Abstract: A pallet made up of plural hollow sections of generally rectangular transverse profile formed from metal tubes, the sections having upper walls facing in the same direction and being secured together in side-by-side and/or end-to-end array to constitute a load-bearing platform. The lower wall of each section may have a longitudinal central rib projecting toward the upper wall for additional strength. The tubes can be hollow transversely corrugated cylinders of metal such as aluminum, used as cores for winding strip material. A method of making the pallet includes the steps of deforming plural metal tubes with generally radially directed pressure to produce the pallet sections, and securing the sections together.

Abstract: Table frame that can be adapted to table tops (2) of different dimensions and shapes, of the type that comprise a structure formed by a plurality of cross members supported by a plurality of supporting legs (4), on which the table top (2) is mounted, which comprises a first cross member (5) and a second cross member (6) joined together at an intermediate point of intersection that comprises an articulation (7), said articulation (7) allowing the rotation of the first cross member (5) and of the second cross member (6) with respect to the point of intersection in a horizontal plane of rotation parallel to the surface of the table top (2), it being possible for said frame (1) to adopt a position that may be selected from: a closed position in which the first cross member (5) and the second cross member (6) are positioned in parallel; and an open position in which the first cross member (5) and the second cross member (6) are positioned in the shape of a cross.

Abstract: A process for reducing the CO2 and other pollutants produced by the combustion of a fuel in a combustion chamber while maintaining or increasing the efficiency of said combustion includes feeding to the combustion chamber, or preconditioning the combustion chamber, with a catalyst, preferably a lithium based salt Monitoring the energy output and components of the exhaust gas stream to maintain optimum operation allows reduction, during the process, of the catalyst delivery and feed air. The presence of the catalyst results in increased efficiency of operation and reduction of pollutants generated.

Abstract: A stack-fold implement having a central bulk fill hopper assembly is provided. The bulk fill hopper assembly is mounted to the center frame section of the stack-fold implement and does not affect the narrowness of the stack-fold implement when it's in a stacked, transport position. The hopper assembly includes a pair of bulk fill hoppers or tanks supported by cradle that is in turn supported by a pair of wheels. The cradle is removably coupled to the center frame section by a plurality of rigid frame members.

Abstract: A stack-fold implement having a central bulk fill hopper assembly is provided. The bulk fill hopper assembly is mounted to the center frame section of the stack-fold implement and does not affect the narrowness of the stack-fold implement when it's in a stacked, transport position. The hopper assembly includes a pair of bulk fill hoppers or tanks supported by cradle that is in turn supported by a pair of wheels. The cradle is removably coupled to the center frame section by a plurality of rigid frame members. A retractable ladder may be stowed beneath the hopper assembly.

Abstract: The method for manufacturing a natural fiber stripe-quilted fabric having protruded wrinkle patterns on its surface is disclosed, in which a quilting machine is installed by fixing a sewing machine support member in a diagonal direction at 70˜85° with respect to a running direction of a quilted fabric on an upper plate 50a, and a motor-driven sewing machine is installed in a support structure at a constant interval, and a sewing machine needle 52a is downwardly disposed at an interval of 3˜4 cm, and a sewing guide plate 52b is installed along with a certain space between a lower side of the support member 51 and an upper plate of a quilting machine for allowing a quilting fabric A to pass through, and a guide hole 52c is formed so that a sewing machine needle can pass from an upper side to a lower side, and a under thread supply apparatus 52d is installed in a lower side.

Abstract: A device for transporting and placing a bridge (1) of an offshore oil rig onto a floating or stationary mounting structure (3). The device has two parallel floating barges (10) for mounting the bridge (1). Each barge has a set of vertical movement rams (11) that move the bridge between a position of bearing on the barges (10) and a position of bearing on the structure (3). Each barge (10) has at least one assembly (15) for monitoring the roll of each barge (10) in relation to the bridge (1) during the placement of the bridge onto the mounting structure (3). The assembly includes at least two rams (16) that are carried by the barge (10) and are located on both sides of the longitudinal axis of the barge (10). Each ram (16) is connected to the bridge (1) by a connecting member (17) that has rigid pull and flexible compression.

Abstract: The invention relates to a marine vessel comprising a hull and a propulsion arrangement. The marine vessel is further provided with at least one vertically arranged cylinder (6) with a cylindrical shell and with a first vertical axis (7). The vertically arranged cylinder is adapted to rotate around the first vertical axis. In order to provide a flexibly adaptable arrangement suiteable for various operating modes of the marine vessel, the cylindrical shell comprises at least three sections (62, 63, 64) with a curved portion extending between two ends, whereby each of the three sections is arranged to be turnable around a respective second vertical axis (8), which is positioned at the circumference of the cylindrical shell. Each section is arranged to be anchored into a given position.

Abstract: A personal watercraft body comprises a recess configured to receive similarly shaped cassettes. A first cassette may be motorized to propel the body relative to a body of water. A second cassette may be non-motorized and may include a storage space therein for storing personal items. An insert may be disposed between the cassettes and the recess to orient and fit the cassettes within the body.

Abstract: The invention concerns a sail system comprising a substantially isosceles-triangle-shaped sail (1; 101), two booms (2, 3; 102, 103), arranged along the substantially equal sides of the sail (1; 101) and articulated to one another at an end with a joint (4; 104) that defines a vertex of the triangle of the sail, and an arc-shaped element (7; 107), which can be coupled to the deck of the boat (A) on which said sail system is foreseen with the two ends pivoted around an axis (20, 120) transverse to the hull of the boat and that is mobile around said axis between a configuration raised from the deck and a configuration lowered onto the deck, in which each boom (2, 3; 102, 103) has a coupling element (5, 6; 105, 106) on said arc-shaped element (7; 107), said coupling element (5, 6; 105, 106) being slidably mounted both along said arc-shaped element (7; 107) and along a section of the respective boom (2, 3; 102, 103), and in which the sail (1; 101) is provided with a further coupling element to the boat (A) on whic

Abstract: An anchor comprising; a shank cylinder, a crossbar, the crossbar projecting outwardly of the shank cylinder; and a mass filler, the mass filler enclosed in the shank cylinder wherein the mass filler assists in the easy release of the anchor from coral rocks. Wherein the mass filler is one of the following: a liquid substance and an additive, a dumbbell shaped mass, sand, stones, stone pebbles, concrete, concrete pebbles, metal, metal beads, metal pebbles, lead and lead pebbles. A method of lodging/dislodging a vessel to coral rock comprising deploying of an anchor, the anchor further comprising of a mass filler enclosed in a shank cylinder and, a crossbar protruding from the shank cylinder and allowing for the anchor to lodge/dislodge to the coral rock by moving on the mass filler.

Abstract: A method of colouring the surface of a tin-containing article is provided, the method comprising contacting at least a portion of the surface of the article with a solution comprising a thiosulphate, preferably under substantially neutral or acidic conditions. In one embodiment, the solution contains sodium thiosulphate and citric acid and further comprises a copper salt, together with acetone and/or glycerol. The method is preferably conducted at elevated temperatures, in particular by heating the solution to a temperature of from 45 to 85° C. The method is particularly suitable for the colouring of pewter articles, but may be applied to a wide range of tin-containing materials and tin alloys.

Abstract: A pointer-type meter is provided in which, even when a pointer has a meandering shape, the influence thereof on the operation characteristics of the pointer can be minimized. The meter includes a display 1, display plates 21 and 22 having indicator portions 211 and 221, respectively, and placed to allow visual recognition of the display 1, a driving apparatus 6 placed at the back of the display 1 and having a pointer shaft 61 protruding toward the display 1, and a pointer 7 pivoting about the pointer shaft 61 serving as a rotation center axis RC to point to the indicator portions 211 and 221, the pointer 7 including a detour portion 71 and a pointing portion 72 pointing to the indicator portions 211 and 221, wherein a point P1 of the detour portion 71 farthest from the rotation center axis RC is closer to the rotation center axis RC than a tip P2 of the pointing portion 72.

Abstract: In various embodiments, non-zero thermal gradients are formed within a growth chamber both substantially parallel and substantially perpendicular to the growth direction during formation of semiconductor crystals, where the ratio of the two thermal gradients (parallel to perpendicular) is less than 10, by, e.g., arrangement of thermal shields outside of the growth chamber.

Abstract: Techniques for processing materials in supercritical fluids include processing in a capsule disposed within a high-pressure apparatus enclosure. The invention is useful for growing crystals of: GaN; AN; InN; and their alloys, namely: InGaN; AlGaN; and AlInGaN; for manufacture of bulk or patterned substrates, which in turn can be used to make optoelectronic devices, lasers, light emitting diodes, solar cells, photoelectrochemical water splitting and hydrogen generation, photodetectors, integrated circuits, and transistors.

Abstract: Provided are a single crystal cooling apparatus and a single crystal grower including the same. The single crystal cooling apparatus includes an upper flange having a circular shape and a lower flange extending downward from the upper flange, the lower flange having a diameter less than that of the upper flange.

Abstract: A device for applying a polyurethane mixture to a backstitch side of a greige includes: a tensioning roller rotatable in a first direction; an application roller arranged adjacent to the application roller and rotatable in a second direction opposite to the first direction, the tensioning roller and the application roller positioned transversely and adjacent to a path of travel of the greige on the backstitch side of the greige, the tensioning roller rotatable against a feed direction of the greige, the application roller rotatable in the feed direction of the greige; and a dispenser configured to create a puddle of the polyurethane mixture between the tensioning roller and the application roller.

Abstract: A spindle motor tray adhesive dispensing method and supplementary apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a base block and a pressure block. The base block supports the tray to be processed, having a blind hole for receiving one end of the center axle of the tray and three adhesive troughs around the blind hole. The pressure block pressed on the tray above the base block and axially movable relative to the base block, having a guide hole for receiving the other end of the center axle of the tray. An open space is defined above the base block around the pressure block within which an adhesive dispenser is movable to dispense a polymer adhesive to the through holes on the tray and the adhesive troughs of the base block to form rubber pads at the tray when cured.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for applying liquid onto a substrate include a nozzle configured to be connected to a liquid source. The nozzle further includes a distribution passage with a length that can receive the liquid. A piston is positioned in the distribution passage and a slit-shaped nozzle opening is in fluid communication with the distribution passage. The piston is movable in the distribution passage so as to vary the length that can receive the liquid. The nozzle opening communicates with the distribution passage via a plurality of spaced apart outlet channels having respective outlet ends. The outlet channels are formed between first and second nozzle pieces each having a tip portion at the outlet ends. At least one of the first or second nozzle pieces is flexible at the tip such that the outlet ends open when under positive fluid pressure and close when the fluid pressure is reduced.

Abstract: The substrate coating device (10) includes a slit nozzle (1), a first camera (3), a second camera (4), a control section (5), a pump (8), and a pressure control chamber (9). The control section (5) controls the supply of the coating liquid from the pump (8) to the slit nozzle (1) in accordance with the result of comparison between a bead shape imaged by the first camera (3) and a reference shape. The control section (5) also controls the air pressure on the upstream side of the slit nozzle (1) by the pressure control chamber (9) in accordance with the result of comparison between a distance measured from an image taken by the second camera (4) and a reference distance.

Abstract: A control apparatus for plasma immersion ion implantation of a dielectric substrate which includes an electrode disposed above a generated plasma in a plasma chamber. The electrode is biased with negative voltage pulses at a potential that is higher than a potential of a substrate or cathode configured to receive ion implantation. The electrode is more negative to give the electrons generated as secondary electrons from the electrode sufficient energy to overcome the negative voltage of the high voltage sheath around the substrate thereby reaching the substrate. These electrons are accelerated toward the substrate to neutralize charge build-up on the substrate.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide apparatuses and methods for atomic layer deposition (ALD), such as plasma-enhanced ALD (PE-ALD). In some embodiments, a PE-ALD chamber is provided which includes a chamber lid assembly coupled with a chamber body having a substrate support therein. In one embodiment, the chamber lid assembly has an inlet manifold assembly containing an annular channel encompassing a centralized channel, wherein the centralized channel extends through the inlet manifold assembly, and the inlet manifold assembly further contains injection holes extending from the annular channel, through a sidewall of the centralized channel, and to the centralized channel.

Abstract: An HDP-CVD system is described, including an HDP-CVD chamber for depositing a material on a wafer, and a pre-heating chamber disposed outside of the HDP-CVD chamber to pre-heat the wafer, before the wafer is loaded in the HDP-CVD chamber, to a temperature higher than room temperature and required in the deposition step to be conducted in the HDP-CVD chamber. The pre-heating chamber is equipped with a heating lamp for the pre-heating. The wafer has been formed with a trench before being pre-heated.

Abstract: A cooled dark space shield for a multi-cathode, large area PVD apparatus is disclosed. For multi-cathode systems, a dark space shield between adjacent cathodes/targets may be beneficial. The shields may be grounded and provide a path to ground for electrons present within a sputtering plasma. Because the shields are between adjacent targets, the grounded shields may contribute to the formation of a uniform plasma within the processing space by acting as anodes. As the temperatures in the chamber fluxuate between a processing temperature and a downtime temperature, the shields may expand and contract. Cooling the shields reduces the likelihood of expansion and contraction and thus, reduces the amount of flaking that may occur. Embossing the surface of the shields may reduce the amount of material deposited onto the shields and control the expansion and contraction of the shields.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus that simultaneously forms thin films on a plurality of substrates and performs heat treatment includes: a plurality of substrate holders, each including a substrate support that supports a substrate and a first gas pipe having one or a plurality of injection holes; a boat where the plurality of substrate holders are stacked and including a second gas pipe connected with the first gas pipe of each of the substrate holders; a process chamber providing a space in which the substrates stacked in the boat are processed; a conveying unit that carries the boat into/out of the process chamber; a first heating unit disposed outside the process chamber; and a gas supply unit including a third gas pipe connected with the second gas pipe and supplying a heated or cooled gas into the second gas pipe.

Abstract: A vacuum chamber structure includes a rotary feedthrough configured on a chamber wall to provide rotational drive to the interior of the structure. The rotary feedthrough includes a gearbox having a housing and a shaft rotationally supported by bearings contained within the housing. A motor is operably coupled to the gearbox housing to drive the shaft, which extends from the gearbox. A seal assembly is operably disposed between the gearbox housing and the chamber wall, with the shaft disposed through the seal assembly and extending through a bore in the chamber wall and into the interior of the structure. The shaft is rotationally supported with bearings only via the bearings in the gearbox housing.

Abstract: An apparatus for milking an animal and provides a milking parlour includes first and second robotic manipulation devices and a plurality of milking stalls provided on a platform moveable relative to the robotic manipulation devices. The robotic manipulation devices are positioned so that each of the robotic manipulation devices is able to simultaneously service two neighbouring milking stalls on the platform.

Abstract: An animal bedding system having a hydrophilic fiberboard substrate and hydrophobic fiberboard bedding disposed on top of the fiberboard substrate. The fiberboard bedding can be hogged or chopped to provide a soft nesting area for the animal and also keep the animal dry.

Abstract: A livestock feeder receiving one or more large bales therein includes a base, a bunk wall extending upwardly from the base to surround a lower bunk area, a hopper wall spaced above the bunk wall to surround an upper hopper area while allowing the large bale to fall through to the lower bunk area. The bottom end of the hopper wall is spaced upwardly and inwardly in relation to the top end of the bunk wall therebelow to allow access of the head of feeding livestock therebetween. The feeder construction permits bales to be readily centered within the bunk area by the hopper for even feeding access by animals about the perimeter. Also by allowing the bales to fall through the hopper, the bales can be fully recessed below the height of the hopper wall for protection from wind erosion.

Abstract: A crate or barrier structure utilizes frames forming the sides of the crate or part of the barrier which include vertical or horizontal wires spaced apart from one another and extending codirectionally. Discrete structural design elements are welded, or otherwise fastened, to two or more of the wires, but not all, such that at least two of the wires are interconnected over a given one of the design elements. By placing a plurality of such design elements at various locations within a given one of the frames comprising the crate or barrier so as to interconnect different ones of the wires, enhanced support is provided without having to provide continuous wires crosswise to the vertical or horizontal wires.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic containment system including one or more site units and one or more pet units. The site unit couples to a geographic site, while the pet unit is worn by a pet. Each unit includes a transceiver, and may be paired such that a unit connected to a facility or site selectively activates an alarm on the pet unit to direct the pet away from the facility. Specifically, a user enters user-defined parameters such as pet identification, permitted access level, and type of notification. A first pet unit may be programmed to permit a first pet access to the site, while a second pet unit may be programmed to deny a second pet access to the site.

Abstract: An adjustable animal harness designed to apply pressure to an animal's body and tug at its collar when it pulls against its leash, inducing the animal to exhibit good behavior when being walked. The harness attaches to an animal collar via an adjustable strap designed to accommodate animals of different sizes. The adjustable strap has a ring on one end to which a second strap is also attached. The second strap wraps around the body of the animal and is passed through the ring. On the other end of the second strap is a smaller ring which can pass through the larger ring. When wrapped around the body of an animal and passed through the larger ring, a leash can attach to the second strap via the smaller ring. The harness tightens around an animal's body and tugs at its collar when the animal pulls against the leash. As the animal pulls against the leash with more exertion, the harness becomes tighter around its body and more resistance is applied to its collar.

Abstract: A livestock chute insert that adapts a livestock chute for use with smaller livestock. One embodiment of the insert reversibly modifies existing gated livestock chutes to prevent smaller livestock from turning around in the chute or jumping up and hurting themselves.

Abstract: Boiler water is heated in a steam boiler while feed water, which has a hardness of 5 mgCaCO3/L or less and is used as the boiler water, is supplied to the steam boiler. A part of the boiler water is appropriately disposed of. A chemical aqueous solution containing an alkaline metal silicate, an alkaline metal hydroxide and at least one kind of scale preventive agents of ethylenediamine tetraacetate, and its alkaline metal salt, is supplied to the feed water so that a concentration of the scale preventive agent is at least 1.5 mol equivalent times relative to the hardness of the feed water. In the steam boiler, a condensation rate of the boiler water is set so that the concentration of the scale preventive agent in the boiler water is 40 mg EDTA/L or less.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is a unique method for operating an engine. Another embodiment is a unique engine system. Other embodiments include apparatuses, systems, devices, hardware, methods, and combinations for engines and engine systems. Further embodiments, forms, features, aspects, benefits, and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description and figures provided herewith.

Abstract: A cam for a camshaft of an internal combustion engine may include an axial extension with a holding contour for receiving a holding tool.

Abstract: Provided is a valve timing control apparatus configured to realize a locked state before an engine is stopped by controlling a restricting mechanism and a locking mechanism while the engine is operating.

Abstract: In order to provide a small air-intake apparatus for an internal combustion engine, which can satisfactorily control an air flow and can reduce energy loss in a rotary valve, the air-intake apparatus includes a surge tank; a first air-intake passage communicating with the surge tank; a second air-intake passage communicating with the surge tank; a casing including a first port connected to the first air-intake passage, a second port connected to the second air-intake passage, and an outlet port connected to an air-intake portion of the internal combustion engine; a rotary valve including a rotor housed in a valve casing portion of the casing to be rotatable about a rotational axis, the rotary valve being configured to control air intake directed to the air-intake portion by rotation of the rotor; and a first seal for sealing between the rotor and a surface of the valve casing portion facing the rotor with at least either one of the first port, second port and outlet port being closed.

Abstract: A piston for an internal combustion engine has an upper and a lower piston part. The upper piston part has a cooling cavity on its underside, and the lower piston part has a ceiling element with a cover hood, which closes off the cooling cavity. The cover hood is securely attached on the ceiling element if the central part of the cover element has an oil drain opening, the top of which is formed as a neck, the upper edge of which neck has a circumferential bead having an underside configured as a circumferential undercut, and if the cover hood has a centrally located opening, the edge of which has slits that are distributed over the circumference and lie radially. The cover hood is attached on the neck so that the sheet-metal tabs are snapped in below the undercut, between the slits, and form a secure snap-in connection with the neck.

Abstract: Any method used to place a cold, frozen or freezing element on, in or near the intake system, filter element, etc. of an internal combustion engine for the purpose of lowering the intake temperature to increase horse power thereby lowering fuel consumption.

Abstract: A diesel engine for a vehicle comprises an engine body mounted in the vehicle having a plurality of cylinders that is supplied with fuel, a plurality of fuel injection valves for directly injecting the fuel into the cylinders, and an injection control module for controlling a mode of injecting the fuel into the cylinders through the fuel injection valves. The injection control module sets a fuel injection amount per cylinder at least according to a load on the engine body, performs a main injection, and performs at least one pre-injection where fuel is injected prior to the main injection. The injection control module further executes a cylinder-cutoff operation mode where the fuel supplies to the cylinder or the cylinders are stopped when the engine body is under a low load condition where the fuel injection amount per cylinder is below a predetermined amount.

Abstract: When control to maintain a constant engine rotation number is executed, the electronic control unit constantly monitors an error of detected throttle position data with respect to a desired throttle control value, executes a first stage of a failure judgment method to judge that a failure of a throttle control system has occurred in a case where an absolute value of the error exceeds a predetermined threshold value continuously for a predetermined time or longer, and executes a second stage of the failure judgment method to judge that a serious failure has occurred in the system in a case where a detected engine rotation number exceeds a predetermined rotation number continuously for a predetermined time or longer, to perform predetermined operations in accordance with the judgment results.

Abstract: An adjustable restrictor device for controlling flow of induction air into an engine. The restrictor device may comprise a generally flat compact housing which is installed between a carburetor and intake manifold of an engine. The housing may have throughbores to allow air flow, which coincide in location to carburetor bores. The restrictor device may have two individual restrictors enclosed therein, each movable to positions which progressively obstruct and open the throughbores to control flow of inducted air. Each restrictor may be manually controlled in common by a rotatable control shaft. Threading of the knobs may be opposite handed, thereby enabling the restrictors to move similarly in effect as to controlling air flow but in opposite directions.

Abstract: A variable compression ratio apparatus may include a connecting rod rotatably connected to the piston and the other end being eccentrically and rotatably connected to the crankshaft, an eccentric bearing link, a control link having both ends and a middle portion, the one end being rotatably connected to the other end of the eccentric bearing link, a first shake link having both ends, the one end being rotatably connected to the middle portion of the control link, a second shake link having both ends, the one end being rotatably connected to the other end of the control link, and a control shaft eccentrically connected to a first eccentric cam rotatably connected to the other end of the first shake link and a second eccentric cam rotatably connected to the other end of the second shake link respectively, and rotating together with the first and second eccentric cams.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a control apparatus 700 for controlling a high-pressure fuel supply pump 100, a computer program product comprising computer program code means configured to adapt a control apparatus 700 for controlling a high-pressure fuel supply pump 100, and a method for controlling a high-pressure fuel supply pump 100 configured to supply pressurized fuel to an internal combustion engine. The high-pressure fuel supply pump 100 comprises a normally-closed type solenoid actuated intake valve 110 configured to be opened or kept open by magnetic force. A control current IC of the solenoid actuated intake valve 110 is controlled for opening the solenoid actuated intake valve 110 by applying a control voltage VC to the solenoid actuated intake valve 110. Controlling a control current IC of the solenoid actuated intake valve 110 comprises increasing the control current IC to a first control current value IC1 for energizing the solenoid actuated intake valve 110.

Abstract: A torsional pulse dampener including a pulley rotationally coupled to a piston that is axially displaceable and adapted to give torsional compliance from an engine for at least one-half revolution of an angular differential displacement between the pulley and the piston.

Abstract: The invention relates to an internal combustion engine system, especially in a motor vehicle, comprising an internal combustion engine, a make-up gas installation for supplying make-up gas to the internal combustion engine, an exhaust gas installation for evacuating the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine, and an exhaust gas recirculation installation for extracting exhaust gas from the exhaust gas installation and introducing the extracted exhaust gas into the make-up gas installation. In order to improve the exhaust gas recirculation, two make-up gas paths through which make-up gas can flow in parallel are formed in a control section of the make-up gas installation, a make-up gas valve being arranged in each make-up gas path, for controlling the cross-section of the respective path through which gas can flow.

Abstract: A diesel engine system includes a cylinder, an exhaust manifold, an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) manifold, and a valve. The exhaust manifold is fluidly coupled with the cylinder and directs exhaust generated in the cylinder to an exhaust outlet that delivers the exhaust to an external atmosphere. The EGR manifold is fluidly coupled with the cylinder and recirculates the exhaust generated in the cylinder back to the cylinder as at least part of intake air that is received by the cylinder. The valve is disposed between the cylinder and the exhaust manifold and between the cylinder and the EGR manifold. The valve has a donating mode and a non-donating mode. The valve fluidly couples the cylinder with the EGR manifold when the valve is in the donating mode and fluidly couples the cylinder with the exhaust manifold when the valve is in the non-donating mode.

Abstract: This invention relates to an internal combustion engine combusting hydrocarbon fuel having a lithium conditioned combustion chamber for reduced carbon oxide engine emissions. The condition chamber is formed by combusting therein a hydrocarbon fuel containing a lithium salt.

Abstract: An improved railgun, railgun barrel, railgun projectile, and railgun system for accelerating a solid-to-hybrid transitioning armature projectile using a barrel having a bore that does not conform to a cross-sectional profile of the projectile, to contact and guide the projectile only by the rails in a low pressure bore volume so as to minimize damage, failure, and/or underperformance caused by plasma armatures, insulator ablation, and/or restrikes.