Abstract: The invention provides a method for preforming a prepreg material impregnated with thermosetting resin continuously in an uncured state. Sheets of prepreg material are pulled out from rollers and laminated, which is then bent to a predetermined cross-sectional shape in a bending device. The prepreg material is formed into a long product continuously in a mold having a heater. The temperature and pressure applied to the prepreg material in the mold is selected so that the heating temperature is either room temperature or a heating temperature low enough to prevent the thermosetting resin from gelating, and so that the pressure is within a pressure range enabling the prepreg material to maintain its molded state.

Abstract: A decorative cover positionable about a flower pot or floral grouping is formed of a polymeric material or a laminated polymeric material. The decorative cover has a texture or appearance simulating the texture or appearance of paper on at least a portion of one surface thereof while maintaining the structural and mechanical characteristics of the polymeric material from which the decorative cover is formed. In addition to the texture or appearance simulating the texture or appearance of paper, the decorative cover may further be provided with printed and/or embossed patterns, which may be in or out of register with one another.

Abstract: A decorative cover positionable about a flower pot or floral grouping is formed of a polymeric material or a laminated polymeric material. The decorative cover has a texture or appearance simulating the texture or appearance of paper on at least a portion of one surface thereof while exhibiting improved durability and decreased sensitivity to water, humidity and pressure when compared to a decorative cover formed of paper. In addition to the texture or appearance simulating the texture or appearance of paper, the decorative cover may further be provided with printed and/or embossed patterns, which may be in or out of register with one another.

Abstract: A decorative cover positionable about a flower pot or floral grouping is formed of a polymeric material or a laminated polymeric material. The decorative cover has a texture or appearance simulating the texture or appearance of paper on at least a portion of one surface thereof while exhibiting improved durability and decreased sensitivity to water, humidity and pressure when compared to a decorative cover formed of paper. In addition to the texture or appearance simulating the texture or appearance of paper, the decorative cover may further be provided with printed and/or embossed patterns, which may be in or out of register with one another.

Abstract: An invention for an improved method of high definition dip transfer printing of images to three-dimensional articles.

Abstract: A method of stacking a flexible substrate is provided. The method includes the steps of: preparing a carrier substrate; stacking an adhesive layer on the carrier substrate; and stacking a flexible substrate having at least one image display device on the adhesive layer using a laminating or pressing method. Thus, the flexible substrate is easily fabricated without modification of conventional mass-production equipment for fabricating a display, and thereby a lightweight, thin, and compact flexible display can be realized.

Abstract: A label with top, bottom and edge surfaces is attached to a thermoplastic substrate by a method comprising the steps of: A. Placing the bottom surface of the label in contact with a surface of the substrate; B. Melting a portion of the substrate beneath the label or adjacent to an edge of the label; C. Drawing a portion of the melted substrate over an edge of and onto the top surface of the label such that the portion of the melted substrate on the top surface of the label is continuous with the substrate; and D. Solidifying the melted substrate. The attachment does not require adhesive or mechanical fasteners, and the label and thermoplastic substrate can be made of any material that will withstand the conditions of the environment to which they will be exposed.

Abstract: Decorative grass and methods of providing same are disclosed wherein the decorative grass is either maintained in flattened configuration until restraint is removed and/or the decorative grass is curled and/or crimp at the point of use and/or sale.

Abstract: An improved process of making laminated angle board wherein a slitter is placed in-line with the process such that various rolls of differing widths of scrap paper can be more easily and economically used to create the plurality of strips that are laminated together to make the angle board. The in-line slitter is either in an approximately horizontal configuration, either parallel or perpendicular to the production line, or in a novel approximately vertical configuration.

Abstract: A pre-printed rigid thermoformable material suitable for use in manufacturing consumer retail packaging. The material includes two rigid thermoformable layers or films adhered together. Printing is included on either or both of the facing surfaces of the films, so that the printing is protected between the adhered layers.

Abstract: A press and a method to laminate board-shaped work pieces via pressure and heat is provided. The press includes an upper press table 1 having an upper press plate 7 and a lower press table 2 having a lower press plate 10, and the upper and/or the lower press plate can be heated. The press further includes a one or two-part encircling gasket 16, 17, arranged at the upper press table 1 or the upper press plate 7 and/or the lower press table 2 to form a vacuum pressure chamber when the press is closed, an actuator 4 to open and close the press, as well as a vacuum source connection to evacuate the vacuum chamber formed by the seal 16, 17. According to the invention the lower press plate 10 can be raised in reference to the lower press table 2 and is arranged such that a work piece 6 located in the press initially does not contact the heated press plate 7, 10 when the vacuum pressure chamber is closed.

Abstract: This invention relates to a dry erase writing board. The dry erase writing board comprises a chalk or erase board having a face side, and a multilayer film which is adhered to the face side of the chalk or dry erase board. The outer or exposed surface of the multilayer film which is adhered to the chalk board or erase board is a clear dry erasable layer comprising at least one fluorocarbon polymer. The invention also relates to a method of preparing the dry erase writing boards of the invention which utilizes a multilayer film having an adhesive layer for adhering the multilayer film to the chalk or erase board and a pattern of non-adhesive material forms embedded into the upper or lower surface of the adhesive layer, or adhered to the lower surface of the adhesive layer. The dry erasable multilayer films described herein are easily applied to substrates such as a chalk or erase board with little or no formation of visible bubbles or wrinkles in the film.

Abstract: An assembly for forming a hollow, ceramic arc discharge vessel for high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps is described wherein a means for self-alignment of two molded sections is provided. In particular, the sealing surface of one section of the arc discharge vessel is provided with a convex surface and the sealing surface of the other section is provided with a concave surface. The radius of the convex sealing surface is smaller than the radius of the concave sealing surface so that the sections may self-align during joining, preferably without gas entrapment in the seal.

Abstract: An apparatus for heating plastics surface regions of an open end zone of a carton sleeve prior to sealing of the end zone includes a heater head which has a side wall (102) and is closed at its distal end by a wall (106) and is open at its proximal end to receive hot air to flow out sideways via holes (108). The hot air is supplied to the heater head in two separate streams (110) and (112) through two separate ducts (118) and (120). The ducts have their own air-heating arrangements (122) and (124) which can be controlled, insofar as temperature is concerned, to at least some extent independently of each other. The ducts (118) and (120) contain respective air blowers (126) and (128) the speeds of which are adjustable relative to each other. It is thereby possible to adjust the temperature and/or flow rates of the air streams (110) and (112).

Abstract: An amine organoborane polymerizable composition and uses for the composition are disclosed. Also disclosed are assemblies and methods of forming those assemblies using the polymerizable composition as an adhesive.

Abstract: A surface processing apparatus includes a process chamber including a gas ejection mechanism; an exhaust for exhausting the inside of said process chamber; and a gas supply for supplying a gas to the gas ejection mechanism. The gas ejection mechanism includes a a first gas distribution mechanism for distributing the gas into a cooling or heating mechanism, including a gas distribution plate placed in the frame member, the gas distribution plate having a plurality of holes that extend therethrough, the cooling or heating mechanism having multiple gas passages that extend therethrough, the plate having a number of outlets to eject the gas into the process chamber, wherein there are more outlets in the plate than there are gas passages, and the plate is fixed to a second gas distribution mechanism with a clamping member.

Abstract: This application discloses a High-Frequency plasma processing apparatus comprising a process chamber in which a substrate to be processed is placed, a process-gas introduction line for introducing a process gas into the process chamber, a first HF electrode provided in the process chamber, a first HF power source for applying voltage to the first HF electrode, thereby generating plasma of the process gas. The apparatus further comprises a second HF electrode facing the first HF electrode in the process chamber, interposing discharge space, and a series resonator connecting the second HF electrode and the ground. The frequency of the first HF power source is not lower than 30 MHz. The series resonator is resonant as the distributed constant circuit at the frequency of the first HF power source.

Abstract: An exemplary hot-melting method includes the following steps. A hot-melting machine (20) is provided. The hot-melting machine includes a rotatable worktable (23), a heater (25), at least one cooler (26), and a plurality of carriers located on the worktable and being uniformly spaced apart. A first workpiece loaded on a first one of the carriers is cooled using the at least one cooler. Simultaneously, a second workpiece loaded on a second one of the carriers is heated using the heater.

Abstract: An interposer bonding device bonds an interposer having an interposer-side terminal to a base circuit sheet provided with a base-side terminal. The interposer bonding device has a press anvil that holds the base circuit sheet on which the interposer is laminated and a bonding head that moves with respect to the press anvil. The bonding head has a pressing surface that presses the rear surface of the interposer by abutting against this surface. The pressing surface scans the rear surface of the interposer by the relative movement of the bonding head with respect to the press anvil and presses the whole surface of the interposer-side terminal toward the base circuit sheet.

Abstract: An optical disk-producing sheet 1 comprising an energy ray-curable stamper-receiving layer 11 onto which can be transferred convexoconcave of a stamper S, and release sheets 12 and 12?, wherein the adhesive strength after curing of the stamper-receiving layer 11 to a reflective layer 3 is greater than the adhesive strength after curing of the stamper-receiving layer 11 to the stamper S, the difference between the two adhesive strengths being not less than 50 mN/25 mm. According to this optical disk-producing sheet 1, when the cured stamper-receiving layer 11 and the stamper S are separated from one an other, there is no peeling away between the stamper-receiving layer 11 and the reflective layer 3.

Abstract: A substrate bonding apparatus for bonding substrates together in a vacuum at high speeds, with a high degree of accuracy includes a first chamber C1, a second chamber C2, and a third chamber C3. Two substrates to be bonded together are loaded in the first chamber C1. The two substrates are bonded together in the second chamber C2. The two substrates bonded together are unloaded in the third chamber C3. The first and third chambers are variably controlled from an atmospheric pressure state to a medium vacuum state. The second chamber is variably controlled from the medium vacuum state to a high vacuum state.

Abstract: A first substrate (11a) is positioned on a support surface (7) in a vacuum chamber with an upward-facing first bonding surface (12a) spin-coated with adhesive while a second substrate (11b) is held with downward-facing second bonding surface (12b) to a cover (3) by suction. While the vacuum chamber is being evacuated to a pressure of between 0.1 mbar and 2 mbar, a support pin (9) is extended through central openings (14a, 14b) of the substrates (11a, 11b) and then retracted with the second substrate (11b) released from the cover (3) and carried by radially extended balls (10). The support pin (9) is lowered to a position where the balls (10), acting against the first bonding surface (12a), deform the first substrate (11a). The first bonding surface (12a) being therefore slightly concave, the first and second bonding surfaces (12a, 12b) only touch close to their circumferences.

Abstract: A multi layered tire former bladder and a method for making the bladder is described. The multi layered bladder includes a elastomeric bladder having an outer surface and an inner surface; a release coating on the outer surface of the bladder; and at least two fabric reinforcing plies which include a first outer ply embedded in the bladder below the outer surface and an inner surface fabric ply at the inner surface of the bladder. In the method of making the bladder an air dried release coating is applied to the outer elastomeric surface of the bladder.

Abstract: A tape dispenser includes a handle, a base plate fixed on the handle, a tape reel pivoted on a rear of the base plate, and a seat on a front of the base plate, on a top of which a cutter is provided. The handle has a chamber therein, which is open at a bottom thereof. A holder is fixed in the chamber of the handle. A tool (utility knife) is received in the chamber of the handle and held by the holder. Therefore, the tool may be stored in the chamber of the handle and may be drawn out of the handle for operation.

Abstract: A closure assembly to be installed in an opening for a building, said closure assembly comprising a frame for supporting a moveable closure member therewithin, said frame including top, bottom and side members, one of the members including a hollow pocket within the interior of said member and for receiving a spring biased roller assembly upon which a flexible material is accumulated, said flexible material being selected from a blind, a bug screen, a solar screen, or the like, the flexible material being movable between a fully retracted first position whereat the material is contained within the pocket to a fully extended second position whereat the material covers some or all of the opening of the building.

Abstract: A composite awning device, wherein an awning device for projected corner having a projected corner canvas windup device is combined with a rectangular awning device having a rectangular canvas windup device, mainly the awning device for projected corner is mounted near the corner of a projected corner portion, and the rectangular awning device is mounted in a linear district following the corner part when used. The windup device of the awning device for projected corner comprises projected corner canvas windup shafts and front bars. The windup shafts comprise inner rotating shafts and outer rollers supportedly inserted into the rotating shaft. The projected corner canvas front bars are supportedly inserted into the rectangular canvas front bars so as to be movably guided.

Abstract: A retractable covering in accordance with the present invention includes a head rail with a horizontally disposed roller and a pair of depending sheets from the roller which form part of a fabric which can be wrapped around the roller or unwrapped from the roller when moving the covering between retracted and extended positions. The sheets can also be moved with the roller between a closed position wherein they are in contiguous relationship and an open position wherein they are separated while remaining in parallel relationship. A plurality of cut-out vanes are formed in one sheet having a free edge thereof secured as with adhesive or the like to the other sheet. Accordingly, when the sheets are in the closed contiguous relationship, the vanes which are integral with one sheet become coplanar therewith but when the sheets are separated the vanes pivot to open a passage through the sheet from which they were cut to permit the passage of vision and light.

Abstract: A control system for a top down/bottom up covering for an architectural opening includes a head rail and an independently moveable bottom rail and middle rail. A shade material extends between the middle rail and the bottom rail and control systems are provided at opposite ends of the head rail for operating the middle rail independently of the bottom rail. Each control system includes lift spools associated with lift cords that are secured to the bottom rail or middle rail with the lift spools being seated in cradles and rotated by a drive shaft connected to manually operated control elements. Each drive shaft is operatively connected to a braking system in the form of a two-way clutch so the drive shafts can be rotated in either direction to raise or lower a bottom or middle rail, but locked in any selected position.

Abstract: A winding apparatus for retractable shades that is simply structured and can be fabricated easily at a lower material cost includes an anchor dock, an elastic element, a rotary wheel and a cord winding dock. The anchor dock is installed on a transverse rod to be coupled by the elastic element and the rotary wheel, and has an anchor axle to hold the cord winding dock. The cord winding dock has at least one trough to be wound by a drawing cord of a retractable shade. By pulling an operation element of the rotary wheel the cord winding dock can be rotated to retract and extend the shade.

Abstract: A high R-rating window assembly storing multiple, reciprocating reflective flexible film layers defined by one or more parallel, displaced films or looped films define the layers. The layers are contained in a sealed housing between rigid transparent (e.g. glazed) layers. The glazed layers are separated on the order of 3 to 5-inches and are secured to low thermal conductivity framework pieces. The framework is capped with a motorized roller and film housing and the assembly is evacuated and filled with a desiccated, inert dry gas. Several plastic, reflective coated films are supported under tension in planar parallel relation between the glazing layers from the motorized roller and several guide rollers and guide tracks. Location sensors responsive to indicia on the films identify film position. Temperature sensors monitor ambient, internal and user set thermal conditions to control film exposure.

Abstract: A net guide for a wire screen, made to absorb an impact by causing connections of many guide pieces of a net guide formed by the connections of the guide pieces to have a stretchability. A net guide going in and out from a lower end of a movable frame in compliance with an opening/closing of a net to thereby guide a lower end of the net is constituted by connecting, by a wire, many guide pieces formed approximately like a U-letter by a bottom part and a standing wall part. The wire is inserted through through-holes of the guide pieces, and the guide pieces under a connected state are pressed by a coil spring giving a tension to the wire.

Abstract: A roller blind for a side window of a motor vehicle. The roller blind has a winding shaft, which is coupled via an articulated or flexible coupling mechanism to a spring drive situated outside the winding shaft. The winding shaft and the spring drive are accommodated inside a vertical window frame segment of a motor vehicle's window. The articulated or flexible coupling between the winding shaft and the spring drive makes it possible to approximate a curved path by means of two normally straight elements of the blind. Furthermore, a very flat characteristic tension curve can be achieved for the spring drive, even when the winding shaft is very short.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and a device for grinding cellulose, in which a raw cellulose material (6) is uniformly moistened with a given quantity of liquid by means of a moistening unit (1) before being ground in a grinding mill (2). A first conveying mechanism (3) conveys the raw cellulose material (6) to the moistening unit (1) while a second conveying mechanism (4) conveys the moist raw cellulose material on the grinding mill (2).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (11) for stabilising the transport of a material web (12) on the upper face of an air-permeable machine clothing (10), in particular a fibrous web. The device is located on the underside of the machine clothing directly upstream of an intake nip in the direction of travel (17) of the web, said nip being formed by a roll (5) and the machine clothing, and comprises a first negative-pressure zone (19) and at least one vacuum opening (20) that faces essentially in the opposite direction to the direction of travel of the web, communicating with the first negative-pressure zone of the device. This permits the boundary layer (23) of air that is carried along by the underside of the machine clothing to be at least partially sucked from said clothing into the first negative-pressure zone.

Abstract: An anti-fake material is disclosed. Anti-fake fibers (2) are distributed on the anti-fake material. Part surfaces (3) of the anti-fake fibers (2) are presented on the surface (1) of the anti-fake material (1), wherein said part surface (3) have concave-convex sheltering structure, and at lease two color patterns (AB) are distributed on the surfaces. Said at least two color patterns (A B) have distinct visual difference on the said part surface (3), resulting that the color patterns (A B) can be seen respectively from the surface (1?) of the anti-fake material (1) when observed from different angle of the part surfaces (3). Due to the visual difference according to the present invention is formed by shielding the patterns distributed on the part surfaces (3) of the anti-fake fibers (2) in the anti-fake material with the concave-convex sheltering structure, the exact printing is unable to imitate the three-dimensional structure.

Abstract: Method and machine for producing a fiber web having a mass per unit area of less than 125 g/m2. The method includes applying a fluid application medium to the fibrous web. The fluid application medium being a liquid having a solids concentration of 15% or more. The machine for producing a fiber web includes a press section having at least one press nip and at least one application device structured and arranged to apply a liquid medium to one side of the fiber web at least one of immediately before the at least one press nip and in the at least one press nip. This abstract is not intended to define the invention disclosed in the specification, nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cylindrical suction box assembly with a suction box having two or more suction chambers that operate at different suction pressures. A lower suction pressure suction chamber is configured to provide lower suction pressure suction and is used in conjunction with the texturing process. At least one higher suction pressure suction chamber is configured to provide higher suction pressure suction and is used in conjunction with the de-watering process of the present invention. Therefore, according to the present invention two processes that are traditionally performed on two different devices are performed on a single cylindrical suction box assembly.

Abstract: Method for highly efficiently producing a cast article by a low-pressure casting process, wherein a molten metal is charged into a mold cavity of a gypsum mold. The cast metal immediately after its solidification is rectified into a final shape, in a state in which the solidified metal is either still integral with the gypsum mold or removed therefrom, requiring minimized time for rectification and cooling.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for manufacturing an aluminum die-cast product are provided, wherein an occurrence of shrinkage cavity is eliminated or reduced to a very small amount, and a sound and high-quality aluminum die-cast product having no casting defect can be produced. The method for manufacturing an aluminum die-cast product by performing die casting while a part, in which a casting defect tends to occur due to solidification shrinkage of a melt, which has been pressure-filled in a mold, during a solidification process, is pressurized with a local pressurization pin includes the steps of allowing the local pressurization pin to follow the movement of a solidification interface based on a solidification interface movement speed, which is calculated in advance, of the melt and keeping pushing the local pressurization pin in until the solidification is completed.

Abstract: In certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, three-dimensional micro-mechanical devices and/or micro-structures can be made using a production casting process. As part of this process, an intermediate mold can be made from or derived from a precision stack lamination and used to fabricate the devices and/or structures. Further, the micro-devices and/or micro-structures can be fabricated on planar or nonplanar surfaces through use of a series of production casting processes and intermediate molds. The use of precision stack lamination can allow the fabrication of high aspect ratio structures. Moreover, via certain molding and/or casting materials, molds having cavities with protruding undercuts also can be fabricated. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure.

Abstract: A fan has a fan frame for accommodating a first circuit board and a second circuit board. A fan frame includes a housing, a base, and at least one supporting element. The base is disposed in the housing, and the base includes a bottom portion and a tube portion, which is connected to and extended from the bottom portion. The supporting element is connected between the housing and the base. There is a predetermined distance between the bottom portion of the base and an end of the housing so as to form an accommodating space, the first circuit board is disposed on the base and is located on a first side of the bottom portion facing the tube portion, and the second circuit board is disposed in the accommodating space which is located on a second side of the bottom portion facing away from the tube portion.

Abstract: An arrangement for improving the cooling efficiency of semiconductor chips. One embodiment is to construct a vapor chamber with one compliant surface for improving the efficiency of transferring heat from a semiconductor chip to the vapor chamber, and another embodiment is to construct a vapor chamber with the chip substrate such that the chips are embedded inside the vapor chamber. One surface of the vapor chamber has a flexible structure to enable the surface of the vapor chamber to be compliant with the surface of a chip or a heat sink device.

Abstract: A miniature liquid cooling device includes a casing (10) having a base (16) attached on a heat-generating electronic component for absorbing heat generated by the electronic component. The casing includes an outer wall (12) mounted on the base and a top cover (15) mounted on the outer wall. A receiving space is enclosed by the casing. A heat-absorbing member (40) is attached on the base and received in the receiving space for exchanging heat with liquid in the casing. An impeller (21) is rotatably mounted in the receiving space and above the heat-absorbing member. When the impeller rotates the liquid is driven to flow into the liquid cooling device via a liquid inlet (122) and then flow through the heat-absorbing member and finally flow out of the liquid cooling device via a liquid outlet (124).

Abstract: A thermal module includes a roll cage mounted to an enclosure of an electronic product, a centrifugal blower, and a fin assembly. The centrifugal blower is disposed in the roll cage and includes a housing integrally formed with the roll cage and defining an air outlet therein, a cover attached to the housing to cooperatively define a receiving chamber therebewteen, and a rotor rotatably disposed in the receiving chamber for producing an airflow. The fin assembly is disposed at the air outlet of the blower to perform heat convection with the airflow flowing therethrough.

Abstract: A surface polyaniline layer comprising a polyaniline and/or a derivative thereof capable of generating active oxygen or hydrogen peroxide upon the reaction with the water component in external air that comes in contact therewith, is formed on at least a portion of the outermost surface of a base body constituting tubes and/or fins, wherein a benzenoid/quinoid ratio in the surface polyaniline layer (defined as a ratio of an absorbancy of the benzenoid structure to an absorbancy of the quinoid structure in the polyaniline and/or the derivative thereof) is in a range of about 0.5 to about 3.0.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat transfer unit, in particular a charge air cooler, having a housing in which first flow channels for a gas to be cooled, and second flow channels for a cooling medium are situated separately therefrom. It is essential to the invention here that the first flow channels are made of hollow metallic bodies, each of which is sheathed with plastic on their longitudinal ends to form a shared tube bottom, wherein the second flow channels are bordered by outsides of the hollow metallic bodies, the two tube bottoms and an inside of the housing which is made of plastic.

Abstract: A heat exchanger and a manufacture method thereof are provided. Before a tank body and a core plate of a header tank of the heat exchanger are fastened to each other, a gel seal material or a liquid seal material is applied to at least one of a seal surface of the core plate and that of the tank body and hardened. Thus, a seal member which adheres to the seal surface due to the tackiness of the seal member is formed. The core plate and the tank body are fastened to each other in such a state that the part between the seal surface of the core plate and that of the tank body are sealed by the seal member having been hardened. Accordingly, the seal member can be restricted of twisting and position-deviating when the core plate and the tank body are fastened to each other.

Abstract: An exhaust gas cooler and a method of manufacturing an exhaust gas cooler comprising providing a shell, disposing within the shell a tube bundle/core through which exhaust gas passes, and situating a seal or gasket assembly providing a liquid-tight seal between the shell and the tube bundle/core and between each tube of the tube/bundle core.

Abstract: A method of reducing a temperature difference between a high-temperature and a low-temperature substrate includes interposing a heat transfer facilitating layer which has a higher thermal conductivity than air and can hold particles between the substrates, and maintaining close contact between the high-temperature substrate, the heat transfer facilitating layer, and the low-temperature substrate, wherein formation of an air layer can be at least substantially prevented between the high-temperature substrate and the heat transfer facilitating layer, and between the low-temperature substrate and the heat transfer facilitating layer. A fluid reaction device includes a microfluidic reaction chip which accommodates a fluid, a heater, and a heat transfer facilitating layer which is interposed between the microfluidic reaction chip and the heater, the heat transfer facilitating layer has a higher thermal conductivity than air and can hold particles, wherein formation of an air layer can be prevented.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling a surface having a metal structure made of a material with high thermal conductivity, and designed to provide efficient cooling of the surface while minimizing mechanical stress between the metal structure and the surface.