Abstract: An apparatus includes an ink jet head and a suction mechanism. The head includes liquid chambers connected with ink tanks by flow passages. The flow passages include a non-branching flow passage and a branching flow passage. The suction mechanism sucks the liquid chamber and ejection ports corresponding to the non-branching flow passage and the branching flow passage, respectively at substantially the same pressure. The distance from the flow passage junction to the ejection ports connected to the branching flow passage is shorter than the distance from the flow passage junction to the ejection ports connected to the non-branching flow passage. The volume of the liquid chambers corresponding to the branching flow passage is less than or equal to the volume of the liquid chamber corresponding to the non-branching flow passage.

Abstract: An inkjet recording apparatus has: an inkjet head which has an ink ejection surface and ejects droplets of an ink from the ink ejection surface onto a recording medium; a pressure drum which is disposed in a position opposing the ink ejection surface of the inkjet head, has a round cylindrical circumferential surface in which a recording medium holding position and a non-holding position are provided, an opening section corresponding to an ink ejection width of the inkjet head in the non-holding position where the recording medium is not held, a suction flow channel that is connected to the opening section and provided integrally with the opening section inside the pressure drum, and holds and rotates the recording medium at the recording medium holding position in such a manner that the recording medium is conveyed in a circumferential direction of the pressure drum; and a suctioning device which suctions the opening section and the suction flow channel at least in a droplet ejection region where the droplet

Abstract: A liquid droplet jetting apparatus includes a jetting head unit which has a nozzle which jets droplets of a liquid, and a heat generating section, a suction port which is formed in the jetting head unit, and which opens near the nozzle, and a suction device which sucks air around the nozzle from the suction port, and cools down the heat generating section of the jetting head unit by the air which is sucked. Since the heat generating portion is cooled down by the air sucked from the suction port by the suction device, it is possible to reduce a possibility of the heat of the heat generating section being transferred to the jetting head unit, and destabilizing an operation of the jetting head unit. Moreover, since the suction port opens near the nozzle, it is possible to suck fine liquid droplets together with air around the nozzle.

Abstract: A liquid ejection apparatus includes a wiper, first and second movement mechanisms, and a controller. The wiper wipes an ejection face of a head. The controller controls the first movement mechanism to make at least either one of the wiper and the head move in a first direction perpendicular to the ejection face, so as to make the wiper and the head overlap each other with respect to the first direction. And thereafter the controller controls the second movement mechanism to make the wiper perform a first wiping. In the first wiping, while liquid is forcibly ejected from the ejection face, the wiper moves along the ejection face while being in contact with the ejection face.

Abstract: In a device for cleaning an inkjet print head (in particular the surface with nozzle exit openings) for a franking and/or addressing machine in which the print substrates are directed along a stationary but pivotably arranged inkjet print head, the entire nozzle exit surface is cleaned in a short time and a contamination of the transport region is avoided, with a small apparatus expenditure, by a wiping device formed by a driven wiping roller that is transversally, non-positively directed along the nozzle exit surface in a cleaning operation, and that continuously, non-positively rests on an associated cleaning element. The nozzle surface is repeatedly wiped off and the wiping roller is simultaneously cleaned in a single pass. An actuator of the wiping roller can be selectively coupled with an actuator for a cleaning and sealing device that operates the cleaning element, or can be autonomous.

Abstract: A method of purging and printing from an inkjet printhead. The method comprises the steps of: (i) purging the printhead using a purging ink, thereby flooding an ink ejection face of the printhead; (ii) removing the flooded ink from the ink ejection face by feeding a transfer surface past the printhead, wherein no part of the transfer surface makes contact with the printhead; and (iii) printing from the printhead using a printing ink.

Abstract: A printhead integrated circuit (IC) with an array of ink chambers defined by sidewalls extending between a nozzle plate and an underlying wafer substrate, each chamber having a nozzle in the nozzle plate plurality of nozzles, and an actuator for ejecting ink through the nozzle, one of the sidewalls of each chamber having an opening to allow ink to refill the chamber; an ink conduit between the nozzle plate and underlying wafer, the ink conduit being in fluid communication with the openings of a plurality of the ink chambers; and, a plurality of ink inlets defined in said substrate; wherein, the ink conduit is in fluid communication with the plurality of ink inlets for receiving ink to supply to the ink chambers. Introducing an ink conduit that supplies several of the nozzles, and is in itself supplied by several ink inlets, reduces the chance that nozzles will be starved of ink by inlet clogging. If one inlet is clogged, the ink conduit will draw more ink from the other inlets in the wafer.

Abstract: An inkjet printhead includes: a substrate in which an ink feed hole is formed; a chamber layer which is formed on the substrate by performing a photolithography process and which includes a first photosensitive resin; and a nozzle layer which is formed on the chamber layer by performing a photolithography process and which includes a second photosensitive resin. The first photosensitive resin and the second photosensitive resin are materials which are developed by different developing solutions, respectively. Additional layers and components may be incorporated into the inkjet printhead and may be formed on an upper surface of the substrate. The additional layers and components may include an insulating layer, one or more heaters, one or more electrodes, a passivation layer, a glue layer, and an anti-cavitation layer.

Abstract: A recording head includes a substrate provided with a recording element that generates energy for ejecting liquid and electrical wiring that supplies power to the recording element; and a passage-forming member provided in contact with one face of the substrate and having a nozzle for ejecting the liquid and a passage for supplying the liquid to the nozzle. A groove formed by a through-hole provided in the passage-forming member is disposed such that a bottom face of the groove is located along and above the electrical wiring and positioned so as not to overlap an edge of the electrical wiring.

Abstract: An inkjet nozzle assembly includes a nozzle chamber comprising a floor and a roof. The roof has a moving portion which is moveable relative to the floor. A thermal bend actuator is configured for actuating the moving portion. The thermal bend actuator includes an active beam for connection to drive circuitry and a passive beam mechanically cooperating with the active beam. When a current is passed through the active beam, the active beam expands relative to the passive beam resulting in bending of the moving portion towards the floor of the nozzle chamber. The nozzle opening is defined in the moving portion of the roof, such that the nozzle opening is moveable relative to the floor.

Abstract: A liquid jet recording head includes a substrate on which are formed recording elements that generate energy for ejecting liquid, and a flow passage forming member that is in contact with the substrate and in which are formed ejection ports that eject liquid and flow passages that supply liquid to the ejection ports. The flow passage forming member has a groove formed along the longitudinal direction of the flow passage forming member, and each end of the groove is located nearer to the middle in the width direction of the flow passage forming member than the other part of the groove is.

Abstract: A liquid transporting apparatus includes a piezoelectric actuator which applies a pressure to liquid in a pressure chamber and which has a vibration plate covering the pressure chamber; a piezoelectric layer formed on a surface, of the vibration plate, not facing the pressure chamber; an electrode formed on a surface of the piezoelectric layer not facing the vibration plate at a portion facing the pressure chamber; a contact point formed on the surface of the piezoelectric layer not facing the vibration plate; and a connecting portion formed on the surface of the piezoelectric layer not facing the vibration plate and connecting the electrode and the contact point; and the connecting portion extends from the contact point and is connected to a portion, of the electrode, which is different from a nearest portion nearest to the contact point.

Abstract: A flat flexible substrate of a recording head has: a base having a surface facing an actuator unit, a plurality of lands placed on the surface and bonded to respective individual bumps, a plurality of wirings placed on the surface and connected to the respective lands, an insulating land cover layer covering parts of the respective lands other than the bonded points with the respective individual bumps, and an insulating wiring cover layer covering the wirings. The wiring cover layer and the land cover layer are placed on each other to form a layered part so that the wiring cover layer is sandwiched between the land cover layer and the wirings, and a piezoelectric layer and the wirings sandwich therebetween at least a part of the layered part. In the layered part, the land cover layer is fixed to the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: A method includes forming drops of first size by applying drop-forming pulses during unit time period, ?0; forming drops of second size by applying drop-forming pulses during second size drop time period, ?m, wherein the second sized drop time period is a multiple, m, of the unit time period, ?m=m*?0, and m?2; providing timing between drops for printing consecutive pixels is equal to ?i=a*?0 where a is an integer ?m and is a function of print media speed; forming the corresponding plurality of drop forming pulse sequences so as to form non-print drops and print drops according to the liquid pattern data; delaying the timing of the drop forming pulses sent to the transducers of the second group relative to the drop forming pulses sent to the transducers of the first group by a delay time ?L which is approximately equal to ?i/2.

Abstract: For printing, the principle of the continuous deflected jet is used: a device (1) discharges a continuous stream (2) of a conductive liquid, which is deflected by an electric field created by a deflecting electrode (8) and directed toward a gutter (6). The printing of drops (12) is performed by fragmenting the continuous jet (2) into a segment (10) formed opposite a shield electrode (14) upstream of the deflecting electrode (8), so that the segment (10) is not deflected and can be directed toward a substrate (16).

Abstract: A liquid cartridge mountable in a recording device includes a liquid accommodating chamber that accommodates liquid therein, a float movably disposed in the liquid accommodating chamber, and a detection section to be detected by an external light detector for determining remaining amounts of the liquid in the liquid accommodating chamber. The detection section is movably disposed in the liquid accommodating chamber to move along a predetermined path in conjunction with movements of the float. The light detector includes a light emitting section that emits light and a light receiving section that receives the light. The detection section includes a first section and a second section; the first section transmits the light when the first section is in a detection point, while the second section blocks the light, the first section and the second section being arranged alternately.

Abstract: A disclosed ink cartridge includes a primary ink room and at least one secondary ink room arranged adjacent to the primary ink room, which rooms are configured to store ink therein. An ink supplying needle is made to pierce through the secondary ink room in such a manner that at least a needle hole provided in the ink supplying needle reaches the primary ink room so as to suction the ink from the primary ink room through the needle hole and supply the ink to an inkjet recording head via an ink supplying path. As the ink supplying needle is pulled out from the primary ink room, the needle hole passes through the secondary ink room so that the ink supplying needle can suction the ink from the secondary ink room.

Abstract: A duplex printer includes a pair of pagewidth printheads. Each printhead includes a casing assembly defining a channel. At least one elongate support member is received within the channel and defines longitudinally extending fluid passages. The support member further defines spaced apart groups of holes extending from the passages. A fluid distribution arrangement is mounted in fluid communication with the support member. A plurality of ink ejection integrated circuits (ICs) is mounted in fluid communication with the fluid distribution arrangement so that the ICs can be supplied with ink from respective groups via the fluid distribution arrangement.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid ejecting head including a plurality of pressure generating chambers, a first substrate having a reservoir unit, and a second substrate having a compliance unit, the second substrate being combined with one surface of the first substrate via an adhesive layer. The reservoir unit has a first area and a second area whose width in a direction perpendicular to the arrangement direction of the pressure generating chambers is smaller than a width of the first area, the compliance unit is provided to seal the reservoir unit and the surrounding of the compliance unit is fixed by the adhesive layer, and a width of the compliance unit corresponding to the second area of the reservoir unit is formed so as to be larger than the width of the second area.

Abstract: A coating agent for use in UV curable inkjet printing using nonaqueous UV ink. The coating agent includes a main component that is an organic-inorganic nanocomposite, and the coating agent is configured to form an undercoat before the inkjet printing or to form a finishing coat after the inkjet printing and UV curing.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of driving multiple printer functions using the same motor is provided. The method includes providing a motor; providing a selector pin; providing a cam member assembly including a cam member including a plurality of paths, each path corresponding to a printer function; and relatively moving the cam member and the selector pin through the plurality of paths to selectively permit the motor to drive the corresponding printer function.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus having a first image forming unit and a second image forming including a printing medium supplier which supplies a printing medium, a selection guide which selectively guides the printing medium from the printing medium supplier to one of a first supplying path of the first image forming unit and a second supplying path of the second image forming unit, and a first feed roller which is disposed between the selection guide and the printing medium supplier, and transfers the printing medium from the printing medium supplier to the selection guide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for imprinting a three-dimensional article, in particular a container and/or workpiece, and comprises utilizing a printing means, in particular an ink-jet printing means, for imprinting a surface of the three-dimensional article, and a conveyor means for bringing about a relative movement between the printing means and the three-dimensional article to be imprinted. The method according to the invention is characterised in that it further utilizes a positioning means which is configured to bring the surface to be imprinted of the three-dimensional article into a predetermined relative relationship to, in particular a predetermined distance from, the printing means.

Abstract: A recording apparatus includes: a conveyor which has one or more holes penetrating from a first surface to a second surface thereof, and which conveys, in a conveyance direction, a recording medium supported on the first surface; and a recording unit which is at such a position as to face the first surface, and records an image on a recording medium while the recording medium is conveyed by the conveyor. The recording apparatus further includes an exhauster capable of causing air exhaust through the one or more holes so that airstream in the one or more holes is directed from the second surface to the first surface; and a controller which controls the exhauster so as to cause air exhaust through at least one medium-facing hole out of the one or more holes, the medium facing hole being a hole facing a recording medium.

Abstract: A method of printing onto a print medium using a mobile device with a printhead and sensor, the print medium comprising: a laminar substrate defining first and second opposite faces; and a data track containing first information encoded in accordance with a linear encoding scheme, the data track extending in a linear read direction across a portion of the first face of the print medium, the read direction being oriented at between 45 and 135 degrees with respect to the print direction; the method comprising the steps of: receiving the print medium into a media feed path of the mobile device; using the sensor to sense the data track at least once before or during printing onto the print medium with the printhead; and determining a lateral registration of the data track relative to the sensor.

Abstract: An eyewear assembly includes an outer first frame, at least one outer first lens, an inner second frame, and at least one inner second lens. The assembly includes a mechanism for holding the first frame and first lens in front of a user's face. The second frame has a mechanism for attachment to the first frame, to hold the second frame between the user's eyes and the first lens. The at least one second lens is carried by the second frame. The mechanism for attachment comprises a tab extending vertically on one of the first frame or the second frame and an aperture on the respective other of the first frame or the second frame for receiving said tab. The first frame includes a central elevated vent to distribute air over top vent openings of the first frame. Grip warts are provided on the first frame for gripping and manipulation by the user.

Abstract: A face protector includes a one piece shield in which an optical center is displaced away from the normal straight ahead line of sight toward an activity specific line of sight to minimize image shift that occurs when a direction of gaze passes across the edge of the shield. An apex of the shield is formed at a forwardmost point of the shield, or a virtual extension of the shield, when the shield is in an as worn position on a wearer. In particular examples, an optical axis extends through the optical center, at a non-zero angle to the normal straight ahead line of sight and substantially parallel to the activity specific line of sight, with the optical center being placed away from the apex. In particular examples, the optical axis is closer to (or coincident with) an activity specific line of sight of one of the right or left eye. The face protector is particularly useful in activities such as sports, for example hockey, football, or baseball which involve activity specific lines of sight.

Abstract: Various embodiments of methods and systems for improving and enhancing vision are disclosed. Adjustable lenses or optical systems may be used to provide adaptive vision modification. In some embodiments, vision modification may be responsive to the current state of the user's visual system. Certain embodiments provide correction of the subject's near and far vision. Other embodiments provide enhancement of vision beyond the physiological ranges of focal length or magnification.

Abstract: A suntracking system for a central receiver solar power plant includes a heliostat field for reflecting sunlight to a receiver, cameras directed toward at least a subset of the heliostats, and a controller. The cameras are configured to produce images of sunlight reflected from multiple heliostats. The heliostats include a mirrored surface having a settable orientation and have a geometry modeled by a set of parameters. A method of estimating heliostat parameters for open-loop suntracking includes acquiring pointing samples by setting the direction of reflection of the heliostats and detecting concurrent sunlight reflections into the cameras. The method uses the acquired pointing samples and surveyed locations of the cameras to estimate the heliostat parameters. The method accurately maintains the sun's reflection directed toward the receiver open-loop utilizing the estimated tracking parameters.

Abstract: A visible laser beam projection system for a vehicle projects visible laser beam onto an instrument panel in a vehicle compartment. The instrument panel is provided with highly reflecting portions, which are scattered on the upper surface of the instrument panel. The highly reflecting portions having a diffuse reflectivity for the wavelength of a visible laser beam higher than that of other portions of the instrument panel. The visible laser beam is projected to the highly reflecting portions.

Abstract: A display system includes a projection screen and a projector. The projection screen includes a retarder plate between a polarizer and a transparent screen. The projector projects an image through the polarizer and the retarder plate onto the transparent screen. The image is visible from a first side of the transparent screen but invisible from a second side of the transparent screen because any light passing twice through the retarder plate is blocked by the polarizer.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a color is projected onto a surface. An estimate of the surface color is processed and a projection color is selected as a function of the surface color estimate and a chosen color so that the projection color yields the chosen color or a color substantially similar to the chosen color when projected onto the surface. The projection color can then be projected onto the surface for display.

Abstract: Provided is a projection optical system which includes a first optical part which projects an image; a second optical part having an image forming device, which forms an image using a light and emits the image to the first optical part; a third optical part having at least one light source which emits the light; and a deflector which guides the light emitted from the third optical part toward the second optical part, wherein an optical axis of the third optical part is angled toward an optical axis of the second optical part, and an optical axis of the first optical part and the optical axis of the second optical part are parallel to each other and separated from each other.

Abstract: A projection apparatus includes a prism set, a light source, a reflective element, a light valve and a projection lens. The prism set includes a first prism having a first surface, a second surface and a third surface, and a second prism having a fourth surface opposite to the second surface, a fifth surface and a sixth surface. The reflective element, light valve and projection lens are respectively disposed adjacent to the third, fifth and sixth surfaces. The light source emits an illumination beam to the first surface. The non polarized illumination beam is reflected by the second surface and the reflective element. The non polarized illumination beam passes through the third, second, fourth and fifth surfaces in sequence. The non polarized illumination beam is converted by the light valve into an image beam which is reflected by the fourth surface and passes through the sixth surface to the projection lens in sequence.

Abstract: A beam projection apparatus and method with automatic image adjustment. A beam projection apparatus includes an actuator module being operable to move the beam projection apparatus, a beam projector being operable to project images, and a control module being operable to search surrounding structures around the beam projection apparatus and select a plane portion of the surrounding structures as a screen, to control the actuator module to move the beam projection apparatus for image display on the selected plane portion, and to control the beam projector to project the images on the selected plane portion.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a moving part; a projector device provided to the moving part; and a projection control unit that starts projection of an image by the projector device according to the state of the moving part, and the projection control unit starts projection of an image when a first time period has elapsed with the moving part in a predetermined state.

Abstract: Provided are an image projection system and method, the image projection system including: a light source for providing illumination light; an illumination optics for receiving and illuminating the illumination light; a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) having 2 rows of modulation devices formed to be offset from each other, each of the modulation devices modulating the light illuminated from the illumination optics; a frame scanner for scanning the modulated light from the SLM onto a screen to thereby generate a two-dimensional (2D) image corresponding to one frame on the screen; and a projection optics for projecting and focusing the modulated light transmitted from the frame scanner onto the screen.

Abstract: In a projection image display apparatus, a noise removal filter portion 15 is separated from a power source unit body 14. The separated noise removal filter portion 15 is provided in the vicinity of a side wall of a housing on which a power source inlet is provided, and of the power source unit body 14, respectively. Specifically, the power source unit body 14 is provided along a side wall of a front face of the horizontally-long housing of the projection image display apparatus and the noise removal filter portion 15 is provided in a position opposed to the power source unit body 14 in a side wall of the back face. As a result, even when a light source lamp has a higher output, the projection image display apparatus can achieve reduced noise by an improved cooling capability and reduced cost enabled by an efficient Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) measure and the like.

Abstract: Herein featured is a nightlight which can be worn by a user and displays projected images in two viewing modes. Mode one consists of projected images. Mode two; a silent interactive play video feature. For enhanced viewing there is a button spring release lens attachment enabling user to view the projected images and interactive adventure mode in another aspect. The interactive mode allows the user manipulation of the projected vehicle in real time within the display. The nightlight is also equipped with a pair of 3-D glasses. The panic mode feature allows the user to illuminate the body of the nightlight in the event that a user needs all the lights illuminated quickly, adding comfort.

Abstract: The baffle plate for a lens of a movie or TV camera has an add-on tube that can be slipped onto the camera lens with little clearance. The add-on tube is provided with a swivel arm, which has a swivelling axis which is fixed with respect to the camera lens and which is located in parallel to the rear plane of the add-on tube and in or behind this plane and is positioned such that the distance to the opposite rear inner edge of the add-on tube which is slipped onto the camera lens is approximately equal to or larger than the distance to the front outer edge of the camera lens. The clearance between the add-on tube and the camera lens is from 0.5 mm to 1 mm.

Abstract: An optical element having an optical surface (12; 103), which optical surface has an actual shape, the actual shape deviating from a desired shape by maximum 0.2 nm, wherein the desired shape is either: a free-form surface having a deviation from its best-fitting sphere of at least 5 ?m or a substantially rotationally symmetrical surface having a deviation from its best-fitting sphere of at least 0.5 mm.

Abstract: An electronic flash apparatus includes a flash device, a light emitting device which is different from the flash device, and a concave reflector configured to reflect light beams from the flash device and the light emitting device. The concave reflector includes a flash-device reflecting surface configured to reflect the light beams from the flash device and a light-emitting-device reflecting surface configured to reflect the light beams from the light emitting device. The flash device is disposed inside the concave reflector, and the light emitting device is disposed outside the concave reflector. The light-emitting-device reflecting surface is disposed at a position where a light path of the light beams from the flash device does not exist. The apparatus further includes a light guiding member configured to guide the light beams from the light emitting device to the light-emitting-device reflecting surface positioned inside the concave reflector.

Abstract: A device includes a reflector and a wavelength converting material disposed on the reflector. A backlight is disposed between the reflector and a surface to be illuminated, such as a liquid crystal display panel. The backlight includes a light source and a waveguide. The waveguide is configured to direct a majority of light from the light source toward the reflector. At least a portion of the light is converted by the wavelength converted material, reflected by the reflector, and incident on the surface to be illuminated.

Abstract: An illumination module includes a light mixing cavity with an interior surface area and window that are physically separated from an LED. A portion of the window is coated with a first wavelength converting material and a portion of the interior surface area is coated with a second wavelength converting material. The window may be coated with LuAG:Ce. The window may also be coated with a third wavelength converting material with a peak emission wavelength between 615-655 nm where the spectral response of light emitted from the window is within 20% of a blackbody radiator at the same CCT. The LED may emit a light that is converted by the light mixing cavity with a color conversion efficiency ratio greater than 130 lm/W where the light mixing cavity includes two photo-luminescent materials with a peak emission wavelengths between 508-528 nm and 615-655 nm.

Abstract: A light unit and a display device having the light unit are provided. The light unit comprises a plurality of light emitting modules each comprising a board and a light emitting device on the board, a bottom cover under the light emitting modules, a module connecting member that electrically interconnects the light emitting modules using an elastic body and is fixed on the bottom cover, and an optical sheet unit above the light emitting module.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a plurality of light emitting diodes, a plurality of sealing resins, and a lens body formed in substantially a shape of a flat plate for guiding the light. The lens body is also disposed in a state of extending over the disposition surface of each sealing resin. The lens body includes a plurality of lens parts and a plurality of light guiding parts for reflecting the light by inside surfaces of the light guiding parts. The plurality of lens parts and the plurality of light guiding parts of the lens body are formed integrally with each other. The lens parts are disposed on the respective disposition surfaces of the sealing resins, and a plurality of light emitting function parts for sending out the light reflected by the inside surfaces of the light guiding parts are formed in the light guiding parts.

Abstract: A display system with a distributed LED backlight includes: providing a plurality of tile LED light sources, each tile LED light source having a tile and a plurality of similar LED light sources on each tile connected for emitting light therefrom; orienting the plurality of tile LED light sources for illuminating a display from the back of the display; and integrating the plurality of tile LED light sources into a thermally and mechanically structurally integrated distributed LED tile matrix backlight light source.

Abstract: Provided is a light emitting module, which includes a module board, a light emitting diode, and a resin material. The module board includes a plurality of holes. The light emitting diode is in the hole. The resin material is in the hole. The module board includes a printed circuit board (PCB), and the PCB includes a photo solder resist (PSR) layer, an electrical conduction layer, and an insulation layer.

Abstract: A tool system includes a first tool having a work area and a light source position inside the tool. The light source is adapted to illuminate the work area. A base has a first port, wherein the first tool can be mounted in the first port.

Abstract: A light device and packaging assembly having packaging containing a product. The product may be a solar powered light device. The packaging includes a switch that is operable to activate the product while the product is still within the packaging so that a user may observe operation of the product without removing the product from the packaging.