Abstract: A method for continuously manufacturing liquid-crystal display elements includes steps of; continuously feeding an optical film laminate, calculating a length measurement data based on the feed length of the optical film laminate, detecting a mark provided to the optical film laminate indicating defect information in a polarizing composite film being detected in a preliminary inspection, sequentially forming slit lines in a transverse direction with respect to the feed direction of the optical film laminate, determining the polarizing composite film sheet separated by the respective slit lines is a defective polarizing sheet or a normal polarizing sheet, peeling a sheet determined to be a normal polarizing sheet from the carrier film, and laminating the normal polarizing sheet to a respective one of liquid-crystal panel.

Abstract: An information storage-readout-calculation system for use in a continuous manufacturing system of liquid-crystal display elements, comprising information storage medium for storing information of defects detected through a preliminary inspection of a continuous polarizing composite film included in a continuous optical film laminate, a roll of a continuous inspected optical film laminate being provided with identification means and a slitting position calculation means for determining defective-polarizing-sheet slitting positions to define defect-containing polarizing sheets having defects and normal-polarizing-sheet slitting positions to define defect-free polarizing sheets by using defect position information read out from the information storage medium based on the identification means, an, a method for manufacturing the information storage-readout-calculation system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a velour rug, comprising the following steps: a) needling of a nonwoven/mali nonwoven on a bristle strip using a needling machine, in the process of which a pile nonwoven/carrier nonwoven is pulled into and partially back out of the bristle strip such that the fibers of the pile nonwoven/carrier nonwoven are located in the plane of the bristle strip, b) separating the nonwoven from the bristle strip by means of a roller brush, c) brushing the pile side prior to cutting the loops, characterized in that, in order to increase the fiber density and enhance the pile stability, an additional nonwoven/mali nonwoven, especially a pile nonwoven/carrier nonwoven, is placed onto the reverse of the nonwoven/mali nonwoven, especially between a first and second needling unit, between steps a) and b).

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for stably forming an artificial lipid membrane while suppressing the leakage and evaporation of an electrolytic solution. The present invention is an artificial lipid membrane forming method for forming an artificial lipid membrane using an artificial lipid membrane forming apparatus. The artificial lipid membrane forming apparatus comprises a first chamber, a second chamber, a dividing wall, and an artificial lipid membrane forming portion. Each of the first chamber and the second chamber has a capacity of not smaller than 10 pl and not larger than 200 ?l. The artificial lipid membrane forming method of the present invention comprises the steps of: preparing the artificial lipid membrane forming apparatus; adding to the first chamber a first electrolytic solution having a viscosity of not lower than 1.

Abstract: A wiring substrate in which a capacitor is provided, the capacitor comprising a capacitor body including a plurality of dielectric layers and internal electrode layers provided between the different dielectric layers, wherein said capacitor body has, in at least one side face of said capacitor body, recesses extending in a thickness direction of said capacitor body from at least one of a first principal face of said capacitor body and a second principal face positioned on the side opposite to the first principal face.

Abstract: A method for securing a web end of a paper web on a first drum during a change of drum, the method includes passing the web end through a nip between a Pope roller and the second drum and applying adhesive to an area of the web end on a downward-rotating area of the Pope roller after the web end is passed through the nip.

Abstract: A multilayer film is provided which has a core layer, a matte tie layer, and a sealant skin layer. The matte tie layer is intermediate the core and sealant skin layers and includes a first polymer component and a second polymer component. The multilayer film has a surface roughness (Ra) of at least 0.25 ?m and a peak count (Pc) of at least 30 as measured by surface profilometry, and a seal of the sealant layer to itself has a seal strength of greater than about 1400 g/2.54 cm at 127° C. The multilayer film may be oriented in at least one direction and may be metallized, coated, printed, and/or laminated. The multilayer film may be usefully in packaging applications.

Abstract: A method of forming a flexible display panel and an alignment layer and spacers thereof includes the following steps. A base material is provided. A shaping process is then performed on the base material to render the base material into a structural layer including an alignment layer monolithically formed with a plurality of spacers. Subsequently, a first transparent conductive film and a second transparent conductive film are provided, and the structural layer is mounted between the first transparent conductive film and the second transparent conductive film such that the first transparent conductive film, the structural layer and the second transparent conductive film form a sandwich structure.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method for manufacturing composite film. The method includes the following steps: a substrate is provided; an interface agent is uniformly spread on the substrate; a silicone compound is uniformly spread on the interface agent; a first mold processed with sandblasting is provided; the substrate and the silicone compound are disposed inside the first mold so that the silicone compound is contacted to the inner surface of the first mold; the substrate and the silicone compound are vulcanized by a predetermined time; afterward, a composite film with a writing layer and the substrate is formed. The present invention is characterized in that the silicone compound is uniformly mixed with 37.5% of first silicone, 37.5% of second silicone and 25% of dimethicone; the glass sand is composed of particles with diameter of 75±25 ?m and 125±25 ?m by proportion of 1:9.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to the attachment of polyethylene components, such as, but not limited to, zipper profiles for a reclosable package, to film made from polylactic acid. Functionalized polyolefin is laminated or co-extruded onto the polylactic acid and serves as an intermediate or tie layer for the attachment of the polyethylene components thereto.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to composite articles, and in particular a composite face plate for a golf club-head, and methods for making the same. In certain embodiments, a composite face plate for a club-head comprises a lay-up of multiple, composite prepreg plies. The face plate can be made by first forming an oversized lay-up of multiple prepreg plies having a central portion and a sacrificial portion surrounding the central portion. The lay-up is at least partially cured in a mold under elevated pressure and heat. The lay-up is then removed from the mold and the sacrificial portion is removed from the central portion to form a composite part that is substantially free of defects.

Abstract: Provided is a cold jointing apparatus, which comprises a discharge device, a gas feeding device, a pressure gauge, a clarifying device, a pressure controller and a pressing mechanism. The discharge device discharges a gas from the inside of a chamber. The gas feeding device feeds an introduction gas to the inside of the chamber. The pressure gauge measures the pressure in the chamber. The clarifying device clarifies a first board and a second board in the chamber when the measured pressure is at a predetermined degree of vacuum. The pressure controller controls both the discharge device and the gas feeding device so that the measured pressure may be equal to a target pressure. The pressing mechanism presses the first board and the second board in the chamber when the measured pressure is that target pressure.

Abstract: In order to provide an adhesive tape for producing a joint during a static reel change between two flat web materials wound up onto reels, having a carrier and a self-adhesive compound, with which the exposure of the self-adhesive compound during the further processing of the webs bonded to each other is avoided, it is proposed that, in the self-adhesive compound, a gap be formed in the longitudinal direction of the adhesive tape, in order to form two self-adhesive compounds having a spacing (V), as viewed in the width of the adhesive tape. Furthermore, a corresponding method is proposed.

Abstract: Methods and other embodiments associated with a fabric welding machine are presented. The fabric welding machine includes a base, a welding machine body, and a support beam with a first end and a second end. A first roller is positioned adjacent to the first end of the support beam opposite the welding machine body. A swing arm with a body end and a roller end is attached to the welding machine body. The roller end is opposite the welding machine body and is configured to move to a first position and a second position. A heat element attached to the first end of the support beam.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for a structural acrylic adhesive that comprises an adhesion promoter including a phosphate ester and a high molecular-weight polyamine as a polymerisation accelerator.

Abstract: Compositions obtained by reacting the cardanol-containing raw material cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) with (a) ammonia, or an amine which comprises at least one primary or at least two secondary amino groups, and (b) formaldehyde, are disclosed as adhesives.

Abstract: There is provided a processing apparatus undergoing various treatments using plasma and protected from plasma so as not to be damaged. The processing apparatus is one using plasma and having a protective layer comprising a fluorine-containing elastomer on the whole or a part of a surface exposed to plasma in the processing apparatus.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method for treating wafers using a supercritical fluid. The wafer treatment apparatus includes a plurality of chambers; a first supply supplying a first fluid in a supercritical state; a second supply supplying a mixture of the first fluid and a second fluid; a plurality of first and second valves; and a controller selecting a first chamber of the plurality of chambers for wafer treatment to control the open/closed state of each of the plurality of first valves so that the first fluid can be supplied only to the first chamber of the plurality of chambers and selecting a second chamber of the plurality of chambers to control the open/closed state of each of the plurality of second valves so that the mixture of the first fluid and a second fluid can be supplied only to the second chamber of the plurality of chambers.

Abstract: A plasma processing apparatus including: a monitor device which monitors a process quantity generated at plasma processing; a monitor value estimation unit which has monitor quantity variation models for storing change of a monitor value of the process quantity in accordance with the number of processed specimens and which estimates a monitor value for a process of a next specimen by referring to the monitor quantity variation models; and a control quantity calculation unit which stores a relation between a control quantity for controlling the process quantity of the vacuum processing device and a monitor value and which calculates the control quantity based on a deviation of the estimated monitor value from a target value to thereby control the process quantity for the process of the next specimen.

Abstract: An inner electrode of a showerhead electrode assembly useful for plasma etching includes features providing improved positioning accuracy and reduced warping, which leads to enhanced uniformity of plasma processing rate. The assembly can include a thermal gasket set and fasteners such as bolts or cam locks located on a radius of ¼ to ½ the radius of the inner electrode. A method of assembling the inner electrode and gasket set to a supporting member is also provided.

Abstract: A sealing machine for a fresh-keeping and cooking container is provided. The sealing machine includes a lidding-film processing unit, a bonding unit, and a heat-sealing unit. The lidding-film processing unit includes die cutters and hot needles for forming line-segment-shaped, spaced slits and dot-shaped atmosphere-modifying breathing holes on a surface of a lidding film passing through the lidding-film processing unit. The processed lidding film then enters the bonding unit and is bonded with an airtight sealing strip whose bottom is provided with adhesive. Afterward, the lidding film bonded with the sealing strip enters the heat-sealing unit so as to cover an opening of a container and be heat-sealed to a heat-sealable rim of the opening. Thus, the lidding film is processed and sealed to the container in a continuous manner to simplify sealing of the container and removal of scraps cut from the used lidding film.

Abstract: A welding machine having a frame that includes end supports spanned by a top beam with a truncated V-shaped cross-section. A vacuum track assembly disposed vertically beneath the top beam retains fabrics to be welded on a perforated surface using suction. A welding head travels along the top beam and applies heat and pressure to the surface to weld the fabrics together. The top beam and vacuum track assembly are extendable by including additional unit segments from which the beam and assembly are constructed.

Abstract: A machine for fitting and removing a tire (1) from a rim (2) of a wheel (3). The machine comprises a frame (10), a rotating table (11) for attaching the wheel to and for rotating the rim about its axis (Y), and a tool for fitting and/or removing the tire from the rim. The machine also comprises a lever (12) to which a pressure element (13) is attached in order to push the bead (6) of the tire toward a circumferential recess of the rim. The lever (12) is connected to the frame (10) and comprises a first articulation in order to bring a pressure element (13) closer to or further from the axis (Y), and a second articulation in order to bring the pressure element (13) closer to or further from a central plane (PC) perpendicular to the axis (Y) and passing through the center (D) of the rim (2).

Abstract: The present invention is a device that provides protection for a window from exterior fires which might ignite combustibles by radiation through the glass and/or break the glass and allow direct flame impingement, and also operates as a non-solid shutter or shade allowing privacy and shade. The shutter consists of metal or other noncombustible screen, mesh or slats spaced or pierced so that they allow some light to penetrate for shade control but protect the window glass from heat radiation and flying debris created by an external firestorm. The shutter can be raised and lowered manually, or with mechanical assistance, as by means of a chain lift or other roll-up/down mechanism for shade and privacy control, but will drop (close) automatically when released by a fusible link of the appropriate temperature setting to provide the fire protection.

Abstract: A cord-operated roman shade includes a top rail for being mounted on and supporting a shade panel on a vertical surface, at least one cord attached to the bottom of the shade panel for raising the shade panel when the cord is pulled downwardly and lowering the shade panel when the cord is released and allowed to move upwardly. A cord guide positioned on the top rail includes an elongate body having two laterally spaced-apart, substantially right-angle cord guiding surfaces on which the cord moves during operation for converting downward pulling movement of the cord into the upward raising movement of the shade panel and converting upward releasing movement of the cord into downward lowering movement of the shade panel, and a plurality of vertically spaced-apart lift attachments carried by the shade panel through which the cord extends for relative movement during shade operation.

Abstract: A retractable rubber door assembly is stabilized through the use parallel guidestrips arranged within proximity to conventional windlock strips at a distance so that an extension of a curtain retainer structure will be positioned between the two strips.

Abstract: A safety blind assembly has a rail, a shade, medium slats, a bottom slat, cords and a safety device. The shade is attached to a bottom edge of the rail. The medium slats and the bottom slat are separately mounted on the shade. The safety device has releasable rings and detachable connectors. The releasable rings are mounted on the medium slats and the detachable connectors are mounted on the bottom slat. The cords are mounted in the rail, pass through the releasable rings and are connected to the detachable connectors. When someone is wrapped with the cord and the cord is pulled outward from the shade, and the cord can be released from the releasable ring to loosen the cord to provide the first safety measure. If a pulling force of the cord exceeds a predetermined detach force, the detachable connectors detach to provide the second safety measure to avoid injury.

Abstract: Exterior solar shading comprises at least one elongate rigid light-transmissible louver. The louver has an infra-red filter element which prevents or limits the transmission of infra-red energy, and a light redirection element which reflect visible light passing through the louver. The light redirecting element is integrally formed in a major surface of an outer louver element of the louver. Preferably, the light redirecting element is a plurality of formations such as recesses, for example, grooves, or projections, which may preferably have at least one mirrored surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel release mechanism for Roman Blinds or similar window treatments, whereby a cord release comprising a lift ball releasably attached to a spring release allow for effective operation of a Roman Blind or similar window treatment under normal operation, but allow release of a lift cord from the hem rail and through lift cord guides in the event that a child becomes entangled therein, or in the event that a user wishes to remove the shade material from the head rail.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a bulky paper with a concavo-convex pattern consisting of low density regions with a high degree of expansion of the heat-expanding particles and high density regions with a low degree of expansion of the heat-expanding particles, comprising: making a wet mixed sheet having heat-expanding particles uniformly dispersed in fibers from a paper-making material prepared by dispersing a fiber starting material and heat-expanding particles in water; then spraying prescribed sections of the wet mixed sheet with moist hot air or water vapor at above the initial expansion temperature of the heat-expanding particles to cause expansion of the heat-expanding particles at those sections; and then drying at a temperature at which the heat-expanding particles do not fully expand. The process allows free designing of concavo-convex sections on bulky papers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a paper comprising at least one of a fiber, pulp, fibril, floc, and fibrid having a polybenzazole structure with a repeating unit of formula (I) and/or (II) or its precursor structure with a repeating unit of formula (III): wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a para or meta aromatic group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, X and Y are the same or different and selected from O, S, and NH; and n is 0 or 1, and wherein the paper is free or essentially free of non-extractable phosphorus compound. The paper is particularly suitable for making an electrical insulation material, a honeycomb structure, or a constructive material.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for preparing a cellulose reactive adduct of polyvinylamide and a composition resulting from the method. The preparation of the cellulose reactive adduct is carried out close to a Critical Concentration defined herein. When the reaction is run close to this Critical Concentration, the risk of gelation is minimized, consumed glyoxal is maximized, and shelf live is enhanced. Additionally, the glyoxalated vinylamides of the present invention impart improved wet and dry strengthening efficiency to paper and paperboard when compared to adducts disclosed in previously described art.

Abstract: The feed system is for a continuous digester where at least two pumps are arranged in parallel at the bottom of a pre-treatment vessel. The transfer to the top of the digester takes place without a conventional top separator. The system makes it possible to provide a feed system with an improved accessibility and operational reliability, and to operate the main part of the pumps at optimal efficiency even if the production capacity is reduced.

Abstract: A method of providing a mould with a conformal cooling passage includes rough machining a mould cavity generally corresponding to a moulded part shape using CAD data. Conformal cooling slots are cut in the mould cavity using the CAD data. The conformal cooling slots are welded shut using the CAD data to provide conformal cooling passages. A class A surface is machined over the conformal cooling passage and corresponds to a finished mould part shape using the CAD data.

Abstract: A data centre (100) includes at least one rack room (in for example module 140) having a floor and a plurality of rack storage areas on the floor, each rack storage area being arranged to accommodate a plurality of racks (143) in which a plurality of rack-mountable electronic components may be housed, one or more controllable air circulation systems (in for example module 122), one or more cold aisles (144) in the rack room, each cold aisle being adjacent to a rack storage area, and one or more hot aisles (145) in the rack room, each hot aisle being adjacent to a rack storage area. There may be a large air duct, in the form of a personnel corridor (123), for transporting, under the control of the one or more air circulation systems, cooling air, above the floor, to the one or more cold aisles. The air supply corridor/duct (123) may have a height greater than 1.5 m above the floor and a cross-sectional area of at least 2 m2 and a maximum dimension in the plane of the cross-section of less than 3 m.

Abstract: A storage device testing system cooling circuit includes a plurality of test racks. Each of the test racks include a test slot compartment and a test electronics compartment. Each of the test slot compartments includes multiple test slots, and one or more cooling conduits configured to convey a cooling liquid toward the test slots. Each of the test electronics compartments includes test electronics configured to communicate with the test slots for executing a test algorithm, and a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the one or more cooling conduits. The heat exchanger is configured to cool an air flow directed toward the test electronics.

Abstract: A phase change device for controlling temperature within a confined environment, comprising a foam material, a phase change material, the phase change material being absorbed into the foam, and a protective covering encasing the foam material/phase change material. A method for making a phase change device for controlling temperature within a confined environment, comprising providing a phase change material, providing a foam material, absorbing the phase change material into the foam material, and sealing the foam material/phase change material within a protective covering.

Abstract: A cooling system is provided which includes a primary heat exchanger including heat exchange pipes filled with a phase change material comprising water. The heat exchange pipes are in heat transfer relation with a coolant fluid, which, upon cooling, is transferred to a separate liquid to air heat exchanger for conversion into cool air, for example, for use in air conditioning or refrigeration.

Abstract: A highly efficient, long-life water circulating pump with reduced whirling of a rotor part of the pump is provided. At least one of a gap between an end portion of a shaft 17 and an upper casing axial hole 24a and a gap between an end portion of the shaft 17 and a lower casing axial hole 15a is filled with a filler for filling the gap.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a heat-dissipating structure with high heat-dissipating efficiency, includes the following steps: providing a heat-dissipating casing having a hollow heat-dissipating body that has at least two ends; closing one end of the hollow heat-dissipating body; pouring work liquid from other end of the hollow heat-dissipating body into an inner portion of the hollow heat-dissipating body; cooling the work liquid from the liquid state to the solid state by an external cooling medium; extracting air from the hollow heat-dissipating body; and then closing the other end of the hollow heat-dissipating body to form an evacuated hollow heat-dissipating body.

Abstract: An exemplary heat dissipation device includes a base, a first heat sink mounted over the base and connected to the base via two first heat pipes, and a second heat sink located at a lateral side of the first heat sink and thermally connected to the base via a second heat pipe. The first heat sink includes two fin groups. One of the fin groups is stacked on the other fin group. Each of the fin groups includes a plurality of fins spreading radially from a center of the fin group to a periphery of the fin group along horizontal directions.

Abstract: A cooling system is provided for a thermoelectric power generator and that is arranged in an exhaust gas line of an internal combustion engine for generating electric power while utilizing thermal energy of the exhaust gas. The thermoelectric power generator has its own coolant circuit, which also serves to raise the temperature of the components of the internal combustion engine, the chassis, and/or the transmission or serves to heat the passenger compartment. This offers the added utility gained from a faster temperature rise of transmission lubricants and lubricants of the internal combustion engine, as well as from heating the passenger compartment and the rear axle differential and, thus, offers a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2).

Abstract: A heat dissipating blower includes a main body and a cover. The main body includes a shell and a fan. An outlet and a first gap are defined in the shell. A connecting portion is set at one end of the first gap away from the outlet. Two sliding grooves are formed on inner surfaces of a first wall and a second wall and a plurality of locating holes is set on the two sliding grooves. The cover includes two parallel side plates and a middle plate. A plurality of positioning pins is set on outer surfaces of the two side plates. Some of the positioning pins are located in corresponding ones of the locating holes to change an area of the outlet.

Abstract: A heat exchanger plate for the use in a three circuit heat exchanger assembly, where the plate comprises a first distribution area, a heat exchange area and a second distribution area, where the plate comprises a corrugated pattern having ridges and valleys, and where the central port hole in the first distribution area is positioned at a vertical distance from the short end of the plate such that a fluid passage is obtainable between the central port hole and the short end of the plate when two plates are stacked to form a fluid channel between the plates. The invention further relates to an assembly made from such heat exchanger plates and a heat exchanger comprising a plurality of such assemblies. The advantage of the invention is that an improved heat exchanger is provided, having an increased thermal performance and an improved flow distribution in the heat exchanger.

Abstract: The invention relates to cooling jackets and/or heat exchangers, which are to be placed in contact with solid products that are to be cooled, especially with electrical machines with a rotor rotating inside or outside a stator, or in contact with reactors or containers. Said jackets and/or heat exchangers have an inner wall and an outer wall which form the boundary of a flow cavity that is provided with inlet and outlet means for a cooling medium and conducting means in order to form and/or limit at least one flow path for the cooling medium between the inner wall and the outer wall from the inlet means to the outlet means. According to the invention, opposing individual flat places or flat sections of the inner wall and the outer wall are in contact with one another within the confines of said walls and passages for the cooling medium remain between the contacting flat places of flat sections.

Abstract: Provided are a heat-dissipating structure and a method for fabricating the same so as for the heat-dissipating structure thus fabricated to dissipate heat from the heat-generating portion of an electronic device. The heat-dissipating structure includes a metal base and a carbon composite layer. The carbon composite layer is formed on the metal base and includes metal particles and carbon particles sintered together. The heat-dissipating structure is more effective in dissipating heat than a conventional vapor chamber or heat spreader. The heat-dissipating structure further includes a carbon composite layer and a metal plate with high thermal conductivity. The heat-dissipating structure is attachable to a heat-generating electronic component to facilitate heat exchange therebetween and thereby enhance heat dissipation.

Abstract: A heat radiating component provided on a semiconductor package, the heat radiating component coming in contact with a semiconductor element, the heat radiating component includes a heat radiating plate having a concave part; linear high thermal conductivity materials formed on a bottom surface of the concave part so as to stand in a thermal conductive direction; first and second resin layers configured to fill space parts formed by the neighboring linear high thermal conductivity materials, the first and the second resin layers being stacked on the bottom surface of the concave part in order to expose head end parts of the linear high thermal conductivity materials; and a metal layer formed on an upper surface of the second resin layer and at least a portion of a surface of the heat radiating plate where the concave part is formed.

Abstract: A temperature control system includes a heat transfer medium supply configured to supply a first heat transfer medium of a first temperature into a heat transfer medium path; at least one heat transfer medium storage provided between the heat transfer medium path and the heat transfer medium supply and configured to store a second heat transfer medium of a second temperature higher than the first temperature; a heat transfer medium supply control device provided between the heat transfer medium supply and the heat transfer medium path and between the heat transfer medium storage and the heat transfer medium path and configured to stop a supply of the first heat transfer medium into the heat transfer medium path from the heat transfer medium supply and to supply the second heat transfer medium into the heat transfer medium path from the heat transfer medium storage when a heating unit generates heat.

Abstract: In electrical resistivity tomography and electrical impedance tomography, interference effects of the metal well casing can be reduced by disposing measurement electrodes in the form of conductive bands around a region of primary insulation on the well casing. Secondary insulation can be provided longitudinally adjacent the primary insulation to further reduce the interference effects. Parameters of the primary and secondary insulation may be determined using finite element methods. The conductive band electrode can connect to a wire of a multi-strand cable using a novel takeout arrangement. Novel measurement methods are also described.

Abstract: A venturi structure is supported below an ESP preferably off its gauge assembly below its motor so that the surrounding casing or wellbore defines the venturi path leading to the suction connection of the ESP. Multiple pressure sensing locations are provided in case the gauge that defines the venturi path is disposed off center in the bore or if the bore is on an incline. The gauge can receive forms of different sizes depending on the size of the surrounding tubular where the forms use an incline of preferably 15-20 degrees and allow for measuring differential near the perforations and at the constriction location so that the flow can be computed using the Bernoulli Equation.