Abstract: A solid-state energy conversion device and method of making is disclosed wherein the solid-state energy conversion device is formed through the conversion of an insulating material. In one embodiment, the solid-state energy conversion device operates as a photovoltaic device to provide an output of electrical energy upon an input of electromagnetic radiation. In another embodiment, the solid-state energy conversion device operates as a light emitting device to provide an output of electromagnetic radiation upon an input of electrical energy. In one example, the photovoltaic device is combined with a solar liquid heater for heating a liquid. In another example, the photovoltaic device is combined with a solar liquid heater for treating water.

Abstract: The invention aims at a hybrid nanocomposite material comprising electrically conducting inorganic elongated nanocrystals grafted on at least part of the surface thereof with an electrically conducting organic compound, and a preparation process thereof. The invention further discloses thin films, solar cells and switchable devices comprising said hybrid nanocomposite.

Abstract: A solar cell is disclosed. The solar cell includes a substrate containing first impurities of a first conductive type, an emitter layer containing second impurities of a second conductive type opposite the first conductive type, a first electrode electrically connected to the emitter layer, and a second electrode electrically connected to the substrate. The emitter layer and the substrate form a p-n junction. A doping concentration of the second impurities of the emitter layer linearly or nonlinearly changes depending on a depth of a position within the emitter layer.

Abstract: A solar cell is discussed. The solar cell includes a substrate of a first conductive type, an emitter region of a second conductive type opposite the first conductive type that is positioned on the substrate, a first field region of the first conductive type that is positioned on the substrate to be separated from the emitter region, a first electrode electrically connected to the emitter region, a second electrode electrically connected to the first field region, and an insulating region positioned on at least one of the emitter region and the first field region.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for converting electromagnetic radiation, such as solar energy, into electric energy with increased efficiency when compared to conventional solar cells. In one embodiment of a photovoltaic (PV) device, the PV device generally includes an n-doped layer and a p+-doped layer adjacent to the n-doped layer to form a p-n layer such that electric energy is created when electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by the p-n layer. The n-doped layer and the p+-doped layer may compose an absorber layer having a thickness less than 500 nm. Such a thin absorber layer may allow for greater efficiency and flexibility in PV devices when compared to conventional solar cells.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell which comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, a photoactive, charge-separating layer comprising a semiconducting polymer between the first and the second electrodes, and a passivatng layer adapted to enhance the lifetime of the photovoltaic cell. The passivating layer comprises a substantially amorphous titanium oxide having the formula of TiOx where x represents a number from 1 to 1.96.

Abstract: The present invention provides a solar cell fabricated with a single-crystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous semiconductor wafer. The semiconductor wafer has etched holes or a groove array on it. The depthes of the holes or grooves are larger than one fourth thickness of the wafer. Or, the bottom areas of the holes or grooves are within 50 micrometers to the opposite side of the wafer. Without forming a buried contact structure, the present invention shortens diffusion distance of carriers, and thus enhances opto-electric conversion efficiency.

Abstract: In a thin-film solar module comprising a transparent substrate (1), a transparent doped zinc oxide front electrode film (2) deposited on substrate (1), a semiconductor film (3), an optional doped zinc oxide rear electrode film (4), and a reflecting layer (5) on the rear surface turned away from the side of light incidence (hv), the dopant quantities in doped zinc oxide front and/or rear electrode films (2, 4) decrease from substrate (1) towards semiconductor film (3) and from semiconductor film (3) towards reflecting layer (5), respectively.

Abstract: A solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The solar cell includes a substrate that contains first impurities of a first conductive type and is formed of a crystalline semiconductor, a first field region that is positioned on an incident surface of the substrate and contains second impurities of a second conductive type, an emitter region that contains third impurities of a third conductive type, is formed of a non-crystalline semiconductor, and is positioned on a non-incident surface of the substrate opposite the incident surface of the substrate, a first electrode electrically connected to the emitter region, and a second electrode electrically connected to the substrate.

Abstract: A solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same are discussed. The solar cell includes a semiconductor substrate, a first doped region of a first conductive type, a second doped region of a second conductive type opposite the first conductive type, a back passivation layer having contact holes exposing a portion of each of the first and second doped regions, a first electrode formed on the first doped region exposed through the contact holes, a second electrode formed on the second doped region exposed through the contact holes, an alignment mark formed at one surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a textured surface that is formed at a light receiving surface of the semiconductor substrate opposite the one surface of the semiconductor substrate in which the first and second doped regions are formed.

Abstract: A solar cell comprises a photoelectric conversion body configured to generate photogenerated carriers upon receiving light; a first transparent conductive film formed on a first major surface of the photoelectric conversion body; and a second transparent conductive film formed on a second major surface provided on an side opposite to the first major surface, wherein the first major surface is formed by an n-type semiconductor layer, the second major surface is formed by a p-type semiconductor layer, and a hydrogen atom content of a part of the first transparent conductive film on a side close to the n-type semiconductor layer is lower than a hydrogen atom content of the second transparent conductive film.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for converting electromagnetic radiation, such as solar energy, into electric energy with increased efficiency when compared to conventional solar cells. A photovoltaic (PV) unit, according to embodiments of the invention, may have a very thin absorber layer produced by epitaxial lift-off (ELO), all electrical contacts positioned on the back side of the PV device to avoid shadowing, and/or front side and back side light trapping employing a diffuser and a reflector to increase absorption of the photons impinging on the front side of the PV unit. Several PV units may be combined into PV banks, and an array of PV banks may be connected to form a PV module with thin strips of metal or conductive polymer applied at low temperature. Such innovations may allow for greater efficiency and flexibility in PV devices when compared to conventional solar cells.

Abstract: A solar cell including a semiconductor substrate having a pn junction, a silver electrode and an aluminum electrode on a rear surface of the semiconductor substrate, and an overlap region where the silver electrode and the aluminum electrode overlap each other, a glass softening point temperature of a glass component contained in the silver electrode being equal to or higher than a glass softening point temperature of a glass component contained in the aluminum electrode, and a method of manufacturing the solar cell are provided.

Abstract: Plasticizer-containing films based on polyvinyl acetal and comprising more than 10 ppm of metal ions selected from the group of alkaline earth metals, zinc and aluminum and less than as 150 ppm of alkali metal ions are used for the production of photovoltaic modules. The films preferably exhibit an electrical volume resistivity of more than 1E11 ohm·cm in an ambient of 85% RH/23° C. The photovoltaic modules may be used as facade elements, roof surfaces, winter garden coverings, sound-insulating walls, balcony or balustrade elements, or as components of window surfaces.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dye-sensitized solar cell wherein an improved photoelectric conversion efficiency is realized by suppressing reverse electron transfer and improving conductivity of electrodes. Corrosion of electrodes by an electrolyte solution is greatly suppressed in the dye-sensitized solar cell. A method for manufacturing the dye-sensitized solar cell is also disclosed. The dye-sensitized solar cell comprises: an anode electrode wherein a conductive base containing at least a metal collector grid and a semiconductor porous film layer to which a sensitizing dye is adsorbed are arranged on a light-transmitting substrate; a cathode electrode so arranged as to face the semiconductor porous film layer of the anode electrode; and an electrolyte sealed between two electrode pieces, namely between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode.

Abstract: A thin film solar cell including a first substrate, a first electrode on the first substrate, an upper surface of the first electrode having a plurality of irregularities, an absorption layer on the first electrode, the absorption layer including amorphous silicon layers and microcrystal silicon layers contacting the first electrode at an angle relative to the first substrate, a second electrode on the absorption layer, and a second substrate on the second electrode.

Abstract: A solar cell is provided, including a substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, an n-type semiconductor layer and a p-type semiconductor layer. The first electrode is disposed on the substrate. The second electrode is disposed between the first electrode and the substrate. The n-type semiconductor layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The material of the n-type semiconductor layer is microcrystalline silicon (?c-Si) or polysilicon. The p-type semiconductor layer is disposed between the first electrode and the n-type semiconductor layer.

Abstract: The invention describes an extensible membrane system to which a photovoltaic device is secured.

Abstract: Reduction in characteristic due to non-uniformity of crystallinity of a microcrystalline silicon film in a surface of a solar cell module is inhibited. A solar cell module is provided having an i-type layer of a microcrystalline silicon film as a photovoltaic layer in a photovoltaic unit (14), the i-type layer has a first region (30) and a second region (32) having a lower crystallization percentage than the first region (30) in the surface, and a tab electrode (22) to a terminal box (24) of the solar cell module (100) is formed overlapping the second region (32).

Abstract: The invention provides a dye-sensitized photovoltaic device which comprises: a first electrode; a second electrode; and, disposed between the first and second electrodes: an electron acceptor material which comprises a semiconductive metal oxide, a redox mediator material, and a photosensitizing dye which comprises a dendrimer of formula (I): [X]m-CORE-[[Y]p]-[DEN-DRON]]n wherein n, m, p, CORE, DENDRON, X and Y are as defined herein. The invention further provides a photosensitizing dye which is a dendrimer of formula (I), and the use, as a photosensitizing dye in a dye-sensitized photovoltaic device, of a compound which is a dendrimer of formula (T). Novel dendrimers of formula (T) are also provided. Novel catechol-based compounds are also provided. The catechol-based compounds can be used together with the dendrimers of formula (T) as the photosensitizing dyes in a photovoltaic device.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following formula (I), and a photoelectric conversion device containing the compound: wherein Z1 is a ring containing two carbon atoms and represents a 5-membered ring, a 6-membered ring or a condensed ring containing at least either a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring, each of L1, L2 and L3 independently represents an unsubstituted methine group or a substituted methine group, n represents an integer of 0 or more, each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6 may be combined with each other to form a ring, and each of R21 and R22 independently represents a substituted aryl group, an unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted heteroaryl group or an unsubstituted heteroaryl group, provided that the case where both R21 and R22 are an unsubstituted phenyl group is excluded.

Abstract: A method of preparing an electrolyte composition comprising an ionic liquid and carbon particles and/or platinium nanoparticles for use in photoelectric cells, the method comprising comminuting carbon particles and/or platinum nanoparticles in the presence of the ionic liquid.

Abstract: A nanoparticle composition is disclosed comprising a copper indium gallium selenide, a copper indium sulfide, or a combination thereof. Also disclosed is a layer comprising the nanoparticle composition. A photovoltaic device comprising the nanoparticle composition and/or the absorbing layer is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for producing the nanoparticle compositions, absorbing layers, and photovoltaic devices described herein.

Abstract: A fluid receiving chamber including a fluid inlet hole through which a fluid flows from outside, an inner space which contains the fluid, a fluid supply hole through which the fluid flows from the fluid inlet hole to the inner space, and a fluid outlet hole through which the fluid contained in the inner space is discharged to the outside, where the fluid supply hole is disposed above the fluid outlet hole, and the fluid is supplied to the inner space through the fluid supply hole by gravity.

Abstract: A dual acting multi actuation gate valve is provided that includes a secondary actuation mechanism. The valve may include a body, a shaft, a movable portion disposed within the body and coupled to the shaft, wherein the movable portion is configured to allow fluid flow through the valve when in a first position and to prevent fluid flow through the valve when in a second position. The valve includes an actuator coupled to the shaft, wherein the actuator is configured to move the movable portion between the first position and the second position, a mechanical connection between the actuator and the shaft, wherein the mechanical connection is configured to fail in response to an internal pressure, wherein the failure of the mechanical connection maintains the movable portion in the second position. A method of operation and testing the valve are also provided.

Abstract: A lockout device is provided for an instrument having a body and an actuating member extending from the body for operating the instrument. The lockout device includes a bottom member, a cover member, and a flexible member. The bottom member and cover member are adapted to receive a cinching portion of the flexible member between first and second holding surfaces of the bottom member and cover member. When the flexible member is wrapped around a portion of the body and received between the first and second holding surfaces and the cover member is in a closed position, the first and second holding surfaces prevent movement of a cinching portion of the flexible member.

Abstract: A compact system is provided for diverting excess flow of liquid such as waste water from a conduit and to retain debris within the conduit. This incorporates a control section (22), which may be generally cylindrical, and arranged to be rotatable about a longitudinal axis (23), and defining a discharge port (24) through which excess water can leave the conduit. In operation, the depth of water in the conduit would be measured (15) downstream of the control section (22), and the rotation of the control section (22) adjusted in accordance with whether the water surface is above or below a depth limit. The discharge port (24) may include a grille to retain any debris, and the apparatus may include brushes (27), scrapers (29) or water jets (26) to dislodge any material held on the grille when the discharge port is at a top centre position.

Abstract: A pressure relief valve for relieving air pressure from an automotive vehicle interior. The pressure relief valve mounts on a valve mounting location that surrounds a body opening and includes flexible interleaved flaps and a securing mechanism. The flaps cover the body opening, with each of the flaps being generally triangular in shape and having an outer end adjacent to the valve mounting location and a pair of sides extending from the outer end inward to an inner corner, with the inner corners meeting to form a peak. The interleaved flaps form a generally pyramidal-shape that angles away from the automotive vehicle interior as the interleaved flaps extend inward from the outer ends toward the peak. The securing mechanism is secured to the radially outer ends of the flaps and to the valve mounting location.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reducing a pressure of compressed natural gas and for delivering natural gas are disclosed. A regulator comprising a vortex tube may be used to reduce the pressure of compressed natural gas while a temperature thereof is also reduced. The temperature reduction associated with a pressure drop in the compressed natural gas is achieved by throttling the gas at constant enthalpy from 3,000 PSIG to 150 PSIG through the regulator. At least one heat exchanger may be utilized to increase the temperature of the compressed natural gas to a temperature suitable for injection delivery. A pressure-reducing regulator may be used to further reduce a pressure of the gas to about 45 PSIG for delivery to an end-user.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reducing a pressure of compressed natural gas and for delivering natural gas are disclosed. A regulator comprising a vortex tube may be used to reduce the pressure of compressed natural gas while a temperature thereof is also reduced. The temperature reduction associated with a pressure drop in the compressed natural gas is achieved by throttling the gas at constant enthalpy from 3,000 psig to 150 psig through the regulator. At least one heat exchanger may be utilized to increase the temperature of the compressed natural gas to a temperature suitable for injection delivery. A pressure-reducing regulator may be used to further reduce a pressure of the gas to about 45 psig for delivery to an end-user.

Abstract: A high integrity protection system (HIPS) for protection of a pipe downstream of a wellhead includes: an inlet connected to the wellhead; outlet connected to the downstream pipe; two sets of two series-connected surface safety valves (SSVs) in fluid communication with the inlet and outlet, the two sets being in parallel fluid flow relation to each other, either one or both of the sets of SSVs operable as a flowpath for fluids entering the inlet and passing through the outlet to the downstream pipe; two vent control valves (VCVs), each connected to piping intermediate one set of series-connected SSVs, the VCVs being in fluid communication with a vent line, whereby, upon opening of a VCV, process pressure between the two SSVs is vented; a signal-generating safety logic solver, in accordance with preprogrammed safety and operational protocols; and pressure sensing transmitters attached to piping upstream of the HIPS outlet.

Abstract: A pressure reducing device of a high pressure vessel includes primarily a housing, a gas guiding element and a gas directing element. The gas guiding element is defined with a first gas entraining passage, a second gas entraining passage, and a holding space into which a limiting element can be put and the gas directing element can be inserted. A contact surface of the gas directing element with the limiting element is formed with a gas seal part which is provided with an arc surface. Through sealing the arc surface with a groove on the limiting element, a gas seal effect can be improved and gas stability can be maintained for a long time.

Abstract: A vent assembly connectable to a transmission housing includes a stem, a membrane and a cap. The stem has an annular flange, a first end, a second end, and a through bore extending between the first end and the second end. The first end is connectable to the transmission housing and the second end has at least one flange and an annular rim. The membrane is located on the second end of the stem over the bore. The cap has a base and an annular wall extending from the base. The annular wall of the cap is deformed at a terminal end against the annular flange of the stem at discrete locations, where an undeformed portion of the annular wall of the cap creates at least one channel axially extending along the stem. The at least one channel creates a path between the cap and the flange of the stem.

Abstract: A programmable fluidic device for generating droplets with resolutions of micrometer in size and milliseconds in generation timing is provided. The programmable fluidic device has a valve forming a droplet cutter, which contains a fluid deflectable membrane capable of controlling the flow of a dispensing fluid from a fluidic dispensing channel. The programmable fluidic device is able to perform temporal control over the droplet generation independent from the size control.

Abstract: Distributor (5) with at least two discharge channels (10,16) which are positioned at the same distance from a central axis (13), parallel to this axis, a supply channel (11) and a distributor member (12,17,18) which is rotatable about the axis and has a supply end (12?) positioned along the axis and a discharge end (12?) which is set radially apart therefrom and can be brought by rotation of the distributor member selectively into fluid connection with the respective discharge channels, characterized in that the liquid supply channel extends along the central axis and along the discharge channels, the distributor member comprising a U-shaped connection channel which is placed at the supply end rotatably in the extension of the supply channel and can be placed at the discharge end in fluid connection with the respective discharge channels.

Abstract: A rinse assembly for a commercial washdown pre-rinse system is described, including a flex hose and live swivel fitting. The incorporation of an infinitely rotatable swivel fitting at the base of the flex hose and/or adjacent the spray nozzle releases torsion within the flex hose and prevents damage to the hose and surrounding metal coil due to shear stress. A modular rinse assembly in which components may be easily added, removed, or replaced is described, as well as a method to retrofit existing rinse assemblies to incorporate a live swivel fitting.

Abstract: A tubular member having at least one drainage section (1) including a first plurality of self-adjustable valves or flow control devices (2) to control the flow of fluid into the drainage section from a well formed in a subterranean reservoir, each of the valves (2) comprising an inlet or aperture (10), thereby forming a flow path (11) through the control device (2) passing by a movable disc or body (9) designed to move freely relative to the opening of the inlet and thereby reduce or increase the flow-through area (A2) by exploiting the Bernoulli effect and any stagnation pressure created over the disc (9), whereby the valve (2), depending on the composition of the fluid and its properties, autonomously adjusts the flow of the fluid based on a pre-estimated flow design. To allow injection of fluid into the subterranean reservoir, the drainage section (1) is provided with a second plurality of such self-adjustable valves (32), each being situated in a direction opposite of the first plurality.

Abstract: A temporary sealer for pipe repair and construction includes a sealing head, and a breakable film. The sealing head has a tubular shape and a size and shape corresponding to an inner diameter of a pipe. The breakable film is formed at the sealing face of the sealing head, wherein the breakable film forms a water barrier for temporarily restricting a flow of water passing through the sealing head within the pipe when the sealing head is slid into the pipe. The breakable film is inevitably torn apart in responsive to a predetermined water pressure for enabling the water flow passing through the sealing head within the pipe. Therefore, it not only provides a way to efficiently block the water flow when the water pipe needs construction, but also provides an apparatus involving the flow system when the water pipe system is finished with construction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a climate tube (10), in particular for aircraft, having an inner layer (12) and an outer layer (16) of fiber composite plastic material. To achieve a high stiffness combined with a low weight and to achieve good thermal insulation properties, disposed between the inner layer (12) and the outer layer (16) is an at least almost completely circumferential honeycomb core (14), which is firmly connected to the inner layer (12) and the outer layer (16) and the radial extent of which is large compared to the radial extent of the inner layer (12) and the outer layer (16).

Abstract: The invention relates to a construction industry pipe for use in the construction industry, such as for example a drain pipe or a central vacuum cleaner pipe or the like, comprising a tubular body having a substantially non-collapsible outer wall comprising rigid sections alternating with corrugated flexible sections. The invention further relates to a method for manufacturing such a pipe, which involves the technique of blow/vacuum moulding, and a method for installing a conduit system comprising such a pipe.

Abstract: An exhaust-gas conduction component that is effective as a vibration decoupling element and can be installed in an exhaust-gas system for conducting the exhaust gases of a motor vehicle internal combustion engine. The exhaust-gas conduction component (1) has an outer pipe (2) with a corrugated metal tube section (3; 4) and an inner pipe (8) that is coaxial with the outer pipe (2) and separated from the latter by an annular gap. The outer pipe (2) also has a smooth central section (5), first and second corrugated metal tube sections (3; 4) and smooth first and second end sections (6; 7). The inner pipe (8) is permanently fixed to the outer pipe (2) by a continuous joint (9) extending around the central section (5) and the rectilinear exhaust-gas conduction component (1) is approximately axially symmetrical in relation to a central transverse axis (10). The exhaust-gas conduction component is especially suitable in utility vehicles for linking an emission control unit to an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method of forming multi-wall tube from a single-wall piece of tube. The multi-wall tube is formed by relative motion between a die shoe and the single-wall tube to deform the material.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a light-weight air conditioning duct for vehicle that is light in weight and excellent in mechanical strength. [Solution] The present invention is directed to a light-weight air conditioning duct for vehicle 1 for letting conditioned air supplied from an air conditioning unit pass through to a desired location, the duct being obtained by blow-molding a mixed resin including a polypropylene-based resin for foaming and a hydrogenated styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer, and the duct having an Izod impact strength equal to or larger than 10 J/m at ?20 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for filling a container (7), particularly an open bag, with a powdery product has the following features” a net scale (1) situated above a tube arrangement and/or hopper arrangement (2), which terminates in a filler neck (6) above the container (7) to be filled while preferably projecting into this container. An intermediate chamber (3) is arranged downstream of the net scale and upstream of the container (7) to temporarily hold at least a portion of the product released by the net scale, and a compacting device (8, 9) is provided for compacting the product placed inside the container (7).

Abstract: A system (1) is for release or movement of a fluid-dispensing head (2) positioned within a dispenser (6) of fluids. The system (1) houses the fluid-dispensing head (2), which has nozzles (3) for the supply of fluids. The system (1) includes a release (7, 10, 20) for release and movement of the fluid-dispensing head (2) configured for enabling movement of the delivery head (2) between a first position of use, in which the nozzles (3) deliver fluids into a container (4), and a cleaning position or second position of use (set facing the operator) or third position of use (facing upwards), distinct from the first position of use, in which they are accessible for being cleaned.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cutting device for a fast canter head (20) comprising a knife holder (22) directed at an angle, a counter knife (30) with an elbow and a dorsal support (37) which positions a cutting knife (50) having a cutting angle (54). The cutting knife has a pair of adjustment recesses (52) containing an adjustment device (58). The adjustment device comprises an end of support (64) which leans against the dorsal support and works like a compensator to take into account any wear of the cutting angle of the knife for a constant distance grinding operation, in an adjustable position, making it possible to preserve a same rotation distance. The adjustment device has a railing guide (70) which slips into the adjustment recess (52) and which comprises an elastic wall (72) which pushes against the sides of the recess by the action of a tightening conical element (76) activated by a conical set screw (78). In the event of shock, the guide slips.

Abstract: A magnet core is required to be particularly dense, made of alloys produced in a rapid solidification process and have a minimal coercitive field strength. To achieve these aims, a coarse-grain powder fraction is first produced from an amorphous strip of a soft magnetic alloy. In addition, at least one fine-grain powder fraction is produced from a nanocrystalline strip of a soft magnetic alloy. The particle fractions are then mixed to produce a multi-modal powder, wherein the particles of the coarse-grain particle fraction have an amorphous structure and the particles of the fine-grain powder fraction have a nanocrystalline structure. The multi-modal powder is then pressed to produce a magnet core.

Abstract: Disclosed is an iron-nickel alloy having the following composition, in % by mass: C 0.05 to 0.5%, Cr 0.2 to 2.0%, Ni 33 to 42%, Mn<0.1%, Si<0.1%, Mo 1.5 to 4.0%, Nb 0.01 to 0.5%, Al 0.1 to 0.8%, Mg 0.001 to 0.01%, V max. 0.1%, W 0.1 to 1.5%, Co max. 2.0%, the remainder Fe, and production-related impurities.

Abstract: A Ni—Cr alloy tube demonstrating an excellent corrosion resistance in a high temperature water environment can be provided, wherein the difference between uniform lattice strains of the surface layer thereof satisfies the following formulas (1) and (2). S?0.

Abstract: Brass alloy powder has a brass composition formed by a mixed phase of ?-phase and ?-phase, and contains 0.5 to 5.0 mass % of chromium. The chromium includes a component that is solid-solved in a mother phase of brass, and a component that is precipitated at crystal grain boundaries.