Abstract: A printing apparatus has a casing, a card supply opening at one side of the casing, a printing unit that performs a predetermined recording to a card supplied from the card supply opening, nip rollers that nip the card when being recorded at the printing unit, a magnetic encoder unit disposed adjacent to the printing unit that performs a predetermined recording to the card nipped by the rollers, and a card discharge outlet that discharges the card recorded at the printing and/or magnetic encoder units. The card supply opening, the printing unit and the magnetic encoder unit are disposed sequentially and substantially horizontally along the card conveyance path, and the card discharge outlet is provided in a side of the casing so that the card supply opening and card discharge output are positioned substantially vertically.

Abstract: A promotional sheet assembly assembleable from components of a single material web processed in a multi-station press is provided. The assembly includes opposing surfaces bearing printed information and/or indicia thereon, and a consumer premium delimited by one or more of visible, revealable, and/or machine readable information.

Abstract: An IC tag mounting at least two IC chips operating in different frequency bands. The IC tag having a first inlet including a first antenna having a relatively long operation wavelength and a first IC chip mounted on the first antenna, and a second inlet including a second antenna having an operation wavelength shorter than the first antenna and disposed crossing at a predetermined angle over a line of the first antenna without positioning both opposite ends of the second antenna upon the first antenna and a second IC chip mounted on the second antenna. The second antenna has a matching circuit for impedance matching between the second antenna and the second IC chip. The matching circuit is a slit formed in the second antenna and positioned upon terminals of the second IC chip. Thus, the second antenna is made compact using the first antenna as an auxiliary antenna.

Abstract: A method for routing data in a chipset comprising at least two host processors and one RFID-type contactless data send/receive interface configurable according to several operating modes and according to several contactless communication protocols includes routing, to at least one of the host processors, data received by the contactless data send/receive interface via a contactless data transmission channel. The method further includes determining a destination point of the data in a host processor using as criteria to determine the destination point the operating mode and the contactless communication protocol used by the contactless data send/receive interface to create the contactless data transmission channel through which the data are received.

Abstract: An electronic card includes a digital processor, an electrochemical battery and a communications port. The processor and battery are essentially coplanar, and are sandwiched between and enclosed by two flexible covers, preferably made from an insulating plastic material, and preferably fitted to the components that they enclose. The communications port can include, for example, a Smart Card contact port, a stripe emulator, an RF port, and IR port, etc. The battery may comprise a rechargeable battery. In an exemplary embodiment, at least the processor is carried by a flexible printed circuit (PC) board. In other exemplary embodiments, switches and/or indicators are also carried by the PC board. A method for manufacturing an electronic card having at least two components is also disclosed.

Abstract: In a first aspect of the subject invention, a secure payment card is provided, including: a flat body, the flat body having a patterned channel in proximity to a first face of the flat body; an elongated magnetic stripe disposed on the first face of the flat body, the magnetic stripe extending along a longitudinal axis, wherein at least a portion of the channel being located under the longitudinal axis; and a magnetic fluid disposed in the channel, the magnetic fluid configured to define a readable magnetic pattern.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains generally to thermostats that are adapted to assist utilities in communicating with its customers. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a thermostat having a display, a controller and a receiver that is coupled to the controller. The receiver is adapted to receive messages from a utility, and the controller is adapted to display one or more related display messages on the display.

Abstract: A shoulder for use in retaining a railway rail fastening clip, comprising two interconnected spaced-apart walls, between which a portion of the clip to be retained is held when the shoulder is in use, and clip-engaging means, supported by the walls, for engaging a portion of the clip to be retained, does not have any feature or surface which engages the surface of that clip portion which faces downwardly when the clip is in use. Alternatively, or in addition, none of the contact regions, at which the device engages the rail clip, can be seen when the anchoring device is viewed from above when in its operative orientation and all of the contact regions can be seen when the anchoring device is viewed from below when in the operative orientation. Alternatively, or in addition, all the contact regions lie substantially at the same horizontal distance from the edge of the rail foot when measured perpendicularly to the axis of the rail and in the plane of the rail foot.

Abstract: A method for adjusting an operation frequency and checking an operating state of the ultrasonic nebulizer is related in the present invention. By detecting the current to determine a resonance frequency and whether deviated from a predetermined normal range, the nebulizer can check the operating state and operate at the resonance frequency for increasing efficiency and saving power.

Abstract: A metering servovalve for a fuel injector of an internal combustion engine has an electro-actuator and a fixed valve body, which defines a control chamber communicating with an inlet and with an outlet channel. The outlet channel has at least one calibrated restriction and exits through the lateral surface of an axial stem, on which a sleeve slides, in a substantially fluid-tight manner, to open/close the outlet channel and so vary the pressure in the control chamber. The outlet channel is closed by an end portion of the sleeve that is elastically deformable in a radially outward direction, under the thrust of the fuel pressure, to increase the diameter at which the seal against the valve body is formed, with respect to a non-deformed state, and to generate an axial unbalancing force on the sleeve upon opening when the outlet channel is closed.

Abstract: Piezo aerosol and ultrasonic atomizer apparatuses are disclosed. In some embodiments, a piezo aerosol apparatus may comprise a piezo component defining an opening bonded to a metal plate defining a mist reservoir. The mist reservoir may define a plurality of apertures (or holes) orientated substantially perpendicular, and the opening of the piezo component may be located above the mist reservoir. The piezo aerosol apparatus generally defines a non-symmetric compound, while the ultrasonic atomizer comprises a piezo component and metal plate of substantially the same diameter in length. Other embodiments are also claimed and disclosed.

Abstract: A rotary impact sprinkler is disclosed having a nozzle connected to a housing and a discharge deflector member connected to a rotatable shaft assembly without a dynamic seal between the nozzle and the deflector. The sprinkler may be provided with different nozzles and discharge deflectors that are easily removed and replaced for providing desired water flow and discharge characteristics. The shaft assembly and housing may have contacting braking surfaces outside of the water flow. The braking surfaces may provide a frictional braking force dependent on both water flow rate and water flow pressure. The sprinkler has a rotatable impact assembly supported by the shaft assembly and including a deflection member for rotating the impact assembly relative to the shaft assembly. The shaft assembly may have a pin for supporting the impact assembly at a position above the deflection member.

Abstract: An irrigation system has an elongated irrigation tube subdivided by an integrally formed internal partition into a first lumen and a second lumen. At one end of the tube, a supply connection connects a water supply to the first lumen while at the other a termination arrangement defines a flow path from the first lumen to the second lumen. There is thus defined a water flow path which passes from the supply connection along the first lumen and then via the termination arrangement back along the second lumen. Water is released either by openings spaced along the tube connecting to the second lumen, or by the use of porous material for the irrigation tube. The partition is preferably flexible so that, under the pressure differentials occurring during use, an effectively conical flow path is created.

Abstract: A method for processing unseparated egg shells is provided. The method includes placing the unseparated egg shells in a fluid tank containing a fluid mixture, applying cavitation to the fluid mixture to thereby assist in separating the egg shell membranes from the egg shells, and recovering the egg shell membranes. Preferably, the fluid mixture is recirculated to thereby provide for continuous processing of unseparated egg shells. The method may further include drying the egg shell membranes to produce dried egg shell membranes which may then be vacuum packaged for storage and/or transport. The dried egg shell membranes may then be subjected to an extraction process for extracting at least one type of polypeptide from the egg shell membranes. Collagen, hyaluronic acid, or amino acids of interest may be extracted from the egg shell membrane and purified for numerous uses.

Abstract: Cellulosic biomass is reduced to a micropowder with particles having average diameters below 5-10 micrometers with a significant fraction of the particles have diameters below 1 micrometer. Biomass (e.g., wood, agricultural waste or other plant materials) is first processed into pieces having a maximum diameter of about 10 mm. This is then dried to reduce its water content to no more than about 15% by weight and introduced into a disruptor which reduces the particle size to about 1 mm. Next the biomass is processed with a disc mill where edges of rotating discs travel along a groove pressing and squeezing the biomass, thereby breaking the biomass pieces into smaller and smaller particles. The resulting micropowder is extremely susceptible to enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis into constituent sugars. In addition, the micropowder can be suspended in an air stream and burned directly to provide heat to boilers and similar devices.

Abstract: A crushing and reducing device, especially cone crushers, used in the building and ore-dressing industries. A method of controlling the operation of a cone crusher having an internal cone connected to an unbalanced vibrator, and an external cone. The method includes utilizing a measurement plane being connected to the internal cone, measuring distances between the measurement plane and a frame of the crusher, and calculating an angle of inclination of the inner cone. The method further includes controlling, based on the calculated angle of inclination of the inner cone, at least one parameter chosen among: the angle of inclination of the inner cone, and the size of a discharge gap between the internal cone and the external cone.

Abstract: A wood chipper has a pair of feed rollers, a first of which has a fixed axis position, and a second of which is moveably toward and away from the first feed roller. Springs are provided to urge the moveable roller toward the first feed roller and to a reference position, and an actuator is provided for moving the moveable feed roller away from the first feed roller. A sensor is provided to sense the height of an object on a feed chute as the object approach the feed rollers and cause the actuator to move moveable feed roller away from the reference when the sensor signals the object exceeds a selected amount.

Abstract: A shredder includes a housing having a throat for receiving at least one article to be shredded, and a shredder mechanism received in the housing and including an electrically powered motor and cutter elements. The shredder also includes a detector that is configured to detect a thickness of the at least one article being received by the throat, and a controller that is configured to operate the motor to drive the cutter elements to shred the at least one article and to set a flutter threshold higher than the predetermined maximum thickness threshold, if the detected thickness is less than a predetermined maximum thickness threshold. The controller is also configured to thereafter continuously detect the thickness of the at least one article being inserted into a throat of the shredder; and to perform a predetermined operation responsive to the thickness detector detecting that the thickness of the at least one article is greater than the flutter threshold.

Abstract: Provided is an ice dispenser. The ice dispenser dispenses ice pieces have various sizes such as chunks, fragments, and shavings to users, and the size of ice pieces discharged from the ice dispenser can be conveniently adjusted. The ice dispenser includes a rotatable first roller, a rotatable second roller disposed close to the first roller, and a distance adjustor. The distance adjustor is configured to adjust a distance between the first and second rollers for adjusting sizes of ice crushed between the first and second rollers.

Abstract: A garbage disposal apparatus includes a shredding device for shredding garbage put in through a drain opening of a sink and a connecting member, a transverse conveying device for conveying the garbage shredded by the shredding device in a transverse direction, a dehydrating device into which the shredded garbage conveyed through the transverse conveying device is introduced and that is for dehydrating the shredded garbage while conveying the shredded garbage upward, a drying device into which the shredded garbage discharged through the dehydrating device is supplied via a chute and that is for drying the shredded garbage while rotating, and a garbage receptacle disposed under the drying device so as to be able to be pulled out, and the shredded garbage dried and reduced in volume by the drying device drops from the rotating drying device and is collected in the garbage receptacle.

Abstract: A nano grinding and dispersing assembly has a raw material feeder, a liquid supply unit connecting to the delivering pipe of the raw material feeder, a gas supply unit connecting to the delivering pipe of the raw material feeder, a pressure equalized assembly and a subsequent treatment plant. The raw material feeder has a feeding pipe connecting to the raw material feeder and a delivering pipe connecting to the raw material feeder. The pressure equalized assembly has a pressure equalizer, a pressurized feeding pipe, a gas-liquid separator, a pressure gage and a first grinding device. The first grinding device connects and communicates with the pressure equalizer and has at least one ground fluid outlet. The subsequent treatment plant connects the ground fluid outlet of the first grinding device. Therefore, the present invention completely mixes, grinds and disperses fluid to make the fluid homogeneous.

Abstract: Apparatus for grinding biological samples contained in tubes (12) carried by a turntable (10) driven with oscillating motion, the zone in which the tubes (12) oscillate being surrounded by cooling means (30) enabling the samples in the tubes (12) to be maintained at a desired low temperature, e.g. 4° C., while they are being ground.

Abstract: A multiple tool attachment system is adapted to be attached to demolition equipment. The system includes a universal body attached to the demolition equipment. A series of tools are independently attachable to the universal body. The universal body includes a guide slot extending longitudinally along the universal body. Each tool generally includes a pair of pivotable jaws adapted to be pivotably attached to the universal body with at least one linkage extending from the universal body and attachable to each jaw of the tool. A slide member is received within the guide slot, with each linkage attached to the slide member, and a piston cylinder arrangement is attached to the universal body and coupled to the slide member for moving the slide member and the jaws. The multiple tool attachment system is provided with quick change features and is designed to optimize the cutting characteristics throughout the movement cycle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a roller mill having at least one mill roller and a rotatable mill platen, which are arranged in a mill inner space, and a moment arm which is retained so as to be pivotably movable and rotationally secure in a bearing, with the mill roller being supported in a rotatable manner at one end of the moment arm and there further being provided means for applying a force to the moment arm comprising a pressure cylinder which is in operative contact with the moment arm in order to adjust the mill pressure which is applied by the mill roller. The contact location, at which the force of the pressure cylinder is transmitted to the moment arm, is located outside the mill inner space.

Abstract: A rolling food processor includes a body forming a chamber, a blade assembly, and a roller assembly. The blade assembly may include a hub and a plurality of blades mounted about the hub and positioned within the chamber, the blade assembly being rotatably coupled to the roller assembly. The roller assembly includes at least one rolling member such that when a user rolls or reciprocates the rolling member on a surface, the hub and the blades rotate to process a food item selectively positioned in the chamber.

Abstract: A refiner plate for refining lignocellulosic materials has an injector inlet having a substantially triangular protrusion. The substantially triangular protrusion may feed the incoming lignocellulosic material into the refining zone and may distribute the material around the refining zone.

Abstract: By the present invention method and apparatus is disclosed whereby a triaxial braided composite reinforcing fabric having axial yarns of varying length may be wrapped about a cylindrical shipping spool without deformation of the braided fabric. A tensioning device is interposed between the braiding tool and shipping or storage spool whereby the individual variable length axial yarns are subjected to constant tensioning. As the braided fabric is wound upon a cylindrical shipping spool, a conformable foam layer is interposed between each layer of braided fabric thereby permitting each axial yarn to seek out its own diameter by compressing the layer of conformable foam upon which it is wrapped.

Abstract: A spooler for taking up a pouch package web output from a pouch package web source and a method for management of a pouch package web output from said source. In embodiments, the spooler comprises a support structure, a rotatable spindle secured with respect to the support structure, a drive apparatus in power-transmission relationship with the spindle for powering spindle rotation and control apparatus. A spool may be mounted on the spindle. Pouch package web output from the pouch package web source is wound onto the spool, providing a convenient and efficient means for managing the pouch package web.

Abstract: A spool or reel for retaining continuously wound material may include a central barrel and spaced apart flange members extending from the central barrel. The flange members may incorporate a retaining member comprising the curved channel terminating at the first and second holes fashioned in an inner face of the flange members. The flange members may also incorporate one or more holes or apertures for use with associated sensors where the holes or apertures include a rim to circumference for easy detection by the associated sensors. The flange members may further comprise label platforms that securely receive labels that are to be affixed to the spool or reel.

Abstract: A method and is disclosed for the production of winding cores having a solid wood exterior. The method comprises adhering a plurality of staves about the exterior of the extruded wood core, such that those staves form a shell.

Abstract: A reel comprising a hub formed in the shape of a cylindrical tube with a base, on an outer peripheral surface of which a recording tape is wound; a base side flange portion that projects-out to a radial direction outer side of a base portion side of the hub; a flange member configured in a disc shape or an annular plate shape of a material with an elastic modulus at least equal to a material that constitutes the hub, the flange member being coaxially joined to an opening end portion of the hub; a metal plate formed in a circular plate shape or an annular plate shape, which is fixed coaxially to the base portion of the hub; and plate retention portions that are formed integrally with the base portion of the hub and touch an outer peripheral surface of the metal plate at at least four locations, which are at equal intervals in a circumferential direction of the hub.

Abstract: A roller mounted onto a fabric winding machine to roll up fabric aims to solve the shortcomings of the conventional rollers that tend to cause fabric skewing during fabric rolling and are difficult to remove due to a lengthy structure. The roller of the invention has an outer diameter gradually enlarged towards two ends, and includes a first half roller and a second half roller that have respectively a first positioning portion and a second positioning portion at one end corresponding and fastenable to each other. The greater diameters at two ends allow the fabric to be rolled up on the roller without skewing. The two pieces design of the roller makes each piece shorter and removing from a bundle of rolled up fabric easier. The roller thus formed can facilitate fabric rolling and removal thereof.

Abstract: A crash attenuation system for an aircraft, the system having an airbag carried by the aircraft and inflatable generally adjacent an exterior of the aircraft. The airbag has at least one vent for releasing gas from the interior of the airbag. A first gas source is in fluid communication with the interior of the airbag for inflating the airbag with gas generated provided by the first gas source. A vent valve is provided for controlling a flow of gas through each vent, each vent valve being selectively configurable between an open state, in which gas can pass through the associated vent from the interior of the airbag, and a closed state, in which gas is retained within the interior of the airbag. A second gas source is provided for at least partially re-inflating the airbag after venting of gas through the at least one vent.

Abstract: A supply system for the energy supply in an aircraft comprising an engine for propelling an aircraft, a fuel cell for supplying an aircraft with electric energy, a first fuel reservoir for supplying the engine with engine fuel and a second fuel reservoir for supplying the fuel cell with fuel cell fuel. The first fuel reservoir is arranged separately of the second fuel reservoir.

Abstract: A noise generator system is provided with each noise generator being pivotally mounted to a mounting surface associated with the air intake of a turbineless jet engine. Each noise generator is positioned so as to convert a laminar or transitional air stream into a turbulent air stream such that a turbulent air-fuel mixture is realized in the combustion section of the engine to achieve more efficient operation.

Abstract: A method of launching a catapult, a catapult and a locking device for a catapult. The catapult comprises a carriage for fastening an aircraft. The carriage can be provided with a high acceleration by directing a launching force generated by a launching device thereto. The carriage can be held at a launching position by means of the locking device. The catapult further comprises a takeoff damper that generates a damping force having a direction opposite relative to the launching force. Accordingly, the takeoff damper restricts the acceleration of the carriage at the initial launching moments.

Abstract: A flap actuator is provided for controlling movement of a flap on a wing of an aircraft. The flap actuator includes a housing having a leading end and a trailing end. A ball nut is rotatably supported in the housing. A motor has a rotatable drive shaft that is rotatable in first and second opposite directions. A gear assembly translates rotation of the drive shaft to the ball nut. A ball screw extends along a longitudinal axis and has a terminal end operatively connectable to the flap. The ball screw is movable between a first retracted in response to rotation of the ball nut in a first direction and a second extended position in response to rotation of the ball nut in a second direction. A one-way roller clutch is operatively connectable to the ball nut. The roller clutch engages the housing and prevents rotation of the ball nut in a first direction in response to a compressive force on the ball screw by the flap.

Abstract: A landing gear noise attenuator mitigates noise generated by airframe deployable landing gear. The noise attenuator can have a first position when the landing gear is in its deployed or down position, and a second position when the landing gear is in its up or stowed position. The noise attenuator may be an inflatable fairing that does not compromise limited space constraints associated with landing gear retraction and stowage. A truck fairing mounted under a truck beam can have a compliant edge to allow for non-destructive impingement of a deflected fire during certain conditions.

Abstract: For retrieval of a hovering aircraft, a cable, bar, or similar fixture is suspended in an approximately horizontal orientation across the retrieval area between two well-separated supports. The aircraft slowly flies into this fixture, which then slides along the aircraft in a direction approximately parallel with the aircraft's thrust line. This leads to the aircraft becoming fastened to the fixture by an interceptor or aircraft capturer which in alternative embodiments are respectively on the aircraft or the fixture or both. Thrust is then reduced, and the aircraft comes to rest hanging from the fixture for subsequent removal. Retrieval is thus accomplished with simple and economical apparatus, light and unobtrusive elements on the aircraft, low risk of damage, and only moderate piloting accuracy.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrical control system for the nacelle of a turboreactor, comprising a plurality of electromechanical maneuvering elements for a plurality of actuating devices embodied as auxiliary parts of the turboreactor. The invention is characterized in that the control system comprises an electronic control box comprising a plurality of control inlets to be connected to control elements, and a plurality of outlets connected to electromechanical maneuvering of the auxiliary actuating devices. The control box can translate each instruction received into an operating sequence for at least one corresponding electromechanical maneuvering element. The invention also relates to a nacelle and an aircraft provided with one such control system.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a cargo floor, a system, and a method adapted to be made integral with or complementary of the aircraft fuselage. Cargo floor members may be adapted to be coupled with a flat fuselage bottom inner skin of an aircraft fuselage to serve as the main orthotropic stiffeners to the flat fuselage bottom inner skin such that a portion of the in service loading experienced by the aircraft are shared by a combination of the fuselage and the cargo floor.

Abstract: A modular integrated galley used for food preparation and storage in a passenger vehicle includes a mounting rack defining a plurality of openings or spaces and having a plurality of structural mounting points disposed within the spaces for receiving a plurality of individual galley modules. Each of the galley modules including a generally box-like outer shell having top, bottom, front, rear, and side walls. At least two of the galley modules having a different functional component contained within the outer shell that is selected from the group consisting of a beverage maker, a water dispensing unit, an oven, a refrigerator and a storage compartment. The modular integrated galley further including means for interconnecting adjacent galley modules including an elongate connecting rail defining an outer perimeter having at least two slots formed along the outer perimeter for receiving complimentary ribs on adjacent galley modules.

Abstract: An aircraft seat assembly configured in accordance with an example embodiment of the invention utilizes composite materials to achieve significant weight savings relative to conventional seat designs. The seat assembly includes a lightweight composite support structure, a lightweight composite seat base, and a seat back assembly that employs a lightweight inner frame. The seat cushion and the seat back cushion may utilize a sealed pneumatic element that self-inflates to provide increased air cushioning during flight. The seat assembly can leverage inexpensive manufacturing techniques such that the seat assembly can be economically produced for use as an economy class seat.

Abstract: Methods and structures for a composite truss structure are provided. The structure includes an upper chord member, a lower chord member, and a plurality of web members extending therebetween. Each of the upper chord member, the lower chord member, and the plurality of web members are formed of a continuous composite fiber positioned in each of the upper chord member, the lower chord member, and each of the plurality of web members wherein each of the upper chord member, the lower chord member, and the plurality of web members includes a predetermined number of passes of the continuous composite fiber corresponding to a predetermined load. The composite truss structure also includes at least a first gusseting plate coupled to the upper chord member, the lower chord member, and the plurality of web members.

Abstract: A refueling apparatus for interconnecting a tanker aircraft (11) with a receiver aircraft in flight comprising a boom (21) joined to said tanker aircraft (11) by means of a mechanical articulation (41) having control means including a central computer station, an inner fuel conduit, a refueling nozzle (27) at its distal end and, and a smart tip assembly comprising a first module (83) having load sensing means, a second module (85) having load alleviation means and a third module (87), joined to the nozzle (27), having a mechanical fuse (99) for allowing the safe separation of tanker and receiver aircraft in the event of overloads. The invention also comprises a method of load alleviation for minimizing the loads on the boom (21).

Abstract: A store ejector is adapted for in-flight adjustment of the pitch attitude imparted to a store by a pair of ejector pistons. The pitch attitude of the store is adjustable to correspond to a flight condition of the aircraft at time of store release. The aircraft has a flight computer that provides store release pitch data corresponding to the aircraft flight conditions. The store ejector includes an orificing assembly that varies the flow of pressurized gas to the ejector pistons by translating a mandrel within a bore formed in the orificing assembly. Orifices within the bore are adjusted to apportion the flow of pressurized gas to the ejector pistons in accordance with an optimum orifice setting corresponding to the desired pitch attitude of the store for the given flight condition.

Abstract: An interactive aircraft load management system automates calculation and provides simulation capability to changes in an aircraft C.G. limit for display on a three-dimensional aircraft symbology. The aircraft load management system also communicates with a fly by wire (FBW) flight control system wherein the aircraft's control system is programmed to automatically compensate for C.G. excursions and to alter control laws. The aircraft load management system also selectively reels-in and reels out sling lines as the aircraft pitches and rolls to maintain a load vector from a slung load along the aircraft centerline. Load vector travel is accomplished by coupling a winch control system into the flight control system.

Abstract: Laminar flow surfaces with selected roughness distributions, and associated methods are disclosed. A representative method for designing an airfoil includes selecting a parameter that includes a flow behavior distribution and/or a surface shape for an airflow surface. Based at least in part on the selected parameter, the method can include (a) selecting a target roughness value and determining a chordwise location forward of which surface roughness is at or below the target roughness value and/or (b) selecting a target chordwise location and determining a roughness value for a region forward of the chordwise location, with the surface roughness at or below the roughness value. In particular embodiments, a percentage of a local chord length of the airfoil over which the roughness is below a target value decreases in a spanwise direction. In another embodiment, the roughness at a particular spanwise location can increase over at least three values, continuously, in a step manner, or otherwise.

Abstract: A method of controlling an aircraft, missile, munition or ground vehicle with plasma actuators, and more particularly of controlling fluid flow across their surfaces or other surfaces which would benefit from such a method, includes the design of an aerodynamic plasma actuator for the purpose of controlling airflow separation over a control surface of a aircraft, missile, or a ground vehicle, and a method of determining a modulation frequency for the plasma actuator for the purpose of fluid flow control over these vehicles. Various embodiments provide steps to increase the efficiency of aircraft, missiles, munitions and ground vehicles. The method of flow control reduces the power requirements of the aircraft, missile, munition or ground vehicle. These methods also provide alternative aerodynamic control using low-power hingeless plasma actuator devices.

Abstract: Deployable aerodynamic devices with reduced actuator loads, and related systems and methods are disclosed. An external flow system in accordance with a particular embodiment includes an external flow body, a deployable device carried by and movable relative to the external flow body, and a coupling connected between the external flow body and the deployable device. The system can further include an actuator device operatively coupled between the external flow body and the deployable device, with the actuator device positioned to move the deployable device along a motion path between a stowed position and the deployed position. The motion path can have a first portion over which the load delivered by the actuator device increases as the deployed device moves toward the deployed position, and a second portion over which the load delivered by the actuator device decreases as the deployed device moves toward the deployed position.