Abstract: A method and system for in-context assembly of user interactive actionable insights and modalities in a plurality of multi-modal stages is provided. The method and system include tracking a virtual event in a first stage and also tracking a physical event corresponding to the virtual event in the first stage. The method also includes determining if the tracked virtual event and the physical event are internal or external to the first stage and altering content upon determining the tracked virtual event and the physical event are internal to the first stage. The method and system include returning at least one stage of the multi-modal stages to a quiescent state after a predetermined time correlated to quiescent user activity.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a universal high speed link for operation support system data may include a processing element, a protocol determining element and a protocol translation element. The processing element may be configured to receive operation support system data from a first device of a first network in a first protocol. The protocol determining element may be configured to determine a protocol translation for the operation support system data. The protocol translation element may be configured to translate the operation support system data from the first protocol to a second protocol responsive to the determination. The processing element may be in communication with both the protocol determining element and the protocol translation element. The processing element may be configured to communicate the operation support system data to a second device of a second network in the second protocol at a data rate greater than about 320 kilobytes per second.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and Ethernet device for clock synchronization, a method for clock synchronization in an entire Ethernet, and the relevant Ethernet. The method for clock synchronization in an Ethernet device includes: the PHY layer unit of the Ethernet device extracts a clock from the data sent by the receive unit; the MAC layer unit makes adjustments to the extracted clock according to the local clock and takes the adjusted clock as the transmit clock of the Ethernet device. The method for clock synchronization in an entire Ethernet includes: clocks of all Ethernet devices are synchronized to the clock generated by the Ethernet device at the highest level. The invention provides a method for clock synchronization so that sending and receiving of clocks in Ethernet devices can be synchronized and clock synchronization can be realized in the entire Ethernet.

Abstract: Shift-varying segmentation uses a shift-varying predicate function to evaluate input data within a sliding window to determine if the current sliding window position should be a segment boundary. The shift-varying predicate function is a function of both the input data within the sliding window and the position of the sliding window relative to a previous segment boundary or the beginning of the input data. The shift-varying predicate function includes a containment property and may compute a hash value from the input data in the sliding window. The hash value is compared to a threshold value that is a function of the sliding window position. As the sliding window position advances away from a previous segment boundary, the probability of a segment boundary at the window position increases. Shift-varying segmentation can be used in compression, transaction acceleration, and data storage applications.

Abstract: Egress scheduling using variable sized packets is completed without sacrificing quality by, among other things, segmenting entire packets into smaller variable sized subpackets, the length of each subpacket being indicated by an associated variable indicator field. Each subpacket is then assigned a slot in a sequence of slots, the sequence of slots forming a transmission frame. After being assigned to a slot, the framed subpackets may be transmitted in a fixed, sequential order.

Abstract: A digital broadcasting system and method of processing data are disclosed. Herein, a method of processing data in a transmitting system includes creating a data group including a plurality of mobile service data packets, re-adjusting a relative position of at least one main service data packet of a main service data section, the main service data section including a plurality of main service data packets, and multiplexing the mobile service data of the data group and the main service data of the main service data section in burst units. Herein, a position of an audio data packet among the main service data packets of the main service data section may be re-adjusted. Also, a position of an audio data packet included in the main service data section may be re-adjusted based upon a multiplexing position of the main service data section.

Abstract: Embodiments of a wireless communication system and methods allocating bandwidth are generally described herein. Other embodiments may be described and claimed. In some embodiments, an estimated requested bandwidth is included in a contention code. Additionally, a mobile station may reuse a previously used contention code that resulted in successful access to a base station. Further, a base station may determine or predict contention patterns and allocate codes based on the patterns.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a chip includes chip interface transmitters, a chip, and clock gearing logic. The transmitters are to transmit signals in frames including slots. The scheduler is to schedule signals at a first frequency including commands for first slots of the frames in general and commands for second slots of at least some frames immediately preceding frequency mismatch bubbles occurring when the frames are at a second frequency. The clock gearing logic is to provide the signals having the first frequency from the scheduler to the transmitters at the second frequency. Other embodiments are described.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed involving the transfer of signals across interconnection media. For instance, an apparatus may include a configuration module and a driver module. The configuration module may select one or more of multiple phase intervals within a time duration. This time duration may correspond to the time period length employed in a sequence of time periods. The driver module provides an interconnection medium with an output signal during one of the time periods. The output signal has an input signal level during the selected phase interval(s) of the period. During any remaining phase intervals of the time period, the driver module provides an alternate signal level.

Abstract: A data transmission method and system by which an arrival delay can be controlled are provided. A node (i) calculates a cumulative delay CUM_DLY(i) of a received packet cumulated up to the current hop, by using an arrival delay of the packet and a cumulative delay CUM_DLY(i?1) cumulated up to the previous hop, and compares the cumulative delay CUM_DLY(i) with a target cumulative delay TAR_CUM_DLY(i), thereby controlling a transmission profile for the packet so that an expected cumulative delay at the next node becomes closer to a target value. The node (i) writes the cumulative delay CUM_DLY(i) in a header of the packet and transmits the packet to the next node using the set transmission profile. Similar transmission profile control is carried out at each transit node in a multi-hop system, whereby the cumulative delay in the entire system can be controlled within a desired range.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus that processes a multiplexed stream including a frame having multiple slots, which is obtained by multiplexing multiple streams containing time information describing times is disclosed. The apparatus includes extracting means for extracting predetermined one or more slots from the frame of the multiplexed stream, storage means for storing data of the slot (s), and frequency dividing means for generating a second clock signal by frequency-dividing a first clock signal by a frequency division ratio N:M based on the number of clocks N corresponding to the time for one frame in the multiplexed stream and the number of clocks M for reading the data of the slot(s) extracted from the one frame from the storage means in the time for the one frame. The data of the slot or slots stored in the storage means is read in synchronization with the second clock signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an all-solid state UV laser system comprising at least one semiconductor laser (10) in a VECSEL configuration. The gain structure (3) in this semiconductor laser (10) emits fundamental radiation in a wavelength range which can be frequency doubled to wavelengths in the UV region. The frequency doubling is achieved with a nonlinear optical crystal (6) for second harmonic generation arranged inside the extended cavity of the semiconductor laser (10). By electrically pumping of the semiconductor laser wavelengths below 200 nm can be efficiently generated with already known semiconductor materials like GaN. The proposed UV laser system is compact and can be fabricated and operated at low costs compared to UV excimer lasers.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, an external cavity laser includes one or more tuning elements. At least one modulated voltage signal or dither is used to lock the transmission peak of the two tuning elements to each other. The wavelength of the laser also may lock onto the lock transmission peaks. In embodiments in which two dither signals are used, the dither signals may be orthogonal to or independent of each other. The two dither signals may produce two control signals to align the transmission peak of one filter to the transmission peak of another filter and the lasing mode of the laser to the aligned filters.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for broad tuning of single wavelength quantum cascade lasers and the use of light output from such lasers for highly sensitive detection of trace gases such as nitrogen dioxide, acetylene, and vapors of explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and TATP's precursors including acetone and hydrogen peroxide. These methods and apparatus are also suitable for high sensitivity, high selectivity detection of other chemical compounds including chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals. A quantum cascade laser (QCL) system that better achieves single mode, continuous, mode-hop free tuning for use in L-PAS (laser photoacoustic spectroscopy) by independently coordinating gain chip current, diffraction grating angle and external cavity length is described. An all mechanical method that achieves similar performance is also described. Additionally, methods for improving the sensor performance by critical selection of wavelengths are presented.

Abstract: A THz radiation source comprising a dual waveguide heterostructure is provided. The dual waveguide heterostructure includes an optical waveguide contained within a larger THz waveguide layered structure. The radiation source provides a coherent guided wave of THz radiation which is generated via difference frequency mixing in a gain medium with a large second-order nonlinearity and propagated with low THz loss by a dielectric medium in the layered waveguide structure. The THz radiation source is compact, has a high power output, and may be operated in continuous-wave (CW) mode at room temperature.

Abstract: Fundamental laser light having a wavelength of 1,064 nm, for example, is generated by a solid-state laser medium. The fundamental laser light is reflected by a flat mirror and amplified again passing through a Q-switch, a solid-state laser medium, a Q-switch, a Q-switch, a solid-state laser medium, and a Q-switch. The fundamental laser light furthermore reflects from a flat mirror, passes through a flat mirror for second-harmonic resonance, passes through a lens, then reflects from a flat mirror for laser light separation, and enters a nonlinear optical crystal for the third harmonic and a nonlinear optical crystal for the second harmonic. A solid-state laser generator can thereby be obtained in which second-harmonic laser light obtained in an intermediate stage can be used with good efficiency and be converted, for example, to third-harmonic laser light and higher-harmonic laser light with higher efficiency and higher output.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that includes a laser that produces light at a first wavelength, an optical element that converts the light at the first wavelength received at an input end thereof into light at a second wavelength, and an optical interface proximate the input end of the optical element that directs light at the second wavelength through the optical element toward an output end of the optical element.

Abstract: A dual wavelength laser in the low infrared electromagnetic spectrum is disclosed for destruction of bacteria via photo-damage optical interactions through direct selective absorption of optical energy by intracellular bacterial chromophores. The dual wavelength (NIMELS) laser includes an optical assembly and all associated components necessary for the housing of two distinct diode laser arrays (870 nm diode array and 930 nm diode array) that can be emitted through an output connector and wavelength multiplexer as necessary. With this preferred design, the dual wavelengths (870 nm and 930 nm) can be emitted singly, or multiplexed together to be conducted along a common optical pathway, or multiple optical pathways, to achieve maximal bacterial elimination.

Abstract: The present invention generally concerns the use of Bragg optical fibers in chirped pulse amplification systems for the production of high-pulse-energy ultrashort optical pulses. A gas-core Bragg optical fiber waveguide can be advantageously used in such systems to stretch the duration of pulses so that they can be amplified, and/or Bragg fibers can be used to compress optical signals into much shorter duration pulses after they have been amplified. Bragg fibers can also function as near-zero-dispersion delay lines in amplifier sections.

Abstract: Undoped layers are introduced in the passive waveguide section of a butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure. This reduces the parasitic capacitance of the structure.

Abstract: A temperature control system is provided for efficiently controlling the temperature of an optical transmitter such as a laser diode. The temperature control system of the present invention reduces power consumption and achieves a higher efficiency by employing a voltage controller and a high-efficiency DC-DC step-down converter between the TEC controller, which drives the thermoelectric cooler, and the microcontroller, which governs the optical transmitter operation. The voltage controller converts an analog voltage command signal into a current-based command signal, which is then sent to the DC-DC step-down converter. The DC-DC converter produces a stepped-down voltage which it supplies to the TEC controller. The TEC controller receives the stepped-down voltage input from the DC-DC converter and outputs a corresponding current signal to the thermoelectric cooler.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser driving device includes a current supply unit supplying current to a semiconductor laser; a first control unit controlling the current supply unit to supply a first current which is half or less of a lasing threshold of the semiconductor laser; and a second control unit controlling the current supply unit to supply a second current which is larger than the lasing threshold after a first time is passed from an edge of a clock signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser device includes an active layer, a pair of guiding layers sandwiching the active layer, and a pair of cladding layers sandwiching the active layer and the pair of guiding layers. The pair of guiding layers are InGaAsP lattice-matched to GaAs. The pair of cladding layers are AlGaAs. The Al composition ratios of the pair of AlGaAs cladding layers are 0.4 or less. The Al composition ratios are set such that the refractive indices of the pair of AlGas cladding layers do not exceed those of the pair of InGaAsP guiding layers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microfluidic dye laser including a pump light source configured to provide light having a pump light wavelength. The microfluidic dye laser also includes an elastomer substantially optically transparent at the pump light wavelength and at a microfluidic dye laser wavelength. A microfluidic channel configured to accept a fluidic dye is defined in the elastomer. An optical grating is formed in a single mode 3D waveguide in the microfluidic channel in order to provide a single mode microfluidic dye laser light as output in response to illumination with light from the pump light source. In another aspect, the invention features a method of tuning a wavelength of a microfluidic dye laser light by mechanically deforming the elastomeric laser chip to change the grating period in the optical cavity.

Abstract: A system may include determination of a spatial power map associated with an integrated circuit based on an architecture of the circuit, generation of a spatial thermal map associated with the integrated circuit based on the spatial power map, and determination of a spatial leakage power map based on the spatial thermal map. In some aspects, a system includes determination of a temperature of an integrated circuit, comparison of the temperature with a thermal divergence temperature, determination that the temperature of the integrated circuit is primarily due to leakage power, and disabling of power to the integrated circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the temperature of a surface coating of rotating blades mounted in a non-positive-displacement machine with a rotor shaft rotationally mounted in a housing, during which electromagnetic waves are emitted in a duct in an area of the rotating blades by at least one means for generating electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves are reflected, at least in part, by at least one rotating blade. The reflected portions of the electromagnetic waves are received by at least one receiving means and the temperature of the surface coating of the rotating blades is determined from a distribution of intensity of the received electromagnetic waves. The invention also relates to a method for determining the temperature of a surface coating of guide vanes mounted in a rotationally fixed manner in a non-positive-displacement machine with a housing, and to a device for carrying out the method.

Abstract: Ambient temperature for a temperature sensor can be calculated using a mobile temperature sensor system that samples air from the boundary layer around a mobile platform and passes the air through a measurement cell containing two flush-mounted or embedded sensor elements. A common reference voltage can be applied by control circuitry to minimize drift in the sensor element readings and to calculate the ambient temperature.

Abstract: Devices (1,2) for use in frequency hopping systems (3) for frequency hopping through frequencies of a sequence of frequencies get a better overall performance by introducing selectors (4) for selecting the sequence from a number of sequences, which number of sequences comprises a first sequence and a second sequence, which first sequence is longer than the second sequence. Generators (7) generate the first and second sequences. Monitors (5) monitor channels in use and controllers (6) control the selectors (4) for, in a first mode, selecting the first sequence and for, in a second mode, selecting the second sequence in dependence of a monitoring result. Modifiers (8) modify the second sequence. The second sequence may form a subset of the first sequence. This all results in an increased overall quality and a reduced power consumption.

Abstract: A method and a system for low-rate bidirectional communications for establishing and maintaining a unidirectional high-rate data link, is provided, wherein orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with spreading is utilized on the low-rate channel. Low-rate communications in an omni-directional mode achieve similar coverage as the high-rate communications in a beamforming mode.

Abstract: The present invention presents a simple and novel channel estimation scheme for UWB communication systems. As disclosed herein, the present invention maximizes the extraction of information by incorporating a new generation of transmitted-reference (Tr) transceivers that utilize a single reference pulse(s) or a preamble of reference pulses to provide improved channel estimation while offering higher Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and data rates without diluting the transmitter power.

Abstract: Central coordinator and proxy coordinator information typically found in powerline communications standards, such as the HomePlug standards, is used to ensure proper communication of a data packet directed toward an unknown destination. By using the central coordinator nodes and the proxy coordinator nodes to repeat the data packet according to a set of forwarding rules, the data packet can be transmitted to each node in the network using a tree topology that avoids generating loops that may result in packet storms. When the destination node is located, subsequent data packets can be sent to the destination node through a known route.

Abstract: The diversity techniques—space time block code (STBC), maximum ratio combining (MRC)—with multiple antennas provide better reliability than general system. But there are some limitations such as size, cost, hardware complexity, etc, because of multiple antennas. In this letter, we propose a cooperative transmission technique using STBC. We can overcome those limitations and give the gain of cooperative transmission diversity in a concept of virtual multi-input multi-output (MIMO) with single transmit antenna.

Abstract: A method and a system for transferring a digital signal through a transformer, in which the current in a primary winding of the transformer is a frequency-modulated signal exhibiting sinusoidal trains of different durations according to the rising or falling edge of the digital signal to be transferred.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dynamically adjusted phase-locked loop (PLL). The level of capacitance of the loop filter and the level of current of the charge pump of the phase-locked loop are adjusted in accordance with an analogue method.

Abstract: A system for adaptive modulation and power control in a wireless communication system includes a downlink from a base station to a remote unit and an uplink from the remote unit to the base station. The base station incorporates adaptive modulation on the downlink while power control is not utilized. In contrast, the remote unit utilizes a fixed modulation level and power control to control transmit power levels. In an exemplary embodiment, the remote unit uses QPSK modulation. The header of uplink messages include data from the remote unit to instruct the base station which modulation level to utilize on downlink transmissions. This provides closed-loop, non-iterative modulation control. In an exemplary embodiment, the modulation selection data is included in all uplink messages so that adaptive modulation can be communicated on a frame-by-frame basis.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) includes a package substrate, a die, and an antenna structure. The die includes a functional circuit module and a radio frequency (RF) transceiver that processes inbound and outbound RF signals. The antenna structure is coupled to the RF transceiver and is on the die and/or the package substrate. The antenna structure receives the inbound RF signal within a frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz and transmits the outbound RF signal within the frequency band.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) includes a package substrate, a die, and a plurality of antenna structures. The die includes a radio frequency (RF) transceiver and a control module, wherein the RF transceiver processes inbound and outbound RF signals. The control module enables the RF transceiver to receive the inbound RF signal from one or more of the plurality of antenna structures in a frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz and enables the RF transceiver to provide the outbound RF signal to one or more of the plurality of antennas structures for transmission in a frequency band of approximately 55 GHz to 64 GHz.

Abstract: An operational amplifier circuit is described. The operational amplifier circuit includes an operational amplifier, a high-pass filter portion, and a feedback loop, wherein the operational amplifier circuit is configured to output an amplified filtered version of a bio-signal. The operational amplifier includes a non-inverting input terminal, and an inverting input terminal, wherein the inverting input terminal and the non-inverting input terminal are configured to be coupled to a common reference potential through resistors. The high-pass filter portion is configured to receive a bio-signal as input and to provide input to the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier. The feedback loop includes a low-pass filter portion, wherein the low-pass filter portion is configured to receive input from an output of the operational amplifier and to provide input to the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier.

Abstract: A transceiver and method for communicating over a communications channel having a plurality of subchannels are described. In particular, the transceiver is capable of dynamically switching between communicating data for a first active application set and communicating data for a second different active application set. An active application set is defined as the set of one or more active applications for which the transceiver is currently communicating data. As part of communicating data for the first active application set, the transceiver allocates the subchannels to the one or more applications in the first application set. The transmission requirements of the first active application set defines a first communication state of the transceiver. When the transceiver dynamically transitions to communicating data for the second different application set, the transceiver reallocates the subchannels to the one or more applications in the second different application set.

Abstract: A test signal, the amplitudes of which are equal in the positive and negative directions, is generated and supplied to a signal processing circuit that performs a frequency conversion. Signals outputted from the signal processing circuit are detected to provide detected signals, which comprise a detected positive signal corresponding to a positive signal of the test signal and a detected negative signal corresponding to a negative signal of the test signal. The level of the detected positive signal is compared with the level of the detected negative signal to output a comparison result that indicates which level is higher. Additionally, an offset correction signal, which causes the level difference between the detected positive signal and the detected negative signal to be within a predetermined range of tolerance, is generated based on the comparison result. Then, an offset correction of the test signal and an externally supplied modulated signal is performed in accordance with the offset correction signal.

Abstract: A time shifting signal acquisition probe system has a signal acquisition probe having a memory containing a time delay constant representative of the propagation time delay of an electrical signal passing through the signal acquisition probe. A measurement test instrument receives the electrical signal from the signal acquisition probe and generating digital samples of the electrical signal in an acquisition system in response to a trigger signal and producing a waveform record. A communications bus coupled between the signal acquisition probe and the measurement test instrument couples the signal acquisition probe time delay constant from the signal acquisition probe to the measurement test instrument wherein processing circuitry in the measurement test instrument time shifts the waveform record of the electrical signal relative to the trigger signal by the amount of the signal acquisition probe time delay constant.

Abstract: A sequence of K voltage samples of a transmitted data signal is generated by sampling, digitizing, and storing voltage samples of the data signal with an imbedded sample clock on an IC having an unknown period TS. The K voltage samples are plotted against a time base of K sequential times TB[K] normalized so all samples fall within one cycle of the data clock used to generate the data signal or a unit time of 1. The time base is generated by estimating the sample clock period TSE to be some multiple of 1/P where P is greater than K. Eye diagrams are analyzed for time jitter wherein only the minimum value of jitter is saved. TSE is incremented by 1/P until TS is greater than one half the data clock period. The eye diagram at the TSE with the minimum time jitter is used to analyze the data channels.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for equalizing a radio frequency (RF) waveform in a communication system. The method includes generating a DDS waveform at a predetermined instantaneous frequency. A digital instantaneous frequency signal corresponding to the predetermined instantaneous frequency is provided. A predetermined digital scaling factor corresponding to the predetermined instantaneous frequency is retrieved. The DDS waveform is multiplied by the digital scaling factor to yield an equalized DDS waveform.

Abstract: In some embodiments common mode equalization is performed on a received differential signal to produce a voltage signal that is proportional to a common mode voltage of the differential signal. A command signal is provided in response to the common mode equalization to adjust a delay between two pairs of the differential signal. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are generally directed to systems, methods, and apparatuses for an automatic tuning circuit for a continuous-time equalizer (CTE). In some embodiments, the automatic tuning circuit automatically tunes the magnitude response as a function of frequency of the CTE.

Abstract: Techniques for operating a diversity receiver are described. A user equipment (UE) may include (i) a first receive chain having an equalizer and a first rake receiver and (ii) a second receive chain having a second rake receiver. The UE may support (i) a first mode in which only the equalizer is used to process a received transmission and (ii) a second mode in which both rake receivers are used to process the received transmission. The UE may determine a first performance metric for the first mode (e.g., based on the performance of the equalizer) and a second performance metric for the second mode (e.g., based on the performance of both rake receivers or only the first rake receiver). The UE may select the first or second mode based on the performance metrics and may power down the second receive chain if the first mode is selected.

Abstract: An equalizer consistent with certain embodiments has a differential analog tapped delay line made of a plurality of N series connected analog delay cells. Each cell has a pair of differential inputs and a pair of differential outputs. The delay line receives an input signal to be equalized. The differential input pair of the nth cell is connected to the differential output pair of the (n?1)th cell such that current is mirrored from the output pair to the input pair to form N?1 differential taps. Each one of N?1 differential input multiplying digital to analog converters (MDAC) is connected at its differential input at each differential tap, with each MDAC multiplying an analog signal at its input by a digital weighting factor to produce an output at a differential output. A differential slicer receives a sum of the differential outputs from each of the MDACs and produces an equalized output.

Abstract: A method of enhanced detection technique is used with wireless MIMO communication system. Since the performance of V-BLAST system depends on the first sub-stream detection capability, V probable streams are detected according to the first detected sub-stream of DFE detector and most probable stream is selected by likelihood test. The performance of the V-BLAST system can be improved and the decoding complexity and system performance can be controlled by adjusting the number of V.

Abstract: A receiver that includes but is not limited to a demodulator, a channel equalizer coupled to the demodulator, a demapper coupled to the channel equalizer, a decision-feedback fade canceller (DFC) coupled to the channel equalizer, demodulator, and demapper, wherein an output of the DFC feeds back into the channel equalizer, and a squared summation circuit coupled to the output of the DFC.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for implementing an equalizer which (1) combines the benefits of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) with a maximum-a-posterori (MAP) equalizer (or a maximum likelihood sequence estimator, MLSE) (2) performs equalization in a time-forward or time-reversed manner based on the channel being minimum-phase or maximum-phase to provide an equalization device with significantly lower complexity than a full-state MAP device, but which still provides improved performance over a conventional DFE. The equalizer architecture includes two DFE-like structures, followed by a MAP equalizer. The first DFE forms tentative symbol decisions. The second DFE is used thereafter to truncate the channel response to a desired memory of L1 symbols, which is less than the total delay spread of L symbols of the channel. The MAP equalizer operates over a channel with memory of L1 symbols (where L1<=L), and therefore the overall complexity of the equalizer is significantly reduced.