Abstract: A process of preparing alkyl esters of free fatty acids, including, but not limited to, biodieseis is described herein.

Abstract: [Problems] It is to provide a process by which an organosilicon compound having a hexafluorocarbinol group can be easily produced on an industrial scale without via a complicated production step. [Means for solving problems] The following compound represented by the formula (1) and a trialkoxysilane are subjected to hydrosilylation to obtain a compound represented by the formula (2). (In the formula, R is an alkoxy group having carbon atoms from 1 to 3.) [Effects] Since the compound obtained in the present invention is a trifunctional alkoxysilane, use of a crosslinking reaction leads to a silicone resin and a silsesquioxane. The hexafluorocarbinol group functions as an excellent alkaline water-soluble group.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a specific industrial separation process that enables an alcohol to be separated out efficiently and stably for a prolonged period of time from a large amount of a low boiling point reaction mixture containing a by-produced alcohol when mass-producing aromatic carbonates on an industrial scale by subjecting a dialkyl carbonate and an aromatic monohydroxy compound to transesterification reaction in a reactive distillation column in which a catalyst is present. Although there have been various proposals regarding processes for the production of aromatic carbonates by means of a reactive distillation method, these have all been on a small scale and short operating time laboratory level, and there have been no disclosures whatsoever on a specific process or apparatus enabling mass production on an industrial scale to be carried out stably for a prolonged period of time.

Abstract: 4-Aminopicolinic acids having tri- and tetra-substituted aryl substituents in the 6-position, and their amine and acid derivatives, are potent herbicides demonstrating a broad spectrum of weed control.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a process for purifying 2-methyladamantan-2-yl(meth)acrylate with high separation efficiency and an industrially advantageous preparation process of 2-methyladamantan-2-yl(meth)acrylate. The present invention pertains to a preparation process of 2-methyladamantan-2-yl(meth)acrylate which comprises reacting 2-methyleneadamantane and (meth)acrylic acid by an acid catalyst to obtain a reaction mixture, and then separating 2-methyleneadamantane from the reaction mixture to obtain 2-methyladamantan-2-yl(meth)acrylate, wherein the reaction mixture is distilled in the presence of an organic compound having a boiling point, under atmospheric pressure, of 150° C. or greater but not greater than 260° C.

Abstract: The prior art required specialized substrates or reaction conditions to be used to manufacture polysubstituted cyclobutane compounds and polysubstituted cyclobutene compounds, and the method had poor generality. The type or quantity of the catalyst or solvent used was also problematic in the industrial manufacture of polysubstituted cyclobutane compounds. The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a polysubstituted cyclobutane compound with high stereoselectivity that has low environmental load (is ecologically advantageous) and is applicable to industrial manufacturing from the standpoint of operation, substrate generality, catalyst, solvent, and efficiency. A polysubstituted cyclobutane, a cyclobutene, and a bicyclo[4.2.

Abstract: Process for the production of esters of fatty acids and C1-C5 alkyl alcohols comprising the steps of: (a) providing a fatty feed comprising a triglyceride oil or fat, partial glycerides and/or free fatty acids, (b) neutralising said fatty feed by vacuum stripping at a temperature from 200° C. to 280° C., thus providing a vapour stream and a residue, (c) collecting a distillate by scrubbing said vapour stream, (d) transesterifying said residue with a C1-C5 alkyl alcohol while using an alkaline catalyst, (e) separating the transesterification reaction mixture from step (d) into a fraction comprising C1-C5 alkyl esters of fatty acids and an alcoholic fraction (a) wherein at least part of free acids obtained as side products in step (a) and/or (c) and/or (e) are esterifyed with an alcohol using an acid catalyst, the product of this esterification being added to said fatty feed or said residue.

Abstract: A subject for the invention is to obtain trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (t-CHDA) in a high concentration by efficiently isomerizing cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (c-CHDA) by a simple method. The invention provides: (1) a process for producing t-CHDA which comprises heating crude CHDA to 180° C. or higher in an inert atmosphere and causing the t-CHDA formed by isomerization to precipitate in the molten c-CHDA while holding the crude CHDA at a temperature in the range of not lower than 180° C.

Abstract: A method for removing aldehyde impurities from an acetic acid stream is disclosed. The method comprises reacting aldehyde impurities with a hydroxyl compound in a drying distillation column or a combined column to form corresponding acetals. The acetals are subsequently removed as heavy impurities from acetic acid by distillation.

Abstract: The invention encompasses the synthesis of (S)-(+)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, (S)-Pregabalin, via the intermediate, (3R)-5-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2{[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]amino}ethyl)hexanoic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of poly-?-glutamic acids which comprises the polymerization of tertiary ?-esters of ?-glutamic acid N-carboxy anhydride with appropriate solvents and initiators, followed by acid hydrolysis of the resulting poly-?-glutamic acid-?-ester. The process is particularly advantageous in that it allows one to carefully control the molecular weight of the resulting poly-?-glutamic acid. The invention also relates to poly-?-glutamic acids capped at the amino terminus with carboxylic acids or amino acids and to a process for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing (Z)-1-phenyl-1-diethylaminocarbonyl-2-aminomethylcyclopropane or hydrochloride thereof, which comprises a step of reacting (Z)-1-phenyl-1-diethylaminocarbonyl-2-phthalimidomethylcyclopropane by contacting said compound with an aqueous methylamine solution having a concentration of from 1 to 25% by weight to obtain (Z)-1-phenyl-1-diethylaminocarbonyl-2-aminomethylcyclopropane.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new ionic liquid monomer salt and methods of is synthesis and polymerization. The ionic liquid monomer salt is prepared by mixing equimolar amounts of an amine, such as tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethyl]amine and an acid functionalized polymerizable monomer, such as 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), which is stirred at ambient temperature until salt formation is complete. Also disclosed is a new ionic liquid polymer salts and method for making the same. The synthesis of AMPS-ammonium salt polymer is accomplished by adding 2,2?-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) to the ionic liquid monomer salt and heating the homogeneous melt at 70° C. for 18 hr.

Abstract: The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, formulations and medicaments comprising a bupropion salt, in particular, modified-release tablets comprising an effective amount of bupropion hydrobromide, and the use of the bupropion salt to prepare a medicament to treat a condition.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device includes an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer having a light-emitting area and arranged between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer contains in at least a part thereof at least one aminostyrylnaphthalene compound represented by the following formula [I], [II] or [III]: wherein R1, R2, R11, R12, R23 and R24 are each a phenyl or naphthyl group, R3, R4, R13, R14, R25 and R26 are each an electron attracting group such as a cyano group, and R5, R15 and R27 are each a substituent group such as an alkyl group.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of ?-hydroxy ketones of the general formula I. In particular, the invention relates to novel imidazolinium carboxylate adducts and to a novel process for using catalytic amounts of imidazolium and imidazolinium carboxylate adducts in the acyloin reaction of aldehydes to prepare hydroxy ketones of the general formula I, where R and R? are the same or different and are each H or a straight-chain or branched and optionally substituted C1-C12-alkyl radical, and R??H3CSCH2CH2, t-butyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, an optionally heteroatom-substituted C6-C18-aryl, heteroaryl, C6-C18-arylalkyl, especially phenylmethyl, where phenyl may again be heteroatom-substituted, or heteroalkyl.

Abstract: A process for the separation of an alcohol from a non-polar solvent; a ketone from a non-polar solvent; an alcohol from a mixture of a ketone and a non-polar solvent; or a mixture of an alcohol and a ketone from a non-polar solvent; said process comprising contacting at least one ionic liquid with a mixture comprising a non-polar solvent and at least one of an alcohol and a ketone.

Abstract: An integrated process for the manufacture of HFO trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO trans-1234ze) by first catalytically dehydrofluorinating 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane to thereby produce a mixture of cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and hydrogen fluoride. Then optionally recovering hydrogen fluoride, catalytically isomerizing cis-1234ze into trans-1234ze, and recovering trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.

Abstract: This invention relates a process for the manufacture of the HFO trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO trans-1234ze). More particularly, the invention pertains to a process for the manufacture of the HFO trans-1234ze by first dehydrofluorinating 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane to thereby produce a mixture of cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and hydrogen fluoride. Then optionally recovering hydrogen fluoride and then recovering trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for separating a fluoroolefin from a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride and fluoroolefin, comprising azeotropic distillation both with and without an entrainer. In particular are disclosed processes for separating any of HFC-1225ye, HFC-1234ze, HFC-1234yf or HFC-1243zf from HF.

Abstract: A lubricant for use in press working of a metallic material includes a paraffinic hydrocarbon. The paraffinic hydrocarbon is contained at a rate of 96-100 wt % of total weight of the lubricant. The lubricant has a kinetic viscosity of 2.0 or less at 40° C. Preferably, the paraffinic hydrocarbon has a carbon number of 8-13 and a boiling point of 210° C. or less.

Abstract: [PROBLEMS] The object of the present invention is to provide solidified biomass utilizable as alternative fuel to coal coke as well as material for a variety of application purposes and methods of producing the same.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process for producing an aromatics product containing of benzene, toluene, xylenes, or mixtures thereof. The process is carried out by converting precursors of benzene, toluene, and xylenes that are contained in a hydrocarbon feed (C6+ non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons, A8+ single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons having at least one alkyl group containing two or more carbon atoms; and A9+ single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons having at least three methyl groups) to produce a product that contains an increased amount of benzene, toluene, xylenes, or combinations thereof compared to said hydrocarbon feed.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the hydrogenation of hydrocarbon resins in the presence of a precious metal catalyst, wherein the hydrogenation is performed in the additional presence of at least one metal oxide, capable of reacting with sulfide and/or halogen.

Abstract: In a process for converting methane to aromatic hydrocarbons, a feed containing methane is contacted with a dehydrocyclization catalyst in a reaction zone under conditions effective to convert the methane to aromatic hydrocarbons. The reaction zone is contained within a reactor and the reactor or an internal component of the reactor has at least one surface that is chemically exposed to the feed and is formed from a refractory material that exhibits a carbon uptake (mass of carbon absorbed per unit of exposed metal surface area) of less than 25 g/m2 when exposed to mixture of 50 vol % methane and 50 vol % H2 at 900° C. for 168 hours.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process of producing high purity and high yield dimethylnaphthalene by dehydrogenating a dimethyltetralin isomer using a metal catalyst for dehydrogenation. The metal catalyst contains a carrier selected from alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), a silica-alumina mixture and zeolite. The metal catalyst also contains 0.05 to 2.5% by weight of platinum (Pt), 0.1 to 3.0% by weight of tin (Sn) or indium (In), 0.5 to 15.0% by weight of at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and cesium (Cs), 0.3 to 3.0% by weight of chlorine, and 0.01 to 3.0 % by weight of zinc (Zn) or gallium (Ga) as active components based on an element weight of the final catalyst.

Abstract: This invention is drawn to a process for recovering detergent-range olefins from a feed stream by adsorption. The adsorbent and desorbent are selected to enable olefins with a range of carbon numbers to be recovered simultaneously in light of differing adsorbent retention characteristics.

Abstract: The invention relates to a refuse treatment plant (1) with a closed construction, which permits the aerobic degradation of organic material, for example in refuse comprising biodegradable fractions. The refuse treatment plant (1) comprises a bay (5) with an aeration and deaeration installation. At least one refuse treatment chamber (16), which is connected to the bay (5) via an opening (7) in the bay wall, is located on at least one external face of the bay wall (6). The refuse treatment chamber (16) is configured by a cover tarpaulin (30), which is provided with a raising and lowering device (20), is water-and particle-tight but permeable to air and water vapour. The cover tarpaulin (30) comprises an edge (32), which is attached to the bay wall (6) and to the ground (50) in a rigid and air-tight manner by means of a fixing device (50). The raising and lowering device (20) can be configured with the aid of a pneumatic support structure (22) consisting of inflatable tubes (23).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a magnetic device for treating conditions such as incontinence, upper and lower back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, arthritis in the hand and fingers, menstruation problems and prostate problems. The magnetic device in a preferred form consists of a mesh with spaced apart holding portions for magnets so that the device produces a synergistic magnetic effect to the desired area. The magnetic device in another preferred form consists of spaced apart magnets that are arranged about a desired area for treatment but maintaining the spacing relative to each other. In another preferred form, the magnetic device is a garment overlay which has spaced apart magnets on the overlay in positions that correspond to significant acupuncture points when the overlay is fitted. The garment overlay also has locating means for locating the position of the overlay relative to the desired body portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hard magnetic object and a method for adjusting a magnetic vector of a hard magnetic object. Therefore, the invention has the object, to provide a hard magnetic object and a method for its manufacture, which hard magnetic object has, without being influenced by an outside magnetic circuit, a desired resultant magnetic vector, which is in the frame of a predetermined tolerance range, and furthermore, that the hard magnetic object has a higher maximal energy density compared to the State of Art.

Abstract: An implantable hearing aid transducer apparatus provides a simplified approach for interface with a middle ear component. The transducer includes a transducer housing, an actuator for middle ear coupling, and a driver having a magnet or coil interconnected to the actuator to induce movement in response to driver signals. In one feature, the actuator may be advanceable through an aperture of the housing independent from operation of the driver. In another feature, a portion of the transducer may be rotatable. In another feature, a retention apparatus may function to selectively secure a rotatable portion of the housing in a selected position. In an additional feature, a seal may be disposed around a driver component and connected to the actuator.

Abstract: An improved method of implanting cells in the body of a patient includes positioning viable cells on a support structure. One or more blood vessels may be connected with the support structure to provide a flow of blood through the support structure. A support structure may be positioned at any desired location in a patient's body. The support structure may be configured to replace an entire organ or a portion of an organ. An organ or portion of an organ may be removed from a body cells and/or other tissue is removed to leave a collagen matrix support structure having a configuration corresponding to the configuration of the organ or portion of an organ. Alternatively, a synthetic support structure may be formed. The synthetic support structure may have a configuration corresponding to a configuration of an entire organ or only a portion of an organ.

Abstract: A method of widening a penis wherein a dermal fat graft comprising a block of fat and attached dermis is excised from the patient, the penis is degloved, the dermal fat graft is sutured to the exposed Bucks fascia and then reducing the penile skin; said method further including the step of following a post-operative treatment regime.

Abstract: A fistulectomy method of forming a fistula between a first duct and a second duct includes sticking a puncture needle into the second duct from the inside of the first duct through a wall surface of the first duct and a wall surface of the second duct, arranging the puncture needle at a position of a central axis and sticking a coil needle around the puncture needle from the first duct toward the second duct to couple the first duct with the second duct, maintaining the coil needle in a state where the first duct communicates with the second duct, and forming the fistula on an inner side of the coil needle.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and system to facilitate endoscopic insertion of a balloon into tissues, such as submucosal tissues, and optional resection of tissues elevated by the balloon when inflated. The system includes an endoscope with a delivery system for a detachable balloon having a seal. The balloon can be inserted under the tissue, such as a submucosal insertion, and inflated. The balloon can then be untethered from the delivery system and deployed submucosally while the endoscope is manipulated around the affected area and the affected tissue knife resected. The endoscope can be retracted from the area. The balloon can be made of biodegradable material that can dissolve or be absorbed over a period of time. The system and method can be applied to other areas and medical procedures that require insertion of a balloon for a period of time.

Abstract: Adapter for mounting a handheld portable consumer device having a built-in digital camera and a built-in display screen on a handheld portable endoscope for rendering a handheld portable medical viewing assembly for displaying medical images during a medical procedure, for recording same for subsequent processing, and the like. An intubation stylet preferably entirely made from shape memory metal and fashioned into a J-shaped elongated member having a pre-bent arcuate leading portion with a rectangular cross section designed to facilitate a successful first attempt intubation procedure.

Abstract: An internal treatment apparatus for a patient having a flexible tubular body to be introduced into a patient includes a center opening for inserting therethrough an endoscope for observing a target site, the center opening being circular in cross section and disposed at a center of an end face of the flexible tubular body; and a plurality of circumferential apertures through which surgical instruments are inserted for performing a surgical procedure on the target site, the plurality of circumferential apertures being provided in the flexible tubular body at equi-angular intervals around the center opening.

Abstract: A non-invasive device for lubricating and facilitating the insertion and removal of an endoscope into a body cavity. In one embodiment, the device consists of an annular outer tube having an inner diameter sized to permit sliding of an endoscope therethrough. The outer surface of the outer tube may be suitably textured for improved gripping. A foam annular tube is positioned within the outer tube, with an inner diameter slightly less than the normal outer diameter of the endoscope so that passage of the endoscope compresses the foam as it is passed through. The foam tube may be saturated with a lubricant which is forced from the foam to coat the endoscope as it moves through. Flanges positioned respectively at the distal and proximal ends of the tube provide a barrier to movement of excess lubricant onto the central portion of the tube. The invention also comprises the use of a reservoir for lubricants to be applied to the endoscope as it passes through the device.

Abstract: The medical treatment endoscope according to the present invention includes a sheath having a flexibility; at least one arm member having a bending part that projects out from a front end of the sheath and performs bending actions; an open/close mechanism which directs the arm member from a direction along a central axis of the sheath to a direction deviated from the central axis of the sheath, and from a direction deviated from the central axis of the sheath to a direction along the central axis of the sheath; and a viewing device and an illuminating member that are disposed to the front end side of the sheath.

Abstract: An endoscope apparatus 1 includes: an elongated insertion section 7 inserted into an object subject to image-pickup; a light source section 3 for emitting laser light; a power supply unit 8 for supplying electric power to the light source section 3; an enclosure section 10 disposed in the power supply unit 8; an intermediate section 11 connecting the enclosure section 10 to the insertion section 7; a light guide 5, disposed in the insertion section 7, for guiding the laser light emitted by the light source section 3; and fluorescent substance 6, disposed to the distal end of the insertion section 7, for illuminating illumination light by being excited by the laser light guided through the light guide 5.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and method may indicate in-vivo device (10) location within a body utilizing for example illumination irregularities for calculation of location. There may be provided with an in-vivo imaging device (24) a set of dedicated illumination sources (43) and a set of detectors (30) located on an in-vivo device, such as a swallowable capsule (10).

Abstract: An outer sheath of a metal film is provided on an outer peripheral surface of a tube base layer of a channel tube which is provided within an insertion section and has flexibility. A grounding circuit provided in an operation section and the metal film are connected, and electromagnetic shield means is provided for reducing noise which is produced from a radio-frequency therapeutic device inserted in a therapeutic device insertion channel and is mixed in an electric signal output from an imaging section.

Abstract: A capsule-type medical apparatus holds a drug such that a drug release such as dissolution can be realized under the same condition as in a case where the drug is delivered to an interior of a living body by itself, and realizes confirmation on whether the drug delivered to the interior of the living body is actually released to a site in the living body or not. The capsule-type medical apparatus includes a capsule-like casing which is formed in a suitable size for insertion into the living body, a net-like drug holding unit which houses a drug in a releasable manner with respect to a site in the living body, and an imaging unit which captures an image covering the drug held in the drug holding unit and a surrounding area of the drug. The imaging unit 4 captures an image as drug-source information indicating a release condition of the drug with respect to the site in the living body.

Abstract: An endoscope illumination optical system includes a surface light source, a positive first lens element, a positive second lens element, in this order from the surface light source. The endoscope illumination optical system satisfies the following conditions: 0.40<f/D<0.53 ??(1) 0.40<0.5·D·?<0.56 ??(2) wherein f: the combined focal length of the positive first lens element and the positive second lens element; D: the maximum diameter of the surface light source; R1: the radius of curvature of a first surface, of the positive first lens element, facing toward the surface light source; R2: the radius of curvature of a second surface, of the positive first lens element, facing toward a surface to be illuminated; n1: the refractive index of the positive first lens element; d1: the thickness of the positive first lens element; and ? designates an angle defined as (1+0.85d1/R2)(1?1/n1)/R1-1.05/R2.

Abstract: A digital otoscope for capturing live and still digital images of body tissue and having associated optical characteristics that improve the quality of visual information gathered for medical inspection of both human and veterinary subjects. The digital otoscope includes a tip element having dimensions that are small enough to fit into a small body cavity, such as an ear canal. The tip element and the otoscope enclose an assembly of optical components yielding optical characteristics that provide a substantially wide field of view and a substantially wide range of optimal focus from which to form visual information within a small and confined body cavity.

Abstract: A system and method for providing computerized, knowledge-based medical diagnostic and treatment advice. The medical advice is provided to the general public over networks, such as a telephone network or a computer network. The invention also includes a stand-alone embodiment that may utilize occasional connectivity to a central computer by use of a network, such as the Internet. New authoring languages, interactive voice response and speech recognition are used to enable expert and general practitioner knowledge to be encoded for access by the public. “Meta” functions for time-density analysis of a number of factors regarding the number of medical complaints per unit of time are an integral part of the system. A re-enter feature monitors the user's changing condition over time. A symptom severity analysis helps to respond to the changing conditions. System sensitivity factors may be changed at a global level or other levels to adjust the system advice as necessary.

Abstract: A system and method for allowing a patient to access an automated process for managing a specified health problem called a disease. The system performs disease management in a fully automated manner, using periodic interactive dialogs with the patient to obtain health state measurements from the patient, to evaluate and assess the progress of the patient's disease, to review and adjust therapy to optimal levels, and to give the patient medical advice for administering treatment and handling symptom flare-ups and acute episodes of the disease. The medical records are updated, the progression of the disease is stored and tracked, and the patient's preferences for treatment are stored and then used to offer medical advice based on the current state of the disease. A prestored general disease trend curve is compared against a patient specific disease trend curve, and the system makes an automated response such as adjusting therapy.

Abstract: A system and method for providing computerized, knowledge-based medical diagnostic and treatment advice. The medical advice is provided to the general public over a telephone network. Two new authoring languages, interactive voice response and speech recognition are used to enable expert and general practitioner knowledge to be encoded for access by the public. “Meta” functions for time-density analysis of a number of factors regarding the number of medical complaints per unit of time are an integral part of the system. A semantic discrepancy evaluator routine along with a mental status examination are used to detect the consciousness level of a user of the system. A re-enter feature monitors the user's changing condition over time. A symptom severity analysis helps to respond to the changing conditions. System sensitivity factors may be changed at a global level or other levels to adjust the system advice as necessary.

Abstract: A system and method for allowing a patient to access an automated process for managing a specified health problem called a disease. The system performs disease management in a fully automated manner, using periodic interactive dialogs with the patient to obtain health state measurements from the patient, to evaluate and assess the progress of the patient's disease, to review and adjust therapy to optimal levels, and to give the patient medical advice for administering treatment and handling symptom flare-ups and acute episodes of the disease. The medical records are updated, the progression of the disease is stored and tracked, and the patient's preferences for treatment are stored and then used to offer medical advice based on the current state of the disease. A prestored general disease trend curve is compared against a patient specific disease trend curve, and the system makes an automated response such as adjusting therapy.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods for displaying in-vivo images at variable rate. For example, a system includes a processor to gradually increase a frame display rate of an in-vivo image stream based on a similarity among two or more in-vivo frames of the in-vivo image stream.