Abstract: A retention packaging includes a support member having first and second sections each defining a support surface for receiving an object thereon for shipping, and a film disposed in covering relation to the support surfaces of the support member and retained to the support member at the first and second sections. The first and second sections are pivotably connected to one another along a fold line that transects the support member. The film includes opposite ends each enclosing a respective opposite end of the support member and defining overlapping areas of the film that are permanently joined together, and a pleated portion that is located between the opposite ends of the film and that includes at least one fold in the film. The film is removably secured to itself so as to removably secure the at least one fold of the pleated portion.

Abstract: A polymeric woven bag has a first panel and a second panel and an open end of the bag to be pinched closed. A first layer of heat activated adhesive material is on a portion of the bag to form an adhesive-to-adhesive seal by contact with a second layer of heat activated adhesive material on a portion of the bag. second panel, wherein the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer have respective heat activation temperatures below the softening point temperature of the polymeric bag material, and wherein sealing the bag end after the bag has been filled with contents by heat activating the first layer of adhesive material and the second layer of adhesive material at a temperature below the softening point temperature of the polymeric bag material.

Abstract: A method of filling bottles or similar containers in a bottle or container filling plant and a filling system for filling bottles or similar containers in a bottle or container filling plant. The abstract of the disclosure is submitted herewith as required by 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b). As stated in 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b): A brief abstract of the technical disclosure in the specification must commence on a separate sheet, preferably following the claims, under the heading “Abstract of the Disclosure.” The purpose of the abstract is to enable the Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. The abstract shall not be used for interpreting the scope of the claims. Therefore, any statements made relating to the abstract are not intended to limit the claims in any manner and should not be interpreted as limiting the claims in any manner.

Abstract: The specification discloses a cardboard and blister pack packaging and sealing machine that includes an upper and lower heater and die combination that can be compressed together over a package for sealing using heat activated adhesives. The machine may use at least one piston and rod device or pump to provide the necessary energy or pressure. The machine may include a moveable tray containing at least one aperture to hold an unsealed package wherein the unsealed package can be moved proximate to the upper and lower heaters and dies and the upper and lower heaters and dies can press together. In this way, both the top and bottom dies may be heated and the operator is not required to remove the sealed packaging from the hot die.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for monitoring the filling of a capsule with a medicament, to a corresponding filling method, to the associated apparatuses, and to a computer program for controlling the method and the apparatus. In the monitoring method, after at least part of the capsule has been filled with a predefined filling mass of a predefined closed contour of the medicament, at least the filling mass in the part of the capsule after the filling operation is recorded using digital imaging in a first step, the contour of the filling mass in the part of the capsule is determined from the digital imaging recording in a second step, and the contour is analysed in a third step in order to assess the filling operation in comparison with the predefined contour. The invention provides for external influences on the image properties to be compensated for by controlling the optical system.

Abstract: A machine for filling bags or envelopes, also under controlled atmosphere, consisting of a prismatic wheel (G), having polygonal shape and provided on each side with at least a couple of opposite prehensile equipments (M), whose mutual horizontal distance can be regulated to handle bags or envelopes having different dimensions.

Abstract: A system and apparatus for moving and packaging oriented containers through an application machine and to a container carrier wherein a plurality of containers are fed in a desired rotational position prior to a transfer turret and gripped as the transfer turret rotationally transfers the oriented container to the container carrier.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a machine and a method for converting a web of preformed pouches to dunnage units. In one exemplary embodiment the machine includes a drive, a blower, and a sealing mechanism. The drive is arranged to move the web of preformed pouches along a path of travel through the machine. The blower is positioned with respect to the path of travel, to inflate the preformed pouches. The sealing mechanism includes a heating element support and a heating element. The heating element support includes a sealing side and a belt preheating side. The heating element is disposed around at least a portion of the heating side and at least a portion of the belt preheating side. The drive includes a belt that is disposed around the heating element. The sealing mechanism is positioned with respect to the path of travel, to provide seals to the pouches to form inflated dunnage units.

Abstract: A separator comprises a first vessel and a second vessel. The separator includes at least one filter assembly disposed between the first vessel and the second vessel. The separator includes at least one or a plurality of filter assemblies. Each filter assembly provides fluid communication between the first vessel and the second vessel, effectively facilitating movement of the air stream from the first vessel through the assembly(ies) and into the second vessel for further discharge or distribution. In one embodiment, an impact zone is formed within the first vessel for enhancing the removal of particulates from the fluid stream. In another embodiment, at least one deflector is disposed within the first vessel for enhancing the removal of particulates from the fluid stream.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include a filter latching device for use in a filtering system that provides filtered intake air for a power generation facility. In some embodiments, a filter latch is provided that includes a hinge coupled to the filter frame and an S-shaped retaining plate rotatably coupled to the hinge. In some embodiments, the S-shaped retaining plate provides an over-center action mechanism that locks the retaining plate in place against a sealing flange and a camming surface that provides gradually increasing pressure on the sealing flange as the latch is engaged.

Abstract: The invention relates to a filter element for a coalescing filter, comprising an outer support sleeve, a coalescing layer and a filter medium, wherein the coalescing layer is substantially structurally separate from the filter medium.

Abstract: A filter element and filter apparatus, and a method for fabricating a filter element, include a filter element having alternating layers of a face sheet material and a convoluted filter material, with the alternating layers forming substantially longitudinally oriented flutes that extend axially along, or past, a radially acting seal, into previously unused portions of the cavity of a filter housing. In some embodiments, structures such as struts extending partially across an outlet end of the filter element, or a rigid web formed by a layer of resin extending axially a potted length into pome of the flutes from the outlet end resist axially oriented pressure forces on the alternating layers.

Abstract: An air filter comprising a filter pack comprising a folded nanofiber filter medium, fitted to a filter frame through a seal material, the nanofiber filter medium being a filter medium for an air filter, comprising a nanofiber filter medium which, when a filter medium face velocity is 5.3 cm/s, has a performance index of collecting target particle diameter of 0.3 ?m, 0.040 (1/Pa) or more, performance index of collecting target particle diameter of 0.1 ?m, 0.030 (1/Pa) or more, and performance index of collecting target particle diameter of 0.05 ?m, 0.050 (1/Pa) or more. By this, a high air volume and low pressure drop type high-performance air filter using a nanofiber filter medium can be provided.

Abstract: A grass treatment device is provided, which comprises a motor configured to provide a power, a grass treatment tool configured to interact with and treat a grass surface, a drive mechanism configured to propel the device relative to the grass surface and a transmission operably positioned between the motor, the tool and the drive mechanism. The transmission is configured to transmit power from the motor independently to the tool and to the drive mechanism. The transmission is further configured to transform a constant output from the motor into independent variable powering of the tool and the drive mechanism.

Abstract: A turf treatment apparatus with a floating head for use on a grass treatment device having a frame, the turf treatment apparatus having a floating head comprising at least one elongate grass treatment element, and a mounting configured to effect a floating action with respect to the frame wherein the mounting comprises at least one resilient spring element that is configured to spread the weight of the grass treatment element by virtue of the resilience of the at least one spring element acting to counter the force of gravity arising during use of the floating head on non horizontal terrain.

Abstract: A suspension system for agricultural implements having at least one floating head using a four-bar linkage and permitting the floating head to accommodate variations in ground surface elevation in a lateral or transverse direction. By permitting the floating head to float, a more consistent cutting height is realized when ground surface elevation varies in a transverse direction. A main frame is provided to which the ground engaging wheels are attached. A sub-frame is connected to the main frame via the four-bar linkage. The sub-frame is pivotally attached to the arms of the four-bar linkage by spherical bearings.

Abstract: A method for the production of long, high aspect ratio boron nitride nanotubes and boron nitride nanotube fibrils composed of single or few walled boron nitride nanotubes aligned in bundles of nanotubes 20 ?m and longer at a rate of above about 1 meter per second. Nanotube yarns comprised of twisted bundles of such nanotube fibrils are also described.

Abstract: An engine contains a compressor stage, a compressor plenum, an inlet valving stage, a PDC stage, a PDC exit nozzle stage, a transition stage, a high pressure turbine stage, a turbine plenum, and a low pressure turbine stage. The PDC stage contains at least one pulse detonation combustor and each of the compressor plenum, PDC exit nozzle stage and turbine plenum contain a volume used to reduce and/or widen pressure peaks generated by the operation of the PDC stage.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel system is provided. The method includes removing fuel from at least a portion of the fuel system using a gravity drain process. The method also includes channeling nitrogen into at least a portion of the fuel system to facilitate removing air and residual fuel from at least a portion of the fuel system, thereby mitigating a formation of carbonaceous precipitate particulates. The method further includes removing air and nitrogen from at least a portion of the fuel system during a fuel refilling process using a venting process such that at least a portion of the fuel system is substantially refilled with fuel and substantially evacuated of air and nitrogen. The method also includes removing air from at least a portion of the refilled fuel system using a venting process. The method further includes recirculating fuel within at least a portion of the fuel system, thereby removing heat from at least a portion of the fuel system and facilitating a transfer of operating fuel modes.

Abstract: A standard 4-pole electric motor stator with capacitive plates in-line with the magnetic poles, but electrically 90° out of phase, produces two Lorentz force geometries 90° out of phase with each other (i.e., vertical, horizontal). An alternating source electrically rotates this pair of Lorentz geometries producing a propagating electromagnetic wave at the source frequency within the vacant internal cavity. Any charged particle within the cavity and along its axis will be accelerated or decelerated from an initial velocity via the Lorentz force. The rotating geometry provides for the coupling of the Lorentz force through a current loop and diamagnetism, providing acceleration and deceleration of non-charged particles. The force coupling is dependent upon the material's electromagnetic properties, the frequencies generated by the capacitive stator, and the velocity of the particles within the capacitive stator's influence.

Abstract: A propulsion thrust control system and method for controlling thrust in a rocket motor includes configuring valves of an energized rocket motor to an initial total valve area according to a total thrust command. The total thrust command is converted into a commanded propellant mass flow discharge rate. A varying total valve area is computed from an error between the commanded propellant mass flow discharge rate and a calculated propellant mass flow discharge rate. The valves are reconfigured according to a distribution of the varying total valve area. The propulsion system includes a pressure vessel with valves and a controller for regulating the valve area according to a propellant mass flow discharge rate from the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A closing system for a fan cowling on a jet engine of an aircraft that has at least one assembly including a male contrivance integral with the cowling, and a female contrivance integral with the jet engine that has a lower element forming at least one first guide ramp and an upper element forming at least one second guide ramp, with the aforementioned female contrivance being suitable on the one hand for guiding the male contrivance during the opening and/or the closing of the fan cowling, and on the other hand providing a limitation of the radial and circumferential displacements of the male contrivance.

Abstract: An exhaust gas cleaning device (2) for an exhaust system (1) of an internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas cleaning element (7), which is arranged in a first tubular body (3), and with a second tubular body (4), to which the first tubular body (3) is detachably connected via a clamp connection (5). The clamp connection (5) includes a radially outwardly projecting first ring collar (8), formed at the first tubular body (3) and extending circumferentially in a closed form and a radially outwardly projecting second ring collar (9), formed at the second tubular body (4) and extending circumferentially in a closed form. A sealing ring (10) extends circumferentially in a closed form and is axially in contact with the first ring collar (8) and the second ring collar (9). A first ring body (11) is arranged on the outside at the first tubular body (3) and is axially in contact with the first ring collar on the side facing away from the sealing ring (10).

Abstract: A plasma reactor has high durability with performance to generate stable and uniform plasma. The reactor has a variety of advantages such as increasing the range of commercial applications since the reactor has a structure that allows simple and efficient installation and operation in a system at a position required by the system. The reactor includes a stack constructed by sequentially stacking plus and minus electrodes and spacers and a reactor body provided at one side of the stack to hold the stack. The plus and minus electrodes are arranged alternately with spacers to define passages through which gas is allowed to pass. Each of the plus and minus electrodes has deformation preventing means to disperse stress of the electrodes and to prevent a local thermal stress caused by thermal expansion and contraction, thereby increasing thermal shock-resistant performance. External terminals for connection to the plus and minus electrodes are provided on the reactor body.

Abstract: An exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine is provided with an upstream side three-way catalyst capable of purifying exhaust gas and a particulate filter (PM filter) for trapping particulate matter PM contained in exhaust gas. Catalyst warm-up control is exercised for the purpose of warming up mainly the upstream side three-way catalyst at cold start. Filter regeneration control for removing the particulate matter PM accumulating on the particulate filter from the filter is exercised at the cold start after the catalyst warm-up control is exercised.

Abstract: An apparatus that raises temperature of a post-catalyst at an early time while suppressing reducing agent poisoning of the post-catalyst and discharge of a reducing agent into the outside when a pre-catalyst and the post-catalyst are arranged in series in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine in order from an upstream side thereof. The pre-catalyst is arranged to allow an exhaust gas to flow between an outer peripheral surface thereof and an inner peripheral surface of the exhaust passage. A reducing agent addition valve adding a reducing agent to allow the reducing agent to pass through the pre-catalyst is arranged immediately upstream of the pre-catalyst in the exhaust passage. Further, a retention catalyst is arranged in the exhaust passage between the pre-catalyst and the post-catalyst, to temporarily retain the reducing agent in the exhaust gas.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system connected to an internal combustion engine operative lean of stoichiometry includes first and second selective catalytic reactor devices. A preferred ratio of hydrocarbon:NOx to achieve a preferred concentration of ammonia immediately downstream of the first selective catalytic reactor device is determined. An ethanol-based reductant is dispensed upstream of the first selective catalytic reactor device.

Abstract: A method of operating an emission abatement assembly includes igniting a fuel-fired burner of the emission abatement assembly to combust soot trapped in a particulate filter of the emission abatement assembly. The method also includes detecting an engine exhaust intake failure of the emission abatement assembly. Furthermore, the method includes extinguishing the fuel-fired burner in response to detecting the engine exhaust intake failure of the emission abatement assembly. An emission abatement system is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention has an object of exerting favorable NOx reducing effects even at an exhaust temperature lower than in the prior art without trouble, e.g., at startup after long-term engine rest and is directed to an exhaust emission control device wherein a selective reduction catalyst 5 capable of selectively reacting NOx with ammonia even in the presence of oxygen is incorporated in an exhaust pipe 4, urea water 6 as reducing agent being added in the pipe 4 upstream of the reduction catalyst 5 to depurate NOx through reduction.

Abstract: An exhaust system for use with a diesel engine includes a diesel particulate filter configured to capture particulate matter exhausted from the diesel engine, a first sensor operable to detect a particulate matter accumulation level within the diesel particulate filter, and a second sensor operable to detect an ambient temperature of an environment surrounding the diesel particulate filter. The exhaust system also includes a control module electrically coupled to the first sensor, the second sensor, and the diesel particulate filter. The control module is operable to adjust a first regeneration threshold based on the detected ambient temperature. The control module is also operable to initiate regeneration of the diesel particulate filter when the detected particulate matter accumulation level reaches the first regeneration threshold.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling a diesel particulate filter includes a particulate matter load determination module determining a particulate matter load in a diesel particulate filter (DPF), a desired oxygen level determination module determining a desired exhaust gas oxygen level based on the particulate matter load, an oxygen comparison module comparing the desired exhaust gas oxygen level and a measured exhaust gas oxygen level and generating a comparison signal and an electric DPF control module controlling an electrically heated catalyst in response to the comparison signal.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to prevent an excessive temperature rise of a precatalyst in the case where the precatalyst is provided in the exhaust passage upstream of an exhaust gas purification apparatus and has a heat capacity smaller than that of the exhaust gas purification apparatus, and reducing agent is added from a reducing agent addition valve toward an upstream end surface of the precatalyst. According to the present invention, the reducing agent addition valve is located in such a way that the reducing agent added through it reaches the precatalyst in a liquid state.

Abstract: A construction machine that permits an exhaust gas after-treatment device to be disposed while suppressing an increase of height. An upper surface of a hydraulic pump is positioned lower than an upper surface of an engine, a tank device having at least one of a working oil tank and a fuel tank is provided at a rear portion thereof with a small height portion which has an upper surface of a height almost equal to or smaller than the height of the upper surface of the hydraulic tank, and an exhaust gas after-treatment device is disposed at a position above both the small height portion and the hydraulic pump.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment catalyst for removal of one or more pollutants in an exhaust gas, the catalyst comprising: a SO3-reducing catalyst powder which removes the above-described pollutants; and a diluent powder which is not the SO3-reducing catalyst powder nor a catalyst for reactions between exhaust gas components and a reagent, wherein the SO3-reducing catalyst powder is dispersed in the diluent powder.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine capable of improving cleaning efficiency by preventing an increase in the temperature of the exhaust gas to lessen the deterioration of the catalyst. The internal combustion engine includes a convergent section, a divergent section, and a branch section. The branch section branches a shock wave, propagating in a downstream direction at a higher velocity than exhaust gas flowing into an exhaust path from a combustion chamber when an exhaust valve is opened, from a portion of the exhaust path which is upstream with respect to the divergent section, and propagates the shock wave back to the exhaust path. The exhaust gas is caused to pass the convergent section and to collide against the shock wave between the branch section and the divergent section, so as to increase the pressure of the exhaust gas in the convergent section. Such exhaust gas is caused to pass the divergent section to generate a new shock wave and to decrease the temperature of the exhaust gas.

Abstract: An engine part has a construction which prevents the surface discoloration/deterioration associated with a high-temperature exhaust gas, irrespective of the type of Cr used in the formation of a chromium plating layer (hexavalent chromium or trivalent chromium). The engine part includes a metal substrate, a chromium plating layer covering at least a region of a surface of the metal substrate, the region being heated to a temperature of about 350° C. or more, and an intermediate plating layer provided between the metal substrate and the chromium plating layer. The chromium plating layer has a thickness of about 0.2 ?m or more in the region.

Abstract: This exhaust arrangement for an exhaust line having an exhaust gas treatment device and a liquid injection device located upstream of the exhaust gas treatment device includes a single moving element incorporating a throttling member having a solid closing surface and, operatively connected to the said throttling member, a turbulence generating member and an actuator for controlling the position of the said moving element between a first position wherein the moving element is in a retracted position and creates a minimum back pressure in the exhaust line and a second position wherein the moving element is in an extended position and creates a maximum back pressure, or selectively in at least one intermediate position wherein the moving element is in a turbulence generating position wherein the turbulence generating member intrudes at least partially into the exhaust line and creates turbulences within the flow of exhaust gases.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine capable of efficiently supplying air to an exhaust path even in a high load state. The internal combustion engine includes a convergent section, a divergent section, and a branch section. The branch section branches a shock wave, propagating in a downstream direction at a higher velocity than exhaust gas flowing into an exhaust path from a combustion chamber when an exhaust valve is opened, from a portion of the exhaust path which is upstream with respect to the divergent section, and propagates the shock wave back to the exhaust path. The exhaust gas is caused to pass the convergent section and to collide against the shock wave between the branch section and the divergent section so as to increase the pressure of the exhaust gas in the convergent section. Such exhaust gas is caused to pass the divergent section to generate a new shock wave.

Abstract: A multi-cylinder internal combustion engine capable of decreasing the pressure or temperature of exhaust gas. The internal combustion engine includes at least two cylinders and an exhaust path. The exhaust path includes a convergent-divergent nozzle and an exhaust merging section provided upstream with respect to an upstream end of the divergent section arranged to connect only exhaust ports of combustion chambers for which the opening periods do not overlap. A shock wave propagating in a merging upstream section is branched at a connection section, and the branched shock wave is reflected by an exhaust valve of cylinder and collides against the exhaust gas. In accompaniment with the passage of the exhaust gas having the pressure increased by the shock wave through the convergent-divergent nozzle, a new shock wave propagating in a downstream direction in the exhaust path is generated and also an expansion wave propagating in an upstream direction in the exhaust path is generated.

Abstract: In a exhaust device for an vehicle internal combustion engine, an exhaust pipe (20) of an engine (11) branches at a branching point (B) into a downstream-side first branch pipe (32) and a downstream-side second branch pipe (33). A first silencer (36) is attached to the first branch pipe (32), and a second silencer (37) is attached to the second branch pipe (33). The first branch pipe (32) and the second branch pipe (33) are different in at least one of bending rigidity and mass so that when the first branch pipe (32) and the second branch pipe (33) are vibrated in a specific vibration frequency range, vibrations of the two branch pipes (32, 33) cancel out each other at the branching point (B).

Abstract: A passive valve assembly for a vehicle exhaust system includes an exhaust component that defines an exhaust gas flow path and a vane that is positioned within the exhaust gas flow path. The vane is positioned at an initial start position and is movable between a closed position to provide a minimum exhaust gas flow and an open position to provide a maximum exhaust gas flow. The start position is orientated at a negative angle relative to the closed position.

Abstract: A passive valve assembly for a vehicle exhaust system includes an exhaust component that defines an exhaust gas flow path and a vane that is positioned within the exhaust gas flow path. The vane is positioned at an initial start position and is movable between a closed position to provide a minimum exhaust gas flow and an open position to provide a maximum exhaust gas flow. The start position is orientated at a negative angle relative to the closed position.

Abstract: An adaptive, low-impact vehicle energy harvester system, and a method of harvesting vehicle energy, is provided. The system includes a plurality of channels disposed longitudinally in a trafficway, wherein each of the plurality of channels includes one or more compressible, elongated hollow bodies such that a movement of a vehicle along the trafficway causes contents in the elongated hollow bodies to be expelled from one end, a motor in communication with the hollow bodies such that the contents expelled from one end of the hollow bodies actuate the motor, and a control unit that varies a resistance to the movement of the contents in the elongated hollow bodies based on at least one of a mass of the vehicle, a velocity of the vehicle, and a rate of change of velocity of the vehicle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control arrangement and a method for controlling at least two hydraulic consumers. According to the invention, when a pre-determined maximum load pressure of one of the consumers is exceeded, the pump is controlled according to the pressure medium requirement of the other consumer having a lower load.

Abstract: A method of varying a charge in an accumulator includes providing an accumulator containing working fluid and gas, providing a reservoir containing gas, transferring gas from the reservoir to the accumulator to increase the gas pressure in the accumulator, and transferring gas from the accumulator to the reservoir to decrease the gas pressure in the accumulator.

Abstract: A hydraulic circuit including: at least one primary motor comprising at least first and second distinct sub-motors, the first sub-motor having a first main orifice, and the second sub-motor having a second main orifice; and at least one secondary motor; in which circuit said first main orifice of the primary motor(s) is connected to a first main orifice of the secondary motor(s) via a first series duct, and the second main orifice of the primary motor(s) is connected to a second main orifice of the secondary motor(s) via a second series duct. This configuration of circuit makes coupling possible between the primary motor(s) and the secondary motor(s).

Abstract: A rotary heat engine has a cylindrical engine block containing a rotor with four equally spaced pistons and corresponding cylinders extending radially in the rotor. The pistons are pivotally connected to connecting rods that are in turn connected to a shaft at an inner end of each connecting rod. The engine block has a cover thereon and the block can have heating and cooling locations that create heating and cooling chambers within the rotor, thereby causing the pistons to reciprocate and causing the rotor to rotate within the engine block. The pistons reciprocate within the rotor while the rotor rotates within the engine block.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for generating power. The system includes a sealed chamber, a displacer located inside the chamber, a magnetic mechanism to actuate the displacer, and a linear alternator. The chamber includes a first side, a first top surface, and a first bottom surface, the first side located adjacent to a heat source and the second side adjacent to a heat sink. The displacer includes a pivot surface, a rocker, or a slide, and may include a regenerator.

Abstract: An actuator (10) is described in which the functional element (11) is made of a shape memory alloy, and comprising means (14, 18) for increasing the load applied onto the functional element when the external temperature increases, thus causing a consequent variation of the transition temperatures characterizing the hysteresis cycle of said functional element.

Abstract: A method for compressing a gas by using energy produced from a heat source. A boiler is provided. The boiler is segregated into an upper chamber and a lower chamber by a barrier such as a piston, a bellows, or a diaphragm. The lower chamber is filled with a liquid having a suitable boiling point and other properties. The upper chamber is filled with a gas to be compressed. Heat from any suitable source is applied to the liquid in the lower chamber in order to bring the liquid to a boil, and thereby produce pressurized vapor in the lower chamber. The rising pressure in the lower chamber moves the barrier in the direction of the upper chamber, thereby compressing the gas in the upper chamber.