Abstract: A metal material having a coating formed by a surface treatment on the surface of the metal material is provided. The coating has an excellent corrosion resistance with or without a further coating that is equivalent or superior to the prior art coating formed by zinc phosphate treatment or chromate treatment, is free from sludge formation or environmentally harmful components, and is formed by using a component capable of deposition with a simple method.

Abstract: A composition includes at least one radiation curable (alkyl)acrylate-polyester oligomer, at least one photoinitiator, and at least one surfactant, wherein the composition has a viscosity of from about 50 cP to about 3000 cP at about 25° C., and a surface tension of from about 15 to about 40 dynes/cm at about 25° C.

Abstract: Medical devices, such as endoprostheses, and methods of making the devices are disclosed. In some embodiments, a medical device includes a composite having a metallic matrix and a plurality of particles in the matrix, the particles and the matrix having different compositions.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to composite metal foams comprising hollow metallic spheres and a solid metal matrix. The composite metal foams show high strength, particularly in comparison to previous metal foams, while maintaining a favorable strength to density ratio. The composite metal foams can be prepared by various techniques, such as powder metallurgy and casting.

Abstract: A boron-free and silicon-free bonding alloy (16) for joining with a superalloy base material (12, 14). The bonding alloy includes aluminum in a concentration that is higher than the concentration of aluminum in the base material in order to depress the melting temperature for the bonding alloy to facilitate liquid phase diffusion bonding without melting the base material. The concentration of aluminum in the bonding alloy may be at least twice that of the concentration of aluminum in the base material. For joining cobalt-based superalloy materials that do no contain aluminum, the concentration of aluminum in the bonding alloy may be at least 5 wt. %.

Abstract: A light emitting device having at least one layer that contains a phosphorescent organometallic dendrimer with a metal cation and two or more coordinating groups as part of its core and wherein at least two of said coordinating groups each have a dendron attached, at least one of which dendrons comprises at least one nitrogen atom which forms a part of an aromatic ring system or is directly bonded to at least two aromatic groups.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device comprising: a pair of electrodes; and at least one organic compound layer between the pair of electrodes, the at least one organic compound layer including a light emitting layer, wherein the light emitting layer contains at least one host material and at least one luminescent material, and the host material is a compound represented by the formula (I) as defined herein.

Abstract: A self-supported nitride semiconductor substrate of 10 mm or more in diameter having an X-ray diffraction half width of 500 seconds or less in at least one of a {20-24} diffraction plane and a {11-24} diffraction plane.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a medium which provides high media S/N and good corrosion resistance. According to one embodiment, in a perpendicular magnetic recording medium at least comprising a soft-magnetic underlayer, a seed layer, an intermediate layer, a magnetic recording layer and an overcoat layer which are stacked over a substrate in order, the magnetic recording layer has a granular structure which consists of many columnar grains of CoCrPt alloy and a grain boundary layer containing an oxide, the seed layer is made of TaNi alloy or TaTi alloy and the intermediate layer is made of Ru or Ru alloy which contains about 80 at. % Ru or more.

Abstract: Non-magnetic powder of particles for non-magnetic lower layer applications is provided that enables a multilayer coating type magnetic recording medium having good surface smoothness to be obtained. The particles are iron compound particles having a long axis with a standard geometrical deviation, as obtained from a transmission electron microscope image, that is greater than 1.5, and a short axis with a standard geometrical deviation, as obtained from a TEM image, that is greater than 1.35. The iron compound particles may be hematite or iron oxyhydroxide.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is provided that comprises a non-magnetic support and at least one magnetic layer above the support, the magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder dispersed in a binder, and the binder comprising a polyurethane resin having a weight-average molecular weight of 200,000 to 400,000. There is also provided a magnetic recording medium that comprises a non-magnetic support, a non-magnetic layer above the support, the non-magnetic layer comprising a non-magnetic powder dispersed in a binder, and at least one magnetic layer above the non-magnetic layer, the magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder dispersed in a binder and the binder of the magnetic layer and/or the non-magnetic layer comprising a polyurethane resin having a weight-average molecular weight of 200,000 to 400,000.

Abstract: A medical device includes a rechargeable lithium-ion battery for providing power to the medical device. The lithium-ion battery includes a positive electrode including a current collector and a first active material, a negative electrode including a current collector and a second active material, and an auxiliary electrode including a current collector and a third active material. The auxiliary electrode is configured for selective electrical connection to one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The first active material, second active material, and third active material are configured to allow doping and undoping of lithium ions. The third active material exhibits charging and discharging capacity below a corrosion potential of the current collector of the negative electrode and above a decomposition potential of the first active material.

Abstract: A system and method for limiting the amount of hydrogen being bled from an anode exhaust line. The method includes maintaining a pressure bias between an anode outlet and a cathode outlet of a fuel cell stack so that when an anode exhaust gas is bled from the anode exhaust line and mixed with the cathode exhaust gas, the concentration of hydrogen in the mixed gas is maintained below a predetermined percentage. The pressure bias is such that the anode exhaust gas has a higher gas pressure than the cathode exhaust gas.

Abstract: A fuel processing method for a solid oxide fuel cell stack comprising the steps of: (a) supplying a feed stream comprising methanol and/or dimethyl ether to a methanation reactor containing catalytic material for the methanation of methanol and/or dimethyl ether; (b) processing the feed stream in the methanation reactor under adiabatic conditions to produce an effluent fuel comprising methane; (c) transferring the effluent fuel comprising methane to the anode of a solid oxide fuel cell stack comprising at least one solid oxide fuel cell; (d) providing the cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell stack with an oxygen-containing gas; and (e) converting the fuel comprising methane and the oxygen-containing gas into electricity in the solid oxide fuel cell stack.

Abstract: Please substitute the following version of the Abstract, with changes shown by strikethrough (for deletions) or underlining (for added matter). The heat exchanger (I) is provided for a heating system with integrated fuel cells (Z) for the production of electricity and with an additional burner (B). Electrical and thermal energy (E, Q) can be produced in this heating system from a gaseous fuel or from a fuel brought into the gas form by means of the fuel cells, and/or thermal energy (Q) can be produced by means of the additional burner. One part of the thermal energy present in the form of hot exhaust gases can be transferred in the heat exchanger to a liquid heat transfer medium, in particular water or an oil. The heat transfer medium is provided for heat transport for the purpose of room heating and/or process water heating. The heat exchanger forms a compact unit which is also made of a material of good thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A fuel cell capable of improving heat exchange efficiency with respect to tubular fuel cells is provided. A fuel cell includes a hollow electrolyte membrane, hollow electrodes arranged on an inside and an outside of the electrolyte membrane, respectively, and an internal charge collector arranged inside of the electrolyte membrane and the electrodes, wherein the internal charge collector is hollow and made of a nonporous member.

Abstract: An ion conducting membrane has a matrix including an ordered array of hollow channels and a nanocrystalline electrolyte contained within at least some or all of the channels. The channels have opposed open ends, and a channel width of 1000 nanometers or less, preferably 60 nanometers or less, and most preferably 10 nanometers or less. The channels may be aligned perpendicular to the matrix surface, and the length of the channels may be 10 nanometers to 1000 micrometers. The electrolyte has grain sizes of 100 nanometers or less, and preferably grain sizes of 1 to 50 nanometers. The electrolyte may include grains with a part of the grain boundaries aligned with inner walls of the channels to form a straight oriented grain-wall interface or the electrolyte may be a single crystal. In one form, the electrolyte conducts oxygen ions, the matrix is silica, and the electrolyte is yttrium doped zirconia.

Abstract: An electrically conductive separator element and assembly for a fuel cell which comprises an electrically conductive substrate having a monoatomic layer coating overlying the substrate. The monatomic layer coating may comprise an electrically conductive material, for example, a noble metal, desirably Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Os and preferably Au. Methods of making such separator elements and assemblies are also provided.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes side plates of a casing. Flanges are provided on the side plates on the short sides for coupling the side plates on the short sides to the other side plates on the long sides. In each of the side plates, the center O of the coupling pin is offset from the neutral surface NS of the side plate in a direction away from a stack body by the distance “h”.

Abstract: An electrode for a fuel cell, and a membrane-electrode assembly and a fuel cell system that include the electrode are disclosed. An electrode for a fuel cell that includes an electrode substrate, a first channel formed in the electrode substrate, a first hydrophilic interface formed on an inner surface on one side of the first channel which guides liquids, and a first hydrophobic interface formed facing the first hydrophilic interface which guides gases, makes it possible for water obtained as a side product at the cathode to be separated from air without additional devices, so that it has a potential for utilization not only in portable electronic devices but also in low-capacity power source devices.

Abstract: The invention provides a non-aqueous secondary battery having positive and negative electrodes and non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium salt which has an energy capacity of 30 Wh or more, a volume energy density of 180 Wh/l or higher, which battery has a flat shape and is superior in heat radiation characteristic, used safely and particularly preferably used for a energy storage system. The invention also provides a control method of the secondary battery.

Abstract: A device for cooling batteries, particularly of an electric and/or hybrid vehicle comprises a pair of compartments (1, 12) in communication with one another, including a first compartment (1) housing the batteries distributed among adjacent columns and a second compartment (12) housing at least a blower (14). One of these compartments (1, 12) has an air intake aperture (5) while the other compartment (1, 2) has a discharge aperture (5) for discharging the admitted air to the outside. The first compartment (1) is equipped with means for modifying the dynamics of the air passing through it, starting from an axial circulation of air along the columns of batteries.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a heat exchange system that controls the temperature of a medium- or large-sized battery pack including a plurality of unit cells. The heat exchange system includes a sealed type housing surrounding the outer surface of the battery pack such that a predetermined flow channel, through which a heat exchange medium flows, is defined between the housing and the battery pack, a driving fan mounted in the housing for driving the heat exchange medium to flow, and a heat exchange unit mounted at one side of the housing for controlling the temperature of the heat exchange medium. In the heat exchange system according to the present invention, the heat exchange medium, for example, air is not introduced from the outside of the battery system, but is circulated in the battery system by the heat exchange unit.

Abstract: A holder for cooling battery modules that that maintains a temperature difference between plural battery modules below a specific value, reduces the number of module support parts, and ensures improvement of assembly performance and reduction of manufacturing cost by supplying cooling air to pass by the battery modules mounted in a hybrid vehicle and the like.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a case having an inner space, a plurality of battery cells placed inside the case, and at least one spacer placed between the battery cells. A space is formed around a supporting portion of the spacer for the battery cells so as to allow heat generated by the battery cells to flow out of the case. The spacer supports the battery cells by line contact therewith. The spacer body is formed in the shape of an H beam or in the shape of a staircase.

Abstract: A secondary battery module includes a unit battery pack having a plurality of unit batteries arranged at predetermined intervals, and a housing having the unit battery pack disposed in the housing. A heat transfer medium for controlling temperature of the plurality of unit batteries circulates in the housing. A first dispersion plate is fixedly disposed in the housing so as to be adjacent to the unit battery pack, and distributes the heat transfer medium between the plurality of unit batteries. A second dispersion plate is slidably disposed on the first dispersion plate, and distributes the heat transfer medium between the plurality of unit batteries.

Abstract: The battery pack has a battery, output terminals to bring out the battery electrodes, and a molding holder to connect to the battery as well as retain the output terminals. The battery pack is molded with at least the battery, the molding holder, and its connecting region inserted into a molded plastic resin region. The molded plastic resin region exposes output terminal surfaces, and also joins the battery, output terminals, and molding holder as a single unit.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery includes an electrode assembly including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the two electrodes, a container for receiving the electrode assembly inside, and a cap assembly fixed to the container. The cap assembly includes a cap plate fixed to the container, an external terminal disposed in the cap plate to electrically be coupled with the electrode assembly, and a tubular body that surrounds the external terminal to fix the external terminal to the cap plate. The external terminal includes at least one groove formed toward inside of the external terminal for fastening the external terminal to the tubular body.

Abstract: A holder for battery that maintains a temperature difference between battery modules below a specific value by the shape of a module support portion including receiving recesses divided into halves to become smaller from the upstream to the downstream of cooling air flow direction so that the contact area of the cooling air between the battery modules varies. The battery modules may include a module support portion supporting a plurality of battery modules and a plurality of receiving recesses formed at regular intervals on the module support portion, on which the battery modules are placed.

Abstract: A liquid low concentration sodium-containing silicate solution as electrolyte for lead-acid storage batteries and its applications, is prepared by mixing a silica gel containing 40˜60 wt % SiO2, the weight units of such a silica gel are 5˜15; add 15-25 weight units water and stir until the concentration of the mixture is 0.65˜0.85 0Be? measured by a Baum densimeter, adjusting the pH value of this mixture to 1-4 using inorganic acid and magnetizing the mixture under 1000-6000 Gauss magnetic field for 5-10 minutes, stir the magnetized mixture until the viscosity of the mixture is less than 0.02 poise and finally obtain a liquid low concentration sodium-containing silicate solution. The electrolyte can be used as electrolyte or activation solution for common or special lead-acid storage batteries.

Abstract: A radical compound may be used as an active material for an anode layer 2 to provide a novel stable secondary battery with a higher energy density and a larger capacity. The radical compound used has, for example, a spin concentration of 1021 spins/g or more.

Abstract: A separator for a battery in lithium. The separator is a thick membrane, of around 60 to 120 ?m in polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer, which has considerable porosity, of around 50 to 90%, with pores of size between 1 and 10 ?m. With these characteristics, it is possible to optimize the operation of a battery with an electrode in, e.g., Li4Ti5O12, in particular for rapid charges and discharges, in other words in power applications.

Abstract: A medical device includes a rechargeable lithium-ion battery for providing power to the medical device. The lithium-ion battery includes a positive electrode including a current collector, a first active material, and a second active material. The lithium-ion battery also includes a negative electrode including a current collector, a third active material, and a quantity of lithium in electrical contact with the current collector of the negative electrode. The second active material exhibits charging and discharging capacity below a corrosion potential of the current collector of the negative electrode and above a decomposition potential of the first active material.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a composition represented by: Li1+yM1?y?zM1zPO4 where M is at least one of Co and Ni, and M1 is at least one of Mg, Zr and Al, the molar ration y is larger than 0 and smaller than 0.5, and the molar ration z is larger than 0 and not larger than 0.5 is provided.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes an electrode group having a positive electrode and a negative electrode wound flatly by way of an interposed separator, a positive electrode tab electrically connected to the positive electrode, and projecting from a spiral winding surface of the electrode group, a negative electrode tab electrically connected to the negative electrode, and projecting from the spiral winding surface, and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the nonaqueous solvent contains sultone compound including a ring having at least one double bond, and a distance between the positive electrode tab and the negative electrode tab is 6 mm to 18 mm.

Abstract: A phase metrology pattern for attenuating phase masks. The phase error of this pattern can be determined to high accuracy by aerial image measurements. This pattern can be used to create an optical phase standard for calibrating phase metrology equipment for attenuated phase masks, or as a witness pattern on a product mask to verify the phase accuracy of that mask. The pattern includes an effective line to space ratio and can be tested using a microscope or stepper system or can be measured directly using a detector for the 0 order diffraction measurement.

Abstract: The reflective photomask may include a substrate, a reflective layer formed on the substrate, an absorption pattern formed on the reflective layer and over a first portion of the substrate. A compensatory portion may be formed over at least a second portion of the substrate. The second portion is adjacent to the first portion, and the compensatory portion is thinner than the absorption pattern.

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition includes (a) a polymer mainly composed of a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (I); (b) a dissolution accelerator for a developing solution; and (c) a solvent: wherein R1 is a trivalent or tetravalent organic group, R2 is a bivalent organic group, R is a monovalent organic group having a carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond or a group represented by O?M+ (M+ represents a hydrogen ion or a cation composed of hydrogen and a compound having the carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond) in which the compound having the carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond is ionically bonded, at least one carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond is contained in all repeating units, m is an integer of 2 or more, and n is 1 or 2.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for detecting focus variation in a lithographic process using photomasks having test patterns adapted to print test features with critical dimensions that can be measured and analyzed to determine magnitude and direction of defocus from a best focus position of an exposure tool during the lithographic process.

Abstract: A methodology to improve the through-process model calibration accuracy of a semiconductor manufacturing process using lithographic methods by setting the correct defocus and image plane position in a patterning process model build. Separations of the optical model and the photoresist model are employed by separating out the adverse effects of the exposure tool from the effects of the photoresist. The exposure tool is adjusted to compensate for the errors. The methodology includes a determination of where the simulator best focus location is in comparison to the empirically derived best focus location.

Abstract: The present application is directed to a method for determining photolithography focus errors during production of a device. The method comprises providing a substrate and forming a photoresist pattern on the substrate. The photoresist pattern comprises a device pattern and one or more blocking scheme patterns. The process further comprises performing a device manufacturing process using the photoresist pattern as a mask to form sensor windows on the substrate. One or more focus error sensors are formed in the sensor windows. Focus errors are determined using the focus error sensors. Other embodiments of the present application are directed to wafers comprising one or more focus error sensors positioned in sensor windows.

Abstract: The present invention provides a parameter determination method of determining an optical parameter and a process parameter by using an optical simulator which calculates a resist image to be formed on a resist applied on a substrate, based on the optical parameter of an exposure apparatus which transfers a pattern of a mask onto the substrate, and a process simulator which calculates a process image to be formed on the substrate, based on the process parameter representing information concerning the resist and information concerning a process to be performed on the resist.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a color image forming method capable of forming full color images desired for a precise reproduction to the color tone of high resolution and a halftone in high-end apparatuses. Disclosed is a color image forming method employing 6 kinds of chromatic color toners and a black toner, each toner containing particles having a median particle diameter (D50) of 3-7 ?m in terms of volume, a decline starting temperature of a storage elastic modulus of 10-40° C., a temperature of 70-130° C. in the storage elastic modulus range of 103-104 Pa, and a primary diameter of 40-800 nm.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus comprises: an image carrier; a charging unit; a latent image forming unit; a developing unit that uses a toner maintaining a non-color-developing state when provided with coloring information through exposure to light; a coloring information providing unit that provides the toner image with coloring information by exposing the toner image to light having a predetermined wavelength determined depending on the color not to be developed based on color component information of image data; a transfer unit; a fixing unit; a color-developing unit that develops a color of the toner image provided with the coloring information; and a control unit that controls the coloring information providing unit to expose a background region on the image carrier to light having a predetermined wavelength for preventing color development of the toner.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a cylindrical support, and a charge-generating layer and a charge-transporting layer on or above the cylindrical support, wherein the thickness of the charge-generating layer is increased from the central portion in the axial direction of the cylindrical support towards both end portions thereof, and the difference in thickness between the two end portions is 2.5% or less of an average thickness of the charge-generating layer. Also disclosed are a method of producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a process cartridge including the electrophotographic photoreceptor, and an image-forming apparatus.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a cylindrical support, and a charge-generating layer and a charge-transporting layer on the cylindrical support, wherein a content per unit volume of a charge-generating material in the charge-generating layer increases from a center portion in an axial direction of the cylindrical support towards both end portions thereof, and a thickness of the charge-generating layer in an axial direction of the cylindrical support is 95% or more and 105% or less relative to an average thickness of the charge-generating layer.

Abstract: A charge transport composition is provided including a cyclo-aliphatic ether compound. One purpose of the cyclo-aliphatic ether compound is to improve the resistance to crazing, crystallization and etching of the charge transport layer. The charge transport composition may be coated along with a charge generation composition onto a conductive substrate to form a photoconductor. The charge transport composition may therefore be employed in a photoconductor located in a printer or a printer cartridge.

Abstract: Novel surface layers for photoreceptors are provided. The surface layers are a polymeric composition including a resin and a cyclic polymer.

Abstract: A flexible imaging member which does not require the use of an anti-curl back coating is disclosed herein. The flexible imaging member has a layer comprising two charge transport molecules dispersed in a film-forming polymer binder and an overcoat layer. The first charge transport molecule is a biphenyl amine, terphenyl diamine, or bis(triarylamine) stilbene. The second charge transport molecule is a bis(triarylamine), tri-p-tolylamine, or triphenylamine. The weight ratio of second charge transport molecule to first charge transport molecule is from about 90:10 to about 66:34. Trifluoro acetic acid is also added to the layer containing the charge transport material.

Abstract: A toner including toner particles each containing a resin and a colorant, wherein the toner particle has: a region A which contains the colorant and a region B through which more electrons can pass than the region A; and the region A is covered by the region B being within 1 ?m deep from a circumference of the toner particle, when the toner particle is observed in a state of a microscopic segment having a thickness of 80 to 200 nm through a transmission electron microscope at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV.