Abstract: A door latching mechanism of a vehicle door lock engages with a striker fixed to a vehicle body to close a door. An outside handle on the door is operated. Operating force is transmitted via a rod to an intermediate lever below a windowpane in the door and transmitted via a Bowden cable to an operating mechanism. The force is transmitted from the operating mechanism to the door latching mechanism to release the engagement from the latching mechanism to allow the door to open.

Abstract: An energy absorber includes a base flange and elongated crush boxes that to form a substantially continuously face surface on the energy absorber. Back straps are attached across a back of the crush boxes to prevent unacceptable spreading of the side walls of the crush boxes during an impact. The back straps can be integrally formed when the energy absorber is molded, and can include a living hinge at one end and a free end that can be bent over and snap attached during post-molding assembly without additional secondary operations. Alternatively, a separate wall-stabilizing thermoformed component is sandwiched between the energy absorber and beam.

Abstract: A hose manipulator according to the present invention includes an elongate shaft having upper and lower ends and extending between about 3 feet and about 5 feet in length. The hose manipulator also includes a handle at the shaft upper end, the handle having a portion extending generally perpendicular to the shaft. A hook is positioned at the shaft lower end and extends between about 150 degrees and about 180 degrees and includes a diameter between about 3 inches and about 6 inches. The hook and the perpendicular handle portion are generally coplanar.

Abstract: A hood scoop decoration kit includes a bezel trim member having a concave shape with first and second ends extending in a common direction from a center section thereof. The bezel trim member is attached to an exterior surface of a hood scoop adjacent a forward facing end thereof. A planar mesh member, having a trapezoidal shape, is attached to a forward facing end of a hood scoop. The kit includes an attachment device for securing the bezel trim and planar mesh members to the hood scoop. In one embodiment, an adhesive material is applied to the concave surface of the bezel trim member and to an edge of the mesh member to provide attachment of these members to the hood scoop. The adhesive material includes a fluid adhesive and/or a tape having opposed adhesive sides. Alternatively, mechanical fasteners are employed for securing the decorative members to the hood scoop.

Abstract: A rear console box in accordance with the present invention is for a vehicle. The vehicle includes a floor, seat rows on the floor, and an aisle between the seat rows. The rear console box is disposed in the aisle. The rear console box includes a console box body, a hinge configured to connect the console box body with respect to the floor and thereby allow the console box body to pivot between a horizontal position and a raised position. The horizontal position is in the aisle and is substantially horizontal relative to the floor. The raised position is outside the aisle and in front of the aisle. The rear console box also includes a support member configured to extend between the console box body and the floor. The support member supports the console box body and thereby holds the raised position of the console box body.

Abstract: A movable rear parcel shelf having a storage plate for use in a vehicle, which is able to be retained by means of a detent connection, and the detent connection itself are specified, whereby the detent connection is releasable by means of an actuating element which is associated with the storage plate, and whereby the detent connection occurs between a detent spring, which is connected to a part being secured to the vehicle, and a detent element, which is connected to the storage surface.

Abstract: A cargo carrier integrated a vehicle roof such that the cargo carrier is deployable from a stowed position within the vehicle roof to a deployed position that extends from the vehicle roof. The cargo carrier includes a bottom panel disposed within a recess formed in the vehicle roof, and a pair of side panels disposed within and hingedly connected to the bottom panel. The side panels are actuatable between the stowed position and the developed position. A front panel and a top panel are hingedly connected to each other and attached to the bottom panel. To deploy the cargo carrier, a deployment system is connected to the side panels for actuating the side panels between the stowed position and the deployed position. Actuation of the side panels raises the top panel and the front panel to the deployed position.

Abstract: A bed extension assembly for a vehicle includes a bed assembly having a bed floor, sidewalls disposed along sides of the bed floor and a split tailgate assembly disposed adjacent a rearward edge of the bed floor between the sidewalls. The split tailgate assembly includes a first door pivotally secured to one of the sidewalls and a second door pivotally secured to another of the sidewalls. A bed extender member is movably secured to the bed assembly for movement between a stowed position beneath the bed floor and in an extended position protruding rearwardly from the bed assembly.

Abstract: A connective system for connecting a first body to a second body having an aperture, is provided. The system includes a pin connected with the first body. The pin has a detent surface. A retainer ring having a snap fit engagement with the pin detent surface is provided. The retainer ring also has a locking arm for entry into the aperture of the second body with snap fit engagement with a surface of the second body thereby retaining the second body with said first body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a glove compartment (3) for a motor vehicle. In order to provide a glove compartment of such a kind that allows the driver better access, the invention proposes that the glove compartment (3) have a pivotal mounting by means of which the glove compartment (3) can be pivoted towards the driver's side of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a ceiling with a headliner, a cradle secured within the ceiling of the vehicle and a video system selectively secured to the cradle for movement between a use position and a storage position. A retaining mechanism is provided maintaining the video system adjacent the headliner and the cradle when the video system is in its storage position.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a ceiling with a headliner and a cradle is secured within the ceiling of the vehicle such that it is substantially flush with the headliner. The cradle is shaped and dimensioned for selectively receiving and securely holding a video system. A cover for selective attachment to the cradle when the video system is not in use.

Abstract: A motion assist hinge mechanism includes a first and second hinge part mounted to the tailgate and vehicle body, respectively. The first hinge part includes a first cam having a sloped engagement surface engaged with a sloped engagement surface of a second cam of the second hinge part, under the bias of a resilient member, for moving axially along a pivot axis. The second cam is fixed to the vehicle body against pivotal movement relative to the pivot axis. When the tailgate is moved from a lowered, open position towards a raised, closed position, the resilient member translates a torque assisting force to the tailgate. The surface of the second cam may also include a detent that mates with the surface of the first cam to lock the tailgate at an angle.

Abstract: A locking device for a movable motor vehicle part (2), especially a movable roof part of a vehicle roof which can be opened, has a locking element (3) for fixing the vehicle part (2) in the end position of motion, a pivoting support (5) which can be pivoted between a rest position and an operating position. The locking element (3) is movably supported on the pivoting support (5), and is covered on the visible side by the pivoting support (5) when it is in a rest position. When the vehicle part (2) has moved into the end position of its motion, it is supported by the pivoting support which has pivoted into the operating position (5), and in this position, is fixed by the locking element. The locking element is covered on the visible side by the pivoting support when it is in the rest position.

Abstract: An impact protection device and a method for protecting an object, such as a vehicle, using the impact protection device. The impact protection device is particularly useful for protecting a vehicle from damage due to hail storms. The impact protection device includes a layer of high tensile strength polymer and a metallic layer disposed adjacent to the high tensile strength polymer layer. The impact protection device is advantageously thin and lightweight and can be easily stored in the trunk of a vehicle for rapid deployment during a hail storm.

Abstract: In order to improve a windbreak device for motor vehicles, in particular for cabriolet vehicles, comprising a windbreak base which can be mounted such that it is fixed to the vehicle and on which a wind deflector which extends in a wind deflector surface can be mounted so as to move between an active position and an inactive position, and a drive device for moving the wind deflector between the inactive and the active position and vice versa, in such a way that the said windbreak device can be operated in as optimum a manner as possible, it is proposed that the drive device can be supplied with power from an on-board electrical system of the motor vehicle by means of a power transmission device, and that the power transmission device comprises a first element which is disposed on the windbreak base, and a second element which is disposed on a side wall of the body of the motor vehicle, the said elements transferring power from the on-board electrical system of the motor vehicle to the drive device which is di

Abstract: An aerodynamic cargo container with rounded rear doors is disclosed. The aerodynamic cargo container includes an angled rear area that reduces base drag when the container is transported. The rear sliding door allows for partial opening of the door and allows for operation of the door when the rear of the container is in close proximity to another object. The crash attenuating skirt deflects vehicles away from the cargo container. A pair of cargo doors may define the curved contour of the trailer rear section. These doors may have a plurality of pivoted and segmented sections that assume the curved contour of a stationary edge when the doors are moved to a closed position.

Abstract: A pedestrian protection apparatus for a vehicle, including a plate member which is disposed at a front face of the vehicle, which includes front and rear portions, and which is fixed at the rear portion to the vehicle with at least a leading end part of the front portion protruded from the front face of the vehicle, the apparatus being arranged to sweep a leg portion of a pedestrian, thereby protecting the leg portion, wherein the leading end part includes at least one horizontally extending portion and a plurality of vertically extending portions each having an anterior surface substantially orthogonal to a horizontal plane, the horizontally extending portion and the vertically extending portions being formed integrally with the leading end part so as to be alternately disposed in the frontward and backward direction of the vehicle and extend in a staircase-like form.

Abstract: A subframe for a utility vehicle, which is fitted on a chassis frame of the vehicle includes angle profiles which, in the assembled state, form a stable subframe. A plurality of diagonal crosses which are composed of an upper partial cross and a lower partial cross can be arranged between the longitudinal members.

Abstract: Provided is an automotive vehicle body structure which is light weight but demonstrates an improved mechanical strength during a frontal collision. A pair of front side frames extend in a fore-and-aft direction in a mutually spaced relationship in a front part of a vehicle body, and a pair of floor frames having forward ends joined to rear ends of the corresponding front side frames, respectively, extend in the fore-and-aft direction. A front cross member is provided with a pair of lateral ends that are joined to inboard sides of the rear end portions of the corresponding front side frames, and is arch shaped. A middle cross member is placed behind the front cross member and extends across the floor frames. Tunnel frames extend in a fore-and-aft direction in a central part of the vehicle body to join a dashboard lower panel, front cross member and middle cross member.

Abstract: The invention provides a roof reinforcement member including an extruded aluminum alloy part which is upwardly convex and extends in a vehicle lateral direction. The extruded aluminum alloy part includes a pair of upper and lower flanges approximately parallel-facing each other as seen in a cross-section thereof and a pair of webs formed to stand along the vehicle height direction. The pair of flanges and the pair of webs form a closed sectional part. The pair of flanges each have a projecting flange portion. In the cross-section, the lower flange is thicker than the upper flange and/or the lower flange is wider than the upper flange, and the neutral axis of upward/downward bending is positioned lower than the middle of the height of the cross-section. This arrangement can reduce the stress generated on the lower side of the cross-section when the extruded aluminum alloy part is bent, so that the extruded aluminum alloy part can be effectively made stronger against deformation.

Abstract: The present invention consists of a concealment device for vehicle roofs with a transparent element comprising a group of technical solutions in the blocking means which enable unblocking and smooth opening and closing movements without losing efficiency in respect of retention. It is characterized by the use in the rail of an elastomeric body with a distortion capacity such that when the braking brake shoe attempts to advance a front of elastomeric material forms in front and a traction zone forms behind, checking the advance. The device also incorporates blocking means which make use of an appropriately configured lever which multiplies the release force of the retention brake shoes applied by means of a wire or similar, by power obtained from the handle device.

Abstract: A seating installation, which is concealable under the floor. The seats are mounted in articulated manner, with the possibility of swiveling between a lowered, cleared-away position and a raised position of use, on pillars which are fixed to the base floor. A number of flaps are mounted in articulated manner on the same pillars forming a raised access floor under which the seats may be concealed in the lowered position.

Abstract: A lift-recliner chair includes a base portion, a seat portion pivotally connected to the base portion, and a back portion pivotally connected to the seat portion. The chair further includes an actuator assembly for altering the configuration of the chair including a first actuator for moving the seat portion with respect to the base portion and second actuator for moving the back portion with respect to the seat portion. The actuator assembly is substantially enclosed on an underside of the chair, the first actuator is fixed in relation to the base portion, and the second actuator is fixed in relation to the seat portion.

Abstract: In a seating system for passenger service vehicles, and for aircraft in particular, having a seat structure (19), a seat element, a backrest (5), an arm rest (7), and table element (1), the table element (1) is movable between a storage position and a use position. In the use position, the table element (1) faring a table surface (3). The table element (1) is pivotally connected to the seat structure (19, 27) by lever mechanism (23, 33), and a power drive (21) is provided, which is coupled to the lever mechanism (23, 33) to form an over-center mechanism. The power drive (21) pivots the table element (1) from the storage position into an intermediate position, which is defined by the over-center mechanism, and from the intermediate position into the use position after over-centering of the intermediate position has been overcome by application of a force to the table element (1).

Abstract: This relates to a bicycle saddle of the type that presents two identical portions (1, 1?) longitudinally symmetrical. Thanks to its special conformation, said saddle permits the cyclist to avoid the occurrence of pathologies normally caused by the use of a racing saddle of commonly known types, eliminating the crushing of the vascular structure of the perineum, as well as the testicles of male cyclists and the clitoris of female cyclists. The special geometry permits a pedaling action without causing friction of the thigh muscles, in particular the delicate and adducent muscles.

Abstract: A bicycle saddle includes a frame and a padding placed over the frame. The padding includes a leading edge, a trailing edge and a recessed supporting surface defined therein for receiving an elastic element. The elastic element includes leading and trailing edge portions for receiving the leading and trailing edges of the padding respectively. The elastic element further includes two side edges extending longitudinally between the leading and trailing edge portions exposed from the recessed supporting surface so that when the bicycle saddle is subject to a force of weight transmitted from a rider, the elastic element can extend transversely to the longitudinal direction between leading and trailing edge portions thereof without confinement.

Abstract: A child restraint seat which changes the position of the occupant and dissipates kinetic energy during a collision. An exemplary embodiment rearward-facing child restraint seat shifts the occupant to translate forward and/or move from a relatively reclined position to a relatively upright position during a vehicular collision. Additionally, some of the kinetic energy of the occupant is dissipated through the use of an energy absorbing element, which limits loading on the occupant.

Abstract: A vehicle seat with an active head restraint system is provided with a seatback frame having a pair of side members. An armature extends transversely between the side members with a pair of lateral ends each pivotally connected to one of the side members. A head restraint rod extends from the armature for supporting a head restraint. An actuator is mounted to the seatback frame for actuating the armature. A bushing is mounted to the frame, the armature or the actuator. A rivet is mounted to the bushing and another of the frame, armature and actuator. The rivet preloads the bushing to minimize inadvertent movement at the connection. A method for assembling a vehicle seat is provided wherein the bushing is preassembled to the rivet. Another method for assembling a vehicle seat is provided wherein the rivet preloads the bushing to minimize inadvertent movement at the connection.

Abstract: The high chair apparatus focuses on safety by providing no sharp edges. External edges and features of the apparatus are rounded to avoid potential injury to a child, whether in or around the apparatus. The seat prevents a child's escape from the chair via the harness and the divider. The built-in vacuum has a substantially selectively hidden hose so that the hose is out of the way except during use. The hose extends sufficiently to clean the apparatus and any area around the apparatus. The removable tray cover and chair back cover further aid in cleanup by providing removable washability. The pedestal housing the vacuum components is insulated to negate excessive noise. Triangularly positioned wheels provide mobility.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved cover for a seat assembly that includes a closure structure for selectively providing access to an internal mounting bracket and that has an aesthetically pleasing appearance. The seat assembly includes a seat portion and a back portion that cooperate to provide a seat. At least one of the seat portion and the back portion includes a frame having a mounting bracket provided thereon and a cover having an opening. A closure structure is provided on the cover for selectively providing access though the opening formed through the cover to the mounting bracket. The closure structure may be embodied as any releasable closure structure, including a zipper, hook and loop material, snap fasteners, buttons, and the like.

Abstract: In a seat reclining device, reclining mechanisms that are respectively provided on right and left sides of a seat are constructed such that locking and unlocking motion thereof can be performed in synchronism with each other via a connection member. A connection structure of the connection member and a operation shaft is constructed as a transmission preventing mechanism for preventing transmission of the unlocking motion between the reclining mechanisms when a load is laterally disproportionately applied to the seat back in which the reclining mechanisms are in a locking condition such that a relatively different rotational displacement that permits to release the locking condition is generated between the reclining mechanisms that are arranged in rotationally synchronism with each other.

Abstract: The invention relates to a backrest unit for a motor vehicle seat, in particular a rear seat comprising a backrest and support connected thereto. A guide rail is arranges on the rear surface of the backrest on an x-z plane. A slide is movably mounted on the guide rail and is lockable therein in different positions. When a control device associated with the slide is actuated, it brings the slide from a normally locking position into a released position. A support comprises a near end which is hinged on the slide and a distant end which is fixable to a bodywork part.

Abstract: A seat apparatus includes a seat back capable of being used as a table at a surface thereof, a seat back driving device moving the seat back between a seating position and a table position, a controlling portion controlling the seat back driving device, and the controlling portion including an operating portion at which the user executes a certain operation, wherein, when the user executes the certain operation, the controlling portion controls the seat back to move in a first direction that is opposite to a second direction to which the seat back is moved most recently.

Abstract: A seating apparatus, and in particular a vehicle or aircraft seating apparatus, includes a seat base bearing unit which is provided in order to mount a seat base in a movable manner. The seat base bearing unit comprises at least one movably mounted stiffening member which has at least two coupling points in the transverse direction of the seat base bearing unit.

Abstract: An anchor for securing seat belt component to a vehicle includes a latch member for securing a tongue portion of the component within a housing. The latch member is movable between a first position wherein a protrusion on the latch member engages the tongue and a second position wherein the protrusion is displaced for releasing the tongue. A biasing member provides a biasing force to maintain the latch in the first position. The housing includes a latch-access area for allowing the latch member to be engaged for manually forcing the latch member to the second position to allow the tongue portion to be removed, so that the anchor does not have a release button.

Abstract: A restraint system is disclosed for securing a passenger to a seat in a motor vehicle. The restraint system is composed of a restraint belt removably attached to a vehicle seat having a plurality of vertical straps and an attachment mechanism for connecting said straps across the passenger's chest. Each of the vertical straps has a first end removably attached to a lap belt and a second end removably attached to a latch located behind the vehicle seat.

Abstract: A method for making toothbrushes includes the steps of, providing a toothbrush, and providing an end-rounder secured to a support. The support is substantially fixed against movement. The toothbrush is moved towards the end-rounder such that free ends of bristles secured to a head of the toothbrush are rounded by the end-rounder.

Abstract: Various exemplary embodiments are provided of wheel assemblies and tires. In one exemplary embodiment, a wheel assembly generally includes first and second wheel pieces attachable to each other. The first and second wheel pieces may include respective first and second rim portions. Each of the first and second rim portions may include an arced portion that defines only a portion of a circumference of a rim, such that the arced portions collectively define the circumference of the rim when the first and second wheel pieces are attached. The first and second wheel pieces may be slidably engagable in a first axial direction that is substantially parallel to a rotational axis of the wheel assembly. The first and second wheel pieces may be slidably disengagable in a second axial direction that is generally opposite the first axial direction.

Abstract: A wheel end assembly for a vehicle includes an axle tube and a housing secured to the end of the axle tube. A hub includes a drive flange located axially outward from the housing and a spindle projecting from the drive flange into the housing. The hub spindle has a substantially solid body with drive splines about an external surface of the spindle. Rolling elements are located between the hub spindle and the housing for enabling the hub to rotate about an axis. The hub includes an inner race defining an inner raceway located around and carried by the hub spindle for engagement with the rolling elements. An axle shaft is positioned within the axle tube and includes splines that are coupled to the external drive splines of the hub. The axle shaft includes a substantially hollow end positioned within the housing having the shaft splines positioned within an inner surface of the hollow end of the axle shaft.

Abstract: A system for actuating brakes in a towed vehicle in response to actuation of brakes in a towing vehicle comprising a cylinder including an inner cylindrical wall attached to a brake pedal in the towed vehicle and an outer cylindrical wall attached to the firewall in the towed vehicle. An air line supplies positive airflow from the towing vehicle to the cylinder and to a venturi to create a vacuum in response to the airflow. The vacuum is supplied to a brake booster in the towed vehicle while the airflow is supplied to the air cylinder to move the brake pedal in the towed vehicle in proportion to the amount of braking is the towing vehicle.

Abstract: A working machine, such as an industrial truck, having a spring-loaded brake having a braking position and a release position and controlled by a brake valve producing a brake-release pressure. The brake valve is operatively connected to a service brake input device, such as a brake pedal, and can be acted upon in the direction of a reduction in the brake-release pressure arising at the spring-loaded brake when the service brake input device is actuated. It being possible, on actuation, for the service brake input device to be operatively connected to a pre-stressed spring device, which is operatively connected to the brake valve and can be acted upon in the direction of an increase in the spring force on increasing actuation of the service brake input device.

Abstract: The system and method for monitoring wear of one or more aircraft parts, such as an aircraft brake, an aircraft tire, a standby system, and landing gear. One or more sensors are provided for sensing a parameter of usage, and an estimate of usage of the part can be determined based upon the signal indicating the sensed value of the parameter of usage of the aircraft part. A plurality of sensors can be provided for sensing usage of a plurality of parts of the aircraft, and the estimate of usage of the part can be stored for access of the estimate by ground personnel. As applied to monitoring wear of an aircraft brake, a linear brake wear indicator attached to the brake moves a discrete distance when the brake is actuated, and a linear position encoder measures the distance traveled by the linear brake wear indicator as an indication of brake usage.

Abstract: The similarity groups of the pressure differential—current characteristics of solenoid valves are measured in advance, and the measurement results are used to select the solenoid valves to be used for first to fourth pressure increase control valves. Only solenoid valves in the same region in terms of their similarity group of the pressure differential—current characteristics are used for the first to fourth pressure increase control valves. A board on which the first to fourth control valves are mounted is provided with a mark unit that indicates the similarity group of the pressure differential—current characteristics of the first to forth pressure increase control valves. The mark unit includes a resistor. A brake ECU uses the resistance value of the resistor to identify the similarity group of the pressure differential—current characteristics of the first to fourth pressure increase control valves.

Abstract: Method and device for controlling an automotive wheel brake, in which in a predefined operating situation, for example at a standstill, the braking force or brake pressure built up, and/or the dynamics of change, are limited. Two pressure control circuits are connected so that the pressure on the two respective wheel brakes is regulated by a pressure control circuit. A wheel brake is completely released in the predefined operating situation.

Abstract: An ABS control apparatus employs a normally-open linear solenoid valve as a pressure-increasing valve, and repeatedly performs ABS control composed of pressure-reducing control and linear pressure-increasing control. This apparatus determines an initial value Pw0 of an estimated wheel cylinder pressure value Pw in consideration of brake operation time before start of ABS control Tstp and vehicle body deceleration at the start of a first-time ABS control, and then determines the estimated wheel cylinder pressure value Pw during the ABS control on the basis of the value Pw0 and the pressure-reducing characteristic of a pressure-reducing valve. This apparatus determines instruction current supplied to the pressure-increasing valve during the linear pressure-increasing control, while using an estimated differential pressure Pdiff (=(Pw0?Pw)+Pup1+Pup2), wherein Pup1 and Pup2 are set in accordance with the time Tstp and additional brake operation during the ABS control, respectively.

Abstract: A locker is provided. The locker comprises a base defining a storage space, a door coupled to the base and rotatable relative to the base between an open position and a closed position, and a latch bar supported at an interior side of the door by at least one projection that engages at least one guide slot in the latch bar. The latch bar is moveable parallel to the door between an extended position and a retracted position. The latch bar is biased toward the extended position to secure the panel in the closed position. The extended position is horizontally and vertically offset from the retracted position.

Abstract: A tool cabinet has a housing and a hanging device. The housing has a work surface, at least one drawer and at least one opening. The at least one drawer is defined in the housing. The hanging device has at least one hanger mounted inside the at least one opening. The at least one hanger has two telescopic stands, a hanging plate and a locking device. The telescopic stands are mounted in the at least one opening and face each other. The hanging plate is mounted between the telescopic stands and extends as the telescopic stands extend. The locking device mounted on the telescopic tubes to hold the inner tube in position. When the tool cabinet is used, the hanging device can be extended out to hang and store tools. The tools can be organized and the work surface will not in be cluttered.

Abstract: A cover for a drawer to prevent objects placed therein from obstructing the movement of the drawer when it is opened or closed. The cover has a guard member in the form of a sheet with a flange member secured on one end there of. The flange member in conjunction with at least one fastener secures the cover to the drawer back. The at least one fastener may be a screw, bolt, or other similar fastener. The flange member may be provided with a number of apertures that corresponds to the number of fasteners. The at least one fastener may be a hook and loop fastener commonly known as Velcro®. The hook and loop fastener allows the user to install and remove the cover without the use of tools.

Abstract: A drawer slide locating system includes an outer rail having a bracket at its front end, an inner rail, and a bearing carrier disposed between the inner rail and the outer rail. The bracket contains a locking piece toward the bearing carrier. Two wings extend from both sides of the locking piece to define a leverage axis. A slot is disposed on the outer rail. The locking piece having one lower end adapted with a hooking portion and another end being held against by the bearing carrier. The hooking portion raises to hold against the bottom of the bearing carrier and secure the bearing carrier in place.