Abstract: The invention relates to a modular construction system. In particular, but not exclusively, the invention relates to a construction system, including modules, which are capable of being used in a wide range of applications including buildings and various other structures. Prior systems included structured modules connected by means of flexible joints which were composed of cables. These allowed relative movement between walls of various units. Such systems were complex and expensive to manufacture An improved modular construction system overcame this problem by providing a plurality of structural elements of V-shaped or chevron-shaped cross section. These are adapted to be assembled in a cellular configuration by their similar form, size and by virtue of the elements having apertures. Any aperture may receive a connector, which permits an amount of relative movement between said elements in two-rotational degrees of freedom.

Abstract: A support chair structure for use in supporting and spacing concrete reinforcement members, having a solid, integrally formed body, that is substantially shaped as a flat topped pyramid. The body includes an upper receiving area for receiving a concrete reinforcement member and a lower base that is adapted to rest on a planar support surface.

Abstract: A solar trough frame for holding solar mirrors includes a plurality of chords. The frame includes a plurality of extruded profiles, including chords, chord sleeves, struts, strut end pieces and mirror support pieces, each chord sleeve having at least one chord sleeve fin, each chord sleeve positioned about one of the chords. The frame includes a plurality of struts, at least one of the struts having a strut end piece having at least one strut fin that connects with a chord sleeve fin to connect the plurality of chords. The frame includes a platform supported by the chords and struts on which the solar mirrors are disposed. A chord sleeve for connecting a chord of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a strut end piece extending from a strut of the solar frame. A strut end piece for connecting the strut of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a chord sleeve of the solar frame. A method for linking a strut of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a chord of the solar frame.

Abstract: A universal metal stud clip is a support mechanism for securing one or more electrical boxes or other construction components to metal construction elements such as metal studs. The opposed spring arm design permits the clip to be oriented in any useful way and frictionally secured to metal studs of varying dimensions. Metal stud clips include one or more pair of resilient arms to frictionally engage metal studs. Using two or more pair of resilient arms provides a very stable attachment to the metal stud.

Abstract: A method of insulating a space including the steps of: forming an insulation piece using at least one base material that are interlocked so as to produce a body with a predetermined starting shape; and placing the insulation piece in a space to define an insulating barrier between first and second regions between which the space resides.

Abstract: A kit for forming a hollow block assembly to be used to construct a wall having a corner, the kit consisting of face panels, right and left corner panels and a plurality of fasteners, each panel comprising a plurality of spaced apart flanges extending perpendicularly from and attached to each panel so that a hollow block structure is assembled when the flanges of the panels are connected together, directly or indirectly, by the fasteners, the right and left corner panels being dimensioned to interconnect at the edges thereof to form a corner section of a wall.

Abstract: In one exemplary embodiment, a method of constructing an enclosure using an undercarriage support system comprises: providing the undercarriage support system for supporting the enclosure during one or more stages of construction, the undercarriage support system comprising a plurality of modular enclosure support components and a plurality of motive supports for facilitating movement of the undercarriage support system; interconnecting ends of the modular enclosure support components via respective inter-component end ports; assembling the interconnected modular enclosure support components such that the undercarriage support system exhibits a degree of structural rigidity sufficient to support an entire weight of the enclosure during one or more stages of construction; and executing one or more stages of enclosure construction while at least a portion of the enclosure is supported by the undercarriage support system and while the undercarriage support system and the enclosure supported thereon are moveable

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and means of building a reinforced concrete construction employing a flat strip slab system which require less material and reduce over-all cost of construction, number of skilled workmen and as a viable alternative to conventional beam slab frame for medium and large span buildings. The defined strip is not a beam but the slab of larger thickness varied from column strip to its next strip and that is again different form bounded main panel.

Abstract: A pressure joining method includes a hammer drill attachment device mountable within the chuck of a hand-held hammer drill. Using the hammer drill attachment, an operator installs flooring sheets onto a hook and loop flooring subfloor. The hammer drill attachment includes a shaft for mounting the attachment within the chuck. The hammer drill imparts vibration to the shaft when operated. An angled body member is attached to the shaft and extends downward toward a foot assembly having a foot pad means. The foot assembly vibrates when the hammer drill is actuated to cause the foot pad means to abut against the overlapping sheets of a flooring system and to press the sheets onto an underlying subfloor, thereby forming a seam between the edges of the floor sections.

Abstract: The grout placement apparatus has a V-shaped hopper with a flexible-bladed auger mounted therein that can be rotated in both forward and reverse directions by an auger motor. The auger has flexible blades to drive the grout material along the bottom of the hopper to a discharge sleeve that extends from the hopper. Coupled to the discharge sleeve is a discharge assembly having a flow control valve that is automatically opened and closed by the forward and reverse rotation of the auger, respectively. The discharge assembly is hingedly movable with respect to the hopper, allowing the discharge assembly to “swing away” from its operating position against the discharge sleeve to a position that uncovers the discharge sleeve for easy cleaning. A flexible discharge conduit or hose coupled to the discharge assembly conveys the grout material to the desired placement location.

Abstract: A cover segment for an aesthetic cover assembly includes a cover wall and at least one joint element. An aesthetic cover assembly includes two or more cover segments. The joint elements of the cover segments have a common profile and are secured along the corresponding cover wall in an opposite facing relation. A method of assembling a cover assembly is also included.

Abstract: A lightweight, high-stiffness structural beam having a web and a chord, which features a cross-sectional geometry featuring a plurality of sides arranged in an asymmetrical, non-closed, convex polygon shape. At least three of the sides of the chord are substantially parallel to one another, and are substantially perpendicular to the web. The beam is easily manufactured using fully-automated fabrication machinery and may serve as the main, flexure-resistant structural component of a sunlight-concentrating photovoltaic module.

Abstract: In a conventional tablet packing device, a tablet discharged from a tablet case is supplied to a medicine packing unit through a common path such as a hopper. Thus, in the conventional tablet packing device, a large number of types of tablets are collected through the common path, so that a problem of cross contamination (the chipped pieces of the tablet of the type different from that of the tablet to be packed are mixed) occurs. The present invention provides a tablet packing device from which common path is eliminated. The present invention is characterized by including a conveyance unit for conveying a tablet case to a case arrangement section so that a tablet can directly be discharged from the tablet case to a tablet packing unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for inflating and sealing packing cushions has a drive mechanism for feeding a preconfigured film material to a sealing mechanism in a flattened state without wrinkles in the sealing region in which a longitudinal seal is formed. In one aspect, the drive mechanism comprises a pair of upper adjacent belts and a backing element, such as a lower belt. The sealing mechanism may be a rotary sealing wheel that contacts the film material between the upper adjacent belts.

Abstract: A method for producing stacks of printed sheets, including supplying the printed sheets along a conveyor, stacking the printed sheets along the stack support in an upright position, supporting the first stack via a supporting device, transferring the first stack from the supporting device to a compression device having first and second compression carriages, compressing the first stack between the first and second compression carriages, strapping the first stack, releasing and moving the first compression carriage towards a second stack subsequently formed, and transferring support for the second stack from the supporting device to the first compression carriage.

Abstract: The present invention comprises an outer box comprising four sidewalls, a first end and a second end; a rat box comprising a crush zone, the rate box positioned at at least one end of the outer box; a half moon support fitting against the walls of the outer box comprising a surface in contact with a product surface and angled slots diverging interiorly from an outer edge of the half moon support; torpedo shield panels positioned inside of the outer box having a center panel and two side panels diverging at an angle with respect to the center panel, the side panels at least partially fitting into the slots of the half moon support; and an inner support having a plurality of contact points for contacting an inner product surface, the inner support extending beyond each end of the product and received by the rat box, thereby suspending the product within the outer box.

Abstract: An apparatus for washing, filling, and sealing a container includes an enclosure having an opening for receiving a container. The apparatus may include a rotary assembly, a wash station, a rinse station, a fill station, and a seal station all contained within the enclosure. The rotary assembly may include any number of racks for carrying the containers. The rotary assembly advances (e.g., about an axis) and facilitates the washing, filling, and sealing of the containers within the enclosure. The apparatus may be employed in a method for washing, rinsing, filling, and sealing containers within an enclosure. The method may be conducted consecutively. The steps of washing, filling, and sealing are conducted simultaneously.

Abstract: This device comprises an elastomer stopper (501) and a cap (502) suitable for covering both the neck (12) of a container and the stopper in position in this neck. The cap comprises a ring (503) provided with means (503G) for locking it to the neck and an operating member (504). The operating member (504) is fitted with at least one deformable part (506C) for transmitting a thrust load (f2) parallel to a central axis (X503) of the ring (503), between two portions (505, 506) of this member (504) or between an external material (301) and this member (504). The load transmitting part (506C) is deformable between a first configuration in which its length (L506) parallel to the central axis (X503) is a first value and a second configuration in which this parallel length is a second value that is less than the first value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a closing element for a receptacle, such as a glass beverage bottle, comprising a plug and a retaining element that is connected to the plug, as well as a method for closing an opening of a receptacle by means of a closing element comprising a plug and a retaining element. In order to devise a closing element and a closing method that provide a great degree of reliability, storage quality, and food compatibility, the plug is made of a solid material such as glass, ceramics, wood, metal, aluminum, stone, or silicon. Furthermore, in the closed state of the receptacle, the plug rests within a receptacle opening that is to be closed, or the plug made of the solid material is fully inserted into the receptacle opening to close the receptacle, and a connecting element is created between the plug and the retaining element such as by means of an adhesive, the retaining element being releasably connected to the receptacle.

Abstract: A device for positioning an article (2) to be wrapped by a machine has a horizontal support body (3) centrally fixed on a vertical rotation shaft (4). The device (1) is equipped with at a least one plier device (5) connected, to turn together with the rotation shaft, to support the body (3), the plier device provided with at least two jaws (6,7). An opening apparatus (8) is connected to at least one of the jaws (6,7) to hold and to release the article (2). The at least one plier device (5) is connected to the support body (3) by a respective rotation device (9) for rotating the at least one plier device (5) and of the article held thereby, around an axis almost radial in respect to the support body (3).

Abstract: A vehicle drain hole structure includes an enclosure (e.g., an air intake tube, an intake enclosure, a resonator, a cleaner, etc.) defined by at least one wall. The at least one wall has an inner surface and an outer surface. A drain hole is defined in the at least one wall for providing drainage from the enclosure. The drain hole extends from a first end defined in the inner surface to a second end defined in the outer surface. The first end of the drain hole at the inner surface has a larger cross-sectional area than the second end of the drain hole at the exterior surface to reduce the likelihood of a liquid film forming across the drain hole.

Abstract: A filter housing structure adapted to a projector having a first encircled hook-and-loop fastening layer, a housing, a filtering layer, and a second encircled hook-and-loop fastening layer is provided. The first encircled hook-and-loop fastening layer is fixed on the casing of the projector and surrounds the openings arrayed on the casing. The housing has a central portion and a boundary portion. The central portion has a plurality of through holes thereon corresponding to the openings of the casing. The boundary portion surrounds the central portion and is corresponding to the first encircled hook-and-loop fastening layer. The filtering layer is assembled in the central portion and is disposed between the through holes and the openings for shielding the through holes. The second encircled hook-and-loop fastening layer is fixed on the boundary portion for fastening the housing to the first encircled hook-and-loop fastening layer.

Abstract: A filter element may be provided. The filter element may include a fitting; and a filtering member coupled to the fitting, the filtering member may include a plurality of flutes defined in an outer surface of the filtering member.

Abstract: A foldable filter having a flexible filter media, a frame surrounding and supporting the filter media, the frame formed of rod members, at least two of which are flexible, each rod member extending between and connecting two corner regions, with the filter media being secured along its edges to the rod members. The filter may be folded by grasping two opposite rod members, rotating the two opposite rod members end over end oppositely relative to one another about a point generally midway along a length of the rod members to effect a relative 180 degree rotation between the two rod members, twisting the filter media, and folding the filter media in half by bringing the two rod members to lie on top of one another.

Abstract: A filter element in the form of a nonwoven self-supporting filtration web having rows of folded or corrugated spaced-apart pleats, the web containing continuous thermoplastic fibers a majority of which are aligned at 90°±20° with respect to the row direction. The filter element can be made by forming rows of pleats in such a nonwoven web and cutting the web to a desired size and shape. The filter elements can provide improved mechanical and filtration properties and can exhibit reduced susceptibility to pleat deformation and the loss of space between pleats.

Abstract: A filter for removing contaminants from air. The filter includes (a) a substrate that does not have any volatile ammonia on the surface thereof; (b) copper that has been impregnated onto the substrate; and (c) molybdenum and/or tungsten that has been impregnated onto the substrate. The filter can be made using an aqueous solution(s) that contains one or more of a first copper salt and a second salt that include a polynuclear anion that contains molybdenum, tungsten, or both. Because the metals can be impregnated onto the substrate surface without using an ammonium-based solution, the need to manage ammonia off-gassing is avoided. Further, no volatile ammonia would be present on the resulting substrate surface.

Abstract: An in-ground lawn cutting device is disclosed that uses a rotating cord to trim and mulch grass much faster than conventional means. A spool rotates at high speed and extends a weighted cord that cuts grass within a circle. The spool height can be slowly lowered to mulch grass as it cuts. When finished, the cord is retracted and the spool can be lowered at least partly below grade. The device can detect the height of surrounding vegetation and/or the presence of nearby obstructions through reflection or transmission between devices of LASER or other light. The device can issue an audible and/or visual alarm when an obstruction is detected, and/or immediately before and during the cutting. In some embodiments the device can be tilted, the cutting cord can be adjusted in length, and/or a controller is included. The controller can be wireless, hand-held, and/or controlled by a hand-held wireless remote.

Abstract: A crop harvesting machine configured to separate crop, particularly pomegranates, from a tree by straddling the tree as the machine moves along a row of trees. The machine has an inverted u-shaped main frame that supports a sub-frame that defines a harvesting area configured to receive the canopy of a tree therein. A motor supported by the main frame propels the machine along the row of trees. A pair of picking assemblies supported by the sub-frame each comprise a crop separating mechanism having a plurality of rods configured to engage the tree canopy and separate the crop from the tree, a motion inducing mechanism to impart a short duration, snap-like whipping motion to the rods and a canopy engaging mechanism to move the rods in and out of the canopy. An operator area allows the operator to drive the machine along the row of trees and operate the various mechanisms.

Abstract: A raking attachment for a riding mower supports raking elements in a forward path of a cutting deck of the riding lawnmower for raking grass just prior to it being cut by the cutting deck. The raking action raises the grass to a uniform height to promote uniform height lawn cutting. The raking attachment includes a forward extending frame formed by longitudinal frame members positioned with first ends rigidly attached to a riding mower frame and with a second end forming attaching points at a fixed height off the ground. A transverse frame is pivotally attached to the forward extending frame by pivot posts. A rake assembly with at least one row of flexible rake tines disposed across the entire transverse width of the cutting deck is attached to the transverse frame and pivots therewith to contact the ground surface for raking.

Abstract: A modular sickle bar having a knifeback for use in a crop harvesting header having a plurality of cutting sections fastened together and to a knifeback. The sections are locked together with use of a locking system which restrains relative movement of the joined sections along planes parallel to and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the knifeback when the crop harvesting header is in use.

Abstract: An apparatus for harvesting strawberries at night is disclosed. An array of high intensity lights is carried by an articulating boom mounted to the chassis of an existing strawberry harvesting machine. The boom moves between an extended position wherein it supports the array of lights above the ground a distance between 10 and 20 feet and behind the harvester chassis a distance between 10 and 19 feet. The massive lighting illuminates a large area allowing handpickers to harvest strawberries at night with the same picking efficiency as experienced during daytime harvesting. The illumination provided by the invention is preferably at least 75 lumens per square foot.

Abstract: A guide rail for a cable protection and guide device in which lateral run out of the cable protection and guide device is suppressed is disclosed and claimed. Excellent traveling stability is realized and sliding of the cable protection and guide device is suppressed so that wear is decreased. Dovetail grooves (110a) are formed in the longitudinal direction of opposite surfaces of a pair of aluminum extrusion molded rails (110). A plurality of resin rollers (140), each shaft-supported by a shaft-supporting member (120), are engaged with the dovetail grooves of the rail (110a) and are movable in the longitudinal direction of the rail.

Abstract: A device for fastening emergency equipment to a vessel includes a hydrostatic release mechanism, a tether, and a float-free link. The tether is attached to the hydrostatic release mechanism and provides an attachment point for lashing the emergency equipment to the vessel. The tether may also be threaded through openings in the curved partially tubular body of the float-free link. A breakable bridge is integrally coupled to the body of the float-free link to form a closed loop. The breakable bridge is designed to be the break point when the emergency equipment needs to be freed from a vessel that has sunk below a predetermined depth. When the vessel sinks below the predetermined depth, the hydrostatic release mechanism severs the tether thus freeing the emergency equipment from one point of attachment to the vessel. The bridge is designed to break when the strain on the fastening line, e.g., the painter line, is between a predetermined minimum force and maximum force.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for automatic closed-loop control of one or more combustion temperatures in a gas turbine installation, having the following steps: measurement of a plurality of temperatures of the working fluid of the gas turbine installation at various positions in the gas turbine installation, measurement of a plurality of pressures of the working fluid at different positions in the gas turbine installation, determination of the water content of the working fluid flowing through the gas turbine installation, taking account of the measured values, and setting of at least one combustion temperature for the gas turbine installation as a function of the determined water content.

Abstract: A continuous detonation wave engine (CDWE) is disclosed. An example embodiment includes a generally annular combustion chamber dimensioned to allow a fuel mixture to detonate, a mixing chamber, and a fuel mixture channel that provides for fluid communication between the mixing chamber and the combustion chamber. At least part of the fuel mixture channel features a quenching structure dimensioned to substantially prevent detonation from spreading from the combustion chamber via the fuel mixture channel to the mixing chamber. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A flow equalizing override assembly is provided for use in conjunction with a gas turbine engine (GTE) and a fuel divider system. In one embodiment, the flow equalizing override assembly includes a housing assembly, a fuel divider (FD) valve, a remotely-actuatable valve, and a controller. The FD valve includes: (i) a piston slidably disposed within the housing assembly and movable between a default position and a flow equalizing position, and (ii) a control chamber defined by the piston and the housing assembly. The remotely-actuatable valve is fluidly coupled to the control chamber and is configured to selectively adjust the fuel pressure therein. The controller is configured to command the remotely-actuatable valve to adjust the pressure within the control chamber such that the piston moves from the default position to the flow equalizing position after ignition of the GTE.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for reducing the vibration levels likely to occur, in a turbine engine comprising a first and a second bladed disk forming a propfan of contrarotating disks, when the two disks are traversed by a gaseous fluid, because of the turbulence of aerodynamic origin generated by the second bladed disk on the first bladed disk. The method comprises the following steps during the design of said two bladed disks: an initial configuration of the blades is defined, the synchronous forced response is calculated on the first bladed disk as a function of the harmonic excitation force generated by the second bladed disk expressed in the form of a linear function of the generalized aerodynamic force for the mode in question; for stacked sections of one of the two disks, a tangential geometric offset value ? of the individual aerodynamic profile is determined so as to reduce the term corresponding to the generalized aerodynamic force.

Abstract: A turbofan engine includes a fan variable area nozzle having an axial overlapped nozzle assembly with a first fan nacelle section and a second fan nacelle section movably mounted relative the first fan nacelle section. The second fan nacelle section axially slides forward along the engine axis relative the fixed first fan nacelle section to change the effective area of the fan nozzle exit area.

Abstract: A thrust vectorable fan variable area nozzle (FVAN) includes a synchronizing ring, a static ring, and a flap assembly mounted within a fan nacelle. An actuator assembly selectively rotates synchronizing ring segments relative the static ring to adjust segments of the flap assembly to vary the annular fan exit area and vector the thrust through asymmetrical movement of the thrust vectorable FVAN segments. In operation, adjustment of the entire periphery of the thrust vectorable FVAN in which all segments are moved simultaneously to maximize engine thrust and fuel economy during each flight regime. By separately adjusting the segments of the thrust vectorable FVAN, engine trust is selectively vectored to provide, for example only, trim balance or thrust controlled maneuvering.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for injecting urea in an exhaust line of an engine (1), the urea containing ammonia which is used for chemically reducing, during a selective catalytic reduction reaction, or SCR reaction, the nitrogen oxides produced by the engine, the injection being performed upstream of a catalyst (3) in which the reaction takes place, the process comprising the following steps: the temperature in the exhaust line of the engine is measured (7); an amount of urea to be injected is determined (5), from a known relation between the temperature and the amount of urea to be injected for all possible operating temperature values; a determined urea amount is injected (6) in the engine exhaust line.

Abstract: A catalytic converter apparatus for use in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine includes a housing having a gas inlet and a gas outlet, and at least one catalytic substrate element disposed in the housing. The at least one substrate element is divided into a plurality of zones or sections, the zones at least partially separated from one another to inhibit heat flow. The zones can be at least partially separated with walls. The walls can include insulating material for reducing the mobility of heat radially outwardly. Each of the zones defines a generally separate flow passage connecting the inlet and outlet in fluid communication. The apparatus can heat more rapidly from a cold start compared with conventional catalytic converters.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for the addition of a reducing agent in an exhaust gas line of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, with at least one NOx storage catalyst that is arranged in the exhaust gas line of the internal combustion engine, and with a metering device, by means of which a preset amount of a reducing agent is introduced into the exhaust gas line at preset times.

Abstract: An ECU performs atmospheric learning to correct an individual difference in an A/F sensor. In this case, when reducing fuel has been added before a fuel cut, the ECU calculates, at fixed intervals, the total amount of reducing fuel added and the total amount of oxygen flowing through an exhaust passage. The ECU then estimates the remaining amount of reducing fuel remaining in the exhaust passage using these total amounts, and performs atmospheric learning when the remaining amount is equal to or less than an allowable value. As a result, atmospheric learning can be accurately performed at the earliest possible timing even if the timing at which the reducing fuel is added or the operating state of an internal combustion engine or the like changes.

Abstract: [PROBLEM] To provide an exhaust gas purification system suitable for a construction machine provided with a hydraulic pump driven by an engine.

Abstract: Two different flows for air-fuel mixture are formed by two different variational amounts for changing the air-fuel ratio of the mixture. Response delay times for different exhaust gas flows are measured as time periods from a first time point at which the air-fuel ratio of the mixture is changed to a second time point at which an output of an oxygen sensor is changed. The oxygen sensor is provided in an exhaust pipe of an engine at a downstream side of an exhaust gas purifying catalyst. A difference between the two response delay times is compared with a predetermined threshold value to carry out the diagnosis for the catalyst deterioration.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for storing a liquid NOx reductant on a vehicle. The apparatus comprises a container for containing the liquid NOx reductant, a first heating device located in the container and adapted to heat the NOx reductant in use, and a tube that has a first end adapted to be submerged in the liquid NOx reductant in the container in use. The tube is adapted to extract liquid NOx reductant from the container and the tube includes a second heating device extending along at least a portion of the length of the tube that is located within the container.

Abstract: An aftertreatment system for use in a lean burn engine is disclosed. In one embodiment, the aftertreatment system includes a first catalyst in communication with an exhaust stream from the engine; a selective catalytic reduction catalyst in communication with the exhaust stream and positioned downstream of the first catalyst; and a lean NOx trap in communication with the exhaust stream and positioned downstream of the selective catalytic reduction catalyst; with the proviso that the first catalyst is not a selective catalytic reduction catalyst. A method for treating lean burn engine exhaust gases using the aftertreatment system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for controlling an internal combustion engine wherein, during an initial, relatively low temperature operating phase of the engine, the engine operates with a modulated air/fuel ratio established independently of the operating condition of the engine and wherein, during a subsequent higher temperature operating phase of the engine, the air/fuel ratio is modulated in as a function of the operating conditions of the engine.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed towards improved systems and methods for the delivery of a urea solution to an exhaust gas treatment system. In one particular exemplary embodiment, a urea tank assembly is provided. The urea tank assembly includes a reservoir defining a fluid inlet opening for receiving urea solution and a fluid outlet opening for discharge of the urea solution. The urea tank further includes a vented hollow member located within the reservoir. The vented hollow member defines an internal hollow portion and a plurality of openings for providing fluid flow between the reservoir and the internal hollow portion. The urea tank further includes a heater located along the vented hollow member to cause heating of urea solution within the internal hollow portion and the reservoir. The urea tank further includes a fluid pump located within the reservoir.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for controlling an exhaust stream temperature at a point along an exhaust system. The exhaust system can include an oxidation catalyst, a particulate filter having an outlet, and a fuel injector for injecting fuel into an exhaust stream at a location upstream from the outlet. An adaptive control can be provided to model a portion of the exhaust system. A fuel injection flow rate at which fuel is injected into the exhaust stream by the fuel injector can be calculated based on the adaptive control model. An operation of the fuel injector can be controlled based on the calculated fuel injection flow rate, to control the exhaust stream temperature at point along the exhaust system. A condition of the exhaust stream can also monitored and an error in the adaptive control model can be determined based on the monitored condition. The adaptive control model can also be changed to reduce the error.