Abstract: A power selection system is provided for an air conditioning system, including a power selection device, an interface unit, and an air conditioner. The power selection device includes a distribution selector and an uninterrupted power supply device. The distribution selector is arranged inside the uninterrupted power supply device. The distribution selector controls selection of power input of the power selection device among multiple power sources. The interface unit is connected to the power selection device. The air conditioner includes a power system, which is connected to the interface unit. As such, the system, as a whole, can be arranged in accordance with the user's need to receive a power input or a combination of multiple power inputs selected from multiple power sources in different periods of time and is fit for air conditioners of different brands available in the market.

Abstract: In an air conditioner including a plurality of outdoor units, a first outdoor unit includes: a converter that receives commercial AC power and converts the received commercial AC power into DC power; and at least one first outdoor fan inverter that converts the DC power into AC power to drive a motor for at least one first outdoor fan, and a second outdoor unit includes: at least one second outdoor fan inverter that receives the DC power which has been converted by the converter and converts the received DC power into AC power to drive a motor for at least one second outdoor fan.

Abstract: Provided is a cooling apparatus, which has its cooling ability improved by liberating the thermal energy of a coolant from expansion means to the outside. The cooling apparatus includes a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, a capillary tube and a blower fan. Moreover, a portion of the capillary tube corresponding to that expansion means is arranged to abut against the casing of the blower fan. Here, the portion of the capillary tube is arranged so helically or spirally as to abut against the upper face of the casing of the blower fan. Thus, the heat can be dissipated from the capillary tube to the casing of the blower fan.

Abstract: An evaporative heat exchanger for cooling a hot refrigerant having a core of alternatively stacked dry and wet plates. Each dry plate includes a dry side defining a plurality of dry channels in a first direction, a series of ports distributed along the dry channels, a wet side, and a refrigerant cooling section. Each wet plate includes a wet side adjacent to and cooperates with the wet side of the dry plate to define a plurality of wet channels in a second direction. The dry channels, ports, and wet channels define a labyrinth for the air flow, which evaporates the liquid contained in the wet channels resulting in a cooling of the refrigerant. The refrigerant cooling section is integral with the outboard of the dry plate and adjacent to an end section of the wet channels to provide enhanced refrigerant cooling.

Abstract: A refrigeration appliance includes an insulated cabinet forming an interior cavity. A refrigeration system cools the interior cavity. A first light source emits light into the interior cavity along a first illumination axis. A second light source for emits light into the interior cavity along a second illumination axis. A bottle storage rack is located within the insulated cabinet. The bottle storage rack includes a first rung pair, a second rung pair, and a third rung pair. The first illumination axis passes between a rung of the first rung pair and a rung of the second rung pair, and the second illumination axis passes between another rung of the second rung pair and a rung of the third rung pair.

Abstract: An ice making unit taking the form of a kit separably installed in a freezing compartment of a refrigerator. The ice making unit includes a water supply tank to supply water, an ice making case defining an external appearance of the ice making unit, the ice making case being formed, at an upper portion of a front surface thereof, with a water supply tank installation hole to allow the water supply tank to be slidably installed therethrough, at least one ice making tray installed in the ice making case to receive the water supplied from the water supply tank, and an ice separating device to separate ice from the ice making tray, and the water supply tank is coupled to or separated from the ice making case via forward and rearward sliding movement thereof. Supply of water into the ice making unit can be accomplished via simple coupling or separation of the water supply tank, resulting in convenient use of the ice making unit.

Abstract: A refrigerator door is provided. The refrigerator door has an outer case forming a shape of the refrigerator door, an inner case provided within the outer case to configure a backside of the refrigerator door wherein a space between the inner case and the outer case is charged with a foaming liquid, an ice making unit provided to one side of the inner case to make ice, a fixing unit provided to the space charged with the foaming liquid between the inner case and the outer case and fixing the ice making unit to the refrigerator door, and a dispenser provided to one side of the outer case to discharge the ice supplied by the ice making unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ice-cube tray for the making of ice-cubes, wherein the ice-cube tray has a material at least regionally which is provided with one or more additives by means of which the heat conductivity is increased.

Abstract: An ice making unit and a refrigerator having the same are disclosed. The refrigerator includes an ice making unit to make ice pieces. The ice making unit includes a plurality of ice making trays to form ice pieces, a lever part connected to the ice making trays to simultaneously rotate the ice making trays, and a stopper to prevent one of a pair of rotating shafts of each of the ice making trays from being rotated at a predetermined angle or more so that the ice making trays get twisted when the ice making trays are rotated. Accordingly, ice pieces can be separated from the ice making trays by operation of a single lever.

Abstract: An ice maker evaporator includes a plurality of dividers and one or more micro-multi-port tubes that are arranged into a plurality of cells such that ice cubes can be formed therein. The evaporator can be made of aluminum and the components can be brazed, soldered or otherwise joined together.

Abstract: A casing (31) houses therein an expansion mechanism (60) and a compression mechanism (50). The expansion mechanism (60) has a rear head (62) in which a pressure snubbing chamber (71) is provided. The pressure snubbing chamber (71) is divided by a piston (77) into an inflow/outflow chamber (72) which fluidly communicates with an inflow port (34) and a back pressure chamber (73) which fluidly communicates with the inside of the casing (31). The piston (77) is displaced in response to suction pressure variation whereby the volume of the inflow/outflow chamber (72) varies. This enables the inflow/outflow chamber (72) to directly perform supply of refrigerant to or suction of refrigerant from the inflow port (34) which is a source of pressure variation, thereby making it possible to effectively inhibit suction pressure variation.

Abstract: A portable food serving system for keeping food cold or for cooling hot food and keeping it cool that does not require a power source includes a generally rectangular inner pan and outer pan. Each of the pans has a bottom wall. The outer pan also has four sidewalls with a drain plug on one of them and rails at the bottom to form feet. The inner pan fits within the outer pan and the bottom wall of the inner pan is raised above the bottom wall of the outer pan. The inner pan has a plurality of compartments located therein with spaces formed between the compartments. A plurality of baffles extend upwardly from the bottom wall of the outer pan and extend into the spaces between the compartments. The system also includes a plurality of clips for releasably locking the inner pan with the outer pan. Ice and a cooling liquid may be placed in the spaces between the compartments and between the bottom walls of the pans. A cover fits over the pans.

Abstract: A condenser for use in a vehicle (A1) comprises, in an integrated manner, a condensation part (4), which cools a coolant that is discharged, at a high temperature and a high pressure, to the condensation part (4) from a compressor (1) of a refrigeration cycle, by radiating heat from the coolant by way of a heat exchange between the coolant and the external atmosphere, a reservoir tank (5) that stores the coolant that has been liquefied by the condensation part (4), and a supercooling part (6), which cools the liquid coolant that is discharged to the supercooling part (6) from the reservoir tank (5) at high pressure. The supercooling part (6) is configured to cool the liquid coolant that is discharged to the supercooling part (6) from the reservoir tank (5) at a high pressure by way of a heat exchange, which does not employ a radiator fin, between the high pressure liquid coolant and a low pressure coolant that is discharged from an evaporator (3) of the refrigeration cycle.

Abstract: A microelectronic refrigeration system is provided for cooling an electronic device. The microelectronic refrigeration system is configured to contain a refrigerant, a low concentration solution, and an intermediary gas. The microelectronic refrigeration system includes: (i) an evaporator configured to be thermally coupled to the electronic device, to receive and vaporize the refrigerant, and to receive the intermediary gas; and (ii) an absorber fluidly coupled to the evaporator. The absorber is configured to receive the low concentration solution and the vaporized refrigerant, which dissolves in the low concentration solution to produce a high concentration solution. The system further includes an intermediary gas return duct fluidly coupled to the evaporator and to the absorber. The intermediary gas return duct is configured to direct the intermediary gas received from the absorber to the evaporator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat/temperature preserving pack. Embodiments of the heat preserving pack include a soft pack or a hard box pack, having an inner containing space filled with phase change isothermal substance. The present invention maintains the temperature of objects for an extended period to achieve a constant temperature effect. By implementing the present invention, the size and weight of the heat preserving container is effectively reduced and the space available for storing objects to be heat preserved is increased. Thus, the heat preserving container is convenient to carry and the transport cost is reduced.

Abstract: A decagonal shaped diamond, adapted to display a hearts and arrows pattern when exposed to light comparable to the hearts and arrows pattern in a round diamond. The decagonal shaped diamond should be cut to form ten main crown facets of substantially equal size symmetrically arranged relative to one another surrounding a table facet twenty star facets with two star facets polished on every main crown facet, ten main pavilion facets, an equal number of crown half facets as pavilion half facets and ten main girdle facets with the girdle facets polished at a given angle relative to one another for forming the decagonal shape of the diamond.

Abstract: A method of making a glass product comprising: providing a feedstock formed from at least one sedimentary rock comprising at least two minerals suitable for making the glass product; melting the feedstock to form a melt; and forming a glass product from the melt.

Abstract: A method of fabricating micro/nano optical wires is disclosed, which comprises: providing a micro/nano optical wire drawing device comprising a feeding wheel, a drawing wheel, and a heating unit; fastening one end of a micrometer-sized preform at the feeding wheel; making the other end of the preform pass through the heating unit and be fastened at the drawing wheel; and switching on the heating unit to heat the perform to a softening temperature of the preform and drawing the preform by the drawing wheel to form a micro/nano optical wire. A device of fabricating micro/nano optical wires is also disclosed.

Abstract: A laundry assembly is provided. The laundry assembly includes a pedestal, a washer on the pedestal, and a dryer on the pedestal, in which the washer is adjacent to the dryer in a horizontal plane, and a longitudinal extent of the pedestal is parallel to the horizontal plane of the washer and the dryer.

Abstract: A washing and drying machine comprises a rotating tub (3) with small holes made in its circumferential wall to receive laundry, a water tub (2) provided around the outer periphery of the rotating tub (3) to store water, an air circulating passage (12) for communication between the inside and outside of the water tub (2) for air circulation, a warm air generation unit (40) to make air in air circulating passage (12) warm, an overflow stream outlet (17) provided at the water tub (2) to drain water when the water level of the water tub (2) is higher than a predetermined level. The washing and drying machine is characterized by an air stopping unit (41) provided in a water drain passage (21) communicating with the overflow stream outlet (17) so that water can be supplied and an sir flow can be stopped.

Abstract: A washing machine paddle includes a plurality of intake openings for collecting liquid at the bottom and rear of a drum of a front loading washing machine. Discharge openings are located on the paddle toward the front of the drum for discharging liquid therethrough. A baffle arrangement in the paddle directs the liquid collected from the intake openings to the discharge openings upon rotation of the drum to place the paddle into a top location. A drum arrangement and washing machine includes at least one such paddle mounted thereon.

Abstract: Drum type washing machine including a tub of plastic for holding washing water, the tub having a wall for mounting a driving unit thereto, a drum mounted on an inside of the tub, a shaft passed through the tub and coupled to the drum mounted inside of the tub, for transmission of driving force from a motor to the drum, at least one bearing for supporting the shaft, a bearing housing insert molded in the plastic tub for supporting the bearing, a stator to form the motor with a rotor, the rotor around the stator, and a tub supporter of metal between the wall of the tub and the stator, wherein the stator includes an annular helical type core having multiple layers formed by winding a steel plate having Ts and a base portion in a helix starting from a bottom layer to a top layer, an insulator insert molded with the helical type core to cover an outside surface of the helical type core for electrical insulation of the helical type core, and three fastening portions formed as a unit with the insulator projected fro

Abstract: A front-loading drum-type washing machine with a housing having a front wall and a housing wall opening disposed in he front wall. A suds container is disposed in the housing, the suds container having a suds container opening. A drum is rotatably mounted in the suds container. the drum has a drum opening with an edge. A bellows seal is disposed between the suds container and the housing wall opening. A laundry deflector is disposed in an upper area of the suds container opening, the laundry deflector being directed toward the drum and extending over the drum opening edge so as to form a gap with the drum opening edge. The laundry deflector is configured such that the extent to which it extends and a corresponding dimension of the gap is variable. The variable gap dimension is controllable and adjustable as a function of a speed of the drum.

Abstract: A lock is disclosed to clamp a wheel of a motor vehicle or motor cycle to prevent its theft once parked. The locking device comprises a housing (1) having a base (2), a front face (3), an opposing rear face (4), two opposing side faces (5,6) and a hinged lid (7) to cover the internals of the housing (1). Pivoting arcuate arms (10,15) extend from the housing (1), A linkage comprises three links (20,21,22) extending between the arms (10,15). The wheel (41) of a vehicle is pushed against the linkage (20,21,22) causing the arms (10, 15) to assume a closed position flanking the rim of the wheel (41). A locking mechanism (39) is then turned to the locked position and the key removed thus preventing movement of the arms (10,15) to any open position. To release the wheel (41), the locking mechanism (39) is first unlocked and the wheel (41) then moved in a direction away from the front face (3), the arms (10,15) being moved by the wheel (41) in an outwards direction.

Abstract: A key system including a mechanical key and a lock apparatus into which the mechanical key is insertable. The mechanical key includes a key code pattern having recessed portions and non-recessed portions. The mechanical key is operated in key manipulation directions. The lock apparatus includes tumblers, each of which is associated with one of the recessed and non-recessed portions. The lock apparatus mechanically verifies the key code pattern when the mechanical key is inserted therein based on whether the tumblers are aligned with the associated recessed and non-recessed portions. The recessed and non-recessed portions in the key code pattern are deviated from the key manipulation directions.

Abstract: A mechanical key code verification system including a mechanical key and a lock apparatus into which the mechanical key is insertable. The mechanical key includes a key body and a key code pattern including a plurality of recessed portions and a plurality of non-recessed portions formed on the at least one plane of the key body, the key code pattern having line symmetry.

Abstract: A lock body includes a bolt and a follower that is functionally connectable with the bolt to control the position of the bolt, and a driver. The driver is connectable with the follower to convey force turning the driver to the follower. Furthermore, the lock body includes an electric motor to operate as a power source for changing the locking state of the lock body.

Abstract: A self-contained handle assembly for a door provides a light emitting diode which indicates whether the door is locked or unlocked. The LED blinks when the door is locked and thus provides an active reminder of the position of the deadbolt.

Abstract: A lock core assembly has a lock shell, a lock core and a pin segment. The lock shell has a core mount, multiple upper pin chambers, a lid and at least one retaining flange. The lock core is mounted rotatably in the core mount and has a keyhole and multiple lower pin chambers. The lower pin chambers are formed radially through an outer surface of the lock core, communicate with the keyhole, align longitudinally, correspond to and communicate with the upper pin chambers. The pin segment is mounted between the lock shell and the lock core and has multiple abutting pin assemblies and at least one suspended pin assembly. When knocked, a suspended upper pin of the at least one suspended pin assembly prevents the pin aligning and the lock core from rotating, the lock core assembly provides a preferred burglarproofing effect.

Abstract: A method and composition for controlling dust and anti-caking of solid granular materials, including fertilizers, aggregates, minerals and ores wherein a glycerol which has been allowed to react with a polybasic acid to give a polymeric derivative for producing the composition which is applied to the solid granular materials.

Abstract: A method of bending a metal object, such as a tube, is provided that uses real time, closed-loop feedback of the actual springback of the object in order to modify the applied bending force or preprogrammed bending coordinates so that the final desired bend geometry is achieved. The variability of springback from object to object is thus accounted for and the number of objects that must be scrapped due to incorrect bends (over bend or under bend) is reduced. The method is carried out using an apparatus such as a rotary draw bender with a measuring device operable to measure actual bend coordinates of metal objects bent by the bender. A controller is operatively connected to the bender and the measuring device and is configured to control the bender to bend the metal objects at least partly based on measured bend coordinates provided by the measuring device.

Abstract: Particles each of which consists of an inorganic polyvalent metal compound as a nucleus and a coating of a metallic soap of the polyvalent metal coating the nucleus (coated particles); products and preparation processes using the particles; a lubricating coating forming agent wherein particles each of which consists of a polyvalent metal salt of phosphoric acid as a nucleus and a coating of a metallic soap of the polyvalent metal coating the surface of the nucleus are suspended in an aqueous solution of a water soluble inorganic salt and/or a water soluble organic acid salt; and a lubricating coating. The coated particles are novel particles which can be used as an ingredient of coating-type lubricating coating; are excellent in seizure resistance; can inhibit wear of tools at the time of plastic working since the friction coefficient of the surface of the particles is low; and are slow to cause pollution of working oils.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for shaping a blank into a hollow profiled element comprising at least one base plate, onto which the blank that is to be shaped can be placed, at least one die core for the hollow profiled element and at least two die halves for shaping the blank into the hollow profiled element, as well as a method for producing a hollow profiled element with at least one molded-on stiffening and/or functional element made from a blank.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for conditioning metal container ends and for removing particles and accumulated dust. The apparatus, in a preferred form, comprises a minimum of two and preferably three shafts, each shaft being rotatable about a longitudinal axis of rotation and each shaft having a helical groove extending around the shaft at an outer surface thereof. A drive rotates the shafts about their axes of rotation. The shafts are aligned and positioned to receive therebetween container ends introduced into the apparatus from an entrance and convey them to an exit with the peripheries of the container ends engaged in the grooves of the shafts such that rotation of the shafts causes the grooves to release particles from the peripheries. Associated dust removal equipment then removes the particles so that dust is not generated in downstream equipment for the utilization of the container ends.

Abstract: This invention provides a rolling method and a rolling apparatus, for flat-rolled metal materials capable of stably producing flat-rolled metal materials not having, or having extremely little, camber. A rolling method for a flat-rolled metal material uses rolling equipment including a rolling mill and at least a pair of pinch rolls for clamping a rolled material on the exit side of the rolling mill having a mechanism in which either one, or both, of upper and lower roll assemblies have a mechanism for supporting a work roll by split backup rolls split into at least three segments in an axial direction, the split backup roll group having a construction for supporting both a vertical direction load and a rolling direction load acting on the contacting work roll and each of the split backup rolls independently having a load measuring device.

Abstract: A closure panel forming and assembly process includes inputting partially stamped inner and outer panels into the assembly system and finished assemblies out. The invention is a manufacturing process for closure panel assemblies, doors, deck lids, hoods, liftgates and other similar panels. The process has a reduced stamping operation of only two die stages, with the first operation being a draw operation followed by a second operation of trim and pierce. These operations may be done at a satellite location which may be within the same facility or at an outside location. All additional metal forming operations are done at an assembly system.

Abstract: Systems and methods of use for continuous analyte measurement of a host's vascular system are provided. In some embodiments, a continuous glucose measurement system includes a vascular access device, a sensor and sensor electronics, the system being configured for insertion into communication with a host's circulatory system.

Abstract: A gas amount measuring device including a vacuum container, a first pipe, an air release valve being attached to the first pipe, a second pipe, a calibration gas generator being attached to the first pipe, a third pipe, a vacuum gauge, a first valve, a leak valve, a second valve, a turbomolecular pump, a third valve, and a roughing pump being attached to the third pipe in order from a vacuum container side, a first bypass pipe connecting the third pipe between the vacuum container and the first valve to the third pipe between the leak valve and the second valve, a fourth valve being attached to the first bypass pipe, and a second bypass pipe connecting the third pipe between the leak valve and the second valve to the third pipe between the third valve and the roughing pump, a fifth valve being attached to the second bypass pipe.

Abstract: A prover includes a piston supporting rod extending longitudinally through a cylinder, which cylinder receives and discharges a fluid to measure the flow rate of the fluid by translation of the piston from the fluid receiving end to the fluid discharging end. Motive means includes at least one reel mounted belt for drawing the rod toward the fluid receiving end of the cylinder. Upon such movement of the rod, a poppet valve formed as part of the piston opens to permit fluid flow through the piston. A clutch serving as part of the motive means permits travel of the piston from the fluid receiving end to the fluid discharging end of the cylinder and serve the flow rate measuring function of the prover. Apparatus is also provided to permit opening of the poppet valve for maintenance and/or repair purposes. A framework permits support of the prover in a horizontal or a vertical orientation without affecting the operation, repair or maintenance of the prover.

Abstract: This invention involves a method of creating a hydroelectric turbine system that is capable of producing electricity while sustaining a majority of the fluid flow or hydraulic pressure within the pipe line or pipe network driving the system. The system's objective is to shave as little pressure as possible from an enclosed pipe system that requires pressure to operate and function properly. More particularly, this invention relates to a hydroelectric turbine generator system wherein the system is specially designed and configured with an unique impeller and fluted turbine housing that enable a generator device to produce a particular amount of electric current and voltage, while yet minimizing flow restriction and pressure loss to the fluid pressure driving the system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for testing the functionality of automatic air valves positioned at high points of a pipeline system are provided. The invention generally provides a testing flange and a process for performing various fluid pressure tests to determine whether automatic air valves are properly releasing and/or stabilizing air within a pipeline system.

Abstract: A method of calibrating positions within a materials handling system, wherein the materials handling system includes multiple stations for carrying out tasks and a carrier that is movable between the multiple stations, includes the steps of: providing calibration points at a plurality of the multiple stations; moving the carrier to at least some of the calibration points; contacting the calibration points; recording the locations of the calibration points; and determining locations of key components of the stations based on the locations of the calibration points. In some embodiments, the method includes contacting the calibration points with a calibration tool, which may include: a cylindrical body; a groove in the cylindrical body sized and configured to receive jaws from the carrier; and a cylindrical upper flange positioned on an upper end of the cylindrical body. In this configuration, the tool can be gripped by the carrier and employed to perform a variety of calibration functions.

Abstract: A calibration system is provided for calibrating acoustic transducers such as phased array acoustic transducers and time of flight acoustic transducers. In one embodiment, a support frame for a plurality of acoustic transducers may be used to calibrate the transducers simultaneously. The support frame is modular and can be customized with respect to its overall configuration, the number of transducers, and the placement of the transducers. Groups of transducers may be added or removed as well as individual transducers. The outputs of the acoustic transducers are collected as the acoustic transducers are simultaneously moved and/or positioned. The outputs can be combined to produce an image and compared to a known image to verify that the acoustic transducers are all oriented properly and calibrated for operation.

Abstract: A calibration system is provided for calibrating acoustic transducers such as phased array acoustic transducers and time of flight acoustic transducers. In one embodiment, a calibration block is provided with predetermined calibration features defined therein. The calibration block may be provided with guide surfaces or engagement surfaces utilized to position the transducers accurately with respect to the calibration features so that the same acoustic scanning views are consistently produced. In one embodiment, the guide surfaces define a recessed region for acoustic couplant. The outputs can be combined to produce an image and compared to a known image to verify that the acoustic transducers are all oriented properly and calibrated for operation.

Abstract: A multi-purpose concentration sensor (MPCS) for organic compounds/gases or other compounds/gases tests the concentration of target content of the compound/gas such as methanol dissolved in certain solvents like water, where the exemplary methanol solution is called target solution, where the sensor can optionally or alternatively test the concentration of gas state target content like methanol vapor in a gas mixture and where the gas mixture to be tested is called target gas. The MPCS comprises two chambers or flow passages, a ‘separate’ structure, one or more diffusion or transport structures, one or more transfer structures, optionally includes one or more temperature control structures, one or more aim sensors, and optionally, one or more thermal management structures.

Abstract: A method for calculating moisture loss in a steam turbine operating under wet steam conditions.

Abstract: A waterproofing test system for testing waterproofing of an object includes a container for containing fluid. The object is disposed with the fluid inside the container. The waterproofing test system includes a pressure part for applying pressure to the fluid so that the pressure of the fluid can reach to a simulation pressure.

Abstract: A test-sensor cartridge is disclosed. The test-sensor cartridge comprises a plurality of test sensors adapted to assist in determining an analyte concentration of a fluid sample. The test-sensor cartridge further comprises a plurality of walls forming at least one cavity therein, the at least one cavity being adapted to contain the plurality of test sensors. The test-sensor cartridge further comprises at least one opening formed on a surface of the cartridge. The at least one opening is adapted to receive each of at least one projection of a first sensor-dispensing instrument with which the cartridge is compatible. The at least one opening is adapted to receive at least one but less than all of at least one projection of a second sensor-dispensing instrument with which the cartridge is incompatible.

Abstract: A rheometer for measuring the viscosity of a fluid, and including an extruder for filling the rheometer. The rotational speed of the extruder is adjustable for filling the rheometer.

Abstract: Determination of non-linearity of a positioning scanner of a measurement tool is disclosed. In one embodiment, a method may include providing a probe of a measurement tool coupled to a positioning scanner; scanning a surface of a first sample with the surface at a first angle relative to the probe to attain a first profile; scanning the surface of the first sample with the surface at a second angle relative to the probe that is different than the first angle to attain a second profile; repeating the scannings to attain a plurality of first profiles and a plurality of second profiles; and determining a non-linearity of the positioning scanner using the different scanning angles to cancel out measurements corresponding to imperfections due to the surface of the sample. The non-linearity may be used to calibrate the positioning scanner.