Abstract: An all-wheel drive system for a vehicle having an engine and a drive shaft is arranged between the drive shaft and front and rear propellable shafts. These shafts are interconnected by first and second clutches respectively, and the propellable shafts are coupled to front and rear wheels, for transferring torque from the drive shaft to the front and/or rear wheels. The all-wheel drive system further includes at least first and second actuators that are coupled to at least first and second clutches, where at least the first clutch is engaged by a spring and at least the first actuator is coupled for disengaging the first clutch when the first actuator is operated. The second actuator is coupled for engaging the second clutch when the second actuator is operated.

Abstract: A bottle opener including a housing with a inner cavity; a pair of clamping handles having upper portions coupled to the lower portions of the housing, and the lower portions including clamping portions configured to mate with the neck of the bottle. Also included are an actuator; a first sliding block making reciprocating movement in a longitudinal axis direction with respect to the inner cavity of the housing by the actuator; a helical screw assembly having an upper portion mounted in the first sliding block by a bearing and a lower portion that is free with rotation related to the first sliding block; and a second sliding block contained only slidably in the inner cavity of housing and positioned between the bottom plane of the inner cavity and the lower surface of the first sliding block.

Abstract: This invention relates to bi-directional ratcheting socket wrenches having two modes of operation that can be used independently or simultaneously and having only one ratchet mechanism. This invention can rotate a work piece by being rotated around the socket axis as is common to socket wrenches, the handle can be rotated around its axis or the two motions can be combined as one fluid motion. This can be accomplished in either direction of rotation while permitting the ability to reposition the wrench and/or the handle. Again, this is achieved using a single ratchet mechanism. This invention also provides a means to lock the handle in position relative to the wrench itself, a means to sufficiently retain the handle without impeding handle rotation, a means to mount the handle on a bearing and a means to provide alternative embodiments of the wrench to further increase its usefulness in confined areas.

Abstract: A portable screwdriver has a tip cartridge movably mounted inside the portable screwdriver. The tip cartridge can protrude from and be stored in the portable screwdriver and has multiple clamps formed, which hold the tips that can be individually detached from the tip cartridge and mounted on the portable screwdriver. Thus, the portable screwdriver is compact and facilitates carrying. Moreover, the portable screwdriver stores the associated tips inside and effectively prevents the tips from being lost.

Abstract: A fish tape pliers is formed with opposed planar and curvilinear edges that form or channel disposed distally from the pliers' pivot connection axis. In one operable embodiment, the edges frictionally engage the fish tape within the channel. The fish tape in pulling an electrical wire through a conduit, is directed away from the handles and the users' grip hand. The jaws may have differently contoured or cross-ridged surfaces to provide the desired frictional engagement without damaging the fish tape. The fish tape pliers includes diverse complementary features for crimping, stripping, bending and/or cutting an electrical wire.

Abstract: A cutting tool assembly having a tool post capable of lateral movement along a work piece to be cut and an actuator with a tool tip. The actuator provides for independent and variable control of the movement of the tool tip in an x-direction into the work piece and in a z-direction laterally along the work piece for use in making microstructures in the work piece.

Abstract: A cutting tool assembly having a tool post capable of lateral movement along a work piece to be cut and an actuator with a tool tip. The actuator provides for variable control of the movement of the tool tip in a z-direction laterally along the work piece, while maintaining the tool tip at a substantially constant position in an x-direction into the work piece, for use in making microstructures in the work piece.

Abstract: A lathe spindle unit is provided with: a rotatable spindle having a cam follower, and a holding section for holding a work piece; a drive source for rotatively driving the spindle; and a driven rotation shaft that has a cam and that is rotatively driven by the drive source. The driven rotation shaft rotatively drives the spindle using the cam and the cam follower.

Abstract: An apparatus for diverting chad in a paper printer including a paper supply, a cutting mechanism for cutting the paper perpendicular to the path of the paper and a diverter flap positioned downstream of the cutting mechanism, the diverter flap being biased to reside in a first position defining a first path for chad to travel to be delivered into a receptacle, the diverter flap moving to a second position when a cut sheet falls thereon thereby allowing the cut sheet to travel a second path into a receiving tray.

Abstract: A power tool with a base assembly, and a table supported by the base assembly, where the table has a workpiece supporting surface. A saw assembly is pivotably supported by the table via a trunnion assembly. The table includes a post having a first curved surface having a first radius. The trunnion has a first surface contacting the first curved surface. The trunnion is movable along the first curved surface. The first radius is larger than the distance between the first surface and the workpiece supporting surface.

Abstract: An ammunition manufacturing machine has a frame with a die receptacle, and a reciprocating ram having a free end movable toward and away from the die receptacle. The free end of the die receives a removable shell holder having a recess shaped to receive the base of a casing. The recess has a flat floor portion, and the shell holder is removable along a path lateral to the axis of the ram's motion. A retention element removably encompasses at least part of the shell holder and of the free end of the ram, so that the shell holder is secured by the retention element against lateral removal. The retention element may have a flat upper surface aligned with the floor of the shell holder recess, to provide a guide for sliding the case into the shell holder. The retention element may also have an internal O-ring that compressibly surrounds the end of the ram, to provide a friction fit that holds the retaining element on the ram.

Abstract: Firearms, breechblock stops for firearms and methods of operating the same are disclosed. An example firearm includes a trigger that requires a force to be released, a trigger guard, a breechblock, and a spring-loaded breechblock stop that is operable between a resting position and an operative position. The example breechblock stop includes a slider control that has a control extension in the trigger guard. The firearm also includes a removable ammunition magazine that includes a follower. The breechblock stop may be moved between an operative position and a resting position by one of engagement with the follower of the magazine or actuation of the slider in a direction of operation essentially perpendicular to force releasing the trigger. Furthermore, the breechblock is unlocked in a released position when the breechblock stop is in the resting position, and the breechblock is locked in an open position when the breechblock stop is in the operative position.

Abstract: A hydraulic drive is described for displacing an actuator (7) between two predetermined end positions, comprising a piston unit (4) which can be pressurized in a cylinder unit (3) in opposite directions by way of hydraulic springs and a control device for alternating pressurization in opposite directions of the piston unit (4). In order to provide advantageous constructional conditions it is proposed that the cylinder unit (3) comprises an end section (10) of smaller cross section than the remaining cylinder space (9) and receives in a sealing manner the respective face side (12) of the piston unit (4) in the associated end position, that the end sections (10) connected via a throttle (13) to a return line (14) for the hydraulic medium are delimited by a control edge (11) each relative to the remaining cylinder space (9), and that the control device consists of an actuating drive (28) for an axial relative movement of the control edge (11) relative to the face side (12) of the piston. (FIG.

Abstract: A pneumatic cylinder having a cushioning valve assembly. A tubular body is capped by a pair of cylinder heads. A hollow cylinder rod having a piston assembly and cushioning valve assembly is seated within the tubular body for reciprocating action therein. The piston assembly is formed of a piston having a bore passing longitudinally therethrough and a cylindrical collar. The collar is mounted about the outside of one end of the hollow cylinder rod and the piston caps the end. The cushioning valve assembly comprises an elongated rod having a cushion piston at one end and a head at the other and is seated within the bore of the piston, such that the cushion piston is fitted within the interior of the hollow cylinder rod.

Abstract: A pressure vessel of the present invention is such that at least part thereof comprises a metallic composite material 40 comprising alight metal 41, which is turned into a matrix, and a plateshaped iron-basedmember 42, which is buried in the light metal 41, whose major component is iron, and which is provided with a large number of through holes penetrating the front and rear surfaces. By means of this construction, it is possible to provide a pressure vessel having a novel construction whose pressure resistance is enhanced without being accompanied by thickening, and a compressor being provided with a housing comprising the pressure vessel.

Abstract: An ice beverage-making apparatus includes a housing, an electric motor located within the housing, a torque transmission supported by the housing and receiving input from the electric motor and providing a first output shaft and a second-speed output shaft that rotates at a different speed than the first output shaft. The apparatus further includes an ice crushing module supported by the housing and receiving torque from the first output shaft, and a blending module receiving torque from the second output shaft.

Abstract: A cooking apparatus (10) is disclosed which comprises a double-shelled housing (12) with top cover (14), side walls (16) and a front plate (20) which is in the form of an arch to provide a storage space (22) underneath. A food vapours condensation chamber is located between the inner and outer shells of the housing (12) and the outer shells of the housing (12) are exposed to atmosphere so that they cool by radiation and convection. The cooking apparatus (10) further includes a fryer unit (18) which is located within an opening (24) in the front plate (20). The fryer unit (18) comprises a casing and a rotary cylindrical drum (26). The drum is devoid of an axle and is mounted by seals which bear on the periphery the drum. A plurality of parallel diametrically extending passages (30) pass through the drum (26).

Abstract: A comestible product press comprising a first handle having first and second ends; a second handle having first and second ends, wherein the first and second handles are hingedly connected to one another at their first ends; a first protrusion on the first handle, the first protrusion extending toward the second handle when the first and second handles are positioned to define an acute angle therebetween; a second protrusion on the second handle, the second protrusion extending away from the first handle when the first and second handles are positioned to define an acute angle therebetween; and an intermediate member connected to at least one of the first and second handles, wherein the intermediate member substantially fills the space between the first and second protrusions when the first and second handles are brought together.

Abstract: A quick access guide with an integrated strap chute opening device for a strapping machine is disclosed in which the strap chute separating device has a frame and a strap chute mounted to the frame. The strap chute includes at least one fixed wall cooperating with at least one movable wall. In a first position, the walls are closed and define a strap path through the strap chute and in a second position, the movable wall moves to separate and open the strap path. A handle rotates to open the chute using a cam. A guide arm is also rotated by rotation of the handle to allow access to the strap path.

Abstract: An aesthetic and useful device for enclosing a vacuum pump within a framed enclosure for the evacuation of air from used containers is herein disclosed. An enclosure for a vacuum pump comprises a latching access door, a lid, and a container-staging area that extends downward, effectively housing a vacuum pump supported by an interior shelf. A vacuum chamber for collecting any entrained liquids or solids from used containers is coupled at one end to vacuum plumbing extending from the inlet of the vacuum pump and at the other end to a container adapter. The container adapter has a stepped female diameter opening to accommodate various sized container mouths. A sealed and latched access door maintains the integrity of the vacuum chamber as well as provides an aesthetic and protective shroud for the vacuum pump.

Abstract: A belt tensioning system provides an improved starting principle in a large, round baler for agricultural crops. The tensioner comprises two arms, pivotally attached to one another. The front arm is pivotally attached to the baler. The rear arm is pivotally attached to the front arm, and may pivot downward under gravity when the bale chamber is empty of crop material. When pivoted down, the rear arm lowers the top of the bale forming region in the chamber, as defined by the belts. Additionally, the portion of each of the belts making up the rear of the bale forming region are reoriented in a more horizontal orientation, thus providing a forward force to aid in breaking the crop material and urging it forward to start the rolling of the bale.

Abstract: A system and apparatus for crushing aluminum cans, plastic containers and other crushable waste that is manual and portable. On the underside of the lid to the apparatus is a detachable handle with a plate attached thereto that has a series of rough ridges. The handle can descend down the height of the apparatus through a pair of parallel channels located down the front and rear of the apparatus. At the bottom of the apparatus on the interior is a mating plate that has a second series of rough edges that fit like a zipper with the ridges of the top plate for crushing of waste. The handle is lockable through latches to the lid of the apparatus when not in use. A second lock holds the handle in place on the rear of the apparatus when not in use. The bottom of the apparatus has one or more pairs of wheels to allow for easy portability.

Abstract: An ink fountain device includes a fountain roller, a blade, a pair of ink dams, a compression coil spring, and a fountain roller moving device. The fountain roller is rotatably supported by an eccentric bearing. The blade is arranged close to the fountain roller. The distal end of the blade forms a clearance, with respect to an outer surface of the fountain roller, where ink is to be supplied. The pair of ink dams are arranged to be substantially perpendicular to the blade and oppose each other in an axial direction of the fountain roller, and are supported to be movable toward and away from the outer surface of the fountain roller. The compression coil spring biases the ink dams to move toward the outer surface of the fountain roller. The fountain roller moving device pivots the eccentric bearing so as to move the fountain roller.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sleeve, particularly a rubber blanket sheath, for a printing machine. The sleeve (10) has a two-layer structure comprising an internal layer designed as support layer (11), and an external layer designed as cover layer (12) and used for the print transfer, with the external or cover layer (12) being connected directly to the internal or support layer (11). A three layer composite sheath also is disclosed.

Abstract: A device, system and method permitting on-line explosives-based cleaning and deslagging of a fuel burning facility (31) such as a boiler, furnace, incinerator, or scrubber. A coolant, such as ordinary water, is delivered to the explosives (101) to prevent them from detonating due to the heat of the on-line facility. Thus, controlled, appropriately-timed detonation can be initiated as desired, and boiler scale and slag is removed without the need to shut down or cool down the facility.

Abstract: The Variable-Force Payload Ejecting System, residing within an air vehicle, utilizes multiple pressure generators, one or more of which may be activated, to produce variable levels of force. A controlling computer within the air vehicle determines when and how much pressure needs to be generated to eject a given item, such as a submunition, from the vehicle. In its determination, the computer factors in the vehicle's forward velocity and height over the intended target at the time of ejection and the characteristics of the particular submunition to be ejected. An activating mechanism activates one or more pressure generators to produce the determined amount of pressure. The pressure thusly generated acts on an inflatable tube that inflates and expels the selected submunition. The result is a more precise delivery of the submunitions onto the intended targets.

Abstract: An ammunition system for a rapid fire gun. The ammunition system includes a bullet having a tip that is stored in a retracted position and during flight is deployed to create an aerodynamic shape. Another aspect of the ammunition system is that the bullet has a cylindrical body having a first length in storage and a second longer length after ignition of the propellant.

Abstract: An assembly and method for cleaning the barrel of a pneumatic gun, such as a paintball marker. A supply magazine is provided that contains a plurality of loading ports. Each loading port is filled with a cleaning projectile. The supply magazine is attached to a pneumatic gun so that the supply magazine is interposed between the breach chamber of the pneumatic gun and its barrel. When a projectile is fired from the pneumatic gun, the projectile displaces a cleaning projectile from the supply magazine and advances the cleaning projectile through the barrel. The passage of the cleaning projectile and the accompanying paintball cleans any fouling from the barrel of the pneumatic gun.

Abstract: An apparatus for assisting an elderly or physically limited individual in walking or carrying items up or down a stairway includes a guide rail assembly fixedly positioned along the wall of a stairway. A handle is connected to a support bar assembly, and the support bar assembly attaches to the guide rail assembly. The guide rail assembly typically has a tubular inner rail fixedly housed within a tubular outer rail, the outer rail typically includes a guide track along its length, and the inner rail typically includes a pin slot which aligns with the guide track. To operate the apparatus, the user grasps the handle while supporting the upper body on the support bar and moves the support bar assembly along the guide track while walking along the stairway. The handle and support bar assembly can be placed into a braking position as needed while moving along the stairway.

Abstract: A rotatable table includes a shelf unit which is mounted on a support structure and a rotatable unit having a work surface which may be rotated from a horizontal position to a vertical position. The rotatable unit may be placed in (1) a horizontal position, (2) specific detent angular positions, (3) other angular positions selected by the user, and (4) a storage position wherein the work surface is vertical. A truss assembly guide which slidably receives a truss assembly makes the various angular positions possible. In an embodiment of the invention, the entire rotatable table is vertically positionable on the support structure.

Abstract: A valuables case (1) for holding securities with a safety device having at least one holding chamber (5, 6) for an ink and having a measuring and triggering device for registering at least one parameter of the valuables case and for releasing the liquid from the holding chamber (5, 6) into the valuables container on the basis of the measured parameter is distinguished by at least one vibration generator (14) associated with the safety device for the purpose of generating vibrations in the liquid (7) in the at least one holding chamber. In this context, the measuring and triggering device is designed to register at least one vibration parameter and to release the liquid from the holding chamber (5, 6) into the interior (2) on the basis of the measured vibration parameter.

Abstract: A ground engaging apparatus (10) has a support plate (50) pivotally attached to a frame (100); a pair of arms (30, 40) interconnecting the support plate (50) and a shank support (60), which supports a shank (70) and ground follower (90) and first and second biasing rams or springs (200, 300), to maintain the ground follower (90); against the ground (91) but allow controlled break out of a ground opening, or tillage, tool (81) if an obstruction is engaged.

Abstract: A tool for injecting solid fertilizer spikes into soil for tree and plant root nutrition utilizing elongated brackets to reduce the step-up height, form a fertilizer load chamber and to provide for a spring fertilizer spike retention mechanism such that the tool is fully operable in an upright position wherein a fertilizer spike is left embedded in the ground and detached from the tool without the need to remove the tool from the ground in a manner where, with one process of downward movement of the foot bar, two functions occur simultaneously, namely; the full injection of the fertilizer spike into the soil concurrent with the full release of the fertilizer spike from the tool by the complete ejection of the fertilizer spike from the fertilizer spike load chamber and the spring fertilizer spike retention mechanism.

Abstract: A farm implement for applying a product to a row crop or a row seeded field wherein the implement has a plurality of spaced-apart product dispensers mounted thereon, each of which is individually automatically controlled. The rate of product being dispensing from each of the product dispensers is automatically operated dependent upon the ground speed of the individual product dispensers or dependent on other criteria.

Abstract: A ground working apparatus for dispensing an agricultural additive to the soil is provided. The apparatus is mounted to a tool bar that is operable to be towed across an agricultural field. The apparatus includes a coulter blade in combination with a knife element, and a conduit attached thereto operable to dispense the agricultural additive in the soil. The knife element and the coulter blade characterize a gap therebetween. The gap is defined by a forward edge of the knife element having a radius of curvature that is less than a radius of curvature of the coulter blade. The conduit in interchangeably attached by at least one conduit mount plate at the knife element.

Abstract: A transferring sea buoy is moored to the sea floor via an anchoring line. The anchoring line comprises a chain and an anchoring device for fastening the chain and the buoy. The anchoring device comprises a deformable longitudinal element having a first end connected to the transferring sea buoy and a second end connected to the chain. The deformable longitudinal element is deformable when the transferring sea buoy moves. The member has at least first and second portion of thin rectangular cross-section, each deformable in one plane to absorb relative motion between the buoy and the chain.

Abstract: The present invention is an accessory ready assembly that mounts to a support structure on a marine vessel. The assembly includes a male spline fitting having an end face that is configured to mount onto the support structure. A female spline connector is removably disposed on the male spline fitting. An accessory is disposed on an end of the female spline connector. A clamp is disposed on the female spline connector. The clamp securely fastens the female spline connector and the accessory to the male spline fitting.

Abstract: A multi-part boat includes a plurality of substantially hollow hull sections with at least one end of each section being attachable to one end of another section, with at least one bulkhead attachment means comprising a groove portion and a tongue portion. Hull sections include a bow section, a middle section, and a stern section. The bow section and the stern section can at least partially fit within the middle section when the boat is in a disassembled configuration. The bottom side of the hull sections includes a keel that partially overlaps an adjacent hull section and include a cooperating keel that is shorter than the length of the bottom side thereof by the amount of overlap of the keel. The tongue portion includes a locking means which further includes a tapered shim for frictionally locking the tongue portion to the groove portion. The tapered shim further includes an elongated aperture and a handle whereby the handle can be pivoted between a locked and an unlocked position.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a retractable canopy structure adapted to be used in conjunction with the canopy structure on a boat's existing T-top tubular frame near the level of the existing canopy. The canopy frame structure comprises two longitudinally aligned, telescoping members with at least one transverse, telescoping frame member disposed between the two longitudinal members to prevent the canopy from collapsing when under tension. The canopy frame structure is disposed onto the existing T-top frame using a mounting assembly comprising of a grommet adapted to be placed between two frame members and wrapped with an adjustable strap. The canopy and telescoping frame components are designed to be adaptable to various T-top canopy widths, and can be extended to various lengths to increase the amount of available canopy shade area while in the mounted position on the boat's existing T-top.

Abstract: A series of adjustable padded support clamps attach to pontoon boat rectangular rails to support the structural frame members of a boat cover. Each two-part support clamp comprises a first padded square C-shaped channel bracket member having an aperture in a top arm thereof, and a second post and plate member. The post protrudes up through the aperture in the top arm of the C-shaped channel bracket to receive a coupling of a frame member of the boat cover. A bottom padded plate of the second member is adjustably secured against a top of the boat rail by turning one or more adjusting screws to draw the padded bottom arm up securely against a bottom of the boat rail.

Abstract: Described herein is a road safety warning system and methods of use thereof. The warning system includes a housing; a warning sign comprising a first end and a second end; and a means for extending and retracting the warning sign from the housing, wherein one or more wheels are attached to the second end of the warning sign. The warning sign can be extended from a disabled vehicle or mount in order to warn oncoming traffic.

Abstract: A machine (100) for the treatment of pharmaceutical products (P) comprises a pan (2) that revolves about an axis of rotation (X) and a dispensing unit (3) designed to disperse a coating material inside the pan (2) over a mass (M) of the products (P) located in the pan (2). The pan (2) has an opening (7) for feeding the products to be treated (P) into the pan (2), and an opening (8) for feeding the products (PT) already treated with the coating material out of the pan (2), the infeed opening (7) and the outfeed opening (8) being separate and independent of each other.

Abstract: A liquid applying apparatus can prevent an applying liquid from evaporating while an applying operation is stopped and can reliably prevent the liquid from leaking even when, for example, the posture of the apparatus is tilted. An abutting member of a holding member is abutted, under an urging force of a spring, against an applying surface of an applying roller. Thus, a liquid holding space is formed between the applying roller and a holding member to hold the applying liquid. The abutting member is annularly formed of a single member. The applying roller rotates to cause the applying liquid held in the holding space to adhere to an outer peripheral surface of the applying roller. The applying liquid is then applied to the applying medium.

Abstract: A first conductive plate (31A) constituting the radiation surface of a slot antenna (30A) inclines with respect to a first dielectric member (13) opposed to the radiation surface of the slot antenna (30A). Consequently, a plasma generated by the electric field of an electromagnetic field entering directly from the slot antenna (30A) can be set dominant over a plasma generated by the electric field of a standing wave formed in a processing vessel (11). Since the former can be controlled more easily than the latter, the plasma distribution can be improved.

Abstract: A milk collecting piece comprises a kink element having a bending edge which ensures reliable kinking and thus maintenance of the operating vacuum in milk tubes which are guided outwards in a direction oblique to the longitudinal axis. In one embodiment, the milk collecting piece comprises a connection surface provided with an opening into which an end portion of the milk tube is introduced, so that a reliable function is obtained due to the provision of the kink element, whereby due to the manner in which the milk tube is mounted on the collecting piece, a smaller amount of milk coating collects and deposits on transition areas. In a further embodiment, the bending edge of the kink element is positioned in such a manner that said edge efficiently prevents the milk tube from getting detached from connection elements which are guided outwards in an oblique manner, and ensures vacuum-tight kinking of the milk tube at the same time.

Abstract: A device for selectively inserting or removing cup liners having a generally elongated cylindrical body, a front cup and a rear lip from a milking cup apparatus. The device having a frame, a force-applying device pivotally connected to the frame and a liner holding device, connected in sliding engagement to the frame. The liner holding device is configured to connect with the liner and to pull the liner through the hard milk shell cup when activated by a user.

Abstract: A system and method for providing access to animal food utilizes identification tags on domestic animals, generally attached to a collar. The identification tag generates a signal that is detected by a receiver mounted on an enclosed food container. When the receiver detects a pre-selected acceptable signal from an animal, it activates a motor that causes a movable portion of the container to move to an open position. If the signal is no longer detected by the receiver, it activates the motor to move the movable portion of the container to a closed position. If the receiver detects a signal from an identification tag that is not one of the pre-selected signals, it activates the motor to move the movable portion of the container to a closed position.

Abstract: A wildlife feeder is provided, including a wildlife feeder that may be used for squirrels. The wildlife feeder includes a frame and an axle. The axle is rotatably attached to the frame and has a cage wheel and a feed dispensing wheel attached thereto, such that rotation of the cage wheel such as will occur when an animal is running therein, will cause rotation of the feed wheel. The feed wheel is adjacent a container having a container opening, which container contains a multiplicity of food particles gravity fed to the opening. As the feed wheel, which has cutouts therein, rotates, it dispenses particular wildlife feed therefrom.

Abstract: A pet toilet that prevents scattering of litter material or tracking of litter material into the home is disclosed. The pet toilet comprises a toilet body having a box portion for containing sand or litter, a seat having a floor defining an opening so that dung and urine may pass from the animal to the sand. The seat is removably mounted on the upper opening of the box portion, and the seat may be lifted from a first position to a second position. Preferably, the seat structure defines a plurality of holes. These holes encourage sand to return to the box rather than to be tracked into the house. The toilet may be used without the seat for small pets such as kittens and still provides advantages to prevent the scattering of sand or litter during digging.

Abstract: This invention relates to the design of direct fired heaters which consist of vertically oriented refractory lined enclosures containing tubular heat transfer elements, the elements partially surrounding a cluster of burners. The burners fire gaseous fuel and generate high temperature combustion products which allow for the transfer of heat, by radiation and convection, from the combustion products to the heat transfer elements and the continuous flow of process fluid contained therein. The transferred heat raises the temperature of the fluid from the design temperature at the inlet to the design temperature at the outlet, at a heat transfer rate commensurate with the temperature differential existing at any given location.