a plurality of clips (45) protruding from the front end portion, a pair of sidewalls (44), and a back wall (46). The shielding plate attached to the front end portion of the cage, includes a main portion (12), a plurality of resilient tabs (14) projecting from an inner surface of the main portion, and a plurality of through hatches (16) in the main portion for receiving the clips. The gasket is attached to the rear end portion and abuts against outer surfaces (49) of the sidewalls and the back wall.

Abstract: An electromagnetic shielding filter has two transparent boards and a conductive mesh with plural wires, where the conductive mesh is sandwiched between the two transparent boards. The plural wires are formed of a Cu—Sn—In alloy or a Cu—Ag alloy.

Abstract: The invention relates to a coated object comprising a porous coating and an electrically non-insulative coating and a substrate, wherein the porous coating is on top of the non-insulative coating. The surface resistivity of the coated device is not increased or hardly increased by the presence of the porous layer in comparison to that of the single electrically non-insulative coating on the same substrate. This coated object may demonstrate anti-reflective—anti-static or anti-glare—anti-static properties.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for connecting threaded members while ensuring that a proper connection is made. In one embodiment, the applied torque and/or rotation are measured at regular intervals throughout a pipe connection makeup. When a shoulder contact is detected, a predetermined torque value and/or rotation value is added to the measured torque and/or rotation values, respectively, at shoulder contact and rotation continued until this calculated value(s) is reached.

Abstract: A boring tool moves having a pitch orientation, a yaw orientation and a roll orientation and is steerable underground using the roll orientation. A maximum drill string curvature is established for steering. The boring tool is advanced over a path segment. An averaged roll characteristic is determined for movement of the boring tool along the path segment. A path segment pitch orientation is established based on at least one measured pitch orientation along the path segment. Using the maximum drill string curvature in combination with the averaged roll characteristic and the path segment pitch orientation, the yaw orientation is determined. The averaged roll characteristic is determined based on a series of incremental roll measurements that are spaced across the path segment. A set of coupled ordinary differential equations is used to characterize movement of the boring tool.

Abstract: A downhole tool, configured to be suspended in a borehole traversing an earth formation, includes a downhole data acquisition system placed in the tool body and electrically connected to an electric power generator at the formation surface. The downhole data acquisition system includes a sensor for detecting local conditions in the borehole, and a transducer for transducing the voltage of an input signal from high to low or low to high. The transducer having a gallium nitride or silicon carbide based discrete semiconductor device.

Abstract: Lower pipe stand racking combs are arranged to fold down from a side of the derrick at selected locations above the rig floor. In each racking comb an array of parallel fingers extend in a spaced array from a pivotable spine. The spine rotates to raise the fingers to a near vertical position to clear the rig floor activity area. A suspended pipe stand can pass laterally from the well center line past the ends of the fingers. The fingers, each, have a retractable extension that, when extended, will prevent the suspended pipe stand from passing the extended finger. The stopped pipe stand can then move transversely into the selected space between two fingers. Each finger extension has independent fluid power supply and control lines, the collection of the lines may extend to a control and power source selectively positioned on the rig floor or derrick. Raising of each comb assembly is, preferably, done by a fluid power cylinder attached to the derrick structure and to each comb assembly.

Abstract: A downhole electric power generator is disclosed in one embodiment of the invention as including an inlet channel formed in a bore of a downhole tool string component for conveying a moving downhole fluid and a turbine coupled to the inlet channel to receive the downhole fluid. The turbine converts the energy of the moving downhole fluid into rotational energy where it is stored using a flywheel. The flywheel may then be coupled to an electrical generator to convert the rotational energy to electrical energy. In certain embodiments, a continuously variable transmission may be inserted between the turbine and the flywheel. The entire generator may, in certain embodiments, be designed small enough to reside in the wall of a downhole tool.

Abstract: A drilling stabilization system includes a power section coupled to an upper end of a transmission housing, a bearing housing coupled to a lower end of the transmission housing, and a drill bit coupled to the bearing housing, wherein the transmission housing includes at least two radially outwardly extending blades disposed on the transmission housing. A method of drilling a substantially concentric wellbore includes drilling a formation with a directional drilling bottomhole assembly coupled to a drill string, changing a direction of the drilling of the formation being drilled, removing the directional drilling bottomhole assembly from the drill string, coupling a drilling stabilization system to the drill string, and drilling the formation with the drilling stabilization system.

Abstract: A drilling unit is provided with a top drive which is mobile along a drilling axis in order to move drilling rods, with two telescopic drilling masts which are arranged facing each other, a cable device and a hydraulic device which co-operate with each other to move the top drive along a support guide which is parallel to the axis and is arranged in an intermediate position in relation to the two drilling masts for supporting and sliding the top drive along the axis. A hydraulic actuator for each drilling mast is suitable for modifying a longitudinal length of the relative drilling mast. A control station is suitable for controlling the actuation of each hydraulic actuator either in simultaneous or independent fashion.

Abstract: A hydrostatic mechanical seal assembly includes a locally deployed pump for pressurizing a lubricant fluid between the opposing faces of a mating ring and a sealing ring. In one exemplary embodiment, such pressurization may be achieved via a device that converts the rotational motion of a drive shaft into fluid pressure. The locally deployed pump is intended to advantageously provide a stable positive pressure on the sealing interface between the mating and sealing rings, which may provide improved sealing characteristics, especially in demanding downhole environments.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a borehole in the soil, in which a drill pipe and a conveyor screw arranged inside the drill pipe are set into rotation and introduced into the soil, and in which outcropping soil material is loosened by means of at least one main cutting edge, which is positioned axially in front of the conveyor screw, and is conveyed by means of the conveyor screw in the inside of the drill pipe. In accordance with the invention provision is made for the main cutting edge to be arranged on the drill pipe and to be rotated therewith. The invention further relates to a device for producing a borehole in the soil which can be employed in the method according to the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for drilling a bore in the ground, comprising a drive system with a connecting rod assembly that extends from the drive system into the ground. The end of said assembly pointing towards the face or base of the bore is connected to a tool head (40). The device also comprises several tools (41) that are located on the tool head (40) and work on the face or the base of the bore. The inventive device is characterised in that each tool (41) comprises an excavation disc (45) and elements that cause the excavation disc (45) to oscillate during operation.

Abstract: A hard material insert (1) for a drill (2, 2?) includes an axially central reinforcement (3) provided in the insert, and two diametrically opposite, radial arms (4) each having a cross-section tapering radially outwardly, opposite free side (8) and connection side (7), with the free and connection sides (8, 7) of one of the radial arms (4) being arranged alternatively to the free and connection sides of another of the radial arms (4), and a concave recess (6) provided on the connection side (7).

Abstract: A product with a transponder is conveyed along a measurement line of a weighing device and an actual weight value is determined. An exchange of data with the transponder and weighing system enable automatic adjustment of the weighing system for a specified product type and/or sorting of the product based on comparisons of the actual weight value with a target weight value.

Abstract: The combination weigher of the present invention comprises a plurality of groups of combination hoppers which are a plurality of hopper lines of arcuate sections composing a line of combination hoppers including a plurality of circularly arranged combination hoppers (4); a control means (21) for performing a combination calculation for each of the groups of combination hoppers, selecting combination hoppers so that the total weight of the objects to be weighed therein fails within a predetermined weight range, and discharging the objects to be weighed from the selected combination hoppers; a plurality of collecting chutes (6A-6D)) disposed below the groups of combination hoppers to correspond to the groups of the combination hoppers, respectively; and a plurality of collecting hoppers (7A-7D)) provided to correspond to the collecting chutes, respectively, for temporarily retaining the objects to be weighed discharged from the collecting chutes, and then discharging the objects into an inlet of the packaging m

Abstract: An optical touch panel including a support defining a generally planar surface, an optical illumination assembly arranged along and above at least part of a periphery of the support to define a detection region, at least one light detector, arranged to detect changes in the light received from the optical illumination assembly produced by the presence of an object in the detection region and detection circuitry receiving at least one output from the at least one light detector and providing an output indication of the two dimensional location of object impingement in the detection region.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pointing device including a touch plane for an object moving thereon to generate a sound, a microphone for converting the sound into a sound wave signal, and a control unit. The control unit receives the sound wave signal and determines a moving direction of the object, so as to generate a direction signal. Accordingly, the moving direction of the object can be determined according to the sound wave signal received by the microphone, such that the volume and the cost of the pointing device of the invention can be reduced.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting an environmental effect and a presence of a conductive object on a touch-sensing device without using a dedicated environmental effect sensor, and compensating for the environmental effect on the detection of the conductive object. The method may include detecting an environmental effect on a touch-sensing device using a touch sensor, detecting a presence of a conductive object, and compensating for the environmental effect on the detection of the conductive object. The apparatus may include a touch-sensing device having a touch sensor to detect an environmental effect and a processing device to compensate for the environmental effect.

Abstract: A circular touch sensor has three or more sensors arranged in an iris pattern. Each pad is defined by continuous edges that spiral outward about a center point. The unique geometric shape allows measurement of relative amounts of contact on adjoining sensors. In one implementation, the sensors measure relative capacitance of two or more sensors, thereby enabling high precision identification of the point of contact. With as few as three pads, the circular touch sensor is less expensive than traditional 12-pad to 16-pad circular sensors.

Abstract: An infant stroller that can propel itself under its own power, or in other circumstances provide propulsion assistance to aid the stroller attendant so as to reduce the required effort to push a stroller over various types of terrain. The stroller having a base frame formed of a plurality of connected substantially rigid formed tubular or molded plastic members, the frame adapted to fold for storage. Provided on the frame and interfacing with the ground are a plurality of wheels of which at least one wheel is an electrically driven wheel. The stroller includes two handle arms secured to the rear portion of the frame with a handle grip bar secured to an upper portion of the arms. The handle grip has a battery compartment for receiving a rechargeable battery pack therein. The stroller includes an electrically powered drive means for providing power assist to drive one or more driven wheels over sometimes hilly, grassy or rough terrain.

Abstract: In the battery pack loading structure, one end of a harness is led out from a rear end of a junction box to descend along a rear side of a second battery pack. Further, the harness is routed across a space formed between a rear side bottom of the second battery pack and the floor. Then, the harness traverses a space defined by a seat leg and the floor. Eventually, the other end of the harness is connected to a DCDC converter. This structure allows for favorable workability in assembling the battery pack and peripheral equipment even in the case where the battery pack is arranged in the center console box.

Abstract: The present invention describes a device for locking a lever of a motor vehicle. The device permits an operator to quickly lock the lever in an engaged position and unlock the lever from the engaged position. The device may be used even when the manual dexterity of the operator is limited by protective equipment. The device includes a pin and spring. The pin passes through aligned holes in the flange and lever. Releasing the lever exerts a lateral force on the pin, thereby preventing the pin from lifting from the lever hole and locking the lever in the engaged position. The spring lifts the pin from the locked position when the lateral force is reduced. The device may be used on a brake or clutch lever of a motorcycle, thereby permitting the operator to have at least one free hand at a stop.

Abstract: In an engine transmission carrier for a rear drive motor vehicle having a longitudinally installed front engine transmission unit, wherein, in order to obtain an optimum between the noise level in the vehicle interior space, the weight and the accident safety of the vehicle, the engine transmission carrier is composed of a sheet metal lower part and a light metal upper part which is attached to the lower part and is relatively stiff, the engine transmission carrier is dimensioned such that, in the event of an accident, the light metal upper part breaks, whereas the sheet metal lower part is plastically deformed for guiding the transmission safety while absorbing the crush impact.

Abstract: System and method for adjusting at least one pedal for a driver in a vehicle in which a determining system determines one or more morphological characteristics of the driver, a motor is coupled to the pedal(s) and is at least automatically controllable without manual intervention to move the pedal(s) relative to a floor of the vehicle and thus adjust the position of the pedal(s) relative to the driver, and a control circuit is coupled to the determining system and the motor for automatically controlling the motor based on the determined morphological characteristic(s) of the driver. The pedal may be an accelerator pedal and/or a brake pedal of the vehicle.

Abstract: Disclosed is a movable floor apparatus for a vehicle, which comprises a movable board 5 disposed beneath feet of an occupant seated in an occupant seat 4, a drive source 6 disposed below the occupant seat 4, and a driving-force transmission mechanism 7 adapted, according to a driving force of the drive source 6, to input a force directed in a selected one of frontward and rearward directions of a vehicle body, into a rear portion of the movable board 5. The movable board 5 is supported in such a manner as to be selectively displaced upwardly and downwardly in response to respective ones of the frontward and rearward forces input from the driving-force transmission mechanism 7. The movable floor apparatus of the present invention makes it possible to allow a lowermost height position of a movable board to be set at a lower level so as to cope with various seating postures with enhanced flexibility.

Abstract: A belt type continuous variable transmission comprises a primary sheave, a secondary sheave, and a belt. The primary sheave comprises a first sheave body, a second sheave body that forms between it and the first sheave body a belt groove, about which a belt is entrained, a plurality of push bodies that slide the second sheave body according to centrifugal forces to change a width of the belt groove, and a plurality of stoppers that restrict movements of the push bodies by contacting with outer surfaces of the push bodies when the second sheave body reaches a position of minimum transmission gear ratio, in which the belt groove is made smallest in width. The stoppers are shaped to accelerate partial wear of the outer surfaces of the push bodies.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a motion transfer system that is capable of moving along a variable rack. In one aspect, a motion transfer system for moving an object along a path is provided. The system includes a variable rack having at least one straight section and at least one curved section and a drive system. The drive system includes a drive motor for supplying energy to the drive system, a rotatable pinion operatively connected to the drive motor, and a plurality of rollers disposed around the rotatable pinion, wherein the rollers are configured to self align as the pinion meshes with the variable rack. In another aspect, a method of moving an object along a variable rack having at least one straight section and at least one curved section is provided. In a further aspect, a motion transfer system is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a transmission lock for a superposition steering system of a motor vehicle. The transmission lock is for locking a rotatable transmission element associated with the transmission or interacting with the transmission with respect to its rotational movement. A clamping element, such as a clamping roller, is used to positively lock, by way of a contour of an inner peripheral surface of an outer ring and a contour of an outer peripheral surface of an inner ring, the inner ring with the outer ring in opposition to an elastic force, and that the clamping roller is retained in an activation cage that can be locked by way of an actuatable locking member.

Abstract: A first compensation torque T1, a second compensation torque T2 and a third compensation torque T3 are added to a basic assist torque Tas. In this case, the second compensation torque T2 and the third compensation torque T3 are corrected by multiplying them by a common control gain G that is determined by the steering torque Th and the vehicle speed v. Therefore, since the two compensation control amounts are corrected through multiplication by the common control gain G, no interference occurs between the compensation controls. Besides, when the direction in which the total (T2+T3) of the pre-correction second compensation torque T2 and the pre-correction third compensation torque T3 acts is the same direction as the steering torque Th, the multiplication by the control gain G is avoided.

Abstract: This invention provides an electric power steering device in which a steering assist force is applied to a steering system of a vehicle using a motor. The electric power steering device includes a first calculating part for calculating a steering assist command value based on a steering torque and a vehicle speed, a drive control part that controls drive of the motor based on the steering assist command value, a second calculating part for calculating a steering assist command limit value based on a source voltage and a motor rotating speed, and a limiting part for limiting steering assist command value based on the steering assist command limit value.

Abstract: A cheering stick has a base and a sound maker. The base has a narrow segment held and blown by a user, a broad segment having a sidewall with a through hole. The sound maker is mounted in the through hole and has an outer end with an outer opening, an inner space and an annular partition. The outer opening has a membrane covering the outer opening. The annular partition is mounted in the inner space of the sound maker, separates the inner space into an outside space communicating with the narrow segment and an inside space communicating with the broad segment and has a distal end contacting the membrane of the outer end. Thus, when air from the narrow segment enters the inside space via the outside space, the membrane will vibrate to make sound.

Abstract: An exhaust end structure of a straight pneumatic wrench, including: a main body having a housing, at least one exhaust ports being formed on a wall of the housing for communicating an internal exhaust passage of the housing with outer atmosphere; and a tubular guide member, a first end of the guide member being connected with a section of the housing around the exhaust ports, whereby the exhaust ports only communicate with an interior of the tubular guide member.

Abstract: A sound absorption block installed at a music box, a gymnasium, a studio, etc. to prevent sounds from being heard outside, and a method of constructing the same are disclosed. The present invention provides a sound absorption block, including a lower plate where a plurality of unit structures are regularly arranged in horizontal and vertical directions, the unit structure having rectangular an opening that becomes gradually smaller; and an upper plate arranged on the lower plate to divide each of the openings of the unit structures in four parts. Accordingly, the sound absorption block of the present invention may be made of metals, as well as inexpensive building residues, etc. because a sound wave was decreased and offset regardless of the materials.

Abstract: A skirt for use on an applicator bar, wherein the applicator bar includes a body and a flow passageway having an exit end defined in the body, and wherein a second section of the skirt defining a lip is adapted to coact with the body so that the second section is positioned adjacent the exit end of the body.

Abstract: A method for providing quality exotic foods or foods from a variety of countries at prices comparable to fast food restaurants where the restaurant includes a menu selection book used to pick a food item. The table area includes the ability to order the food. Payment for the food can be made from a self-pay station at the table or at a self-pay cashier station exiting the facility. The restaurant facility specializes in international gourmet foods representative of popular foods typically found in various countries around the world. The menu book includes informational data related to a food item being considered for selection including one of pictures of the food item, seasonings in the food item, history of the food item, ingredients within the food item, nutritional data and any combination thereof.

Abstract: A cable control apparatus having a carrier and one or more trigger points disposed on a cable. A control mechanism controls movement of the cable and has a plurality of sensors to sense the one or more trigger points, and a motor to impart movement to the cable. A first sensor stops the motor and reverses direction of the cable to bring the predator to a base location, a second sensor stops the motor when the carrier reaches the base location, and a third sensor restarts the motor.

Abstract: A method of controlling access to an elevator car, in particular to its ceiling and/or underside, including the steps of switching the elevator control into a maintenance mode which controls the car to travel to a predetermined stop position permitting access, and opening a landing door of the elevator shaft the car is running in. The elevator control is switched into the maintenance mode only if operating a landing call receiving device in a predetermined identification pattern which differs from a call pattern for calling the elevator.

Abstract: A door operating mechanism for an automatic door is described, in particular for an automatic sliding and/or elevator door. A driving pinion or belt pulley for driving a belt or a chain which is used for transmitting the driving force generated by a motor to the door leaf is mounted to the shaft of the motor. The motor can be aligned with its shaft perpendicular to the opening and closing direction of the door. The door operating mechanism is of particularly compact design, even more so if the motor is an electronically commutated brushless synchronous motor and a magnetic angular encoder embodied as an absolute encoder and resolving 360° is used.

Abstract: A brake control device has a handle, a controlling lever, a driving member and a swing lever. The controlling lever is designed for manipulating by hand and fingers that can be shifted between a braked position, a temporary braked position, and a released position. The swing lever has one end pivotally connected to the handle, and another end pivotally connected with the controlling lever and the driving member. The driving member has a portion slidably abutting an upper wall formed within the handle, and drives braking mechanism by pulling a connecting element via a rotation while the controlling lever moves the driving member either downwardly or upwardly. Preferably, the controlling lever is formed with a stop or protrusion at the lower edge thereof for self-keeping in the braked position for parking the wheeled walker.

Abstract: Fluid cooled wet brake system comprises a sealed housing containing a volume of lubricating oil, a disc disposed in the housing and adapted for fixing to a rotating body such as a wheel hub, and one or more stators. The stators are rotationally fixed but slidably mounted within the housing and can be pushed into contact with respective braking surfaces of the discs by conventional brake pistons. The stators are provided with a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet and one or more fluid flow paths extending between the inlet and the outlet through which a cooling fluid flows.

Abstract: A disc brake for a vehicle such as a commercial vehicle, wherein the brake caliper is provided with an actuator mounting flange surface which is parallel to the brake rotor, and a corresponding pneumatic or electric actuator is provided with a mounting flange surface which is angled, such that when mounted to the caliper, the actuator is offset at a desired angle relative to the caliper and the vehicle axle on which the caliper is located. This approach to brake design reduces brake caliper production and tooling costs by eliminating multi-stage machining operations, and lowers distribution and inventory costs by permitting standardization on a single “zero degree” caliper design, thereby offsetting additional costs associated with producing and distributing brake actuators with differing mounting flange surface angles.

Abstract: A motor-driven parking brake apparatus includes a load sensor (pressure sensor) for detecting axial load of a screw shaft. The pressure sensor includes a transmission member which receives the axial load via a circular surface of a plate, and a casing which accommodates the transmission member and receives the axial load via the transmission member. This casing has a circular opening having an opening area smaller than the surface of the circular surface. The pressure sensor detects a pressure generated due to a load received from an exposed portion of the transmission member which is exposed from the circular opening. Due to characteristics of the transmission member, the load received from the exposed portion is a portion of the axial load and proportional to the axial load.

Abstract: The housing of a motor-driven parking brake apparatus includes a pair of cable reaction-receiving portions for receiving reactions from cables generated due to tensions of the cables, and an axial load-receiving portion for receiving axial load from a screw shaft generated due to the tensions of the cables. These portions, which must be formed to have a large wall thickness, are provided on one side of the housing. This structure reduces the size of the housing. In addition, the axial load-receiving portion is provided between the paired cable reaction-receiving portions. This arrangement further reduces the size of the housing.

Abstract: A brake lining for a disk brake of a vehicle includes a support plate and a plurality of friction elements coupled to the support plate. The plurality of friction elements each include a lining carrier and a friction lining coupled to the lining carrier.