Abstract: A handheld torch which comprises a cylindrical body that has a top and a bottom. The body is configured to be grasped by a person and is preferably made of wood. The torch includes a window portion configured to extend at least partially around the body and one or more light sources positioned within the window portion. The torch includes a power source that is coupled to the light source, where the power source located within the body. The torch includes circuitry within the body, in which the circuitry is coupled to the power source and the light source. The light source produces light which illuminates through the window portion when the light source is energized.

Abstract: A wall mounted hand rail system for assisting a patient includes a support beam. A plurality of lighting elements is disposed adjacent a bottom portion of the support beam and is configured selectively to direct light in a downward direction. An electronic system is configured to sense when the support beam has been touched by the patient and is configured to cause the lighting elements to illuminate an area below the support beam when the support beam has been touched by the patient.

Abstract: An inverter device includes a filter circuit, an inverter circuit, an electric current detecting circuit, a voltage detecting circuit, a control circuit for outputting a drive signal so as to switch switching devices ON and OFF and an internal power supply. The control circuit includes a shutdown circuit for stopping outputting the drive signal from the control circuit to the switching devices when an electric current flowing through a motor is an overcurrent or a voltage across the inverter circuit is an overvoltage. The shutdown circuit also stops outputting the drive signal from the control circuit to the switching devices when the voltage outputted from the internal power supply is not stabilized.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for improved dynamic braking in AC motors with an electronic drive, and more particularly to using a current regulation circuit to control the current supplied to the motor to be in phase with the internal EMF voltage of the motor such that the braking torque of the current is maximized per ampere of dynamic braking current when needed to stop the motor in case of a control failure or emergency. A current regulator produces a voltage command to the motor based on the current command input. The motor is still controlled by a d-q current regulator and the q-axis (torque axis) voltage is driven to zero while the d-axis (non-torque axis) is left in current control with a zero current command. This way the motor internal voltage drives a current in the terminals of the motor but the current is in phase with the internal voltage of the motor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electronic control of a direct current motor is disclosed based upon a sensorless commutation technique using voltage vector analysis. A voltage vector is produced by addition of supply phase voltage vectors of energized windings with the back-electromotive force vector of the unenergized winding. The resultant voltage vector rotates at the same speed as the rotor and possesses rotor position information used to commutate phase windings. The angle that the resultant voltage vector makes with the real axis is measured to commutate the phase windings. By parking the rotor in a predetermined position, this technique can be used to efficiently start the motor from rest and commutate phase windings during normal operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a control system for driving a three-strand brushless, electronically commutated electric motor (2), wherein a line AC voltage (UN) is rectified and fed via a slim DC link (8) with minimum DC link reactance as a DC link voltage (UZ) to an inverter (10) that can be driven to supply and commutate the electric motor (2). A pulsating DC voltage (UG) initially generated by rectifying the line AC voltage (UN) is dynamically increased with respect to its instantaneous values by a step-up chopper (18) in such a manner that the resulting DC link voltage (UZ) with a reduced ripple always lies above a defined limit voltage (U18/U1) over time. The control system consists of a network rectifier (6), a downstream slim DC link (8) with minimum DC link reactance and a controllable inverter (10) that can be supplied via the DC link and driven to commutate the electric motor (2).

Abstract: A motor having an alternating current electrical source, a light power circuitry, a stationary transcutaneous energy transmission coil spaced from a rotatable transcutaneous energy transmission coil, a plurality of phototransistor arrays positioned on a rotatable platform and each phototransistor array corresponds to and rotates in conjunction with an armature winding used in the motor. Each phototransistor array (i) receives an alternating current from the rotatable transcutaneous energy transmission coil, and (ii) charges (a) each armature winding to a constant high voltage when the motor is operating and (b) each phototransistor/MOSFET power source to a desired power level. When the light from the light power circuitry contacts a phototransmitter, the phototransistor array is turned on so the armature winding associated with that phototransmitter generates an instantaneous maximum magnetic field.

Abstract: A control method for a sensor-less, brushless, three-phase DC motor. The effects of commutation on the motor may be minimized using a sinusoidal current drive on each electromagnet. The “off” times and/or the “on” times of the drive transistors controlling the electromagnets in a full “H-bridge” configuration drive scheme may be delayed. By overlapping the drive signals to the electromagnets with respect to a commutation command, the effects of switching between electromagnets may be minimized. In addition, the “on” and “off” times may also be adjusted during the overlapping to further ensure that the coils continuously conduct current, and that the current does not change direction during the switching. The delays, and hence the overlap times of the coil drive signals may be dynamically controlled, for example by using digital timers, making the response predictable and easily controlled.

Abstract: A controller for a switched reluctance machine (SRM) generates current commands that reduce torque harmonics generated by the SRM. The controller monitors the phase currents and rotor position of the SRM to estimate torque generated by the SRM. The current command signal is modified based on the difference between the torque command and the estimated torque. A multiplier that varies with the monitored torque command is applied to the modified current command to provide a smooth phase-to-phase transition.

Abstract: Linear actuator comprising a housing with a reversible DC-motor, which through a transmission can displace an activation element between two end positions, where an further switch located in the longitudinal direction of the spindle is activated and deactivated when the spindle nut passes during its travel on the spindle and provides information for a calculation model which continuously calculates the position of the spindle nut on the spindle so that the calculation model in the positions where the further switch is activated by the spindle nut is calibrated to show an absolute position which is entered as a reference point in the control.

Abstract: Method for determining the angular position of the rotor of a mechanically commutated DC servo motor (5), which is arranged in the transverse branch of a bridge circuit, and the armature current of which is preset by an electromechanically activated switching device (28), —with a control and analysis unit (17) which analyzes the current ripple (3) present in the armature current (2) and attributable to the mechanical commutation, characterized in that—from each switch contact (6, 7) of the switching device (28), a contact-voltage feedback signal (9, 10) is fed back to the control and analysis device (17) by means of a feedback circuit (20), and in that the control and analysis unit (17), by using the at least one contact-voltage feedback signal (9, 10), determines a contact vibration time interval (4) and performs an estimate of current ripple (3) during this contact vibration time interval (4), during which an analysis of the current ripple due to contact vibrations which are caused by a switching process of

Abstract: A system and method for controlling an AC motor drive includes a control system programmed with an energy algorithm configured to optimize operation of the motor drive. Specifically, the control system receives input of an initial voltage-frequency command to the AC motor drive, receives a real-time output of the AC motor drive generated according to the initial voltage-frequency command, and determines a real-time value of a motor parameter based on the real-time output of the AC motor drive. The control system also inputs a plurality of modified voltage-frequency commands to the AC motor drive, determines the real-time value of the motor parameter corresponding to each of the plurality of modified voltage-frequency commands, and identifies an optimal value of the motor parameter based on the real-time values of the motor parameter.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling an AC motor drive includes a control system programmed with an energy algorithm configured to optimize operation of the motor drive. Specifically, the control system input an initial voltage-frequency command to the AC motor drive based on an initial voltage/frequency (V/Hz) curve, receives a real-time output of the AC motor drive generated according to the initial voltage-frequency command, and feedback a plurality of modified voltage-frequency commands to the AC motor drive, each of the plurality of modified voltage-frequency commands comprising a deviation from the initial V/Hz curve. The control system also determines a real-time value of the motor parameter corresponding to each of the plurality of modified voltage-frequency commands, and feeds back a modified voltage-frequency command to the AC motor drive so that the real-time value of the motor parameter is within a motor parameter tolerance range.

Abstract: An autonomous power module is a module that supplies electrical power to the electronic devices or systems it is designed to power. It consists of a battery module, energy harvesting module and controller module. The purpose of the autonomous power module is to provide means of supplying electrical power to the electronic devices for prolonged periods of time.

Abstract: A charger has its one side provided with terminals. The charger is provided with a connector. The terminals and the connector are electrically connected with a charging circuit within the charger. The charger has a panel connecting piece for connecting to a socket panel. The present invention further provides a combination of a charger and a socket panel. The charger is combined with the socket panel, so that the user can use the charger easily. The problem that the user may not find the charger is eliminated.

Abstract: A resistor testing circuit for a battery charger that tests divisional resistors used to estimate the resistance of a thermistor in a battery pack. The battery charger when activated conducts a self test. In the self test, switches are sequentially switched to form groups of resistors and test the connection state of the resistors groups. When a defect is detected by the self test, the battery charger stops performing charging. When no defects are detected by the self test, the thermistor of the battery pack is used to estimate temperature. The charging current is determined in correspondence with the temperature. Then, charging is started.

Abstract: The battery charging pad comprises a moving mechanism 13 that moves the transmitting coil 11, and a position detection controller 14 that detects the position of a device housing a battery 50 and controls the moving mechanism to move the transmitting coil in close proximity to a receiving coil 51. Pulse signals are supplied to a plurality of position detection coils 30 from a pulse generator 31, and the echo signals are a result of coil excitation by the pulse signals. The battery charging pad position detection controller 14 detects the position of the receiving coil 51 and moves the transmitting coil 11 in close proximity to the receiving coil 51, and the position detection controller 14 detects the position of the transmitting coil 11 and moves the transmitting coil 11 to the reference position, or it moves the transmitting coil 11 in close proximity to the receiving coil 51.

Abstract: A device housing a battery 50 includes a receiving coil 51, and a charging pad 10 includes a transmitting coil 11 that magnetically couples with, and supplies charging power to the receiving coil 51. The device further includes a modulator circuit 61 that changes the impedance of the receiving coil according to internal battery 52 data. The charging pad further includes a detection circuit 17 that detects receiving coil impedance changes to detect the battery data. The modulator circuit 61 has a load circuit 62 that is connected in parallel with the receiving coil 51 and has a series-connected switching device 64 and impedance modulating capacitor 63, and a control circuit 65 that switches the load circuit 62 switching device 64 ON and OFF according to the battery data. The modulator circuit 61 switches the switching device 64 ON and OFF to transmit battery data to the charging pad 10.

Abstract: A charging device includes an air nozzle that prevents power-feeding-side terminals from becoming wet by blasting air, fitting switches operated when a power feeding connector is removed from a connector holding portion, and an ECU that activates an air compressor and a vacuum pump on the basis of operations of the fitting switches. The power-feeding-side terminals can be prevented from becoming wet while the power feeding connector is attached to a power receiving connector of an electric vehicle after being removed from the connector holding portion.

Abstract: A portable electronic device holder and charger with quick release feature for holding and charging a portable electronic device such as a cellular phone. The portable electronic device holder and charger includes a cradle portion with electrical contacts adapted to contact with electrical recharging contacts on a portable electronic device engaged therewith, a battery holding base portion, and a hinge that pivotally and releasably electrically connects together the cradle portion and the battery holding base portion.

Abstract: An intelligent lithium-battery-activating charging device is connectable between a charging power source and an application electrical device and contains an internal circuit that builds up a charging/discharging mode to correspond the charging power source to a lithium battery accommodated in the application electrical device. After a short time period of charging, which is short enough that the voltage detection circuit inside the application electrical device cannot properly respond, a time period of discharging follows and then discharging is stopped, so that the detection performed by the voltage detection circuit is delayed until the cycles of short time period charging and discharging are completed. If the detection shows the battery is not fully charged, then the charging operation starts again. During the charging process, ions are moved in one direction in one moment and then reversed in the next moment so that built up of deposition on electrodes can be avoided.

Abstract: A modular battery management system for managing a plurality of batteries and driving a load includes a plurality of battery management control modules; a plurality of bi-directional voltage converter modules respectively connected to the batteries and connected to the battery management control modules, the bi-directional voltage converter modules being connected to each other in parallel; and a plurality of energy storage modules respectively connected with the bi-directional voltage converter modules in parallel and connected to the load. The bi-directional voltage converter modules are configured to transfer electric energy from the batteries to the load or from the energy storage modules to the batteries. The battery management control modules are configured to execute a predetermined program based on the state information of each battery and control the bi-directional voltage converter modules.

Abstract: A battery management system for managing the voltage of a battery cell, such as a lithium ion battery, is disclosed. The battery management system comprises a semiconductor switch coupled to the battery cell, wherein the semiconductor switch is in an on condition when the voltage across the battery cell exceeds a first threshold voltage, and a microprocessor coupled to the semiconductor switch, wherein the microprocessor monitors the voltage across the battery cell when the semiconductor switch is on, and turns itself off when the when the monitored voltage is less than a second threshold voltage, thereby preventing further current drain from the battery cell.

Abstract: The wireless power transmission is a system for providing wireless charging and/or primary power to electronic/electrical devices via microwave energy. The microwave energy is focused to a location in response to receiving a beacon signal from a beacon device by a power transmitter having one or more adaptively-phased microwave array emitters. Rectennas within the device to be charged receive and rectify the microwave energy and use it for battery charging and/or for primary power.

Abstract: A device and method for harvesting, generating, storing, and delivering energy to a load, particularly for remote or inaccessible applications. The device preferably comprises one or more energy sources, at least one supercapacitor, at least one rechargeable battery, and a controller. The charging of the energy storage devices and the delivery of power to the load is preferably dynamically varied to maximize efficiency. A low power consumption charge pump circuit is preferably employed to collect power from low power energy sources while also enabling the delivery of higher voltage power to the load. The charging voltage is preferably programmable, enabling one device to be used for a wide range of specific applications.

Abstract: A control device for a multi-phase DC-DC converter is disclosed. The multi-phase DC-DC converter includes a plurality of converting channels. The control device includes an error amplifier for comparing a feedback signal of the multi-phase DC-DC converter and a reference signal to generate a comparison result, a main comparator for comparing the comparison result and a first sawtooth signal corresponding to a first converting channel of the plurality of converting channels to generate a first PWM signal, and at least one computing module each corresponding to one of the plurality of the converting channels, for generating a PWM signal according to the comparison result, a corresponding sawtooth signal, a corresponding sensing signal, and a sensing signal corresponding to a previous converting channel of the converting channel to control the converting channel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a voltage step-up circuit (100). One particularly advantageous application of the invention is in the field of 12 V/42 V DC/DC power convertors supplied by the power system onboard a motor vehicle (12 V battery voltage). The circuit (100) according to the invention comprises a voltage source (S) having a first terminal (+BAT) and a second terminal, at least one inductor (Lb), the first terminal of which is connected to the first terminal (+BAT) of the voltage source (S), at least one diode (Db), the anode of which is connected to the second terminal of the inductor (Lb), at least one capacitor (Cb), the first terminal of which is connected to the cathode of the diode (Db), at least one current switch (Mb) connected between the second terminal of the inductor (Lb) and the second terminal of the voltage source (S), and a second current switch (M) connected between the second terminal of the capacitor (Cb) and the second terminal of the voltage source (S).

Abstract: A method is provided for controlling a converter of the multiphase interleaving type. According to the method, there is detected when a change of a load applied to an output terminal of the converter occurs. When detected, all of the phases of the converter are simultaneously turned off by the generation of suitable PWM driving signals. The PWM driving signals are controlled so as to force the turn-on of the phases at the same time and to zero a time phase shift of driving of the interleaving type of the PWM driving signals. The interleaving of the driving time phase shift is recovered and a normal operation of the converter is restarted. A controller for controlling a converter of the multiphase interleaving type is also provided.

Abstract: A boost regulator system for regulating one or more output voltages includes, a first pump element coupled to receive a first input voltage, a first switching device coupled to the first pump element, the first switching device causing a finite amount of energy to be stored in the first pump element in response to a first control signal. The system further includes, a first capacitor coupled to the first pump element and the first switching device, the first capacitor storing the finite amount of energy and generating a first output voltage in response to the finite amount of energy. A boost controller (BC) coupled to receive the first output voltage, the boost controller further configured to regulate the first output voltage by generating the first control signal.

Abstract: Provided herein are circuits, systems and methods that monitor for way out of balance (WOB) conditions within a multi-phase DC-DC converter, and adjust a balance between currents through channels of the DC-DC converter, in dependence on detected WOB conditions.

Abstract: A circuit may generate a clock signal with a variable period given by a ratio between an initial switching period and a number of phase circuits through which a current of a multi-phase PWM voltage converter flows. The circuit may include an adjustable current generator driven by a signal representing the number of phase circuits through which the current flows and configured to generate a current proportional to the number of phase circuits through which the current flows, and a tank capacitor charged by the adjustable current generator. The circuit may include a comparator of a voltage on the tank capacitor with a threshold value configured to generate a pulse of the clock signal when the threshold value is attained, and a discharge path of the tank capacitor, the discharge path being enabled during the pulses of the clock signal.

Abstract: A driver circuit includes a pre-driver and an output driver. The pre-driver is coupled to receive an input signal and to generate first and second pre-driver output signals in response to the input signal. The output driver generates a driver output signal and includes first and second switches, a native mode transistor, and a driver output. The first switch has a first control terminal coupled to receive the first pre-driver output signal. The second switch has a second control terminal coupled to receive the second pre-driver output signal. The native mode transistor is coupled in series between the first switch and the second switch and has a third control terminal coupled to receive the voltage reference signal. The driver output is coupled between the native mode transistor and the second switch to output the driver output signal.

Abstract: A DC-to-DC converter comprises an error amplifier, a comparator, a PWM controller, a power switch unit, and a control signal monitoring circuit. The PWM controller receives a comparison signal from the comparator and generates a digital control signal that controls the power switch unit such that the DC-to-DC converter supplies a regulated voltage onto a load. The control signal monitoring circuit monitors the digital control signal and detects either a heavy load or a light load condition based on characteristics of the digital control signal. Under the light load condition, the monitoring circuit generates a first enabling signal such that the DC-to-DC controller operates in a power-save mode. Under the heavy load condition, the monitoring circuit generates a second enabling signal such that the DC-to-DC controller operates in a normal operation mode. The DC-to-DC converter consumes substantially less power in the power-save mode than in the normal operation mode.

Abstract: A buck converter and a switching regulator capable of suppressing a ripple voltage under light load conditions. The buck converter has NMOS transistors QN2 and QN3 that are connected in series between input voltage VIN and the ground, inductor L1 that is connected to node SW where transistors QN2 and QN3 are connected, comparator COMP2 that compares respective voltages of node N1 and node N2 so as to decide on time of transistor QN2, and current detection circuit 100 that detects reverse current Ig flowing to the ground from inductor L1 via node SW and transistor QN3. When current detection circuit 100 detects reverse current Ig, voltage of node N1 of comparator COMP2 is reduced by variable circuit 110 in order to reduce the on time of transistor QN2.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device has a primary voltage regulator and an ultra-low power secondary voltage regulator. The ultra-low power secondary voltage regulator supplies voltage to certain circuits used for providing data retention and dynamic operation, e.g., a real time clock and calendar (RTCC) when the integrated circuit device is in a low power sleep mode. The primary voltage regulator provides power to these same certain circuits when the integrated circuit is in an operational mode.

Abstract: A feedback control method of a pulse width modulator (PWM) voltage converter may include generating a control voltage as a sum of an offset voltage and an error signal representing a difference between a scaled replica of a regulated output voltage of the voltage converter and a reference voltage, comparing the control voltage with a ramp signal, the comparing operation generating PWM driving signals for the voltage converter, comparing the regulated output voltage of the voltage converter with an overshoot threshold, and reducing the control voltage when the overshoot threshold is exceeded.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus with an inrush current prevention circuit is applied to a parallel power bus. The power supply apparatus includes a filter capacitor and a current control unit. The current control unit is electrically connected to the filter capacitor. The current control unit controls a charged current flowing through the filter capacitor to prevent an inrush current generated in the parallel power bus.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a synchronous converter for providing a regulated output voltage responsive to an input voltage, a control PWM signal to a control switch of the synchronous converter and a synchronous PWM signal to a synchronous switch of the synchronous converter. A first circuit generates the control PWM signal and the synchronous PWM signal responsive to a PWM control signal. The first circuit limits a maximum duty cycle of the synchronous PWM signal to a predetermined level.

Abstract: A basic structure of a reference voltage generation circuit is formed by a buffer amplifier (21) and a resistive element (22) without using a band gap regulator. Thus, an influence of a noise of the band gap regulator as in the conventional art is eliminated. There are provided comparators (23) and (24) for comparing an input voltage of the buffer amplifier (21) with an output voltage of a band gap regulator (10), and a control circuit (25) for variably controlling a resistance value of the resistive element (22) in response to comparison signals. Consequently, even if an output voltage (Vout) of the buffer amplifier (21) temporarily fluctuates with a change in a source voltage (VDD), it returns into a desirable voltage range and converges through a variable control of the resistance value.

Abstract: Provided is a measurement apparatus that measures power of a modulated signal that is modulated with a carrier signal having a prescribed frequency, comprising an AD converting section that outputs a digital modulated signal obtained by AD converting the modulated signal; a frequency converting section that converts the digital modulated signal into a frequency component signal representing a plurality of signal components at respective frequencies; a correction coefficient output section that outputs, for each frequency, a correction coefficient corresponding to a frequency characteristic of a transmission path on which the modulated signal is transmitted; a correcting section that corrects the signal component of each frequency in the frequency component signal using the correction coefficient of the corresponding frequency; and a power calculating section that calculates the power of the modulated signal based on the signal component of each frequency in the corrected frequency component signal.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a quasi-resonant valley voltage detecting method, comprising the steps of: generating a valley detection signal by detecting a valley of a first quasi-resonant signal; generating a count value by counting the valley detection signal; and determining a level transition instance of a gating signal according to the count value, wherein the level transition instance of the gating signal is pulled back by the valley detection signal to trace the valley of the first quasi-resonant signal. The present invention also provides a quasi-resonant valley voltage detecting apparatus.

Abstract: A meter device for checking the measurements of an electrical meter, such as that used by electrical utilities is provided. The meter device has a base with electrical phase conductors arranged to couple with a meter socket. A housing is attached to the base. Electrical connectors are arranged on the end of the phase conductors within the housing. The electrical connectors are arranged to couple with an electrical meter. One or more lead conductors is also provided. Each lead conductor has a first end coupled to the electrical connector and a second end coupled to the associated phase conductor. Each lead conductor includes a middle portion arranged outside of the housing.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided to detect and control a voltage potential applied in a plasma chamber for processing a semiconductor wafer. The plasma chamber includes circuitry for monitoring and adjusting a pulsed RF bias voltage signal to be applied to a chuck in the plasma chamber, where the chuck is configured to mount the wafer for processing. The circuitry includes an RF bias voltage detector for detecting individual pulses of the pulsed RF bias voltage signal applied to the chuck. A timing circuit is provided for determining a time for sampling each of the individual detected pulses and a sample and hold circuit.

Abstract: A bridge module provides connection between first and second conductors of a line under test and a test instrument adapted for use with the bridge module. The bridge module provides monitoring and measurement of DSL communication signals between the telephone company DSL terminal (DSLAM) and the subscriber home DSL equipment across a wide range of frequencies. The bridge module can be used at any point in the communications link and can be used while the link is active. The bridge module provides a clickless connection to the active DSL communications link to avoid interruption in DSL service.

Abstract: A current sensor for measuring a current supplied to a conductor includes a case which accommodates an electrical parts therein, and a cover attached to the case. A groove part is provided on an outer surface of at least one of the case and the cover to allow the conductor to pass through the groove part. When the cover is attached to the case, the conductor arranged on the groove part is sandwiched between the case and the cover. A width of the groove part becomes narrower toward an interior side thereof.

Abstract: An operation detection device for an overcurrent protection component that detects a transition event between a closed state and an open state of the protection component includes an event sensor positioned at a location selected to allow the event sensor to detect the transition event and a current sensor positioned at a location selected to detect a current passing through the overcurrent protection component and to generate a first output signal based on a level of the detected current. A switch circuit operatively coupled to the event sensor is configured to generate a second output signal indicating a change in state of the overcurrent protection component responsive to detection of the transition event by the event sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for calibrating a metal detecting device of a materials processing line. A placement arm is provided to control the path of a calibrating sample in order to simulate movement of tramp metal moving on a processing line along with materials being processed. Upper and lower arms of the placement arm are joined by an adjustable elbow which can be set to a maximum angle of extension in order to accurately place the calibrating sample at a preferred location in a detecting field of the metal detecting device.

Abstract: A control device with a valve adjusted by a control element is provided. A position sensor detects an actual position of the control element and an electro-pneumatic position controller generates a pneumatic control variable as a function of the actual and desired positions. The pneumatic control variable is supplied to the control drive via a magnetic valve activated by a supply voltage supplied by an instrumentation and control device. For carrying out a test of the magnetic valve, the magnetic valve is deactivated briefly. To initiate, monitor, and evaluate the test of the magnetic valve, the supply voltage is supplied to the magnetic valve via a controllable switch. The controllable switch is opened by a magnetic valve test signal generated by the instrumentation and control device. The magnetic valve test signal is supplied to the controllable switch via a limit switch which is opened when the control element reaches a specified position.

Abstract: An inclinometer includes a base, a weight, and a magnetic field-detecting unit. The weight is provided with a magnet and is pivotally suspended from the base in such a manner that the base and the weight are rotatable relative to each other. The magnetic field-detecting unit is secured to the base for detecting a magnetic field of the magnet.

Abstract: A read head with a sensor unit, whereby the sensor unit has a first RFID transponder reader unit and an induction detector unit. With the combination of two types of reader units, read heads of this type can be used for determining the position of rail vehicles.