Abstract: A refrigerant cycle is provided with a control for an expansion device to achieve a desired compressor discharge pressure. The system operates transcritically, such that greater freedom over compressor discharge pressure is provided. The system's efficiency is optimized by selecting an optimum discharge pressure. The optimum discharge pressure is selected based upon sensed environmental conditions, and the expansion device is adjusted to achieve the desired compressor discharge pressure. A feedback loop may be provided to sense the actual compressor discharge pressure and adjust the actual compressor discharge pressure by further refining the expansion device. The system is disclosed providing heated water based upon a demand for a particular hot water temperature.

Abstract: A control system for a cooling system includes a first sensor for sensing a property indicative of demand for cooling and a controller coupled to the sensor. The controller produces the variable duty cycle control signal in response to the property and causes the compressor and valve to vary a cooling capacity of the cooling system in response to the variable duty cycle control signal. The sensor may sense the pressure, temperature, or both. The valve may be a suction-side pressure regulator or a liquid-side expansion valve of the solenoid or stepper type.

Abstract: A glove box assembly for a vehicle is provided. The glove box assembly includes a storage bin and a dedicated climate controlled bin. The climate controlled bin is arranged to receive cooled air from a vehicle heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) unit for cooling the climate controlled bin independent of the storage bin. The glove box assembly further includes a cooled air inlet. The cooled air inlet is arranged to draw cooled air from the HVAC unit upstream of a blend door when air conditioning is operating so as to provide cooled air to the climate controlled bin independent of a vehicle cabin temperature setting.

Abstract: A gravity-assisted water saving system, and method of use, utilized for collecting condensate from air conditioning and other condensate-producing systems, sanitizing it, and then diverting it for constructive use. It has a chamber with an inclined bottom surface, a removable basket for containing tablets used for sanitizing swimming pool water or bleach tablets used for laundry sanitizing purposes, a double P-trap assembly on its water inlet side that prevents sanitizing vapors from entering the air conditioning system to which it is connected, a removable cap sealing its top opening to prevent escape of sanitizing vapors into the atmosphere, and an optional mounting bracket for enhanced stabilization against a stationary object. Inflow tubing connected to the chamber permits ready attachment of the present invention to an air conditioning condensate discharge pipe, while a discharge tube in an inferior position transports reclaimed water to its location of subsequent use.

Abstract: A heat transfer apparatus includes a wetting chamber, an air intake opening leading to an air flow pathway through the wetting chamber, an air outtake opening leading from the air flow pathway through the wetting chamber, an atomizer, a liquid reservoir, and a liquid delivery system for moving liquid from the liquid reservoir to the atomizer. The atomizer is arranged to receive the liquid from the liquid delivery system and disperse the liquid into the air flow pathway in a form of atomized liquid, and the liquid reservoir is disposed to collect the atomized liquid from the wetting chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for producing sterile ice slurries for medical cooling applications. The apparatus is capable of producing highly loaded slurries suitable for delivery to targeted internal organs of a patient, such as the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys, pancreas, and others, through medical size diameter tubing. The ice slurry production apparatus includes a slurry production reservoir adapted to contain a volume of a saline solution. A flexible membrane crystallization surface is provided within the slurry production reservoir. The crystallization surface is chilled to a temperature below a freezing point of the saline solution within the reservoir such that ice particles form on the crystallization surface. A deflector in the form of a reciprocating member is provided for periodically distorting the crystallization surface and dislodging the ice particles which form on the crystallization surface.

Abstract: Gases are vented from a waste site such as a landfill, and the gases are separated into at least three streams comprising a hydrocarbon stream, a carbon dioxide stream, and residue stream. At least a portion of the carbon dioxide stream and hydrocarbon stream are liquefied or converted to a supercritical liquid. At least some of the carbon dioxide gas stream (as a liquid or supercritical fluid) is used in a cleaning step, preferably a polymer cleaning step, and more preferably a polymer cleaning step in a polymer recycling process, and most preferably in a polymer cleaning step in a polymer recycling system where the cleaning is performed on-site at the waste site.

Abstract: An apparatus for bending and tempering glass panels includes a number of ring moulds for supporting and conveying glass panels; a number of preheating sections for heating glass panels to a bending temperature; at least one prebending section for sagging a glass panel gravitationally; a bending section provided with a hoistable and descendable press mould; and a quenching section for tempering a bent glass panel. The bending section is provided with a hoistable and descendable mould supporting frame for supporting the mould from below during a press-bending operation. The supporting frame is mounted on a mobile cassette wagon which constitutes a replaceable floor for the bending section.

Abstract: A glass sheet is heated to a forming temperature in a heating furnace, the heated glass sheet is conveyed along a conveying plane defined by a plurality of rollers of a roller conveyer, and is moved up and down on the rollers according to a position of the glass sheet to curve a part of the conveying plane with respect to a glass sheet conveying direction to bend the glass sheet to have a desired curvature by its own weight. The rollers are curved rollers.

Abstract: A method for producing open-knit fabric with machines for knitting hosiery or other articles and an open-knit article obtained with the method. The method consists in producing in succession rows of knitting (A,B,C) by means of a plurality of needles (1,2), with openwork being performed which is constituted by holes, each of which is provided by means of a group of needles (1,2) in which a first needle (1), after taking part in the formation of a first row (A) of knitting, is freed from the loop (1a) of the first row (A) of knitting by transferring the loop to a second needle (2) that is contiguous to the first needle (1). The first needle (1) is actuated so as to resume knitting, forming a new loop (1b) of a row (B) of knitting that is subsequent to the first row (A).

Abstract: An apparatus for cleaning a fabric or other sheet-like porous material. The apparatus comprises a manually driven pump for pumping a cleaning substance through a local area of the material. The pump further comprises an elastic member with a force acting oppositely to the direction of the manual pumping action.

Abstract: An improved shackle assembly is disclosed that provides a bow having specially configured end portions that interlock with a specially configured pin assembly. The pin assembly has locking members or lugs that move between locking and releasing positions. The locking lugs can be moved to a locking position or unlocked using a tool such as an allen wrench, screwdriver, or any other tool that rotates a drive shaft which is used to operate the locking lugs.

Abstract: An escutcheon assembly for a deadbolt lock on a door, and particularly for the interior side of a double cylinder deadbolt lock. The escutcheon assembly generally comprises a tapered collar carried on the deadbolt cylinder (and retained by a flange on the cylinder), plus a decorative face plate substantially covering the cylinder and secured to the collar by a novel clip and set screw mechanism. The collar has an annular groove defining opposing walls, the outermost wall (away from the door) having an inwardly angled surface to taper the groove. The decorative face plate has a clip protruding interiorly therein to a distal end that conforms to the tapered annular groove in the collar (for engagement therewith). A set screw is threaded into the frame opposite the clip and protrudes inward behind the aperture to a distal end that likewise conforms to the tapered annular groove in the collar (for engagement therewith).

Abstract: A deadbolt door lock assembly operates a deadbolt between an unlocked and locked position. It generally comprises an actuator, a ring, and a biasing member. The ring contacts the actuator and rotates it in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction to lock the deadbolt. Once the deadbolt is locked, the biasing member urges the ring out of contact with the actuator. In one aspect, the assembly is operable in either the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction without disconnecting the biasing member. In another aspect, the biasing member includes different portions to urge the ring out of contact with the actuator depending on whether ring operation is in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. The assembly may include a backstop to indicate rotational direction of the ring to lock the deadbolt. The assembly may also include a stabilizing bridge to inhibit transverse rotation of mounting screws that secure the assembly to a door.

Abstract: A self indexing portable automated tenon peening device including: a peening machine in operable communication with a mounting arm; a circumferential slide assembly including a circumferential rail in operable communication with the mounting arm; an axial slide assembly including a axial slide rail in operable communication with the circumferential slide assembly; a base in operable communication with the axial slide assembly; and a programmable logic controller for controlling a position of the circumferential slide assembly and the axial slide assembly.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of shot peening at least a portion of a rotary machine comprising a rotor. Shot peening is carried out with a rotor which is at least partly assembled. The method includes fixing a system for supporting at least one acoustic assembly to the machine; and shot peening at least one region of the machine using projectiles which are moved by the acoustic assembly.

Abstract: An electromagnetic forming device for a sheet of material is provided. The electromagnetic forming device includes a fixing base, a magnetic concentration block, an electromagnetic actuator, and a die. The fixing base has a groove. The magnetic concentration block is disposed in the groove of the fixing base, and has an accommodating space therein, which is in communication with a surface of the magnetic concentration block via a slit. The electromagnetic actuator, used to generate a magnetic field, is disposed in the accommodating space of the magnetic concentration block, but does not contact the magnetic concentration block. The die and the magnetic concentration block are separated by a gap, and a sheet of material can be disposed in the gap. As the magnetic concentration block is a block, eddy currents in the magnetic concentration block are distributed uniformly, so the generated magnetic field is also distributed uniformly, thus exerting a uniform forming force on the sheet of material.

Abstract: A sheet metal forming process and apparatus using both a mechanical forming step and a superplastic forming step. The mechanical forming step includes using a double-action draw die to create a preform. The preform is then transferred to a superplastic forming tool that uses a superplastic forming process to complete the forming process and create a finished workpiece. Using the mechanical forming step enables rapid creation of a preform having a geometry that reduces overall forming time and provides the ability to draw in additional material to reduce part thinning.

Abstract: A method for treating the surface of a machine element, such as the raceway and/or a rolling element of a rolling element bearing, comprising the steps of—subjecting the surface to a hard turning operation so as to obtain a specific roughness profile having a series of alternating ridges and grooves, —after the hard turning operation subjecting the surface to a ball calendering operation so as to flatten the ridges of the roughness profile whereby a ?q value smaller than 5° is obtained.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metal molding method, a metal molding machine and a metal molded body, wherein using a mold in which a molding space having a predetermined shape and a metal body lead-in space which is communicated with the molding space are formed, a metal body which is inserted into the metal body lead-in space is fed into the molding space by applying a predetermined pressure thus forming a molded product having a predetermined shape. Particularly, the metal body is deformed by shearing when the metal body is fed to the molding space from the metal body lead-in space thus turning the metal structure of the metal body into the finer grain structure.

Abstract: A process for reducing residual tensile stresses in high nickel-chromium alloy nozzle safe-end welds of pressurized water reactor nuclear pressure vessels such as are found at the reactor vessel inlet and outlet nozzles and the pressurizes surge, spray, safety and relief nozzles. The process involves the application of radial compression on the outside surface of the nozzle's safe-end and/or connecting coolant piping, to reduce the outside diameter at the mid-point of the piping element to which the load is applied to between about 0.2% and about 3%. The radially compressive load applied by this process is imparted using a mechanical device that can be employed at the vessel manufacturer's facility or at a nuclear power plant after welding of the nozzle safe-end to the coolant piping or before either after plant commissioning of operation.

Abstract: A stent crimping assembly is provided for crimping a stent from a first diameter to a reduced second diameter. The crimping assembly includes a plurality of movable wedges disposed about a rotational axis to form a wedge assembly. Each wedge includes a respective first side and a second side converging to form a tip portion. The tip portions are arranged to collectively form an iris about the rotational axis thereof. The iris defining a crimp aperture about which the movable wedges are disposed. Each wedge is associated with a stationary structure and an rotational actuation unit such that during rotation of the actuation unit about the rotational axis, the iris is caused to rotate about the rotational axis, relative the stationary structure, for inward movement of the wedges to decrease the size of the aperture and outward movement of the wedges to increase the size of the aperture.

Abstract: A device and method of making same. The device or hydrogen detector has a non-conducting substrate with a metal film capable of absorbing hydrogen to form a stable metal hydride. The metal film is on the threshold of percolation and is connected to mechanism for sensing a change in electrical resistance in response to the presence of hydrogen in contact with the metal film which causes an increase in conductivity.

Abstract: A gas sensor assembly detects the presence of a constituent in a first gas stream. The assembly comprises: (a) a flexible circuit having a pair of oppositely-facing surfaces, (b) a sensor mounted on one surface of the flex circuit, the sensor electrically connected to conductors in the flex circuit, and (c) a channel for directing a second gas stream across the flex circuit surface facing away from the sensor, the channel formed at least in part by the flex circuit surface facing away from the sensor. The first and second gas streams can be derived from a common gas stream. In operation, thermal conductivity between the sensor and neighboring heat-conducting structures components is reduced, thereby reducing sensor electric power consumption.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting an analyte in liquid includes a base substrate provided with openings and electrode lands on one surface thereof and SAW elements each provided with a sensing portion having at least one IDT electrode on one side. The SAW elements are mounted on the base substrate with bump electrodes by a flip-chip bonding method so that the sensing portions of the SAW elements face the openings of the base substrate. At least one of the sensing portions is coated with a reaction membrane which binds to an analyte.

Abstract: An energy-autonomous sensor for detection of physical environmental parameters, having at least one sensor element, one storage element and one control circuit, with a timer circuit which is activated on reaching a predetermined electrical voltage on the storage element, activates the sensor and the control circuit at predetermined time intervals, and deactivates them after a predetermined operating time, such that this results in a time duration of sensor operation and a sensor operation pause.

Abstract: A miniaturized Schottky diode hydrogen and hydrocarbon sensor and the method of making same is disclosed and claimed. The sensor comprises a catalytic metal layer, such as palladium, a silicon carbide substrate layer and a thin barrier layer in between the catalytic and substrate layers made of palladium oxide (PdOx). This highly stable device provides sensitive gas detection at temperatures ranging from at least 450 to 600° C. The barrier layer prevents reactions between the catalytic metal layer and the substrate layer. Conventional semiconductor fabrication techniques are used to fabricate the small-sized sensors. The use of a thicker palladium oxide barrier layer for other semiconductor structures such as a capacitor and transistor structures is also disclosed.

Abstract: An egg testing apparatus and method utilize a vessel having marked thereupon indicia including graphics, calibrations and text, for use in determining the freshness, approximate age and recommended use for a chicken egg immersed inside the vessel in a volume of cool, fresh (i.e. non-salted) water.

Abstract: In a measuring method for determining values of viscosity coefficients of a liquid crystal by fitting Ericksen-Leslie theoretical values to measured response characteristics, in the first step, ON response characteristics of a liquid crystal cell 10 with homogeneous alignment are initially measured, and a value of a rotational viscosity coefficient ?1 is determined from the measured ON response characteristics. Then, in the second step, OFF response characteristics are measured, and values of Miesovicz shear viscosity coefficients ?1 and ?2 are determined from the measured OFF response characteristics. In the calculation in the first step, the viscosity coefficients other than ?1 are assigned general values. In the calculation in the second step, ?1 is assigned the value determined in the first step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a column for performing analytical temperature rising elution fractionation (ATREF) characterized in that the packing of said column comprises elastic wires having a good elasticity and a good thermal conductivity. The present invention also relates to a device comprising the column according to the invention, a temperature controlling system for controlling the temperature of said column, a sample injector for injecting a polymer sample solution into said column, a pump for eluting the polymer fractions from said column and a detector for detecting eluting fractions of said sample solution. The present invention further relates to a method for performing ATREF analyses using the column according to the invention.

Abstract: This invention relates to a liquid measurement cell for micromechanical sensors, so-called cantilever sensors. These sensors are e.g. used for the detection of biomolecules without the need for fluorescent or radioactive labelling. These measurements are usually carried out in liquids, where air or gas bubbles present in the analyte inside the measurement cell can significantly affect measurement results or even destroy the sensor. In a measurement cell according to this invention, a closed gas volume is present above the liquid level. Consequently, gas or air bubble can be constantly absorbed by the gas volume and do not come in contact with the cantilever sensors. The measurement cell is further characterised by a very low volume in the order of microliters and can be combined with various optical or piezoelectrical/piezoresistive read-out methods.

Abstract: A method and a device for analyzing a sensor element are described, which allow a temperature dependence of the sensor element to be considered without an additional temperature sensor in particular. The sensor element outputs a signal as a function of a measured variable. The signal of the sensor element is analyzed in a first analysis operating mode to detect the measured variable. The signal of the sensor element is analyzed in a second analysis operating mode to detect a characteristic variable of the sensor element which is different from the measured variable.

Abstract: In a method for monitoring a camshaft adjustment of an internal combustion engine in which a setpoint value of an angular position is compared with an actual value of the angular position, a more differentiated fault diagnosis is achieved in that at least two fault types are able to be detected on the basis of the profile of the actual value over time.

Abstract: An engine torque sensory system (10), adapted for use with an engine-driven vehicle (12) having a flexplate (18), including at least one sensor (26) fixedly attached on the surface of the flexplate (18) and operable to detect deformations along the surface of the flexplate (18) caused by the generated engine torque, and further including a receiver (28) communicatively coupled to the sensor (26), spaced from the rotating flexplate (18), and operable to convert sensor readings to correlative engine torque values.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a plurality of cylinders that have been allocated in at least two groups to one exhaust gas tract each. In each exhaust gas tract, an exhaust gas catalytic converter and an exhaust gas probe are fitted upstream of the exhaust gas catalytic converter. In order to detect combustion misfires in a combustion chamber of one of the cylinders, the following steps are carried out in each case. A combustion misfire is detected in one of the cylinders and allocated to one of the groups of the cylinders depending on at least one operating variable of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: The gas lift flow surveillance device has a paddle having a rod with a target attached to one end and a paddle block attached to the opposite end. The paddle block is pivotally disposed within a surveillance device housing body. A contact extending from the paddle block exerts pressure against a strain input area of a load cell. The load cell has a machine-readable millivolt output that changes according to a strain input from the paddle. A bottom section of the housing body has a bore defined therein that receives a threaded hex nipple, the rod passing through the nipple. The threaded hex nipple is adapted for attachment to a flow pipe National Pipe Thread (NPT) aperture for attaching the surveillance device to a flow pipe with the target in the fluid flow path.

Abstract: A downhole pressure transmitter apparatus and method of making the same. A pressure fitting can be provided in association with a tube formed into a spiral shape. One end of said tube is sealed and the other end of said tube is affixed to said pressure fitting. As the tube is exposed to a differential pressure, said tube unwinds, thereby creating a rotary motion that is proportional and linear to said differential pressure sensor, thereby providing an indication of pressure within a downhole environment.

Abstract: An air data system is described that includes a cone-shaped probe, a plurality of pressure transducers, and a processing device. The cone-shaped probe includes a first pressure port formed in a substantial tip of the probe and extending therethrough, and a plurality of pressure ports formed in a substantially evenly spaced circular pattern about a sloped surface of the probe and extending through the probe. The plurality of pressure transducers are each configured to receive at least one pressure transferred through at least one of the pressure ports and output one or more signals related to the pressures sensed. The processing device is configured to receive signals originating from the transducers. The processing device is further configured to calculate a static pressure, an angle of attack, and an angle of sideslip based on the received signals.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring at least one characteristic of an aerated fluid flowing within a pipe is provided, wherein the method includes generating a measured sound speed, a measured density, a pressure and a gas volume fraction for the aerated fluid. The method also includes correcting the measured density responsive to the measured sound speed, the pressure and the gas volume fraction to generate a corrected density. The method further includes calculating a liquid phase density, determining whether the gas volume fraction is above a predetermined threshold value and generating a mass flow rate responsive to whether the gas volume fraction is above the predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: A tank level detection apparatus for indirect measurement of a liquid level in a tank is disclosed. The apparatus includes a second liquid at least partially stored in a reservoir and a one-way valve, which communicates between the reservoir and the tank. A sensor is used to determine a physical characteristic of second liquid from which the level of the liquid in the tank can be determined.

Abstract: The present invention include non-porous adherent coatings of chemically inert high purity poly-oligomers deposited on substrates. The coatings are applied and cured on the substrates at relatively low temperatures which permits the coating process to be performed with temperature sensitive structures such as magnets, electronic circuits, electrodes, and bonding pads in place on the substrate. Coated substrates, such as sensors and fluid conduits, have an effective thickness of the protective non-porous coating that is chemically bonded to a surface of the substrate that will be contacted with a fluid. The adherent non-porous coating on the substrate protect it from corrosion, particle generation, swelling, or delamination caused by contact with the fluid.

Abstract: This invention suggests a micro-gyrometer, advantageously machined using conventional micro-electronic techniques, based on the detection of Coriolis forces generated by an angular movement ? perpendicular to the direction of vibration of the masses free to move along the plane of the gyrometer. Coriolis forces are detected through the movement that they apply to the natural mode of a resonator coupled to the moving device.

Abstract: A acceleration sensor includes a supporting part, a beam part connected to the supporting part, a weight part connected to the beam part, and a protruding part formed beneath the beam part so that the protruding part supports the beam part. With such an arrangement, the adjustment of the sensitivity of the acceleration sensor can be easily performed, as well as the evaluation of the acceleration sensor.

Abstract: The apparatus and method of the present invention provides a plurality of linear amplifiers simultaneously processing an ultrasonic signal. Each amplifier of the plurality of linear amplifiers has a predetermined gain level suitable for achieving the desired output signal level for input to an analog to digital (A/D) converter for processing. The output of each amplifier is sampled by each respective A/D converter at a very high frequency to convert the analog signal output of each of the linear amplifiers to a digital signal. Logic circuits simultaneously monitor all of the output digital signals from the A/D converters. The logic circuits determine which output of the A/D converters has the greatest linear output and stores the selected output in a memory storage device.

Abstract: A method for non-destructively inspecting a composite structure with a single ultrasonic transducer includes determining a calibration amplitude of ultrasonic transmissions emitted by the single ultrasonic transducer to a reflector in a fluid-filled immersion tank and received back at the single ultrasonic transducer. The method also includes inserting the composite structure into the fluid-filled immersion tank between the reflector and the single ultrasonic transducer. In addition, the method includes scanning the composite structure with the single ultrasonic transducer to measure ultrasonic amplitudes for sound waves traveling through the composite structure, reflecting off the reflector plate and then traveling back through the structure to the single ultrasonic transducer.

Abstract: An apparatus rides along a rail of a railroad track. A transmitter transmits ultrasonic guided waves bidirectionally along the rail while the apparatus and transmitter are moving along the railroad track. A sensor detects flaws in response to the transmitted ultrasonic guided waves while the apparatus, transmitter and sensor are moving along the railroad track. An electronic coupler operatively couples the sensor to monitoring equipment.

Abstract: A battery powered wireless fluid pressure sensor has a sealed chamber which can be vented to the outside atmosphere through a re-sealable reference port to allow a user to set the reference atmosphere inside the pressure sensor enabling the pressure sensor to provide absolute, gauge and true gauge pressure readings. The sensor calculates and transmits the fluid pressure taking into account the temperature of the pressure transducer, the temperature of the electronic devices and the barometric pressure inside the sealed chamber to provide accurate pressure measurements over a wide range of operating conditions.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes at least one microsensor having at least two chambers filled with a gas. The chambers are connected to one another by at least one channel. Moreover, the chambers are sealed off to the outside in a gastight manner. Also provided is a detection device for detecting a gas stream flowing in the channel, which gas stream arises on account of different pressures prevailing in the chambers. The invention also relates to a method for producing the microsensor according to the invention.

Abstract: A capacitive pressure sensor of substantially ceramic material comprises a thick base plate (100), a front plate (140) having the same thickness as the base plate and a movable diaphragm (120) located between the front plate and the base plate. Capacitor electrodes (121b, 121a) are provided at the surface of the diaphragm facing the base plate and form a measurement capacitor. The diaphragm (120) is extremely thin and is produced by sintering a ceramic material such aluminum oxide. Owing to a pressing process used during the sintering a strong, very thin diaphragm is obtained having no mechanical stresses and fracture indications. It can be produced to have a very small thickness in order to provide pressure sensors having a high sensitivity, which can also for high-vacuum applications tolerate to be subjected to the atmospheric pressure. A shielding plate (110) can be inserted between the base plate (100) compensating the measurement capacitor.

Abstract: A bond strength tester unit is provided for testing adhesive bond strength of a nutplate or the like attached to a substrate, such as by adhesive bonded attachment to a blind side of the substrate in substantial alignment with a substrate opening. The nutplate may be constructed according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,391, and carries a fastener element such as a threaded nut or the like for subsequent connection with a mating fastener element such as a threaded bolt or the like passed through the substrate opening. The tester unit includes a tool tip having a reaction head for engaging the substrate, in combination with an actuator pin for applying a test force of selected magnitude against the adhesively bonded nutplate. In the event of inadequate bond strength, the actuator pin will separate the nutplate from the substrate.